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  • 1965-1969  (24)
  • 1955-1959  (17)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1905-1909
  • Fibers
  • Synthetic methods
  • somaclonal variation
  • transformation
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 210-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Invertebrate ; Tetracycline ; Growth ; Fibers ; Test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La croissance de la carapace deStrongylocentrotus intermedius est étudiée à l'aide de la tétracycline. Des specimens de l'été ne présentent pas de fluorescence dans les plaques, sauf dans le système apical et les régions voisines. Un faisceau d'éléments fibreux, présentant une autofluorescence blanche laiteuse, est orienté perpendiculairement à chaque ligne de suture. Les spécimens de l'hiver ne présentent ces éléments qu'après décalcification des coupes. La croissance de chaque plaque, chez ces derniers s'effectue de la façon suivante: suture longitudinale » surface interne = mamelon et bosse du tubercule 〉 suture transversale 〉 surface externe de la base de l'épine dorsale 〉 surface externe de la plaque. La carapace adulte augmente de taille selon deux mécanismes de croissance: d'une part, par adjonction de nouvelles plaques au système apical et, d'autre part, par apposition sur des régions données de chaque plaque. Il apparait que des éléments fibreux sont intéressés par la croissance de la carapace et qu'un mécanisme différent de croissance s'observe dans les carapaces de l'été et de l'hiver. Le système apical semble se calcifier selon un mécanisme spécifique qui permet une formation active de plaques nouvelles pendant toute l'année.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Wachstum des Skeletes vonStrongylocentrotus intermedius wurde mit Hilfe von Tetracyclin untersucht. Bei Sommerexemplaren konnte die Tetracyclinfluorescenz in den Platten nicht beobachtet werden, außer im apicalen System und seiner anliegenden Umgebung. Eine Menge von fibrösen Elementen mit einer milchig-weißen Autofluorescenz war senkrecht zu jeder Nahtlinie angeordnet. Bei Winterexemplaren waren diese Elemente nur in demineralisierten Schnitten deutlich sichtbar. Der Wachstumsgradient jeder Platte war bei Winterexemplaren der folgende: Longitudinalnaht » innere Oberfläche = Terminalknopf und Hals der Tuberkel 〉 Latitudinalnaht 〉 Oberfläche der Basis des Stachels 〉 äußere Oberfläche der Platte selbst. Das ausgewachsene Skelet als Ganzes vergrößert seinen Umfang auf zwei Wachstumsarten, einerseits durch Zusatz von neuen Platten zum apikalen System, anderseits durch Zuwachs an bestimmten Stellen von jeder Platte. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, daß fibröse Elemente am Skeletwachstum beteiligt sind und daß der Mechanismus dieses Wachstums bei Sommer- und bei Winterexemplaren verschieden ist. Es wäre denkbar, daß das apikale System auf einen spezifischen Mechanismus der Verkalkung ansprechen würde, welcher eine aktive Bildung neuer Platten während des ganzen Jahres erlaubt.
    Notes: Abstract Growth of the test ofStrongylocentrotus intermedius was examined with the aid of tetracycline. In summer specimens, tetracycline fluorescence was not observable in the plates, except in the apical system and its adjacent area. An array of fibrous elements with a milky white autofluorescence was oriented perpendicularly to each suture line. In winter specimens the elements were evident only in demineralized sections. The growth gradient of each plate estimated on winter specimens was as follows: longitudinal sture » inner surface = mammelon and part of boss in tubercle 〉 latitudinal suture 〉 outer surface of base of spine shaft 〉 outer surface of plate itself. The mature test as a whole increases in size by two modes of growth, an addition of new plates to the apical system and an accretion on fixed sites of each plate. The results suggest that fibrous elements are involved in the test growth, and that there is a different mechanism of the test growth between summer and winter specimens. The apical system may be equipped with a specific mechanism of calcification which permits an active formation of new plates throughout the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 323-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitreous body ; Hyalocytes ; Three-dimensional network ; Fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vitreous body of the rat eye was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The freeze-dried specimens were either unfixed, freshly frozen or fixed and rinsed before being frozen. The vitreous body is surrounded by a coat of intercellular material covering a thin sheath of chiefly parallel fibers. The latter forms the base for a regularly organized three-dimensional network of fibers. The interfibrillar spaces are filled with ground substance and also contain a few cells. The shape of the cells varies from bipolar to polyhedronal. Their interconnected processes are usually undivided. The functional importance of this complex regular organization of the fibers and cells in the vitreous body is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 8 (1969), S. 20-34 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Isocyanide dihalides ; Isocyanides ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The readily obtainable isocyanide dichlorides can be used as starting materials for the preparation of many types of substances. Exchange reactions yield numerous derivatives of formic and carbonic acids, while heterocyclic products have been obtained by reaction with bifunctional partners. The present article deals not only with reactions that are known from the literature but also with the author's own work, some of which has not been published before.