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  • 1970-1974  (156)
  • 1965-1969  (32)
  • 1920-1924
  • Electron Microscopy
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Jimpy Mouse ; Electron Microscopy ; Mouse Mutant ; Myelination ; Axonal Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative study of the myelination and axonal growth in the corpus callosum and posterior columns of the spinal cord in the Jimpy mouse gave the following results: The reduction in the number of myelinated fibers is much more important in regions with late myelination, e.g. corpus callosum and pyramidal tracts than in the previously myelinated fascicles of Goll and Burdach. There is an important delay in the increase in volume of axons particularly within the structures of late myelination. The importance of the lacking axonal growth in relation to myelination is discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Infantile Autonomi Nervous System ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The autonomic nervous system is studied by electron microscopy for the first time in two siblings born of North African consanguineous parents and affected by infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. The changes already reported in dystrophic axons of the central and peripheral nervous system, are seen in the myenteric plexus of rectum mucosa. The authors stress the diffuse involvement of the nervous tissue in this degenerative disorder of still unknown nature.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organic Mercury Compound ; Late Pathological Changes in Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar strain of male rats of 100–110 g were used, 5 for an experimental and 5 for control group. 1 mg of organic mercury (methyl methylmercuric sulfide: CH3HgSCH3) was given by mouth each day for 10 days (total dose 9–10 mg) to the experimental group. 600 days afterwards the experimental and control rats were killed. Only the peripheral nerves showed changes, small myelinated nerve fibres with thick myelin sheaths in groups. Around these fibres occurred extremely small myelinated nerve fibres and isolated large unmyelinated fibres, and appeared to be regenerated fibres. Destruction of myelin sheaths and cavity formation in the axons were observed in these fibres. The changes in the axons were remarkable at the nodes of Ranvier.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM1-Gangliosidosis ; Glycoproteins ; β-Galactosidase ; Lysosomal Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Genetics of GM1-Gangliosidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Post-mortem studies on a 6-year old boy with GM1-gangliosidosis, Type II revealed no evidence of accumulation of residual bodies nor of gangliosides or glycoproteins in liver and spleen. In brain tissue the ganglioside GM1 accounted for 70% of the ganglioside fraction and ganglioside-NANA was increased 3.6 fold over controls. In addition, the brain tissue contained large amounts of glycoprotein, glycoprotein derived galactose being increased 2.5 times. The neuronal accumulation of tertiary lysosomes exhibited a characteristic distributional pattern: in general the large neuronal perikarya were more consistently involved with the exception of the motor cells of the cranial nerve nuclei, III, IV, and VI. In addition to characteristic MCB's, the nerve cells contained residual bodies with a granulo-floccular matrix, presumed to represent glycoproteins. The distribution of the mutant gene was studied among 30 blood relatives of the proband at risk and 6 carriers could be ascertained on the basis of a reduced leukocytic β-galactosidase activity. The partly purified enzyme from the patient's liver revealed 20% activity as compared to that of normal controls. All three fractions obtained by DEAE cellulose column chromatography exhibited markedly reduced activity at pH 3.6, but nearly normal activity at pH 6.6. The reduced activity corresponded to the B component of the enzyme as shown by electrophoretic separation. It is pointed out that this case cannot be diagnosed as “generalized gangliosidosis” for the process of ganglioside accumulation was restricted to nervous tissue.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Reacting Astrocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Experimental Gliomas ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of reacting astrocytes in experimental gliomas has been described. These tumours were induced transplacentally by 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight injected into the tail vein of pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. In tumour-bearing animals astrocytes undergo striking morphological changes and show increased mitotic activity. Reacting astrocytes around gliomas display large, eccentric, irregular nuclei and the abundant cytoplasm contains an increased number of cell organelles. The most dramatic increase is in glial filaments: these form thick bundles at the periphery of the cells and in the processes which are frequently seen around demyelinated axons. Reacting astrocytes engulf and break down myelin sheaths: their remnants, lamellar inclusion bodies and lipid droplets, are present in the cytoplasm. Extravasated erythrocytes are also surrounded by and digested in reacting astrocytes. Numerous lysosomes could provide the necessary enzymes for the phagocytic activity of these cells.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intracranial Teratoma ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A massive congenital benign teratoma grossly replacing the cerebral hemispheres has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The tumor contained tissues derived from all three germ layers. The cerebellum showed morphological features suggesting a state of maturation equivalent to that of 20 to 25 weeks of gestation. The tumor is discussed in the light of present theories on the pathogenesis of teratomas.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 315-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human Adenovirus Type 12 ; Sprague-Dawley Rats ; Intracerebral Inoculation ; Medulloepitheliomatous Neoplasm ; Giant Tumor Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Solid medullary brain and spinal cord neoplasms developed in all 10 offspring of an outbred Sprague-Dawley rat, between 37 and 99 days after a single postnatal (within 24 hrs) inoculation of 0.05 ml of human adenovirus type 12, 103.5–104.5 TCID50 HeLa cells/0.1 ml in the left frontal lobe. Seven rats developed multicentric neoplasms in both hemispheres and in peri-aqueductal areas of the brain stem, one of which was associated with an incipient spinal cord tumor in the sacral segment. One rat developed a solid tumor involving the right parieto-occipital region. The remaining two cases were solid spinal cord tumors arising from the dorsal half of the thoracolumbar segments. The remarkably uniform microscopic appearance was designated as a counterpart of human embryonic neuronal neoplasms. Characteristic neuronal and multinucleated giant cells emerged throughout the tumor tissue with argentaffine, neurofibril-like cytoplasmic expansions and a unique cilium (a 9+0 pattern of tubules) associated with a pair of centrioles. This cilium morphology was also a hallmark of the majority of tumor cells that formed characteristic pseudorosettes. The occasional emergence of two sets of cilia and centrioles in monstrous cells suggested probable modes of cytogenesis in relation to cessation of abnormal cell division.