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  • 1970-1974  (2,244)
  • 1965-1969  (373)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1920-1924
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2,446)
  • Cat
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On different patterns of dendritic bundling in the cerebral cortex of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Apical dendrites ; Dendritic bundles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal, horizontal and sagittal paraffin sections through the cat's brain regional differences in the pattern of dendritic bundling have been investigated. It is shown that in the gyrus splenialis and suprasplenialis 2–5 apical dendrites of layer IV pyramids approach each other to form vertical bundles which run straight through layer IV. In the posterior sigmoid gyrus, on the other hand, most apical dendrites arising from the pyramidal cells bifurcate immediately above layer V and give rise to obliquely running branches which cross each other before turning upwards and joining other dendrites to take part in the formation of bundles. In this region the dendritic tree of the pyramidal cells seems to be characterized by an unexpectedly high degree of directional specialization.—In functional terms the findings can be summarized by stating that in the visual and sensorimotor regions of the cat's cerebral cortex basic differences exist in the relation between the apical dendrites of layer V pyramids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525764
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossed reticulo-reticular projections in the medulla, pons and mesencephalon (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Crossed connections ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of radioactive leucine in various regions of the brain stem reticular formation has revealed the presence of ample crossed reticulo-reticular connections in the cat. The terminal area for the crossed fibers are almost mirror images of the injected sites. The findings made is another example that hitherto unknown fiber connections can be demonstrated by axoplasmic protein tracing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525765
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution ultrastructurale du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341379
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur histogenese und cytogenese des tapetum lucidum cellulosum der katze (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tapetum lucidum cellulosum ; Cat ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Tapetum lucidum cellulosum der Katze wird mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Bereits am ersten postnatalen Tag sind im Bereich des prospektiven Tapetum zwei Zellarten voneinander zu unterscheiden: 1. mesenchymale Bindegewebszellen und 2. prospektive Tapetumzellen, die durch elektronendichte Tapetumstäbchen gekennzeichnet sind. Die Mesenchymzellen unterteilen als parallel zur Retinaoberfläche ausgebreitete Zellplatten in der Choriodea am hinteren Augenpol den weiten extracellulären Raum in 20–25 etwa 5 μm hohe Schichten. Die Tapetumzellen liegen zwischen den Mesenchymzellplatten und wachsen im Verlaufe der ersten vier postnatalen Wochen innerhalb der Schichten in die Breite, bis sie den extracellulären Raum vollständig ausfüllen und als polygonale Zellen direkt aneinander grenzen. Im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklung werden die Mesenchymzellplatten rückgebildet, so daß bei der adulten Katze die Tapetumzellschichten direkt übereinander liegen und nur von Netzen elastischer und kollagener Fasern getrennt sind. Die von einer Elementarmembran umgebenen Tapetumstäbchen enthalten einen elektronendichten, in den ersten postnatalen Wochen mit einer Periode von 100 Å quergestreiften Kern. Zunächst nehmen sie an Zahl und Länge zu und füllen am Ende der vierten postnatalen Woche, zu Bündeln von parallel verlaufenden Stäbchen geordnet, das Cytoplasma der Tapetumzellen. Dann nehmen die Tapetumstäbchen an Dicke zu, und ihre Querstreifung wird von einem elektronendichten Material überlagert. Die Entwicklung der Tapetumstäbchen hat eine starke Ähnlichkeit mit der in der Literatur beschriebenen Entwicklung von Melanosomen in Melanocyten. Das Tapetum lucidum cellulosum wird als ein dichter Verband hochdifferenzierter extrakutaner Melanocyten angesehen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the tapetum lucidum cellulosum of the cat was studied by light and electron microscopy. Already by the first postnatal day two cell types can be distinguished in the prospective tapeta area: 1. mesenchymal cells and 2. prospective tapetal cells, characterized by electron dense, membrane bound, rod-like inclusions. The flattened mesenchymal elements form 20–25 separate layers of cells, which are arranged parallel to the surface of the retina, subdividing the extracellular space of the chorioidea at the posterior pole of the eye into 5 μm high compartments. These compartments contain the tapetal cells which enlarge (in their longitudinal axis) during the first four weeks post partum until they occupy the extracellular space almost completely. At this stage, the tapetal cells are polygonal in shape and closely attached to each other. During the subsequent period of development there is a gradual involution of the mesenchymal cell plates. Thus, in adult cats the individual layers of tapetal cells are only separated from each other by networks of collagen and elastic fibers. The tapetal rods are bound by unit membranes and contain an electron dense core which, during the early postnatal weeks, exhibits a periodic cross-striation (100 Å). The tapetal rods increase in number and length during the first four weeks post partum; by the end of the fourth week, they occupy the whole cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. Parallelly arranged rods are grouped into individual bundles coursing inside the cytoplasm in different directions. Thereafter, the tapetal rods increase in thickness and their cross-striation becomes obscured by an electron dense material. This development of the tapetal rods closely resembles that of melanosomes. Thus the tapetum lucidum cellulosum can be regarded as a compact tissue made up of modified extracutaneous melanocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315591
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision II. Neurophysiology (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 507-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Transients ; Antagonistic inhibition ; Sensory storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to interruptions of light stimuli were studied in 58 X-type and 7 Y-type LGN relay cells with intra- and extracellular recording techniques. The responses to interruption were then compared with responses to either appearing or disappearing light stimuli which had the same luminance and size as the interrupted stimulus. The extent to which responses to interruption differed from those to appearance and disappearance was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), the duration of the stimulus before the interruption (t1) and after the interruption (t2). Responses to stimuli appearing after interruptions of up to 500 msec were weaker than those to appearance and disappearance. This difference decreased with increasing ISI. The difference between responses to appearance and interruption increased as t2 decreased, and decreased as t1 decreased. The reverse was true for the difference between responses to disappearance and interruption. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation consistently reduced the difference between responses to appearance and disappearance compared with those to interruption for all stimulus conditions. These results are discussed in the context of the psychophysical study presented in the preceding paper. It is shown that the neuronal reactions are reflected in detail by the ability of humans to detect appearances and disappearances that occur during interruptions. EPSP sequences recorded from LGN relay cells and relay cell responses conditioned by reticular stimulation suggest that the differentiation of responses to interruption and change partially occurs already in the retina. This differentiation is subsequently enhanced by antagonistic inhibition in the LGN. It is proposed that these inhibitory interactions at peripheral sites of the visual pathway store visual information and serve to reduce the redundancy of responses to short interruptions of the visual input. Centrifugal modulation of LGN inhibition is proposed to control the trade off between temporal integration and temporal resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflexes in postganglionic fibres within skin and muscle nerves after noxious stimulation of skin (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Cutaneous and muscle postganglionic neurones ; Noxious stimulation of skin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somomato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to skin and muscle induced by noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The reflexes were elicited by mechanical damaging stimuli and by temperature stimuli of more than 45°C. 2. In most cutaneous units the spontaneous activity was depressed during noxious stimulation of skin. Some cutaneous units were excited or showed mixed responses. The depression of the spontaneous activity was maximal from the skin area which was innervated by the cutaneous postganglionic neurones and much weaker or not elicitable from other skin areas. 3. Most muscle units were excited during noxious stimulation of skin. This excitation could be elicited from all over the body surface. 4. The effective cutaneous afferent fibres which are involved in these reflexes are the Group III axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging stimuli and the Group IV axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging and/or by thermal noxious stimuli. 5. These investigations reveal that the somato-sympathetic reflexes have opposite organization in cutaneous and muscle postganglionic fibres. The reflex patterns are discussed in relation to a possible central organization of the sympathetic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234007
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of visual experience in the development of optokinetic response in kittens (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Selective rearing ; Maturation ; OKN ; Perception of motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Kittens reared in the dark from birth were exposed one hour a day between the 4th and the 10th week of age, to a visual environment which consisted exclusively of vertical edges moving horizontally at a constant speed, and always in the same direction. Total exposure time varied between 10 and 60 hours. 2. At the 12th week of age, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in response to displacements of the visual field, was tested. Displacements in the direction that the kittens had experienced during the exposure period elicited immediately an OKN, the frequency of which was related to the speed of the moving pattern. Displacements in the opposite direction elicited a poorer response, only for slowly moving edges. When the speed of the displacement was increased, OKN failed to adapt and finally disappeared. 3. These results suggest the existence, in this type of visuomotor behavior, of a component built up by early visual experience (adaptative component) overlying another component pre-existing visual experience (pre-programmed component).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238319
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attention in the cat: Electrophysiological and behavioural studies (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory transmission ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual cortex ; Attentive behaviour ; Vigilance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of 6 cats was studied in a vigilance task. Each cat was trained to press a pedal on the floor of a training box. A waiting interval of fixed (FI) or variable (VI) duration then followed, after which a stimulus (S), a spot of light or a tone, was presented for a short period of time. The cat gave a correct response if, during this time, it pressed a panel. The animal was then rewarded with food. When an experiment had been completed using one S the cat was trained to respond to the other. The latency of response following the onset of S was measured for each waiting interval in the VI schedules. It was found that the longer latencies were associated with the shorter waiting intervals; that is, the cats responded more quickly to S as expectancy increased. Between the time the pedal and pand were pressed the optic tract (OT) was shocked not more than once and the response of the LGN and visual cortex recorded. The time at which the shock was delivered varied from 1 trial to the next. The responsiveness of the LGN and visual cortex did not vary during the waiting interval in either of the FI schedules or in the VI schedule in which S was a spot of light. However, in the VI schedule in which S was a tone, the responsiveness of the visual cortex to the thalamocortical input declined as the length of the waiting interval increased. No changes were observed at the LGN or in the presynaptic cortical response. These results contrast with those observed during changes in the level of arousal as assessed by the ECoG. When the ECoG passed from the synchronised to the desynchronised state there was an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic LGN response to the OT shock, but no change in the responsiveness of the cortex to the increased thalamocortical input. These changes in transmission in the visual pathways are discussed in relationship to the animal's behaviour and to the inferred state of attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234258