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 856-867 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polychloroamines ; Chloroamines ; Amines ; Chlorination ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly chlorinated amine derivatives can be prepared by the high-temperature chlorination of amines and amine derivatives. Essential for the success of this reaction is an adequate temperature control suited to the constitution of the amines. In many cases the chlorination products achieve stability by cleavage reactions with formation of the imidic acid chloride or isocyanide dichloride grouping. Cyclic compounds are formed under special conditions. The chlorination process described can be used to obtain e.g. polychloroaryl and polychloroalkyl isocyanide dichlorides, polychloroaryl and polychloroalkyl imidic acid chlorides, and polychloroheterocyclic compounds.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 278-285 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polyamides ; Fibers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight poly-β-amides with fiber-forming properties (repeating unit—NH—CR2—CR2—CO—) differ from the polyamides of the nylon series in that the amide groups are much more closely spaced. These polymers are thus the nearest of the synthetic polyamides to natural silk. The production of poly-β-amides was made possible by a recent synthesis of β-lactams from olefins and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The anionic polymerization of the β-lactams gives poly-β-amides containing up to 10 000 monomer units in the chain. The molecular weight can be controlled as desired by means of initiators and chain terminators, and the properties can be varied within wide limits by the choice of the β-lactam or by copolymerization of several β-lactams. Remarkable differences are observed between polymers containing structural units in the threo form and those containing erythro structural units. The poly-β-amides can be spun into fibers having valuable textile properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 7-14 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Aldol reaction ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The present article describes the discovery of a new procedure for aldol condensations for the preparation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compoundsG. Wittig, H. Pommer, and W. Stilz, German Patent 1199252 (April 5, 1963), BASF; Chem. Abstr. 63, P 1739c (1965).. The scope of this process is demonstrated by many examples, including some from the natural products sector; at the same time, however, these examples also mark its limitations. The metalated Schiff's bases may be classified as ambident anions; this also explains acylations on the nitrogen. A comparison of the new directed aldol condensation with the formation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds through olefination via phosphorylids shows that the latter method fails when a ketone is used as the substrate. This is where the described procedure using metalated Schiff's bases proves its value.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Ketones ; Sulfur ; Amines ; Heterocycles ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A large number of preparatively interesting compounds have become readily available by the simultaneous action of sulfur and ammonia or amines on ketones. Direct syntheses of Δ3-thiazolines, Δ3-imidazoline-5-thiones, 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,4-thiazines, and the 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexathiocane system from ketones, sulfur, and ammonia or amines, and further possibilities for the synthesis of these heterocyclic systems have been proposed. Other heterocycles containing N or N and S (thiazoles, thiophenes, thiazolidines, tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-c]-1,4-thiazines, thiomorpholines, 4-amino-2H-imidazoles, etc.) are readily obtainable by further reactions of these compounds. Hydrolysis of the Δ3-thiazolines yields α-mercapto ketones, which are the starting materials for other syntheses. Most of the syntheses described proceed at room temperature and at normal pressure.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Imides ; Sulfur dioxide ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloadditions and other reactions of compounds containing the groups N=SO and N=S=N are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 206-218 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cyanic esters ; Esters ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 1963, it was found that sterically unhindered esters of cyanic acid, which had previously been considered unobtainable, could be easily prepared from phenols and cyanogen halides. Another synthesis, involving the thermolysis of thiatriazole derivatives, was discovered in 1964. The aryl cyanates in particular have since been found to have many uses as starting materials for the preparation of numerous new classes of compounds [e.g. derivatives of esters of imidocarbonic acid (esters, amides, imides, hydrazides, hydroxylamides, sulfamides, sulfhydrazides, semicarbazides); esters of imidocarboxylic acids; s-triazines, pyrimidines, tetrazoles, triazoles, triazolones, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, benzoxazinones, etc.], mainly by addition of nucleophilic or 1,3-dipolar reactants, or as aids e.g. in the elimination of H2O or H2S or in the transfer of CN groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 281-293 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Thiocarbamates ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methods suitable for the preparation of thiocarbamates are described and illustrated by examples and procedures. They are grouped under the following headings:1Addition of Alcohols and Thiols to Isothiocyanates2Thioacylation of Amines(a)with chlorothioformates(b)with O,S-diesters of dithiocarbonic acid(c)with trithiocarbonates3Thioacylation of Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols(a)with thiocarbamoyl chlorides(b)with N,N-dialkylmercaptochloroformimidium chlorides(c)with N,N′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole4Reaction of Thiocyanates and Cyanates with Hydrogen Sulfide5Alkylation of Metal Dithiocarbamates6Additions to Thiocyanic Acid