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leprosy ; Lepromatous ; Axonal Bacillation ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary M. leprae bacilli in nerves of 3 patients with lepromatous leprosy were found in the axoplasm of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Axonal bacillation occurred in as much as 2% of myelinated axons. Bacilli within Schwann cells were a more common finding in lepromatous leprosy that intra-axonal bacilli. Intra-axonal bacillation probably represents a late stage phenomenon in lepromatous leprosy. Intra-axonal bacilli may contribute to the dissemination of leprosy by migration of bacilli within the axon, and may contribute directly to nerve fiber destruction.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Gliomas ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus-like Particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two unusual, intracytoplasmic structures, resembling viruses, are described in experimental gliomas which were induced transplacentally on the 15th day of gestation in BD-IX rats by a single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight. These structures are tubules within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and large coated vesicles in the Golgi region. The tubules are of indeterminate length and have inner and outer walls of 9–11 nm and 20–22 nm respectively. The large coated vesicles are 80–90 nm in diameter and their outer surface is covered by regular, equidistant spikes of 12–15 nm in length. The vesicles are closely related to the Golgi complexes, from which they appear to originate. The intracisternal tubules and large coated vesicles share certain morphological features both with viruses and with normal cell organelles. The origin and significance of these structures are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oncocytes ; Adenohypophysis ; Pituitary Adenoma ; Secretory Granules ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken on 3 surgically removed non-tumorous adenohypophyses and 16 pituitary adenomas. Numerous oncocytes have been found in 2 non-tumorous adenohypophyses and in 6 pituitary adenomas including 1 chromophobe adenoma which was composed almost exclusively of oncocytes. Thus, it seems that the occurrence of oncocytes in the anterior pituitary cannot be considered a rare finding. The distinctive feature of oncocytes is the abundance of mitochondria in their cytoplasm. This alteration can be so extensive that the entire cytoplasm is filled with mitochondria leaving only a small area for the remaining cytoplasmic organelles. Oncocytes arise from adenohypophysial cells. This transformation is gradual and is not restricted to one particular cell type. In the early phases of development of oncocytes the secretory granules are well preserved. Thus, hormone secretion is presumably maintained. It seems conceivable, however, that in the more advanced phases of evolution of oncocytes, when the secretory granules decrease in number, hormone production is diminished or stopped. Further investigations are, however, required to elucidate in detail the functional activity of oncocytes. It remains to be established whether mitochondrial accumulation is principally due to increased formation or delayed breakdown. As some mitochondria show signs indicating division it appears that multiplication of mitochondria is the underlying mechanism resulting in their significant increase. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the life span of mitochondria is prolonged and mitochondrial longevity plays an important role in causing transformation of adenohypophysiocytes into oncocytes.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 201-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Spheroids ; Perikaryon ; Electron Microscopy ; Membranous Profiles ; Dense Bodies ; Protein Syntheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic findings of a cortical biopsy from a four-year-old child suffering from muscular weakness and psychomotor retardation are presented. Morphological evidence obtained in this study suggests a unique pathogenetic mechanism underlying INAD. The spheroids appear to be caused by an accumulation of a macromolecular substance synthesized in the neuron and transported to the nerve endings. The abnormal substance initially takes the form of an amorphous material, it eventually aggregates into highly characteristic angulated membranous profiles. The selective involvement of the nerve endings, synapses and motor end plates in this disease suggests a derangement of the metabolic pathway in the synthesis or packaging of the neurotransmitters or their receptors.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ; Hirano Bodies ; Papova Virus ; Paramyxovirus-like ; Nuclear Bodies ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurofibrillary Tangles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have identified three structures that have not previously been reported in electron microscopic examinations of brain from patients with PML: 1. coiled nuclear bodies that may possibly represent tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids, 2. Hirano bodies and 3. Neurofibrillary tangles. The paramyxovirus-like material is interesting in view of reports of a transition between nuclear bodies and tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids and because of a possible interaction between syncytiogenic paramyxoviruses and Papova viruses in the pathogenesis of SSPE and PML. A study of the Hirano bodies in this case, taken in conjunction with the findings of others leads us to believe that these structures are formed from an overgrowth of neurofilaments. The presence of tangled masses of neurofilaments in the processes of neurons also seen in the present case is consistent with this hypothesis.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome ; Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurofibrillary tangles found in the neurons of a case of Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome were studied by electron microscopy. Both the flame-shaped and globose type of tangles were present. The neurofibrillary tangles were composed of bundles of straight tubules measuring approximately 150 Å in diameter. This ultrastructural appearance of the tangles in Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome is different from the appearance of tangles found in other neurological disorders and is probably indicative of intraneuronal accumulation of a new type of fibrous protein.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Craniopharyngioma ; Tissue Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Keratine ; Enamel ; Rosenthal Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron optical and enzyme histochemical investigations carried out on four craniopharyngiomas and their tissue cultures demonstrated that the tumour elements are keratinizing epithelial cells, plenty of tonofilaments, glycogen granules, mitochondria and desmosomes. Their ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics are the same in every part of the tumour (solid; cystic; “adamantinoma-like”). In the keratinizing cells, the reactions for non-specific esterases were high positive. The ultrastructural characteristics of the tumour cells grownin vitro are the same as thosein situ; the cells remain attached to one another by desmosomes and retain their capacity to produce keratine. This therefore seems to be a primary characteristic of the tumour cells and not a secondary dysmetabolic disturbance. Calcium was found onlyin situ. That the tumour cells may produce enamelin situ seems to be possible, but it could not be confirmed with certainty. The glial proliferation which is always presentin situ, is reactive and not neoplastic; thein vitro new built cell colonies consist only of epithelial elements.