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrotonic coupling between motoneurones in the abducens nucleus of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 139-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electrotonic coupling ; Antidromic responses ; Abducens motoneurone ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrical stimulation of the abducens nerve provokes the classical true antidromic invasion of the abducens motoneurone and a depolarization which is often capable of generating full action potentials in the impaled motoneurone. Experiments studying these depolarizations suggest the existence of electrotonic coupling between the abducens motoneurones of the cat. Intracellular activity of the abducens motoneurones was recorded following intracellular stimulation of the impaled neurone and antidromic stimulation of the abducens nerve. Collision between the outgoing action potential and the antidromic volley differentiated the true antidromic spike from the depolarizations which can induce or not action potentials. The latency of the depolarization ranged between 100 and 1200 μsec. Collision demonstrated that the depolarization and the true antidromic action potential have an independent origin. The depolarizations and action potentials which are not conveyed to the motoneurone by its own axon are interpreted to be generated by electrotonic coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234386
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat I. Mossy fibre distribution in cerebellar cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 473-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar projection ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The areas of the cerebellar cortex receiving fibres from the mLRN (major portion of the lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) were determined by identifying the low-threshold spots on the cerebellar surface from which 286 mLRN neurones could be antidromically activated. 2. The mLRN fibres terminate bilaterally in the anterior lobe and pyramis, and ipsilaterally in the paramedian lobule. Some fibres terminate also in the rostral part of lobule VI but hardly any in other parts of the cortex. It follows that the mLRN projects almost exclusively to the classical spinal receiving areas. 3. Neurones in the parvi- and magnocellular parts project to similar cortical areas. 4. Two regions in the mLRN were distinguished on the basis of their different projection areas. Region A, a dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part, projects to the ipsilateral parts intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Region B, a ventral portion of the parvi- and magnocellular parts, projects bilaterally to the pars intermedia and vermis of the anterior lobe and sparsely to the pyramis. 5. Neurones throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts receive monosynaptic excitation from fibres ascending in the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237166
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical organization in the visual cortex (area 17) in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 315-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Cat ; Columnar organization ; Retino-cortical scatter ; Intracortical connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of cortical cells in the cat's area 17 (central and paracentral area), recorded successively during electrode penetrations perpendicular to the surface, were averaged (PSTH). All cells recorded during one penetration were stimulated with the same stimulus, a slowly moving light or dark slit oriented optimally for the first cell recorded. Comparisons between successively recorded cells were completed by simultaneous recordings from two neurones with the same microelectrode tip. Eye movements as an error were excluded by simultaneous recording of a geniculate cell throughout a cortical penetration. 2. The centers of excitatory receptive fields (ERFs) of simultaneously or successively recorded cells during a penetration may be separated by more than 4°. The mean scatter around a column average is 0.81±0.99° in both directions. The scatter is independent of the recording depth. Whereas the optimal orientation of cells recorded during one penetration was generally similar, the optimal direction (forward and backward movement of an optimally oriented stimulus) was variable. 3. The ERF diameters as determined from the PSTH were between 〈0.5° and 7.5°. During each penetration, cells with small (up to 3.0°) and large (〉3.0°) ERFs could be discriminated. The inhibitory fields (determined with the conditioning method of Bishop, Coombs and Henry, 1971) were between 2.0 and 8.5° along both the optimal and the non-optimal orientation axis of a cell. The borders of inhibitory fields of cells collected during one penetration were also scattered though overlapping. 4. Response analysis of simultaneously and successively recorded cells with different stimuli indicated that, in spite of considerable ERF-overlap, cells with small ERFs had separate excitatory inputs and that intracortical excitatory connections between cells recorded during one penetration were improbable. 5. The ERFs of cells with large ERFs covered a field approximately corresponding to the fields of cells with small ERFs. But a convergent input from many small ERF cells to single large ERF cells was excluded because of the incompatible functional properties of both types of cells, which correspond to some extent to simple and complex cells respectively. 6. It is concluded that cells within cortical cylinders are not connected through excitatory contacts with each other and that most cells in area 17 are excited by individual excitatory geniculate or cortical inputs. Inhibitory connections seem to be the most important intracortical connections. 7. In an Appendix it is shown that anatomical and physiological data do not support significant excitatory convergence of specific geniculate afferents on cortical neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235750
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The projection of the superior colliculus onto the reticular formation of the brain stem an experimental anatomical study in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Experimental anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following altogether 18 stereotactically placed lesions of different location and size in the superior colliculus the efferent fibres to the RF and their distribution were traced in silver impregnated, approximately serial sections (Nauta and Fink and Heimer methods), cut in the transverse, horizontal or sagittal plane. The projection to the mesencephalic RF was found to be almost completely ipsilateral, that to the pontomedullary RF largely contralateral. In the mesencephalic RF the fibres end in its dorsal half approximately. In the pons and medulla they supply only the medial 2/3 of the main RF, with two distinct maxima within the total field of termination. One maximum covers the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the adjoining part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the other occupies the rostralmost part of the latter and the caudal part of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Of the precerebellar reticular nuclei the contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis receives a distinct component of tectal fibres in a small area dorsomedially. Some fibres end in a restricted part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis and in the paramedian reticular nucleus. The tectoreticular projection appears to be organized according to the same principles as other afferents to the RF. In the main RF the areas of termination of the tectoreticular fibres coincide more or less with the areas of termination of corticoreticular, fastigioreticular and vestibuloreticular fibres. These common terminal areas are those which give off the bulk of reticulospinal fibres. Some functional implications of the pattern of organization in the tectoreticular projection are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233392
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal activity during eye movements in a visual association area of cat cerebral cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 467-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Suprasylvian gyrus ; Cat ; Single neurons ; Eye movements ; Direction sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 270 single neurons from the anterior part of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (AMSS) were recorded in awake and non-paralyzed cats (Chronic preparation). 10% were unresponsive to visual stimulation, the remainder reacted well to moving visual stimuli. Half of the units tested were directionally selective. Horizontal, or downward preferred directions predominated. Most neurons were relative insensitive to changes of shape, orientation, contrast, and velocity of the visual stimulus. Some neurons preferred rapid (100°/sec) jerky movements, others required complex motions of irregular shapes, a few strongly preferred objects moving towards the animal in the midsagittal plane. 40% of neurons yielded phasic On-Off reaction to flashing stationary spots. Habituation to repeated stimulation was a common feature and occured in 50% of AMSS neurons. In 19% of neurons tested the discharge rate was not affected by saccadic eye movements, when the animal faced a patterned background. Among the remainder two types of saccade associated responses could be distinguished. Type I discharged prior to or simultaneously with the onset of saccades. This early response was usually associated with saccades of particular directions. Saccades in total darkness yielded weaker and less consistent responses. Type II discharged subsequent to the onset of the saccades after a latency of 40 msec (type IIa), 40–80 msec (type IIb) and 80 msec (type IIc). Responses of type IIa are probably consequences of the retinal effects of eye movements. The saccade associated responses of type Ia, IIb and IIc are tentatively interpreted as results of an eye movement-synchroneous subcortical input, which facilitates transmission in AMSS neurons. Presaccadic facilitation, which generates type Ia responses, may be functionally related to shifts of attention prior to eye movements. It is suggested that postsaccadic facilitation, which underlies the reactions of type IIb and IIc, may be a correlate of visual attention during the fixation period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236111
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The organization of projections from the cerebellar nuclei to the contralateral motor cortex in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 36-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Motor cortex ; Evoked potentials ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A topographical study of cerebello-cortical relations was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. The potentials evoked by punctate stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei were recorded at various sites in the contralateral motor cortex. A map of the cortical responses obtained by stimulating each of the cerebellar nuclei was established. For this purpose, the stimulation thresholds as well as the response amplitudes, polarity and latency were noted. 2. Local stimulation of each cerebellar nucleus evoked responses in particular regions of the contralateral motor cortex. When a stimulus was applied to the interpositus nucleus, short latency responses were recorded in the lateral part of the area 4. Dentate nucleus stimulation induced short latency responses in the medial part of area 4 and in area 6. Furthermore, late responses were also recorded laterally in area 4. 3. The interpositus nucleus was found to project to the portion of motor cortical area controlling the distal forelimb with only a fast conducting pathway. The fastigial nucleus seems to be connected with proximal and axial motor areas. The projection system of the dentate nucleus appears to have a temporal organization: a fast conducting pathway was found to project to the axial and proximal motor area while a slower one seems to transmit impulses to the motor area of the forelimb extremity. 4. The functional aspects suggested by the temporal organization of the cerebellocortical inputs and the distribution of each nucleus projections on the motor cortical areas are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233394