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: α-Halogeno ethers ; Ethers ; Sulfides ; Amines ; C-C coupling ; α-Halogeno amines ; Synthetic methods ; α-Halogeno sulfides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α-Halogeno ethers, sulfides, and amines are reactive compounds which can be used for the formation of new C—C bonds, either as nucleophilic or as electrophilic reagents, or by α-elimination. The use of these compounds in the synthesis of many classes of organic compounds is reviewed.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Isocyanide dihalides ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methods for the preparation of isocyanide dihalides, and particularly of isocyanide dichlorides, are described. The scopes and courses of the various processes are critically discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Diazo group transfer ; Diazo compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When an arenesulfonyl azide, particularly p-toluenesulfonyl azide, reacts, in the presence of a base, with a compound containing an active methylene group, the two hydrogen atoms of the active methylene group are replaced by a diazo group to form a diazo compound and an arenesulfonamide. The method may be used for the synthesis of the diazo derivatives of cyclopentadienes, cyclohexadienes, 1,3-dicarbonyl, 1,3-disulfonyl, and 1,3-ketosulfonyl compounds, ketones, carbonic acid esters, and β-iminoketones. Secondary reactions can lead to azo compounds and heterocycles such as 1,2,3-triazoles, 1,2,3-thiadiazoles, and pyrazolin-4-ones. Azidinium salts react in the same way, but in this case an acidic reaction medium is necessary, a fact that is sometimes advantageous.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 778-789 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Spatial arrangement ; Synthetic methods ; Stereochemistry ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review deals with the stereoselective formation of organic compounds. A number of examples of such syntheses, especially those of alkaloids and steroids, are described. An asymmetric synthesis, which avoids the intricacies and wastefulness of optical resolution, has been successful in a few cases only. The procedures of configurational change and of optical resolution, as well as the planning of multi-step stereoselective syntheses, are discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Ring closure ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon monoxide undergoes catalytic reactions with unsaturated compounds to give heterocyclic carbonyl compounds. This cyclization has led to new syntheses of imides, lactams, lactones, phthalimidines, indazolones, and tetrahydroquinazolines.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 447-461 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Thiocarboxamides ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methods for the preparation of thiocarboxamides are described with special reference to progress achieved in the last few years. The discussion is arranged according to the eight most important reaction types.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 704-712 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Isocyanates ; Carbodiimides ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 1,3-disubstituted ureas and 1-arylsulfonyl-3-alkylureas with phosgene permits the preparation of a number of isocyanates and sulfonyl isocyanates that had not previously been described, or that were difficult to prepare. 1,3-Disubstituted thioureas and 1-aryl-(or alkyl)sulfonyl-3-alkylthioureas give carbodiimides. Thionyl chloride and phosphorus pentachloride react with the urea derivatives in the same way as phosgene. Oxalyl chloride reacts with ureas to form parabanic acid derivatives, whereas with thiourea it gives 2-imino-1,3-thiazolidine-4,5-diones, which can isomerize to parabanic acid derivatives.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Carboxylic acids ; 1,1-Dichloroethylene ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many β-alkyl- and β-arylpropionic acids are readily obtainable by the reaction of secondary or tertiary alcohols, esters of these, or olefins with the inexpensive 1, 1-dichloroethylene in sulfuric acid. The success of the synthesis depends on the bulk and energy of the carbonium ion intermediate formed from the alcohols or olefins. With carbonium ions having one H atom attached to the carbonium C atom, electrophilic substitution of the 1,1-dichloroethylene takes place to a small extent. Dicarboxylic acids and carboxylic acids with higher molecular weights are sometimes formed as a result of side reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 472-484 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Formamides ; Synthetic methods ; Isocyanides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of the large number of reactions which involve the formation of isonitriles, the only preparative routes to these compounds, until recently, were the classical isonitrile syntheses discovered about one hundred years ago by Gautier and Hofmann. These methods are not generally applicable, and give satisfactory yields only in exceptional cases. Isonitriles have recently become readily available by the elimination of water from N-substituted formamides, using acyl halides of Group IV-;VI elements in the presence of bases as dehydrating agents. A dehydrating system with a particularly wide range of application consists of phosgene with tertiary amines. This system generally provides the easiest and most productive route to isonitriles, particularly where large quantities (〉 1 mole) are to be prepared.