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hexachlorophene Intoxication ; Toxic Encephalopathy ; Optic Nerve Necrosis ; Cerebral Edema ; Status Spongiosus ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the first report of neuropathologic findings following oral ingestion of hexachlorophene in the human. The patient was a 7 year old boy who accidentally ingested 45 ml (approx.) of pHisoHex (hexachlorophene).Toxic reactions included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, decrease in visual acuity, blurred vision blindness, somnolence and disorientation. He developed cardiac arrhythmia, fever, isoelectric EEG and finally respiratory and cardiac arrest 61 h after admission. Autopsy findings showed interstitial myocarditis, pneumonitis and acute bronchiolitis. The brain was edematous. Light microscopy revealed mild diffuse vacuolization of white matter, occasional neuronal degeneration, most prominent on deepest layers of the visual cortex. Disintegration of myelin sheaths and necrosis of axon cylinders were present throughoutoptic pathways. Electron microscopy revealed large, empty extracellular and intramyelinic spaces formed by splitting and separation of the myelin lamellae. These changes are known to occur in experimental animals intoxicated with hexachlorophene, triethyltin, isonicotinic acid hydrazide and cuprizone. However, with respect to hexachlorophene, the localization of lesions to be optic pathways appears to be dependent upon an oral route of administration.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ataxia ; Rabbit ; Degeneration ; Cochlear Nuclei ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This hereditary animal ataxia is selective in its sites of involvement within the nervous system, which include principally the central cerebellar, vestibular and cochlear nuclei. Ultrastructural detail has been described for central cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. Herein the cochlear complex of 18 rabbits with this ataxic condition (ax/ax from the strain AX of the Jackson Laboratory) have been examined. The gene is a lethal one, but the animals were used before they became moribund and between 7 and 57 days after the onset of symptoms. By light microscopy nine cell types (Osen, 1969a, b; 1970) have been identified in the cochlear nuclei of the cat. That distribution can also be identified in electron micrographs of rabbit cochlear nuclei, providing there is a singular opportunity to compare cellular vulnerabilities within the ataxic condition, and establish the principal features of associated neuropil alterations. The cochlear nuclei, cerebellar cortex and central nuclei, and the vestibular nuclei, arise from the ependyma of the rhombic lip of the fourth ventricle, making them close allies in their genetic origins. Pathological alterations were evident in scattered neurons from all nuclear sources by 7–15 days following symptom onset. At 15 days the number of altered neurons evident in electronmicrographs had increased markedly, cells becoming involved at a more rapid pace than those already affected could be removed. Much glycogen is evident from 7 days onwards in both neuropil and neurons. It occurs in considerable amounts in astrocytic processes and less abundantly in endbulbs and somata. By 20 to 25 days spongioform changes in neuropil are prominent, and thereafter the extracellular spaces coalesce to produce a lacunar appearance showing little glycogen. It would appear, therefore, that all neuron types, the endbulbs, and the astrocytic processes are markedly involved simultaneously in the spongioform transformation which features this type of ataxia. Involvement of cochlear nuclei only differs in pathological detail from that found at the other involved sites, and the differences seen relate principally to the architectonics of the nuclei, including size and density of the packing of contained elements.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM1 Gangliosidosis ; Friesian Calves ; Inborn Metabolic Error ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histoenzymic and ultrastructural alterations in the brains of seven calves with GM1 gangliosidosis are described. A decreased oxidative enzyme activity in neurons was accompanied by an increase in acid phosphatase activity. Membranous cytoplasmic bodies were present in neurons and glia. The periodicity of the membranes was about 5.5 to 6.0 nm. Electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusions were present in perithelial cells. The lesions were compared with those of gangliosidoses in other species.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aseptic Meningitis ; Atheromatous Material ; Hypersensitivity ; Electron Microscopy ; Macrophages ; Pia-Arachnoid ; Granuloma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 500 mg of sterile pooled human atheromatous material was injected into the cisterna magna of 6 mongrel dogs. Repeated cisternal punctures were done at various intervals until sacrifice from 1 day to 28 days following injection. CSF was obtained for cell count, sugar, protein and analysis in the Technicon 6/60 which measured 14 additional chemical and enzymatic variables. All 6 animals showed a prompt cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis which largely subsided during the first 2 weeks after injection. Increased CSF protein content developed more slowly, but was more prolonged than the pleocytosis. There was a variable decrease in CSF sugar and increase in CSF lactate dehydrogenase, calcium and inorganic phosphorous. Light and electron microscopic studies showed an intense acute inflammatory reaction with marked phagocytosis of the foregin material, probably by arachnoidal cells and moderate edematous changes in the astrocytic processes at the site of injection. During the first 2 weeks after the injection the inflammatory reaction became chronic and the edematous changes in the medulla subsided.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafore Bodies ; Polysaccharidosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsia ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral biopsies of three patients aged 22, 18 and 16 years with myoclonic epilepsy contained Lafory bodies. Two were a brother and sister of consanguineous parents. The Lafora bodies occurred in most neurons but not in glial cells. The ultrastructure of these bodies showed a fibrillar and granular material in the perikaryon and neuropile. In some neurons small Lafora bodies were delimited by a double membrane, suggesting that in early phases they have a membrene which disappears when they become more developed. Other non-specific neuron alterations are described. One of the cases presented in the liver PAS positive bodies of a structure different from the Lafora bodies.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Nerve Compression ; Median Nerve ; Guinea-Pig ; Electron Microscopy ; Degeneration ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In guinea-pigs with chronic median nerve compression at the wrist the electron microscopic changes at level of the lesion and both proximal and distal to it have been studied. At the level of the lesion in animals with prolonged motor latency there was a loss of large myelinated fibres. Remaining large fibres had disproportionately thin myelin sheaths or were demyelinated. Regenerating clusters containing myelinated fibres were present. Evidence of degeneration and regeneration of unmyelinated fibres was present in the more severely affected nerves of this group. Distal to the wrist myelinated fibre density recovered, with regenerating clusters and many axons having disproportionately thin myelin sheaths. Midforearm and upper arm levels were normal. In nerves in which no muscle response to electrical stimulation could be recorded in the palm, a few fibres devoid of myelin remained at the wrist. Immediately proximal to it myelinated fibres were rare, the main feature being Schwann cells containing axons devoid of myelin some of which were degenerating. Degeneration of myelinating fibres within regenerating clusters was seen. At the mid-forearm level large myelinated fibres were reduced and increased numbers of regenerating clusters were seen. Evidence of regeneration of unmyelinated fibres was found. The upper arm was normal.