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of fixed order of recruitment in cat motoneuron pools (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Size principle ; Motoneurons ; Cat ; Recruitment ; Neurophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Henneman et al. have shown that a wide variety of stimuli activate motoneurons in the order of their sizes, though some reversals occur. It is not clear which motoneurons should be included in the “pool” from which recruitment by size takes place. The “pool” may consist of 1. all the motoneurons to a given muscle 2. all the motoneurons in a given ventral root or 3. all the motoneurons activated by a given stimulus. We have examined recruitment in the pool of fibers to a given muscle. A variety of mechanical stimuli to cat's legs were used to elicit bursts of activity in gastrocnemius motor units. In 30% of pairs of units, one unit had a consistently lower threshold, i.e. it always began and ended a burst. In the other 70%, either unit could start or end a burst. For 48% of motor unit pairs recorded in either the medial or lateral gastrocnemius, each unit of the pair had runs of firing of at least 10 spikes while the other was totally inactive. By the same criterion, 23% of pairs of temporalis units showed differential activity. During spontaneous breathing there was no consistent recruitment order in 24% of pairs of units in throat respiratory muscles. These data indicate that reversals of recruitment order are relatively common for motoneurons innervating the same muscle. We discuss the possibility that size principle may hold for motoneurons in a single ventral rootlet whose somas are anatomical neighbors (even though they innervate different muscles), but not for motoneurons that are anatomically distant in the cord (even though they innervate the same muscle).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234005
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of differential blocking of motor axons on antidromic activation of Renshaw cells in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Renshaw cell ; Antidromic activation ; Differential blocking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Attempts were made to study differences in the relative effectiveness of different size ranges of motor axons to Renshaw cells by differential blocking of larger fibers of the gastrocnemius nerve in cats anesthetized with Nembutal. 1. Differential blocking of larger fibers in the nerve was successfully obtained by applying trapezoid wave current to the nerve. 2. It was shown that more than half (58.1%) of the Renshaw cells receive homogeneous inputs from a motor axon collaterals, 25.8% of the cell receive collateral inputs from a certain group of fibers, and 12.5% of the Renshaw cells were activated by “γ range” fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234008
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflexes in postganglionic fibres within skin and muscle nerves after mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Postganglionic fibres to skin and muscle ; Natural stimulation of skin ; Hair-follicle receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and to muscle produced by mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Most of the postganglionic fibres investigated were spontaneously active and had presumably vasoconstrictor function. 2. In 60% of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones stimulation of hairs induced predominantly excitation. This excitation was mostly followed by a slight depression of the spontaneous activity. In 30% of the neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed or predominantly depressed by these stimuli. 3. In most muscle postganglionic neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed by stimulation of hairs. 4. In both types of neurones the reflexes were produced by activity in hair follicle receptors with Group II afferents. Hair follicle receptors with Group III afferents most probably also contributed to this effect. Except for a slight depression of the spontaneous activity in some cutaneous postganglionic neurones by slowly adapting receptors, mechanical stimulation of other types of receptors with Group II afferents had no effect on the postganglionic neurones. 5. Reflexes in postganglionic neurones could be elicited by stimulation of hairy skin all over the body surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234006
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections thalamiques des noyaux vestibulaires: Etude histologique chez le chat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Thalamic projections ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrolytic lesions were placed into the left vestibular nuclei of 22 adult cats. Silver impregnation for degenerated terminal fibres of serial sections revealed the existence of a relay of the corticopetal vestibular pathway in the contralateral thalamus. Its main afferent fibres originate in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei. By crosschecking the results it was possible to demarcate a focus of vestibular projections in the ventro-caudal part of the thalamus, situated between the centre median, the ventro-basal group and the caudal segment of the ventro-lateral nucleus. The direct ascending afferents of this focus are relatively few in number. The functional significance of this vestibular relay with regard to the proprioceptive influx passing through this region of the thalamus is open to discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238317
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral semicircular canal inputs to neurons in cat vestibular nuclei (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ampullary nerve ; Cat ; EPSP ; IPSP ; Vestibular neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The six ampullary nerves in both labyrinths were separately stimulated by electric pulses in anesthetized cats. Resulting responses in neurons in the vestibular nuclei were recorded intracellularly. Almost all the vestibular neurons showed an EPSP in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral ampullary nerve. These neurons were subclassified as A-, L-, and P-neuron receiving specific projections from the anterior, lateral and posterior canal, respectively. Three fourths of the vestibular neurons recorded from received an IPSP in response to stimulation of the contralateral ampullary nerve. Plane-specific contralateral inhibition was found in most of vestibular neurons; i.e. A-, L-, and P-neuron received IPSP from the contralateral posterior, lateral, and anterior ampullary nerve, respectively. Approximately two thirds of vestibular neurons exhibiting the plane-specific inhibition were recorded in the medial vestibular nucleus. A collision test of impulses in primary afferent fibers were performed during recording of ipsilateral EPSPs produced by strong stimulation of more than one ampullary nerve. No positive evidence was provided for the existence of neural convergence on single vestibular neurons from different ampullary nerves on the same side. It is suggested that the plane-specific contralateral inhibition increase the sensitivity of vestibular neurons during head rotation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238318
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of cat vestibular neurons to sinusoidal roll tilt (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Tilt response ; Sinusoid ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were made in the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The firing patterns of single units were studied using small amplitude sinusoidal roll tilts of from 0.01 Hz to 1.0 Hz. Three-fourths of the tilt-sensitive units showed greater modulation of their firing rates as the frequency of the sinusoidal tilt was increased. The responses of cells in both nuclei were similar. These responses were virtually unchanged in cats with chronically plugged semicircular canals, indicating a probable otolith origin for the dynamics of the tilt response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237380
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory cortical involvement in responses to noxious stimulation in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pain ; Somatosensation ; Cerebral cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment examines the role of the cerebral cortex in regulating responses to noxious stimulation by studying the effects of cortical ablations in cats on escape from electric shock applied to the foot pads. The latency of escape as a function of shock intensity was measured before and after bilateral ablations of various portions of the cat's somatosensory cerebral cortex. Ablations of the second somatosensory cerebral cortex significantly increased the escape response threshold. If the sulci bordering this region were included in the ablation, the threshold increase was greater and longer-lasting. Ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex increased latencies at most intensities of electric shock, but did not change the response thresholds. Ablations of both primary and second somatosensory cortex increased response thresholds and response latencies. None of these ablations altered the responses, however, if the cat had been overtrained for six to seven months prior to surgery. The results suggest that the second somatosensory region and the sulci bordering the second somatosensory region in the cat cerebral cortex are involved in responses to noxious stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237381
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intracellular study of neuronal organization in the visual cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Efferent cells ; Non-efferent cells ; Synaptic connection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal connections in the visual cortex of cat (areas 17 and 18) were studied with intracellular recording and electrical stimulation techniques under Nembutal anaesthesia. Four types of axonal projection were seen; 1. association efferent cells projecting to adjacent cerebral cortex on the ipsilateral side, 2. commissural efferent cells to visual cortex on the contralateral side, 3. corticofugal efferent cells to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, and 4. non-efferent cells whose projection is confined within the visual cortex. Both association and commissural efferent cells were located in layer III, corticofugal efferent cells in layer V and non-efferent cells in layers II–VI. Upon these cells two types of synaptic actions were exerted by the specific visual afferents that originate from the lateral geniculate body; 1. type I, monosynaptic excitation plus disynaptic inhibition and 2. type II, disynaptic excitation plus trisynaptic inhibition. Type I effects were found in layers III–V, and type II in layers II and VI. In the border region between areas 17 and 18 monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition were produced also by the commissural efferents originating from the contralateral visual cortex. On the basis of these results, a possible neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234257
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat III. Organization of component activated from ipsilateral forelimb tract (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 501-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by two spinal tracts ascending through the ventral part of the lateral funiculus has been studied by recording from 277 neurones of which 187 could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. Forty-eight % of the neurones were activated by the bVFRT and described in a previous paper (Clendenin et al., 1975b) and 12% were activated by a previously unknown tract denoted the ipsilateral forelimb (iF) tract and described in the present paper. 2. The iF-tract is activated by stimulation of nerves in the ipsilateral forelimb only. The response consists of a train of impulses with a high initial frequency and an almost constant latency. Cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents contribute to the excitation which is mediated by interneurones. 3. The responses to stimulation of peripheral receptors were weak and difficult to classify. 4. The iF-tract activates neurones in the dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part of the mLRN which projects to the ipsilateral pars intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. 5. The possible information carried by the iF-tract is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237168