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Free radicals ; Polyamides ; Fibers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of free radicals during the process of drawing of spun fibers was observed for the first time with two polyoxamides. The fibers turn red, and an ESR signal can be detected. Both, color and ESR absorption are not permanent. The decrease in the intensity of the ESR absorption and the change in the optical reflectance with time, as well as the dependence of the decoloration on temperature were investigated. The action of high-energy radiation on the polyoxamides also leads to a red coloration and gives rise to ESR signals. It is concluded that the red color is due to free radicals associated with the oxamido group.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 583-587 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phosphonium salts may be regarded as Bronsted acids, and alkylidenephosphoranes as the conjugate bases. Compounds of the two classes exist in equilibrium with each other. Phosphonium salts and alkylidenephosphoranes can be obtained by this “transylidation”. Other methods are also given for the preparation of members of both classes.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of alkylidenephosphoranes with compounds containing halogens can be used to prepare ylides, which can be converted in to useful products, e.g. by hydrolysis, by thermal decomposition, or by other reactions. Examples of such products are ketones including cyclic, unsaturated, and branched-chain ketones (including cyclic, unsaturated, and branched-chain ketones), carboxlic esters (including those of unsaturated, branched- chain, polyenecarboxylic, acetylenecarboxylic, and allenecarboxylic acids), and aldehydes.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A few examples of preparatively useful syntheses using alkylidenephosphoranes and substances containing a C—N or C—C double bond are the preparations of olefins, allenes, pyran derivatives, and cyclopropane derivatives. Olefins, ketones, and monocyclic compounds can be obtained by autoxidation of alkylidenephosphoranes; α, β-dioxo compounds (including cyclicones) can be prepared by oxidation with peroxy-acids. Alkylidenephosphoranes can also be used for the synthesis of azines and Schiff bases. Of the many possibilities offered by the Wittig reaction, only the preparation of tritiated aldehydes and olefins will be considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Silylation ; Synthetic methods ; Trimethylsilyl group ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The term silylation is used to denote the introduction of a triorganosilyl moiety, especially the trimethylsilyl species, into organic compounds. - Silylated amino acids and sugars are particularly suitable for the syntheses of peptides and saccharides, respectively, since the silyl group can be cleaved off readily under mild conditions. Many diamines undergo ring closure, e.g. with phosgene, only after silylation. - O-silylated lactim ethers (i.e. cyclic imino ethers) are converted into N-alkyl derivatives by alkyl halides. Compounds with a strongly polarized Si—C bond may be used for chain extension. Silyl esters of halogeno fatty acids yield lactones with silver cyanate. - Trimethylsilyl azide is thermally very stable and behaves like organic azides. It reacts with acetylenic compounds, trialkylphosphines, and triarylphosphines to yield silylated triazole derivatives, trialkylphosphines N-silylimines, and triarylphosphines to yield silylated triazole dervatives, trialkylphosphine N-silylimines, and triarylphosphine N-silylimines, respectively, from which the silyl groups can be removed under mild conditions.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; transformation ; lily ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lily cv. Harmony was inoculated with several Agrobacterium strains to study its susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection and transformation. Tumorous tissue formation on inoculated stem internodes of sterile-grown plantlets, as well as expression of a β-glucuronidase marker gene interrupted by an intron in cells of inoculated stem nodes, indicate that the monocotyledon Lilium is a host for Agrobacterium.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; isolated microspores ; particle bombardment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A highly regenerable, isolated microspore system for barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Igri, has been developed which is amenable to transformation studies using particle bombardment. The system allows DNA to be delivered to microspores at the single cell stage and both transient and stable transformation events have been demonstrated. The potential advantages of using isolated microspores as the target tissue in routine transformation systems are discussed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; tomato spotted wilt virus ; tospovirus ; transformation ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes significant economic losses in the commercial culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Culture practices and introgression of natural sources of resistance to TSWV have only been marginally effective in controlling the TSWV disease. Recently however, high levels of protection against TSWV have been obtained by transforming tobacco with a chimaeric gene cassette comprising the TSWV nucleoprotein gene. This report demonstrates the successful application of this newly-created TSWV resistance gene in cultivated tomato. Transformation of an inbred tomato line with the TSWV nucleoprotein gene cassette resulted in high levels of resistance to TSWV that were maintained in hybrids derived from the parental tomato line. Therefore, transformant lines carrying the synthetic TSWV resistance gene make suitable progenitors for TSWV resistance to be incorporated into the breeding programmes of tomato.