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Myxopapillary Ependymoma ; Tissue and Organ Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explants of a myxopapillary ependymoma were grown on collagen-coated coverslips and in organ culture systems using gelfoam sponge matrices and Millipore filter platforms. The tumor cultured on collagen-coated coverslips initially exhibited the cytologic features of simple uni- and bipolar glial cells and later developed an epithelial-like pattern. Delicate branching of argyrophilic cell processes was demonstrated in Bodian preparations. In organ cultures, the tumor architecture was well preserved for approximately 4 weeks, and mitotic figures were present. Invasion of the sponge foam matrix was seen. Later cultures demonstrated progressive perivascular sclerosis and hyalinization. By electron microscopy, the tumor cells in organ culture systems retained the major fine structural characteristics of the original neoplasm up to 27 daysin vitro. The most striking feature in the late stages was the extensive increase and reduplication of basement membrane material, which appeared related to the increase of collagen fibrils in the extracellular space.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Werdnig-Hoffmann's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Muscle Biopsy ; Myotube-like Cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study was carried out on muscle biopsies of 7 children with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease. The muscle fibres were classified into 3 categories: 1. Muscle cells of normal diameter without any distinct or only slight changes. 2. Small muscle cells with a large central nucleus with the appearance of myoblast at a later stage of development. 3. Cells resembling myotubes containing in a common basement membrane two to four cells at different stages of maturation. Myoblast and myotube-like cells seemed to resemble foetal muscle fibres. Such fibres appear to represent an arrest in maturation rather than muscle atrophy.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy Associated with Adie's Syndrome ; Sural Nerve ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sural nerve of a woman of 35 with chronic polyneuropathy and Adie's syndrome was examined by electron microscopy. Myelinated nerve fibres were absent and there was marked reduction in the number of unmyelinated fibres. Onion bulb formation was not observed. Collagen fibres occupied the intercellular spaces.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neural Tumours ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Lysosomes ; Acid Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight was administered to pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. The neural tumours which developed in 97.5% of the offspring were gliomas and schwannomas. The demonstration of acid phosphatase in the neoplastic and reacting cells of these tumours was carried out at fine structural level. The enzyme activity was localised in lysosomes and in the innermost cisternae of the Golgi complexes. High acid phosphatase activity was related not only to degeneration, necrosis and phagocytosis but also to cellular differentiation and anaplasia.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neural Tumours ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Thiamine Pyrophosphatase ; Adenosine Triphosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural localisation of thiamine pyrophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase was carried out in gliomas and schwannomas induced transplacentally by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. The activity of thiamine pyrophosphatase was observed in the Golgi complexes and appeared to be directly related to cellular differentiation and reactive changes. The Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was localised at the cell membrane, in the pinocytotic vesicles of various cells and in the basement membrane of some capillaries. This enzyme, showing high activity in differentiated cells, indicated the activity of membrane-bound cellular transport.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Spirochete ; Artemia ; Brine Shrimp ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. A spirochete which occurs in tissues of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina, was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A total of seven infected shrimps were encountered. 2. Under darkfield illumination, most spirochete cells inArtemia blood were 6–13 μ long and 0.3–0.4 μ wide. Coiling was variable and often irregular. 3. When tissues of the maxillary gland (kidney) and nearby organs were examined by electron microscopy, spirochete cells were found in both extracellular and intracellular locations. These microbes possessed the ultrastructural features typical of members of the Order Spirochaetales: a) a slender protoplasmic cylinder (0.18 μ average diameter), b) axial fibrils (150 A average diameter), and c) an outer envelope or sheath (approximately 75 A thick). 4. Counts made of the number of axial fibrils evident in transverse sections of spirochete cells were consistent with the hypothesis that this spirochete has a 1-2-1 arrangement of axial fibrils. 5. Non-spiral forms were observed in the haemocoel and in the lumen of the maxillary gland.
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  • 27
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus vulgaris ; Bacteriocin ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular development of a bacteriocin in a strain of Proteus vulgaris was investigated. Particles which resemble the bacteriocin make their appearance in the cell after 60 min induction with mitomycin C. At this stage they appear as broad bands of tightly-packed phage tail-like structures. With longer periods of induction the bands are disrupted to liberate individual phage tail-like particles.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Citrate Lyase ; Subunit Structure ; Electron Microscopy ; Reaction Inactivation ; Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa ; Phototrophic Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6) from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa has been purified to homogeneity by protamine sulfate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-Cellulose and gel filtration. The final enzyme preparation had a specific activity of 138 units per mg of protein and was purified 43-fold over the crude extract. Analysis of citrate lyase by sedimentation equilibrium experiments and gel filtration gave molecular weights of 530000 and 560000, respectively. 2. Electron microscopic investigations of negatively stained enzyme molecules and image analysis showed that citrate lyase is composed of six large and six small subunits; they are arranged in two hexagonal rings lying face to face, each containing, in alternating sequence, three large and three small subunits. The enzyme molecule is 160 Å in diameter and about 100 Å thick. 3. Treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate and mercaptoethanol dissociated citrate lyase into three proteins. Protein III (small subunit) had a molecular weight of 30000 and contained the pantothenate; protein II (large subunit) had a molecular weight of 61000; protein I (M r =97000) was probably an aggregate of II and III. 4. Based on the results obtained a model of citrate lyase was constructed. 5. Purified citrate lyase was obtained from R. gelatinosa in a deacetylated and largely oxidized form. The enzyme was activated by reduction with dithiothreitol (3 mM) and subsequent acetylation with acetic anhydride (1.75 mM). 