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Visual cortex ; Layer V-pyramids ; Clare Bishop area ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237905
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat II. Organization of component activated from bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 487-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Neurones in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) activated by the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT-LRN neurones) were identified by their responses to stimulation of fibres descending in the contralateral ventral quadrant of the spinal cord which activate the bVFRT neurones monosynaptically. 2. Eighty-eight of the 134 bVFRT-LRN neurones encountered could be antidromically activated at a low stimulus strength from small areas of the cerebellar surface assumed to represent cortical termination points. 3. The bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts of the LRN and terminated bilaterally in the anterior lobe and sparsely in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule and in the pyramis. 4. The responses evoked in the bVFRT-LRN neurones on stimulation of the contralateral ventral quadrant at C5 and L1 made it possible to estimate the approximate spinal level from which the bVFRT fibres originated. On this basis the bVFRT-LRN neurones were divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups receiving bVFRT afferents from mainly one spinal level and a convergence group receiving bVFRT afferents from several levels. 5. The different bVFRT-LRN groups received excitation from different combinations of nerves in the four limbs. 6. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred in successively more ventrolateral portions of the LRN. 7. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones terminated in successively more rostral areas of the anterior lobe. 8. The organization of the bVFRT-LRN path is compared with that of the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts. The possible function of the bVFRT-LRN path is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237167
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effets de la stimulation des fibres et des mécanorécepteurs splanchniques sur l'activité unitaire du cortex somesthésique (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 348 (1974), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Splanchnic Afferents ; G.I. and Peritoneal Receptors ; Cortical Projections ; Microelectrode Technique ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were performed on cats anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal. The unitary activity of cortical neurons was recorded in the SI and SII areas by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. The neurons showed frequently a spontaneous discharge (irregular or regular tonic discharge bursts of spikes). The electrical stimulation of contralateral splanchnic nerves produced different effects on a great number of the neurons: 1. early short activation, 2. late activation, 3. early and late complex activation, 4. partial or total inhibition of the spontaneous activity. These effects were obtained in the different cortical layers. Similar results have been observed by mechanical stimulation of the splanchnic receptors located in the gastro-intestinal tract and in the peritoneum. However in this case, the duration and the amplitude of inhibition and activation were generally weaker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586475
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221941
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic investigation of synaptic organization of the trochlear nucleus in cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220147
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on the ultrastructure of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to re-examine the central nucleus of the cat in Nissl stained sections, to describe its fine structural characteristics, and to compare the lateral subdivision of this nucleus with the putamen. In Nissl preparations, it was observed that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus contains a fairly homogeneous population of small cells while the putamen contains both small and large cells. It is the presence of a few large cells at the lateral periphery of the lateral part of the central nucleus that makes the boundary between the two nuclei indistinct. Examination of the fine structure of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the central nucleus revealed the presence of many boutons containing flattened vesicles and fewer with spheroid vesicles. In contrast, most of the boutons in the putamen have spheroid vesicles. It is concluded that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus may be distinguished from the putamen, except at its most lateral border, by its homogeneous population of small cells and its many boutons containing flattened vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222994
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytic membranes ; Cat ; Orthogonal particle-complexes ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed and unfixed astrocytic membranes from the CNS of the cat were studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. A variable number of gap junctions was detected in astrocytic membranes. They are characterized by the well known hexagonal composition of their subunits. Besides this type of highly ordered membrane-bound particles, a second one was found. It is composed of four single particles (diameter 5 nm) which form an orthogonal subunit with a side length of about 10 nm. These membrane-associated orthogonal particle complexes (MOPC) could be observed in different stages of aggregation and expansion. They reveal an accumulation in membranes of the marginal glia layers and in the perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Unfixed, glycerol treated membranes, however, do not show these structures. After glycerol treatment of the unfixed membranes by immersion, the MOPC disintegrate to single particles which form clusters of various extension. The clustering phenomenon is dependent on the length of the time of exposure to glycerol. Shortening of the glycerol treatment by intravasal perfusion of the cryoprotectant agent causes an decrease of the clusters. Fragments and transient forms of the MOPC become visible. By variation of different physico-chemical parameters of the washing solution a similar effect on the MOPC was not achieved. The discussion deals with probable functional aspects of the MOPC. They are considered to act as membrane-bound functional multienzyme complexes which a) might play a role in mediating transmembrane passage of metabolites, or b) are essential for CSF control mechanisms, or c) have a functional relation to the nexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209055
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve endings in the arteria centralis retinae (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220387
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 565-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central myelin ; Junctions ; Cat ; Freeze-etching ; Lanthanum impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In male and female cats central myelin was studied using the freeze-etching technique, and after impregnation with lanthanum as a tracer. The freeze-fractured and etched faces of the myelin reveal membrane formations which in many respects resemble tight junctions. The formations consist of parallel rows of particles on one half of the membranes matched by corresponding furrows on the other membrane half. These structures occur across the width of the myelin sheath and are most common in that part of the myelin underlying the external cytoplasmic loop. They are interpreted as correlates of the radial component of the i-line which occurs in cross-sections of central myelin after potassium permanganate staining. In the paranodal zone the lanthanum-impregnated myelin displays punctate fusions between the outer leaflets of the oligodendrocytic membranes. These findings strongly suggest that tight junctions are a common feature in the central myelin. The arrangement of the membrane fusion in relation to the elements of the lamellar complex and their functional significance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221940
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Hypothalamic projections to the amygdala in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Stereotaxic lesions ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to determine the origin of the hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections in the cat, small lesions were placed at various rostro-caudal levels of the hypothalamus. The animals were sacrificed after a period of 4, 8 or 11 days and the brains stained with the Nauta (1957), Fink and Heimer (1967) or Wiitanen (1969) method for the demonstration of degenerating axons and their terminals. It was observed that the anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends a small projection to the medial subdivision of the central nucleus and to the basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. The lateral preoptic area sends a larger projection to the anterior amygdaloid area, both subdivisions of the central and basal nuclei, and to the lateral and medial nuclei. No degeneration was observed in the amygdala following lesions in the medial preoptic area, the ventromedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area caudal to the anterior hypothalamic area. In a series of animals with lateral preoptic lesions, the site of termination of degenerating boutons on neurons of the amygdaloid nuclei was determined and the course of the degenerative process followed over a period ranging from 2 to 15 days. Many of the boutons, especially in the earlier stages of degeneration, appeared to be of the B3 type, containing flattened vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites or somata. With longer post-operative survival times, however, they became increasingly electron dense and shrunken, so that the bouton type could not be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222995
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in complex mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters by mass chromatographyAbbreviations: Hydroxy fatty acids are identified by h preceding chain length. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 10-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Repetitive mass spectrometric scanning of gas-liquid chromatographic effuents at short (6 to 15 s) intervals, with a digital computer for data acquisition, reduction and display, allows plots (mass chromatograms) to be made of the intensities of specific ion fragments. Plotting of m/e values characteristic for certain classes of compounds and/or individual components reveals the location of constituents in the gas chromatogram. This technique was applied to the identification of trimethylsilyl derivatives of unsubstituted and 2-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters in mixtures obtained from acid catalyzed methanolysis of cat brain galactocerebrosides. The plot of total ionization intensity vs scan number generated the gas-liquid chromatogram. Mass chromatograms of m/e 73 and [M - 59]+ gave the locations in the gas-liquid chromatogram of the hydroxy fatty acid derivatives, and mass chromatograms of m/e 74 and [M]+ located the unsubstituted fatty acid derivatives. Integrated ion intensities were used to determine the composition of the mixture of fatty acids.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010105
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    The structural elucidation of polyene macrolide antibiotics by mass spectrometry. Nystatin, amphotericin B and pimaricin (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 20-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complete mass spectra of the pertimethylsilylated derivatives of three high molecular weight polyene macrolide antibiotics are reported for the first time. The fragmentation pathways which are proposed have been corroborated by the stable isotope derivatives d9-TMS and d3-acetyl. Accurate mass measurements and metastable transitions confirm the proposed fragmentation mechanisms in the low mass range. Nystatin - the macrolide of highest molecular weight in this study - expels several TMSOH molecules and a TMS radical. Amphotericin B underwent extensive rearrangements preliminary to eliminating a series of TMSOH molecules. An apparent equilibrium between the keto and ketal forms of amphotericin B facilitated the rearrangements. Pimaricin fragmented in a manner parallel to that of the other two macrolides. The sugar portion of the molecules dominated the fragmentation in the low mass region in the spectra of all compounds. The transfer of a TMS group from the sugar amine to the glycosidic oxygen was observed when the amino sugar was eliminated from the intact molecule. The resulting sugar ion then expelled ammonia.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010107