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 295-302 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation is a tool that can be used by plant breeders. The review examines where this tool can be applied most effectively and the factors that limit or improve its chances of success. The main factors that influence the variation generated from tissue culture are (1) the degree of departure from organised growth, (2) the genotype, (3) growth regulators and (4) tissue source. Despite an increasing understanding of how these factors work it is still not possible to predict the outcome of a somaclonal breeding programme. New varieties have been produced by somaclonal variation, but in a large number of cases improved variants have not been selected because (1) the variation was all negative, (2) positive changes were also altered in negative ways, (3) the changes were not novel, or (4) the changes were not stable after selfing or crossing. Somaclonal variation is cheaper than other methods of genetic manipulation. At the present time, it is also more universally applicable and does not require ‘containment’ procedures. It has been most successful in crops with limited genetic systems and/or narrow genetic bases, where it can provide a rapid source of variability for crop improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; micropropagation ; mutant cultivars ; mutation techniques ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conventional mutation techniques have often been used to improve yield, quality, disease and pest resistance in crops, or to increase the attractiveness of flowers and ornamental plants. More than 1700 mutant varieties involving 154 plant species have been officially released. In some economically important crops, e.g. barley, durum wheat and cotton, mutant varieties occupy the majority of cultivated areas in many countries. Mutation techniques have become one of the major tools in the breeding of ornamentals such as alstroemeria, begonia, chrysanthemum, carnation, dahlia and streptocarpus. The use of in vitro techniques such as anther culture, shoot organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and protoplast fusion can overcome some of the limitations in the application of mutation techniques in both seed and vegetatively propagated crops. In vitro culture in combination with induced mutations can speed up breeding programmes, from the generation of variability, through selection, to multiplication of the desired genotypes. The expression of induced mutations in the pure homozygote obtained through microspore, anther or ovary culture, can enhance the rapid recovery of the desired traits. In some vegetatively propagated species, mutations in combination with in vitro culture technique, may be the only method of improving an existing cultivar. Currently, many molecular studies rely on the induction and identification of mutants in ‘model species’ for construction and subsequent saturation of genetic maps, understanding of developmental genetics and elucidation of biochemical pathways. Once identified and isolated, the genes that encode agronomically-important features can be either introduced directly into crop plants or used as probes to search for similar genes in crop species. It seems most likely that the recent developments based on these technologies will soon provide improved methods for selection of desired mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alfalfa ; alpha-amylase ; field performance ; manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase ; Medicago sativa ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic alfalfa plants expressinBacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase and mangaese-dependent lignin peroxidase (Mn-P) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were produced using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system. In each case, there was a range of expression of the introduced gene among independent transgenic plants. Plants producing alpha-amylase showed no alteration of phenotype. Production of Mn-P in alfalfa, howeven, in most cases adversely affected plant growth and development. Affected plants were stunted with yellowing foliage, but survived and produced seed. Results from field trials showed that Mn-P production in transgenic alfalfa reduced dry matter yield and plant height. The extent of these symptoms and yield reduction was, for the most part, related to the level of foreign protein production as estimated by Western analysis. Field data from transgenic plants expressing alpha-amylase showed that there was no effect of foreign protein production on plant performance. Expression of Mn-P was shown to segregate in sexual progeny derived from transgenic plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: transformation ; silicon carbide ; whiskers ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We review here the most recently developed technique for maize transformation which involves the vortexing of silicon carbide whiskers with maize cells in the presence of plasmid DNA. Fertile transgenic plants have been regenerated following whisker-mediated transformation which is compared with the alternatives described to date, namely protoplast uptake, particle bombardment and electroporation of intact tissue.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; electroporation ; particle gun ; polyethylene glycol ; regeneration ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Suitable sunflower tissues and cells were transformed either by direct gene transfer into protoplasts, particle bombardment, or Agrobacterium co-culture. While all techniques allowed efficient short-term or transient expression of the introduced gene(s) in the respective tissues, stable transformation was only observed after transformation with Agrobacterium. The latter technique was suitable for the production of transgenic callus from seedling cotyledons and occasional shoots with chimaeric expression of the transgene. Detailed analysis of the interaction of Agrobacterium with this explant showed that infection efficiency was critically dependent on the co-culture conditions, and that the preferentially-transformed cells were not the ones competent for regeneration.