6. The enzyme was subject to reaction inactivation, the extent of which depended on the concentration of Mg2+.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Complex Flagella ; Fine Structure ; Electron Microscopy ; Optical Diffraction ; Flagellin ; Flagellar Motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zellen von Rhizobium lupini H 13-3 besitzen 5–10 peritrich inserierte komplexe Geißeln, deren Feinstruktur durch Hochauflösungs-Elektronenmikroskopie und lichtoptische Diffraktion analysiert wurde. Das Geißelfilament hat einen Durchmesser von 160 Å und besteht aus einem zylindrischen Kern (Durchmesser ca. 110 Å), der fest von drei Bändern einer helikalen Scheide umgeben ist. Die Scheidenbänder sind 49 Å breit, durch 49 Å-Intervalle voneinander getrennt und haben eine Steigung von 31°. Die komplexen Geißelfilamente bestehen aus einem 43 000-Dalton-Protein, das den Kern und die helikale Scheide aufbaut. Beide gehen übergangslos aus dem proximalen Geißelhaken hervor, der einen Durchmesser von 150 Å und eine Länge von 600 bis 800 Å hat. Die Diffraktionsanalyse des Geißelhakens zeigte eine helikale Grundanordnung von globulären Untereinheiten, die ein Oberflächengitter von 5 parallelen Schrauben (Steigung 29° bzw. 33°) bilden, von denen jede fast 11 Untereinheiten pro Helixungang trägt. Die komplexen Geißeln von R. lupini H 13-3 und Pseudomonas rhodos [Schmitt et al.: J. Bact. 117, 844–857 (1974)] sind ein neuer Typ von Bakteriengeißeln. Sie zeigen deutliche Übereinstimmung in der Feinstruktur, der festen Verbindung von helikaler Scheide und Geißelhaken sowie in der Fragilität ihrer Filamente; sie unterscheiden sich deutlich im Molekulargewicht der Flagellinmonomeren (43 000 bzw. 55 000). Zellen von R. lupini H 13-3 führen schnelle, vibrierende Translationsbewegungen aus. Mögliche Mechanismen der Bewegung komplexer Geißeln werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Rhizobium lupini H 13-3 possess 5 to 10 peritrichously inserted complex flagella, which were analyzed by high resolution electron microscopy and by optical diffraction. The flagellar filament has a diameter of 160 Å; it consists of a cylindrical core (diameter approximately 110 Å) surrounded by three close-fitting bands of a helical sheath. The helical bands are 49 Å wide, separated by axial intervals, 49 Å wide, and run at an angle of 31°. Complex filaments consist of a 43 000-dalton protein representing the core and the helical sheath. These originate from the proximal hook, which has a diameter of 150 Å and a length of 600 to 800 Å. The diffraction analysis of the hook showed a helical arrangement of globular subunits forming a surface of 5 parallel “small-scale” helices (pitch-angles 29° and 33°, respectively), each carrying almost 11 subunits per period. The complex flagella of R. lupini H 13-3 and Pseudomonas rhodos [Schmitt, et al.: J. Bact. 117, 844–857 (1974)] represent a novel type of bacterial flagella. There is agreement in their fine structures, in the intimate connection of the helical sheath and the core, and in the fragility of their filaments. Thery are clearly distinguished by the molecular weights of their flagellin monomers (43 000 and 55 000, respectively). Cells of R. lupini H 13-3 show fast, vibrating, translational motions. Possible mechanisms of complex flagellar motion are discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Spirillum serpens ; Freeze Fracture ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Damage ; Organismic Associations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The freeze-fracture technique and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that localized damage is inflicted upon the cytoplasmic membrane of Spirillum serpens VHL within 20 to 30 min after the start of its association with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109D. This damage is not observed in uninfected Spirillum cells, nor in infected cells within the first 10 min. This damage takes the form of a “blister” which, when viewed stereoscopically in electron micrographs, is seen to project toward the interior of the Spirillum cell. Shortly after its formation, the blister becomes elaborated into a series of ridges which may assume forms ranging from an elaborate spiral to a series of loops or knots. The formation of a blister is shown to involve both the inner and outer leaves of the membrane bilayer, and evidence is presented to indicate that the blister site corresponds to the site of attachment of the Bdellovibrio cell. The hypothesis is proposed that this ultrastructural damage is the cytological basis for the controlled and localized leakage through the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space of the Spirillum cell at locations adjacent to the Bdellovibrio cell. It is suggested that this localized membrane damage may be the ultrastructural basis for the high efficiency with which bdellowvibrios are known to incorporate cytoplasmic materials from the other bacteria in whose periplasmic spaces they develop.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mass Mating ; Electron Microscopy ; Cell Fusion ; Membrane Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The process of mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by electron microscopy. Prior to the dissolution of the part of the cell walls separating the conjugating pair of cells, the thinning of the electron transparent layer of the cell wall occurs at the part toward which the nuclei are migrating. After the dissolution of the cell walls of the conjugating cells, the cell membranes become associated with each other, then to be broken and rejoined. The first diploid bud emerges from about the middle of the zygote. The morphological changes during the mating reaction are discussed in relation to the biochemical changes so far known.
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  • 32
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Inorganic Polyphosphate ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzymes ; Polyphosphate Metabolism ; Cellular Slime Mold ; Polyphosphatase ; Polyphosphate-ADP-Phosphotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of inorganic polyphosphates in Dictyostelium discoideum was low in the amoebae. A ca 5-fold increase took place during the early stages of multicellular development and was followed by a decrease during the intermediate stages. Electron micrographs showed the presence of electron dense material in all parts of the differentiating cells. The substance was most frequently observed in various types of vacuoles. Two enzymes of polyphosphate metabolism were identified and studied in cell-free extracts: a polyphosphatase and a polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase. No polyphosphate-glucose-phosphotransferase or polyphosphate-AMP-phosphotransferase activities were observed in the extracts. The specific activity of the polyphosphatase, pH optimum 7.6, was ca 30 nmol Pi·min-1·mg protein-1 at all stages of development. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by 0.01 M orthophosphate. The polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase, pH optimum ca 7.7, was studied in the direction of ATP. The enzyme specific activities were very low, about 0.2 nmol P·min-1·mg protein-1, and rather constant during differentiation. The enzyme activity was inhibited by orthophosphate and by excess ADP. It was concluded that the polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase did not contribute significantly to the formation of ATP during multicellular development, and that polyphosphate did not act as a phosphagen in the differentiating cellular slime mold. It was suggested that polyphosphate served as a phosphate store and as a means of regulating the intracellular orthophosphate concentration during development.