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    Sex-linked specificity of the hepatic metabolism of steroids in rats. Mass fragmentography as a method for the assay of hydrogenated metabolites of corticosterone in the liver (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the separation, identification and quantitation of endogenous hydrogenated metabolities of corticosterone in rat liver Corticosterone, 5α- and 5β-dihydrocorticosterone, 3α,11β,21-trihydroxy-5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3β,11β,21-trihydroxy-5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3α,11β,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3β,11β,21-trihydroxy-5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, 5α-pregnane-3α,11β,20α,21-tetrol, 5α-pregnane-3α,11β,20β,21-tetrol and 5α-pregnane-3β,11β,20β,21-tetrol are specifically quantitated in one analysis by mass fragmentography all as their O-methyloxime pertrimethylsilyl derivatives. A pronounced difference in the amounts of these nine metabolites between male and female adult rats was found, while in newborn rats only the two tetrahydro-compounds bearing a 5α-hydrogen were detected in both sexes. On the other hand 3α,11β,1 5α,21-tetrahydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one was detected only in the adult female as its second prominent metabolite of corticosterone. Corticosterone metabolites being biochemical markers of the sex-linked differentiation of the hepatocytes, their mass fragmentographic assay is proposed as a tool for the quantitative analysis of this type of gene expression.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010108
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    Determination of the structure of partially methylated sugars as O-trimethylsilyl ethers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 62-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separation and structural determination of ten partially methylated methyl glucosides by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are described. These glucosides were four possible structures for methyl tri-O-methylglucosides and six for methyl di-O-methylglucosides. The positions of free hydroxyl groups in four isomers of methyl tri-O-methylglucosides could be fairly distinguished from each other by their mass spectra. Mass spectra of methyl di-O-methylglucosides were similar to each other, though their spectra were different from those of fully methylated or methyl tri-O-methylglucosides. After introduction of a trimethylsilyl group to the free hydroxyl group, mass spectra of methyl di-O-methylglucosides showed a characteristic pattern for the position of the trimethylsilylated hydroxyl group, and O-trimethylsilyl ethers of methyl tri-O-methylglucosides also showed distinguishable mass spectra. The structures of fragment ions of partially methylated methyl glucosides were confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010113
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    Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. II - continuous monitoring (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 80-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monitoring of solutes eluted from a liquid chromatograph is possible by continuous introduction of the effluent solution into the ion source of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Detection sensitivities in the nanogram range are possible for a wide variety of solutes and solvents. Auxiliary techniques which have proved valuable for g.c.-m.s. also appear to be applicable to l.c.m.s.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010117
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    Study on drug metabolites by mass spectrometry. IVFor Part III, see Ref. 1. - metabolites of 2-(diethylamino) ethyltetrahydro-α-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-furanpropionate oxalate in rats (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 66-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of drug metabolites is very important in the biochemical field. However, the procedure for doing this has been very complicated in many cases. The major reason is because of the need for fairly large amounts of the samples. We have been studying procedures for the determination and identification by use of mass spectrometry, which usually gives a lot of information rapidly from very small amounts of the samples (below μg). In this paper, the metabolites excreted in urine and bile following oral administration of 2-(diethyamino)ethyl tetrahydro-α-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-furanpropionate oxalate (1) in rats, were investigated by means of mass spectrometry and other techniques. The drug was not excreted unchanged in urine. Of the eight metabolites suspected to be present in urine and bile, the structures of three metabolites were elucidated to be tetrahydro-α-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-furanpropionic acid (3) and α-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-perhydro-5-oxofuranpropionic acid (4) in urine, and diethylaminoethanol (2) in bile. These metabolites might also be present as their structural isomers or conjugates.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010114
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010201
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    Interpretation of mass spectra, 2nd Edition, by F. W. McLafferty. W. A. Benjamin Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1973. $15.00 (cloth) $7.50 (paper) (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xiv 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010118
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  • 42
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    Qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry of some noncatecholic biogenic amines and related compounds as their dansyl derivatives (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 83-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of the integrated ion current technique for the analysis of biogenic amines and phenols as their 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl (dansyl) derivatives is described, particularly as regards to the linearity and sensitivity of detection. The mono derivatized amines gave a linear response over the range 10-9 to 10-14 mol, with a few being detected in quantities as small as 5 × 10-15 mol. The bisdansyl derivatives have a lower sensitivity and the response is linear over a more restricted range, terminating at 10-13 mol. Deuterated analogues of some of the amines were prepared and the feasibility of their use as internal standards was investigated. In this way, the problems associated with quantitative biochemical analyses caused by losses during extractions, chromatographic separations and thermal decomposition in the mass spectrometer lon source are overcome. The differentiation of isomers of biogenic amines as their dansyl derivatives has been accomplished by fractional sublimation and by examination of differences in their fragmentation patterns.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010202
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    Amino acid mixture analysis by mass spectrometry in the form of their dimethylaminomethylene methyl esters (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amino acids, arginine, citrulline, cysteine, cystine, histidine, hydroxyproline, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine, have been analysed in the form of their N-(N′, N′-dimethylaminomethylene) methyl esters. formed in a single step by reaction of the free amino acid or its hydrochloride with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal in acetonitrile/methanol (2:1). A reaction time of 15 minutes at 100 °C ensures complete derivatization, the derivatives being volatile at source temperatures below 150 °C, and giving electron impact spectra characterized by abundant (or moderately abundant) peaks at or near the mass of the molecular ion.The analysis of amino acid mixtures by mass fragmentography on characteristic high mass peaks of their N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethylene) methyl ester derivatives, introduced on a direct insertion probe and volatilized during temperature programming of the source, is qescribed. The method is applied to the analysis of a mixture containing arginine, citrulline, cystine, histidine and tryptophan, traditionally difficult to analyse by other methods.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010206
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    Observations on the mechanism of hydroxylation of cyclophosphamide by rat liver microsomes: The metabolism of cyclophosphamide-4-d2 (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metabolism of cyclophosphamide-4-d2 (2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-tetrahydro-4,4-dideuterio-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide), was studied. The first detectable metabolite was a hydroxy derivative which was trapped with ethanol. Mass spectrometry of the resulting two ethoxy derivatives and of the deuterated acrolein 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed therefrom via reaction with acidic 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, afforded evidence that the ethoxy substituents were at C-4, which was therefore the position of the original hydroxy substituent. The mass spectrum of the deuterated acrolein 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone obtained from the total reactive metabolites was used to estimate the ratio of 4- to 6-hydroxylation. The rate of metabolism and the antitumour activity of cyclophosphamide and its 4-d2 analogue were compared.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010209
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    Mass spectral studies of airborne particulates and possible pollution sourcesWork supported in part by EPA under Agreement No. EPA-IAG-0217(D) entitled ‘Correlation of Hazardous Compound Composition of Coal, Ash, Fly-Ash, and Other Emissions from Combustion’. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The organic material in airborne particulate matter is being studied by high resolution mass spectrometry to determine if hydrocarbons typical of major sources of pollution can be detected. Carbon number distributions and hydrogen-to-carbon ratios of components found in airborne particulate samples and the corresponding data for compounds detected in fuel combustion products show great similarity. Samples collected near large power stations and major airports were compared with typical urban particulate samples. Particulates collected from jet engine exhaust and a condensate from the stack effluent from a coal-fired combustion system were studied. Mass spectral data were obtained for an auto exhaust tar, a coal tar pitch and several fuels. The mass spectra of two total particulate samples, compared to the spectrum of an ether extract of the organic matter, indicate that direct vaporization can be used and extraction is not essential for qualitative mass spectral studies.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010210
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    Analysis of intact phospholipids by field desorption mass spectrometry (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 154-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first application of field desorption mass spectrometry to the analysis of intact diacyl glycerophosphorylcholines (lecithins) has led to the detection of prominent molecular ions. This technique enables positive identification of the components of a mixture of phosphatidylcholines, which will provide valuable information on the phospholipid composition of biological fluids.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010213
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    Mass spectrometry of pesticides and pollutants, by S. Safe and O. Hutzinger. CRC Press Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1973. pp. 220, $32.00 (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010215
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    News and events (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xi 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010216
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  • 49