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; maize ; microprojectile bombardment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A synthetic Bt gene encoding a truncated version of the CryIA(b) protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis was successfully introduced into elite maize using microprojectile bombardment of immature embryos. The method used to initiate and identify transformation events is described. We describe the detailed parameters used for the Biolistics device as well as the plasmids used for the transformations. The plasmids contained the synthetic Bt gene driven by either the 35S CaMV promoter or a combination of two tissue-specific promoters, leaf and pollen, derived from maize. Specific conditions for the culture of Type I callus from immature embryos, the phosphinothricin (PPT) selection protocol, and the regeneration of plants are discussed. T0 and T1 plants were initially identified using the pH-dependent chlorophenol red test and/or the histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay. PCR and Southern data confirm the presence of the 35S CaMV promoter and the synthetic Bt gene.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; soil acidity ; somaclonal variation ; sorghum ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ; tissue culture ; salt stress ; drought stress ; variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is generally quite sensitive to salt and acid (high aluminium) soil stresses, but quite tolerant of drought stress. As with any stress phenomenon, intra-specific variability exists within the genus. In vitro cell selection and somaclonal variation offer an alternative to traditional breeding methodology for generating improved breeding lines for hybrid development. A field selection protocol was developed for the three soil stresses and inter-stress evaluations were conducted in an effort to find multiple, stress-tolerant genotypes. The acid soil-drought stress, super-tolerant selections were located by the R7 generation when exposed to a combined aluminium-drought stress field environment and when the regeneration population (number of regenerated lines from one callus source) was maintained at 15,000 plants or higher. A variant frequency of 0.1 to 0.2% for stress tolerance and acceptable agronomic traits among the surviving somaclones, provided an adequate number of phenotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics and a high level of soil stress tolerance. Subsequent research verified that the stress-tolerant regenerants had superior acid soil and drought stress tolerance to that of the donor parents, that their yield capabilities under stress were superior to their parents, and that their stress tolerance attributes were transferred in hybrid combinations. In vitro selection was not effective in increasing the number of field stress survivors. In fact, superior germplasms were developed from non-stressed callus or salt-stressed callus. In vitro selection reduced regeneration frequency and subsequent survival of plants under field stress. In vitro-stressed regenerants should be subjected only to non-stressed environments to maintain population numbers for field selection and thereafter should be subjected to stress environments during later (R5+) generations. The optimal strategy for the exploitation of somaclonal variation may be through short-term cell culture (〈 12 months) with no attempt at in vitro selection.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; disease tolerance ; oxalic acid ; oxalate oxidase ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Oxalic acid is thought to have a primary role in the pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, notably Sclerotinia selerotiorum. A gene coding for the enzyme oxalate oxidase was isolated from barley roots and introduced into oilseed rape as a means of degrading oxalic acid in vivo. This report describes the production of several transgenic plants of oilseed rape and the characterisation of these plants by Southern, Western and enzyme activity assays. Plants were shown to contain an active oxalate oxidase enzyme and were tolerant of exogenously supplied oxalic acid.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: callus culture ; organogenesis ; pea ; Pisum sativum ; somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possibility of producing agronomically-useful somaclones via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was studied. Organogenic calli were induced from immature leaflets on MSB medium with NAA and BAP. Embryogenic calli were derived either from immature zygotic embryos (using 2,4-D) or from shoot apices (using picloram) of aseptically-germinated seedlings. The seed progenies (T1 to T3-generation) of primary regenerants were grown in field conditions and their phenotypic variation was evaluated and compared with control, non-tissue culture-derived plant material. In addition, electrophoretic analyses of selected isoenzyme systems and total proteins have been done. The results do not show dramatic changes in qualitative and quantitative traits. The evaluation of at least two future generations (T4, T5) is planned.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; gene targets ; mapping ; markers ; transformation ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