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  • 33
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    Virchows Archiv 363 (1974), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hypertensin (Angiotensin) ; Catecholamins ; So-Called Epinephrine Myocarditis ; Rat Heart ; Optical Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathomorpliological comparative studies on structural damage to rat cardiac muscle following administration of hypertensin and arterenol, with and without pretreatment with reserpine to empty the catecholamine reserves were performed. The question is whether and to what degree angiotensin induced cardiac damage, which is viewed microscopically as the so-called epinephrine myocarditis, can be regarded as an indirect catecholamine effect. The following could be deduced: 1. Hypertensin causes a damage pattern similar to that of arterenol as seen under the light microscope and corresponds to the so-called epinephrine myocarditis. 2. The electron microscope demonstrates definite differences in the pattern of damage to the myocardium: hypertensin affects primarily the mitochondria, while arterenol affects the myofibrils. 3. Hypertensin and arterenol damage mainly the subendocardial tissue of the left heart: hypertensin affects more the region of the base of the left ventricle, arterenol more the region of the left ventricle apex. 4. Pretreatment with reserpine blocks the damaging effects of hypertensin in the rat heart for 12 hours. After 24 hours the full picture of the damage pattern has reappeared. Arterenol is lethal to animals pretreated with reserpine. 5. The pathogenesis of the damaging effects of hypertensin on rat cardiac muscle is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Lung 150 (1974), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Paraquat Poisoning ; Morphology ; Electron Microscopy ; Light Microscopy ; Letal Course ; Human Lung ; Lung Fibrosis ; Proliferative Alterations ; Degenerative Alterations ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphological alterations in the lungs of 3 cases of paraquat intoxication with prolonged lethal course (10, 11, and 25 days) are reported. Combined light-and electronmicroscopic studies reveal that 10 and 11 days after the ingestion of paraquat the endothelium of the occassionally congested capillaries is intact. The basal membranes have only scarce alterations. They are sometimes naked because of shadding of both types of pneumocytes with severe alterations, e.g. lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm. In the vast alveolar edema, red blood cells, some round cells, strands of fibrin, and lamellar cell debris are seen. There are also varying amounts of polymorphnuclear leucocytes and alveolar macrophages with many phagolysosomes and cytosegresomes. Fibroblasts with lipid droplets between the extensive RER form varying amounts of collagen fibrils in the alveolar and sometimes in the very edematous interstitial space. Sometimes surrounded by collagenous material, they thus devoured by macrophages. 25 days after paraquat intoxication a severe alveolar fibrosis, focal interstitial fibrosis, and areas with atelectasis are found. Due to artificial respiration and changed ventilation mechanics, there were large areas with hemorrhage and a honeycomb-like structure of the remaining lung parenchyma. The pathogenesis of the degenerative and proliferative lung alterations is briefly discussed.
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  • 35
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Diphosphonates ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) were investigated at the light microscopic and subcellular level. The administration of EHDP at a concentration of 7.5–10 mg P/kg body weight/day over a short period of time resulted in complete inhibition of crystal formation in predentin and pre-enamel. An increased predentin width was observed and within newly-formed predentin areas the formation ofcollagen fibrils was grossly disturbed. In addition, fine precipitates appeared in the ground substance. The presence of unusual thread-like elements within specific bodies in the cytoplasm of the odontoblastic processes may be indicative of an interference by EHDP in e.g. the synthesis of precollagen. The possibility of an inhibition by EHDP of the extracellular aggregation of collagen molecules is also discussed. EHDP further inhibited crystal formation within dentinal globules. Functioning ameloblasts were grossly affected in EHDP-treated rats, and it is suggested that this is related to an inhibition of crystal formation in pre-enamel.
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  • 36
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    Virchows Archiv 364 (1974), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Coronary Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Aging ; Smooth Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coronary arteries were studied by electron microscopy in normal rats weighing 65 to 535 gm; fixation was accomplished by perfusion for 20 min at 110–130 mm Hg. In rats of all ages (but especially in the oldest) the arterial wall contained deposits of abnormal intercellular material, consisting of granules, vesicles, myelin figures and other debris. These deposits were present in the intima and media, but rare in the adventitia; there was suggestive evidence that medial cells phagocytized some of the material. The adventitia was characterized by 1–4 layers of cells with extremely thin protoplasmic expansions wrapped around the vessel (“veil cells”) and containing lysosome-like bodies as well as phagosomes. These findings, taken as a whole, suggest the following sequence of events. During normal life, the media produces cellular debris, by cell death as well as by fragmentation of cellular processes; part of these debris are phagocytized by smooth muscle cells, part diffuse outward to the adventitia where they are taken up by specialized cells (the “veil cells”). However, due to relative inadequacy of phagocytosis in the media, the debris continue to accumulate and form intercellular deposits that increase with age. It is possible that this natural phenomenon may by itself set a maximal limit to the life-span of the arterial wall.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Spiral ganglion and Organ of Corti ; Electron Microscopy ; Influence of Different Fixatives and Fixation Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ganglion spirale und Cortische Organ des Meerschweinchens wurden nach Osmium- und kombinierter Glutaraldehyd-Osmiumfixation sowie Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Strukturen des Cortischen Organs wurden hierbei nicht wesentlich beeinflußt. Am Ganglion spirale ergaben sich Unterschiede im Aufbau der Myelinhüllen der Ganglienzellen. Es wird diskutiert, daß es sich beim semikompakten Myelin um ein Artefakt der Osmiumfixation handelt und daß Glutaraldehyd den Aufbau der Myelinhüllen im Bereich der Spiralganglienzellen naturgetreuer wiedergibt als Osmium.
    Notes: Summary We have been examining with the electron microscope the spiral ganglion and the organ of corti in guinea pigs, using osmium and a combined glutaraldehyde-osmiumfixation together with various fixation techniques. The structures of the organ of corti were not considerably effected. Differences in the structure of the myelin sheets of ganglion cells were found in the spiral ganglion. Presumably the semicompact myelin represents an artefakt after osmium-fixation, glutaraldehyde being able to demonstrate clearer the structure of the myelin sheets on spiral ganglion cells compared to osmium.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cell ; Red hair ; Sunburn ; Man ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pigment cells of human red hair (pheomelanocytes) are never connected to keratinocytes by desmosomes or other defined cell junctions. In the dendritic processes of pheomelanocytes, thin filaments, about 50–80 Å in diameter, and microtubuli can be observed. Early prepheomelanosomes contain loosely arranged filaments. With the onset of pheomelanogenesis dense material is deposited on the filaments. Distinction between late prepheomelanosomes and pheomelanosomes is not clearly possible, because of the disorganized appearance of the content. Furthermore, the content of pheomelanosomes sometimes seems to be disintegrated. By means of the DOPA reaction, tyrosinase activity is shown to be present in: a) prepheomelanosomes, b) large cisternae apposed at one side of dictyosomes, c) small cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and d) coated and uncoated vesicles. The results suggest that red pigment granules are formed in a manner similar to that of melanin granules. It is further assumed that an inadequate stability of pheomelanoprotein accounts for the inability of red-haired people to develop effective protection against ultraviolet light.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) Virus ; Neurotrophic Viruses ; Viremia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and eighty 12 week old Swiss mice were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml suspensions of the E and M variants of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Ninety-seven surviving mice were sacrificed at intervals from 24 h to 21 days following injection. The M variant group showed only mild microglial proliferation in the brain, while the E variant group displayed various alterations in the astrocytes and neurons exhibiting loss of nuclear membranes and marked changes in the mitochondria and other organelles. In addition, the neuronal cytoplasm displayed aggregates of fine electron-dense granules on the third day which increased in size during the fifth to seventh day. After 7 days, the neurons contained occasional rhomboid structures composed of rows of parallel arranged granules which were similar to those observed in the viscera after EMC virus infection.