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    Detection and quantitative analysis of amphetamine (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high resolution mass spectrometric integrated ion current procedure has been used to identify and quantitate amphetamine, isolated as its dansyl derivative, as it is found after addition to urine and in tissues of the rat following intraperitoneal injection. A linear relationship between amphetamine and ion current response has been established at least in the range 5 × 10-12 to 5 × 10-7 g, and as little as 8 × 10-13 mol of amphetamine in urine may be detected.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry for the identification of sapogenins from Digitalis species (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 166-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the identification of the sapogenins of several Digitalis species. The steroids are separated by repeated development thin-layer chromatography and identified by means of high resolution mass spectrometry. The spectra of tigogenin, gitogenin, digalogenin and digitogenin are recorded. These spectra are of particular use in establishing the position of extra hydroxy moieties in the steroid nuclei. Several species of Digitalis were screened for their sapogenin content. D. purpurea, D. mertonensis and D. lutea were found to contain tigogenin and digitogenin in small amounts, the principal steroid being gitogenin, whilst D. ambigua and D. lanata contained all four steroids.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010304
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    Intramolecular isotopic order in biologically produced acetic acid (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 172-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetic acid isolated from cider vinegar and inorganically synthesized glacial acetic acid have markedly different intramolecular isotopic distributions of the stable carbon isotopes. Carbon-12 is concentrated in the methyl group relative to the carboxyl group in the biologically produced acid. The reverse distribution is observed in the particular sample of glacial acetic acid examined here.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Identification of some organic smog components based on rain water analysis (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 192-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analysis has been made of a sample of rain water collected in Washington, D.C. following a sustained photo-oxidant smog alert which was accompanied by haze and low visibility. The analysis was effected by purging the organic content from the water with helium gas and identifying the constituents by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The predominant compound was found to be 3-methylfuran, a possible intermediate or end product of the atmospheric decomposition of terpenoid hydrocarbons. The analysis suggests that the smog resulted from the air oxidation of hydrocarbons evolved from Appalachian forestation rather than from manassociated activities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010309
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    Source of the carboxamide nitrogen atom in 2-carboxamido-5-isopropoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole, a metabolite of cambendazole (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 190-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and isotope labeling techniques have been employed to demonstrate that the carboxamide nitrogen atom in 2-carboxamido-5-isopropoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole, a metabolite of 2-thiazolyl-5-isopropoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole (cambendazole), is derived wholly from the parent drug. [15N] Thiazole-labeled cambendazole was administered to a rat and the metabolite isolated from urine. Trideutero-2-carboxamido-5-isopropoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole was employed as a carrier to isolate the metabolite in sufficient purity for isotope ratio measurements using multiple ion detection. The metabolite was converted to its tetramethyl derivative by on-column reaction with trimethylanilium hydroxide to permit satisfactory gas chromatography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Workshop reports (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 206-207 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010312
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  • 55
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    News and events (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xiii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010314
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010401
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  • 57
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    Evaluation of bilirubin derivatives for mass spectral analysis (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Twelve derivatives of bilirubin were evaluated from the point of view of providing intense molecular ion peaks on electron impact and unambiguous molecular weights. The tetrakis-(trimethylsilyl) derivative of bilirubin was judged to be the most suitable because its molecular ion carries 22% of the total ion current and is the base peak in the spectrum. Molecular ions were found to carry 10% of the total ion current in the spectrum of the trimethylsilylated methyl ester of the phenylazo derivative of bilirubin. Fragmentation patterns of these two compounds were studied using deuterium labeling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010404
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    The use of Edman degradation in peptide mixture analysis by mass spectrometryA preliminary report including some of the data presented in this paper has been given at the 6th International Mass Spectrometry Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, September 1973. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectrometric analysis of peptide mixtures may lead to ambiguous results when it is possible to change from one peptide chain to another during the interpretation of the spectra. This kind of ambiguity can be eliminated by submission of part of the sample to one cycle of Edman degradation, followed by comparison of the results obtained for this preparation with those obtained for the nondegraded sample. Combination of this procedure with the use of deuterated derivatives has allowed an unambiguous interpretation for two mixtures of synthetic peptides.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010406
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    Field desorption mass spectrometry of ten medicinal carbamates (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 256-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field desorption mass spectra of ten medicinal carbamates - meprobamate, mebutamate, carisoprodol, emylcamate, bethanechol chloride, styramate, hydroxyphenamate, mephenesin carbamate, methocarbamol and chlorphenesin carbamate - were run and compared with their published electron impact spectra. Of the ten compounds run only emylcamate did not give a field desorption mass spectrum. All others gave abundant molecular ions, with the exception of bethanechol chloride which has a quarternary ammonium group and gave a field desorption spectrum characteristic of compounds possessing such a functional group. No general characteristic fragmentation was attributed to the carbamate function in the field desorption mode. However, the ease of obtaining abundant molecular ions or quasimolecular ions makes the field desorption method a valuable complementary technique to electron impact studies of carbamates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010409
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  • 60
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    The determination of sequence information in homologously related proteins by mass spectrometry (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An azurin, a small respiratory copper protein from the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype G, has been studied by mass spectrometry to determine sequence information. The study of homologously related proteins by mass spectiometry is particularly attractive, since the correct nature of major parts of the deduced sequences can be confirmed by comparison with the sequences of the protein from related organisms. An oxidized tryptohan residue has been identified amongst the products from a cyanogen bromide digest of this wild type azurin. In the same digest, a product is also found to arise from cleavage of the peptide chain at the C-terminal side of the same tryptophan residue. These results are rationalized.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010411
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    The mass spectral fragmentation of partially ethylated alditol acetates, a derivative used in determining the glycosly linkage composition of polysaccharidesSupported in part by AEC Contract No. AT(11-1)-1426.Abbreviations: PEGS = poly-(ethylene glycol succinate); PEGA = poly-(ethylene glycol adipate). (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral data for the primary fragmentation of partially ethylated alditol acetates have been tabulated in order to allow easy reference for the identification of these polysaccharide derivatives. Sodium borodeuteride is used in all the aldose to alditol reductions, since the presence of a single deuterium label on C-1 greatly increases the information available in the mass spectrum and allows some identifications to be made which would not otherwise be possible. The primary fragmentations of these derivatives are analogous to those of the partially methylated alditol acetates, with each fragment shifted to a higher m/e value by fourteen mass units for each ether linkage contained in the fragment. The secondary fragmentation is also very similar, being characterized by the loss of acetic acid or ketene, or, less frequently, by the loss of ethanol or acetaldehyde. Coupled with the chromatographic retention time data for the partially ethylated alditol acetates tabulated elsewhere, the unambiguous mass spectral identification makes this derivative an excellent choice as a complementary derivative to the partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide analysis. The utility of the partially ethylated alditol as a routine analytical derivative is further enhanced by the almost identical procedures required for synthesis of the ethyl and methyl derivatives. Through the combined use of these derivatives, most of the possible linkage isomers of the seven common aldoses of plant cell wall polysaccharides can be resolved, identified and quantitated.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010410
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  • 62
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    Characterization of cytosine nucleosides by mass spectrometry (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of most nucleosides of cytosine exhibit molecular ions of low abundance, rearranged ions base + 2H in greater abundance than the companion species base + H, and a characteristic and abundant ion which corresponds to base + C2HO from the sugar. Deuterium, oxygen-18 and substituent labeling showed the presence of C-1′, 2′, H-2′ and O-4′ in the latter ion, which led to a proposed mechanism of formation involving opening of the sugar ring and recyclization between O2 and C-2′ with expulsion of water. Primary driving force for the reaction is due to resonance stabilization promoted by unshared electrons from N4, which results in diminished abundance in the case of imino isomers and derivatives which contain electron-withdrawing groups at N4, and enhanced abundance resulting from methylation at N4. Data for 24 nucleosides are presented and discussed in terms of the determination of nucleoside structure.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010413
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  • 63
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    News and events (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. ix 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010417
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  • 64
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    Metabolism of branched medium chain length fatty acid: I - ω-oxidation of sodium dipropylacetate in ratsAbbreviations: DPA = dipropylacetate; BSA = N,O-bis-(trimethylsil)acetamide; TMCS = trimethylchlorosilane. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metabolism of sodium dipropylacetate (a newly developed anticonvulsant) was investigated in rats, and two metabolites were found in urine of rats which received dipropylacetate. The metabolites were identified as 2-n-propyl-5-hydroxypentanoic acid and 2-n-propylglutaric acid, respectively, by low and high resolution mass spectrometry. Synthetic 2-n-propylglutaric acid, when administered to rats, was not oxidized further and was excreted intact in urine. These data clearly show that ω-oxidation is involved in the metabolism of sodium dipropylacetate and that 2-n-propylglutaric acid, the end product of ω-oxidation, does not serve as a substrate for β-oxidation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010415