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    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; fatty acids ; gas chromatography ; Lunaria annua ; protoplast regeneration ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A programme of research was designed to investigate methods for the modification of the fatty acid profiles of high performance lines of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an attempt to produce lines with enhanced levels of industrially useful fatty acids. The methodology employed to achieve these objectives was based on the exploitation of somaclonal or protoclonal variation, and targeted somatic hybridization using wild cruciferous germplasm as fusion partners. A range of somaclonal lines was produced from shoot regeneration protocols. These lines underwent replicated, randomised glasshouse trials for morphological assessment followed by gas chromatographic analysis to monitor any changes in fatty acid profile. It was found that a small number of lines exhibited potentially useful changes in oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Protoplast regeneration and electrofusion protocols for a range of winter oilseed rape lines were developed, and methods for the isolation and fusion of protoplasts of the wild crucifer Lunaria annua (chosen for its high nervonic acid content) established.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Linum usitatissimum ; linseed ; mutation breeding ; somaclonal variation ; fatty acids ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the early 1980s the phenomenon of somaclonal variation induced by cell culture was exploited to produce genetic variation in linseed. The linseed variety Andro, derived from the widely grown Canadian variety McGregor, was selected in saline culture and was released for production in Canada. ‘Andro’ possesses traits very different from its parent, such as increased seedling vigour and tolerance to heat stress. Additional stable somaclonal variation in characters such as yield, days to maturity, seed weight and oil content were subsequently induced in ‘McGregor’. However, despite extensive screening of the somaclonal variants, no significant variation in the fatty acid profile was found. Chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulphonate was, however, succesful in modifying the fatty acid profile of McGregor. Initial screening of M2 seed by the thiobarbituric acid colourimetric procedure was followed by gas chromatography to select half-seeds with atypical fatty acid profiles. Two independent, partially dominant genes were identified that were responsible for reducing the linolenic acid (18 : 3) from 50% to 2% while increasing linoleic acid (18 : 2) to 70%. A single, partially dominant gene, inherited independently of the linolenic acid genes, increased palmitic acid (16 : 0) from 7% to 30% and palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) from trace amounts to 4%. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of linseed has also been successful. Herbicide tolerance genes for glyphosate, sulfonylurea and phosphinothricin have been incorporated into Canadian varieties. Commercially useful levels of tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides have been achieved with no adverse agronomic affect. It is expected that a transgenic variety containing this resistance will be registered for commercial production in Canada in 1994. Standard breeding techniques, the application of antisense technology and the overexpression of fatty acid synthesis genes are being used to further modify the fatty acid profile of linseed, as well as for the transfer of abiotic stress-related genes identified in bromegrass.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; plant regeneration ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To provide a truly genotype-independent transformation system, it is necessary to be able to transform a wide range of potato genotypes. The ability to regenerate shoots in vitro was determined for 34 potato varieties using tuber disc explants. Following a culture regime used extensively in previous studies with the variety Desiree, half of the varieties could be regenerated from tuber discs and half could not. From a sample of varieties that could be regenerated from tuber discs, all but one variety gave transgenic plants. Twelve varieties were evaluated for the capacity to regenerate shoots from leaf and internode explants excised from in vitro grown plants. All of the varieties tested regenerated adventitious shoots. Leaf and internode explants from 5 varieties were subsequently used for transformation, and transgenic plants were produced from two potato varieties that did not give transgenic plants from tuber disc explants. Some varieties could not be transformed by either method, and will require modification of the in vitro regeneration and transformation system to be successful.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: apple ; transformation ; Agrobacterium ; preculture ; azacytidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf explants of apple cvs Gala and Golden Delicious were infected with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0(pMOG410). The effects of a 2 d preculture of the explants before infection and the addition of 5-azacytidine to the selection medium were studied. The percentages of GUS-positive explants after 5 w did not significantly alter due to these treatments. One of the ‘Gala’ shoots, which was removed from a leaf explant cultured for 8 w on selection medium, proved to be GUS-positive and will be analyzed further. In general, however, it should be concluded that regeneration of transgenic shoots directly from leaf tissue was not very effective.
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