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  • 40
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 207-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aujeszky's Disease ; Inoculation ; Virus Particles ; Electron Microscopy ; Neuronal Degeneration ; Demyelination ; Axoplasmic Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen calves were killed at intervals during the course of the disease from 48 h onwards after subcutaneous infection with Aujeszky's disease virus. Ultrastructural changes were evident in the spinal ganglia from 84 h post-inoculation and the intercostal nerves from 96 h post-inoculation. The cytopathic changes in the spinal ganglia consisted of neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, Schwann cell degeneration and cellular infiltration. The neuronophagic nodule was invariably contained within an intact sheath of satellite cells. Changes in the intercostal nerves were less dramatic but cellular infiltration was frequently seen and occasional Schwann cells were degenerate. In the terminal stages of the disease demyelination was rarely observed. In the ganglion virus was invariably seen in degenerating neurons and occasionally in Schwann cells and monocytes. Satellite cells were rarely infected even when ensheathing an infected neuron. Extra-cellular virus was not observed in ganglia or nerves. Schwann cells and monocytes in the nerves were occasionally infected. Virus particles were seen in the axoplasm both in the ganglion and in the entire length of the nerve. The particles in the axoplasm varied in morphology; thus unenveloped and enveloped particles, and particles in the process of acquiring an envelope were recognised. It was concluded that the neural pathway of Aujeszky's disease virus is probablyvia the axoplasm.
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  • 41
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tuberous Sclerosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Cerebral Biopsy ; Astrocytes ; Cerebral Tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a cortical biopsy from a child presenting a Tuberous Sclerosis shows the importance of the astrocytic gliosis, the existence of abnormal cells of which two types can be recognized, and the presence of giant cells. All these cells are remarkable by the abundance of the ergastoplasm, the development of the Golgi apparatus, and the presence of membrane bound dense bodies. These cells are undoubtedly of astrocytic origin and appear very similar to the cells observed in a tumour of the caudate nucleus of another child affected by the same disease. These morphological data lead to believe that the cerebral abnormalities of the Tuberous Sclerosis essentially concern the astrocytes. The main characteristic of this astrocytic lesion would be its blastomatous potentiality.
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  • 42
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 128-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transneuronal Degeneration ; Olfactory Bulb ; Rabbit ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After peripheral deafferentation of the olfactory bulb of the rabbit obtained either spontaneously by atrophic rhinitis (main bulb only) or surgically, a transneuronal degeneration is observed by light microscopy: narrowing of the outer plexiform layer (30 to 40%), decrease (40%) in mean area of the mitral cells, light texture of the periglomerular neuropil. The study by electron microscopy at survival-times of from 8 h to 6 months shows: 1. intraglomerular dendritic lesions; 2. rarefaction of thick dendrites in the outer plexiform layer; 3. reduction of Nissl bodies in mitral and tufted cells. 4. periglomerular lesions: their morphology and laminar aspect could evoke a vascular origin. The interpretation of these modifications and their relation to transneuronal atrophy are discussed. Dark mitral- or granule cells have been observed neither in the main nor in the accessory olfactory bulbs, even when complete denervation occured.
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  • 43
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 273-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle ; Acromegaly ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from 9 acromegalics were examined by conventional histological and histochemical techniques. Six biopsies were also examined with the electron microscope. Isolated fibre necrosis or vacuolar degeneration was found in 3 biopsies and increased numbers of internal nuclei in 5 biopsies. A high glycogen content was demonstrated in many fibres in each biopsy by the PAS method and by electron microscopy. Routine enzyme histochemical techniques showed hypertrophy of type I and type II fibres in 2 subjects, hypertrophy of type I fibres only in 2 subjects, atrophy of both fibre types in 2 subjects and atrophy of type II fibres only in 4 subjects. Electron microscopy showed large amounts of lipfuscin pigment in many fibres while some fibres had large sarcolemmal nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Satellite cells were found in 3 biopsies. In one biopsy coiled membranous configurations thought to consist of phospholipids, and tubular aggregates thought to be derived from degenerating mitochondria were present at the periphery of a number of type II fibres. It is postulated that some of the ultrastructural changes found in muscle fibres are the result of the growth hormone-induced hypertrophic process and the increased turnover of cytoplasmic components associated with it while others reflect the atrophic process in some muscle fibres.
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  • 44
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    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ; Neuronal Inclusions ; Laminated Bodies ; Mucopolysaecharides ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural findings of the metachromatic granules in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord in a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy are presented. The typical neuronal inclusions are concentrically laminated bodies of approximately 1 μ. In addition various morphological variations of the abnormal inclusions are seen side by side in the same neuron and give the impression that the highly organized laminated bodies are formed as a result of progressive deposition of membranous material upon a nidas which is initially amorphous, which then becomes granular, fibrillar or horizontally striped and finally multilaminated. Material capable of binding colloidal iron particles is demonstrated in these inclusions, and suggests the presence of mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 45
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    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Polymyositis ; Virus-Like Particles ; Electron Microscopy ; Paramyxovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of a biopsy of skeletal muscle from a young girl with chronic polymyositis revealed the presence of sarcoplasmic and perinuclear inclusions. A large number of virus-like particles was demonstrated at the surface of muscle cells and in extracellular space. On the basis of the microscopic appearance it is suggested that the virus particles belong to one of the members of the paramyxovirus group.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Hepato-lenticular Degeneration ; Primary Degeneration of Peripheral Nerve ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sural nerve from a patient with'Wilson's hepato-lenticular degeneration was examined by electron microscopy. The myelin sheaths showed remarkable changes and the axons secondary changes, while the unmyelinated nerve fibres were intact. These findings demonstrate that pathological changes of peripheral nerves occur in Wilson's disease. The changes are considered to be primary degeneration of the myelin sheaths.