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  • 65
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    Limits of detection of carbon-13 labelled drugs and their metabolites in human urineAbbreviation used: PDB = Belemnitella americana (‘Peedee Belemnite’). (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The precise isotopic analysis of carbon by means of differential comparison of CO2 samples is applied to neutral, acid c and basic extract fractions of human urine. It is shown that the standard deviation of the analytical procedure, including sample preparation steps, is about 1% or 0.001 atom % excess carbon-13, but depends some what on the fraction considered. Day to day variations (expressed as standard deviations) in the isotopic composition of the urine fractions are generally less than 2.8%, 1.4% and 3.9% for the neutral, acidica and basic fractions, respectively, although the effect of unusual dietary inputs can be recognized. The ingestion of 23 μg excess carbon-13 in the form of isotopically labelled aspirin is shown to perturb significantly the isotopic composition of the acidic urine fraction which, for a 24 hour collection period, had a mass of 570 mg C. Because only 0.01% of the fraction was consumed by isotopic analysis, further extensive analysis would be possible. It is concluded that carbon-13 tracer experiments generally should be arranged to provide at least 5 × 10-5 g excess 13C/g carbon in any fraction which is to be used for lable detection.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010510
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    A method of analysis of dansylamides in mixtures by mass spectrometryAbbreviation: Dansyl = dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 363-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a mixture twenty dansyl derivatives of biogenic amines were run using low energy electron impact. This method appears to be useful for the analysis of amines present in biological materials.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010514
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  • 67
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010601
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  • 68
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    Mass spectrometric studies of thyroxine and related compounds. Trimethylsilyl derivatives (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 374-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of thyroxine and sixteen related compounds are reported. In addition to deiodinated analogues and iodinated tyrosines, the latter include a series of thyroacetic and thyropropionic acids and one thyroformic acid compound. Their spectra are discussed in terms of their fragmentation and utility for qualitative and quantitative estimation by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010603
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  • 69
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    Mass spectrometry of the methyl ethers of isomeric hydroxychlorobiphenyls - potential metabolites of chlorobiphenyls (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 386-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of synthetic methoxychlorobiphenyls have been investigated. These substances are of interest as reference compounds in studies of the metabolism of chlorobiphenyls. Some characteristic fragmentation patterns have been found, useful for differentiation between the 2-, 3- and 4-methoxychlorobiphenyl isomers. Thus, mass spectra of 2-methoxychlorobiphenyls show large fragments at [M - CH3Cl]+., while those of 4-methoxy compounds differ from 3-methoxy isomers by the presence of significant [M - CH3]+ fragments in the former.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010605
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    Identification of explosives by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using water as reagentAbbreviations: HMX (Octogen) = 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane; RDX (Hexogen, Cyclonite) = 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane; PETN = Pentaerythrytoltetranitrate. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical ionization mass spectra of four explosive compounds have been obtained by using water as reagent gas. The compounds are 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane, 1,3,5-trinitor-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and an explosive which has been used in letter bombs, containing the two latter compounds and a plasticizer. The chemical ionization H2O mass spectra were recorded at an ion source temperature range of 170 to 225°C, a probe temperature range of 160 to 265°C and a reagent gas (H2O) pressure range of 0.07 to 0.10 Torr. Unlike in chemical ionization using methane or isobutane, chemical ionization H2O spectrum of these compounds provides a method for obtaining quasimolecular peaks. Adduct ion peaks like [M + H3O]+, [M + H5O2]+, [M + NO]+ and [M + NO2]+ are also observed in the chemical ionization H2O mass spectra of these compounds. Chemical ionization H2O mass spectra provide thus a better means of explosive identification.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010606
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  • 71
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    Carbon isotopic fractionations associated with acetic acid production by Acetobacter suboxydans (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 412-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetobacter suboxydans, strain 8.3, was grown using ethanol, made by the hydration of ethylene, as the sole energy source. After the microorganism had oxidized some of the ethanol to acetic acid, the unassimilated alcohol and produced acetic acid were isolated from the supernatant. Carbon isotopic analyses of these compounds and the starting ethanol show: (1) the methyl carbon of the starting alcohol is enriched in carbon-13 by 4.6% relative to the hydroxyl carbon, (2) the starting alcohol contains 2% less carbon-13 than the unassimilated ethanol and (3) the carboxyl carbon of the acetic acid excreted by the A. suboxydans is enriched by 3.8% in carbon-13 relative to the methyl carbon. These results support earlier findings which indicate that organisms preferentially utilize compounds enriched in carbon-12 and tend to concentrate carbon-12 in the reduced carbons relative to the oxidized carbons of metabolic products.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010608
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    Comparison of the field desorption, chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectra of some steroids (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 423-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact, chemical ionization and field desorption mass spectra of seven steroids showing varying stability to electron impact have been compared.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010611
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    Letter to the editors (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 427-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010613
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  • 74
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    News (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. ix 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010615
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    Mass spectra of compounds of biological interest, Volume 1 to 3, edited and compiled by S. P. Markey, W. G. Urban and S. P. Levine. USAEC TID-26553-P1, 2, 3. National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia, 22161. 1974. pp. 1226. $28.80 (paper), $6.75 (microfiche) (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 428-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010614
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  • 76
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010101
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  • 77
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    Editorial (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xi 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010102
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    Separation and characterization of isomeric substituted nucleosides by gas chromatography and mass spectrometryAbbreviations used: TMS (trimethylsilyl); TFA (trifluoroacetyl); TBDMS (t-butyldimethylsilyl). (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 78-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 3′- and 5′-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of thymidine and deoxyadenosine have characteristically different mass spectra and can be separated by gas chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010116
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    The collection and analysis of volatile hydrocarbon air pollutants using a timed elution chromatographic technique linked to a computer controlled mass spectrometer (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The difficulty of collecting volatile hydrocarbons, such as benzene, from street air in a form suitable for subsequent analysis is overcome by the use of a time-based elution procedure. By linking this technique to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-data system, a rapid analysis is possible for low concentrations of collected material. Among advantages of this novel sample introduction procedure are the facility for collecting organic materials without interference from water vapour and their subsequent introduction into the g.c.-m.s. system without the use of any auxiliary solvents. Consequently the mass spectrometer can be used continuously on-line enabling the more volatile materials, normally masked by solvents, to be examined. This procedure is illustrated by the measurement of benzene and other hydrocarbon levels in street air (London). Following gas chromatographic separation the hydrocarbons can be identified by library search facilities attached to the mass spectrometer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Forthcoming events (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xiv 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010119
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  • 81
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    News and events (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. xv 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010120
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    Reagent gases for G.C.-M.S. analyses (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 96-102 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several reagent gases and mixed reagent gases for high pressure ion-molecule reaction ionization of samples have been investigated for use in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The common g.c. carrier gases and their mixtures with other gases such as isobutane, ammonia, tetramethylsilane, hexafluoroacetone and nitric oxide, were studied. These reagents were used to enhance the molecular ion intensity and to simplify the spectra of steroidal alcohols and the trimethylsilyl ethers of biologically important compounds.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010203
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    Studies in organic mass spectrometry: XVSande, C. Van de; Vandewalle, M. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belges 1973, 82, 775. - mass fragmentographic identification of epinine in adrenal medulla and as a product of an in vitro enzymic methylation (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The presence of epinine in adrenal medulla and in reaction mixtures of enzymic in vitro experiments is proven by mass fragmentography. Derivatization of catecholamines, suitable for gas chromatographic analysis is discussed. The perfluoropropionates were selected for mass fragmentography.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Mass spectrometry of 16,16′-O-permethylated 17-ketosteroidsAbbreviations used: A (androsterone); EA (epiandrosterone); E (etiocholanolone); DHA (dehydroandrosterone); DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone); 11 OH-A (11 β-hydroxyandrosterone); 11 OH-E (11 β-hydroxyetiocholanolone). (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using methylsulphinyl carbanion as base. methylation of 17-ketosteroids with methyl iodide not only converts hydroxy into methoxy groups, but also replaces both C-16 hydrogen atoms by methyl groups. These permethyl derivatives are very stable, have excellent properties for gas chromatographic separation and fragment characteristically upor electron impact. The mass spectra of a number of these derivatives are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010205
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    High resolution field desorption mass spectrometry: II - glycosides (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 120-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high resolution field desorption mass spectra of a number of glycosides are described. In all cases the spectra enabled molecular weights and elemental formulae to be established, and the presence of fragment ions due to cleavage of the sugar groups provides considerable assistance in the identification of sugar and aglycone moieties. The [M + 23Na]+ ion was the base peak in the spectrum of the sodium salt of testosterone glucuronide, and the presence [M + 39K]+, [M + 41K]+ and [M + 23Na]+ ions in the spectra of other glycosides are attributed to the presence of their sodium or potassium salts as impurities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010207
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  • 86
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    Direct (non-chromatographic) quantification of drugs and their metabolites from human plasma utilizing chemical lonization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling: Quinidine and lidocaineAbbreviations: MEGX = monoethylglycinexylidide; GX = glycinexylidide. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 124-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preliminary results are reported for the quantitative determination of the antiarrhythmic agents quinidine and lidocaine in human plasma by combined isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling. The concentration of monoethylglycinexylidide, a known metabolite of lidocaine, was also determined using this method. In the procedure used, stable isotope analogs of the materials to be determined were added to serial plasma samples. The plasma was then made basic and extracted with benzene. The residue after evaporation of the solvent was placed directly into the mass spectrometer via the direct insertion probe and the spectrum determined. In this manner the above named compounds could readily be quantitated without recourse to either derivitization or further purification.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010208
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  • 87
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    Mass spectrometric determination of butobarbitone and its metabolites in man (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 142-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The urinary excretion of butobarbitone and its metabolites has been studied quantitatively using combined gas chromatography-mass fragmentography, tuned to ions at m/e 169 and 184. After a single oral dose (200 mg) to healthy male volunteers, unchanged drug (7 to 9%), 3′-hydroxybutobarbitone (22 to 27%), 3′-oxobutobarbitone (14 to 18%) and the 3′-carboxylic acid (4 to 8%), were found. In all cases, the maximum rate of excretion was in or near the third 12 hour urine.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010211
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  • 88
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    Letter to the editors (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 156-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010214
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  • 89
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    Chemical ionization and high resolution electron impact mass spectra of 1,6-anhydro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-D-talopyranosePart of a series Specific Isotropic Labeling of Sugars: Applications in Mass-Spectral Analysis. For the previous report in this series. see Ref. 1. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high resolution, electron impact mass spectrum of 1,6-anhydro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-D-talopyranose, together with those of its derivatives having specific deuterium substitution at C-2, at C-3, at C-2 and C-3, and in the isopropylidene group, is considered in detail and compared with the ammonia and isobutane mediated chemical ionization spectra of these five compounds. From the elemental compositions of the fragment ions and mass number shifts upon deuterium incorporation, the origin of the hydrogen atoms in each of the fragments is traced, and a detailed scheme of the main fragmentation. pathways is presented.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010212
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  • 90
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    Masthead (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010301
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  • 91
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    High resolution mass spectroscopic analysis of methylated tolbutomide derivatives (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methyl derivative of tolbutamide, obtained by the action of dimethyl sulfate, has been subjected to g.c.-m.s. at high resolution. From the mass spectrum it is deduced that methylation of the sulfonamide nitrogen atom has occurred. During the loss of SO2 from the molecular ion, aryl rearrangement to both oxygen and nitrogen occurs in the ratio of 1:2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010303
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  • 92
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    Field desorption mass spectrometry of the B vitamins: Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, their phosphates, and thiamine (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 169-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Characterization of the B vitamins. pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, their phosphates and thiamine salts by electron impact mass spectrometry is difficult. A new technique, field desorption, is applied in ionizing these molecules for mass spectrometric analysis Characterization of these compounds by field desorption has the advantage that in each case the most intense peak in the spectrum is formed without fragmentation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010305
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  • 93
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    Mass spectrometry of synthetic oligopeptides N, O-permethylated, N-acetylated derivativesAbbreviation: DMF = dimethylformamide. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of a series of stable isotope derivatives aided a structure elucidation study of an amino acid amide (Tyr-NH2) and the following family of synthetic oligopeptides: Gly-Tyr-NH2, Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2, Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2, Gln-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2, Ala-Gln-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2, Ser-Ala-Gln-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2 and Lys-Ser-Ala-Gln-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-NH2. This series of peptides was synthesized by classical methods. N,O-permethylated, N-acetylated derivatives were synthesized to provide sufficient volatility for mass spectrometry. Various combinations of stable isotope derivatives (CH3CO + CH3, CD3CO + CH3, CH3CO + CD3, CD3CO + CD3) confirmed proposed fragmentation pathways and corroborated hypothetical ion structures. This family of oligopeptides corresponds to the C-terminus of scotophobin.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010307
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  • 94
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    Phospholipids in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to identify the phosphate diester backbones of two classes of phospholipids previously unrecognized in washings from human lungs. Washings were analyzed from two patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and also from two pairs of normal lungs washed postmortem. α-Glycerophosphorylglycerol and α-glycerophosphorylinositol were identified in all four cases following hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters and treatment with trimethylsilylating reagent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010310
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  • 95
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    Letter to the editors (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 207-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010313
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  • 96
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    Studies of O-substituted oxime-trimethylsilyl ester derivatives of some metabolically-important oxocarboxylic acidsAbbreviations: BO-TMS, EO-TMS and MO-TMS are respectively the benzyl, ethyl and methyl O-substituted oximes; BSA = N, O-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the methyl-, ethyl- and benzyl-oxime trimethylsilyl ester derivatives of sixteen oxocarboxylic acids are reported. They are discussed both in terms of their fragmentation and their utility for use in studies of inborn errors of metabolism. Several applications where these derivatives have proved of value are presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010311
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  • 97
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    Organic contaminants in the District of Columbia water supply (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 209-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thirty-two organic contaminants have been identified in District of Columbia drinking water. These contaminants include aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorocarbons, bromine-containing compounds, alcohols and ketones. The concentration of each constituent identified was less than one part per million. The organic contaminants were extracted from the water samples with a 1:1 mixture of carbon disulfide (CS2) and methylene chloride (CH2Cl2). Each constituent was identified by its gas chromatographic retention time and by its mass spectrum.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010402
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  • 98
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    Characterization of dipeptides by electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometryAbbreviation : ACA = acetylacetone. (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The components of mixtures of dipeptides can be identified from the electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectra of their N-acetylacetonyl methyl ester derivatives without prior separation. The pyrolytic conversion of peptide trimethylanilinium salts to their methyl esters in the direct insertion probe of a mass spectrometer was found to be most suitable for the derivatization of dipeptides in mixtures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010403
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  • 99
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    Field desorption mass spectrometry of metabolites of the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some of the known and important metabolites of cyclophosphamide and the parent drug itself were investigated by low and high resolution field desorption mass spectrometry. The potential of the relatively new analytical method for the determination of the molecular weight and elemental formulae of drugs and drug metabolites was exemplified. This holds for pure, synthetic compounds as well as for contaminated extracts from biological sources. In addition, by thermally-/field-induced fragmentation, diagnostic fragment ions could be produced, providing valuable structural information. Further, an indication on how to distinguish [M]+. and [M + H]+ ions in field desorption mass spectrometry is given. The ability to identify these ions unambiguously is critical for interpretation. Finally, the potential of the method as applied to drug and drug metabolite mixtures is evaluated. The results indicate that field desorption mass spectrometry is a promising tool in metabolism studies.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010405
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  • 100
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    Gas chromatographic and high resolution mass spectrometric determination of phenylbutazone in blood (1974)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1974), S. 252-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High resolution mass spectrometry has been used to identify phenylbutanone in plasma extracts. Concentrations of 5 μg/ml of the drug in plasma have been determined by a gas chromatographic method with a standard deviation of ±0.3%.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200010408
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