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  • 47
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nutritional Encephalopathy ; Brain Edema ; Vitamin E Deficiency ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Focal lesions were induced in the cerebellum by feeding chickens a diet high in unsaturated fats and deficient in vitamin E. Ultrastructurally, the lesions consisted of central and peripheral zones. The central zone was characterized in the cortex and white matter by enlargement of the intercellular space, swelling of astrocytes, vacuolization of oligodendrocytes, ballooning of nerve fibers, degenerative changes in small blood vessels, and extravasation of plasma and blood cells. The peripheral zone was characterized by enlargement of the intercellular space in the white matter, swelling of astrocytes in the cortex, and the accumulation of dark bodies in the endothelium of small blood vessels. The results suggest that this nutritional encephalopathy is caused by alterations in the permeability of the vascular bed due to the dietary stress of unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of vitamin E.
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  • 48
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Myxopapillary Ependymoma ; Basement Membrane ; Filum Terminale ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of a myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale confirms and emphasizes the distinctive morphological features of this tumor. Electron basement membrane production were identified. It is suggested that they are related to the growth of ependymal tumor cells in juxtaposition to the collagen normally present in the conus medullaris and filum terminale.
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  • 49
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: 6-Aminonicotinamide ; Tissue Culture of Chick Spinal Cord ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurotoxic Effects ; Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Well myelinated cultures of chick embryo spinal cord were exposed to medium containing 6-aminonicotinamide in a concentration of 0.5 mmol for up to 48 h. By 24–48 h of exposure to the antivitamin, neurons showed a granulovacuolar degeneration which later led to the formation of large vacuoles in the neuronal perikarya. Myelin degeneration was also observed in this period in the form of swelling, beading and ballooning. Electron microscopy revealed moderately swollen mitochondria and dilated endoplasmic reticulum as the earliest neuronal change. Later, neurons became pyknotic and the cytoplasmic organelles disintegrated. Presynaptic endings and glial cells, however, was spared any degenerative change. Intermittent and irregular splitting of myelin lamellae were also observed along the intraperiod lines. Biochemical assay of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the experimental cultures showed that 45% of the enzyme activity was lost during the 30-h period. It is concluded that the formation of 6-aminonicotinamide analogues of NAD and NADP coenzymes leads to the impairment of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glucose turnover, and thus produces neurotoxic effects in the central nervous system.
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  • 50
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Minimata Disease ; CNS Degenerative Disorder ; Mercury Poisoning ; Focal Demyelination ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of suspected mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) was studied. Microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the nervous system were compared with those of a confirmed case of mercury poisoning from Minamata Bay, Japan, and those from exprimental animals intoxicated with methyl mercury. Disintegration of the granular layer, disappearance of the Purkinje cells with Bergmann's fiber proliferation and demyelination of the fiber tracts were observed in the cerebellum. Ultrastructural examination also revelad extensive proliferation of astrocytic fibers and characteristic focal demyelination and loosening of the myelin sheaths in many nerve fibers. Such pathological changes were consistent with those observed in both human cases and experimental animals poisoned by methyl mercury.
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  • 51
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    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Earliest Ischaemic Neuronal Change ; Astrocytic Swelling ; Mitochondrial Swelling ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combined light and electron microscope study was made of the alterations occurring in the neurones and astrocytes of the neocortex and hippocampus of rats killed immediately after intermittent exposures to nitrogen of 5 and 15 min. Blood flow in the right common carotid artery had previously been interrupted by application of an artery clasp which was removed after the exposure to nitrogen and the animals killed by perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde. Microvacuolation (MV), the earliest stage of anoxic-ischaemic neuronal damage, was observed in the ipsilateral neocortex and hippocampus of both groups and ischaemic cell change (ICC) bilaterally in the neocortex of animals exposed for 15 min. Ultrastructural examination showed the microvacuoles to be swollen mitochondria. Slightly dense, mildly distorted, non-vacuolated neurones were also seen in the neocortex and hippocampus. They did not exhibit the ultrastructural changes seen in MV and ICC. Swollen astrocytic processes were sometimes seen around the damaged neurones, more frequently after 15 min exposure. Slight swelling of perivascular astrocytic processes was occasionally observed while the extracullular spaces in the neuropil remained unaltered. This implies that the accumulation of fluid in oedematous grey matter is confined to the astrocytic compartment. The reversibility or otherwise of all the neuronal alterations is discussed.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neurinoma ; Schwannoma ; Nitrosourea ; Tumor Trausplantation ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous system tumors were induced in the offspring of BD-IX (inbred) and CFE (non-inbred) rats by transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea. Tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) were obtained in approximately 80% of all animals, and tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in 16%. Although several peripheral nerves were sites of tumor formation, the trigeminal nerve was the most frequent nerve affected. In male CFE rats, 70% of all PNS tumors affected the trigeminal nerve. The incidence of trigeminal nerve tumors in female BD-IX rats was only 33% of PNS tumors. Light and electron microscopy showed that the PNS tumors are made-up of Schwann cells, and behave like malignant tumors. The tumors began as a proliferation of recognizable Schwann cells, later they lost their basement lamina, destroyed the nerve tissue and invaded neighboring structures, but did not metastasize. Like their human counterparts, they showed “dense” and “loose” areas. In both of these, Schwann cells were recognized as the tumor cells. Trigeminal nerve tumors were transplanted fromin vitro cultured cells or directly from transplanted fresh tumor fragments to isologous rats (BD-IX). Subcutaneous. intraperitoneal and intracerebral transplants were done. The morphology and behavior of the transplanted tumors were similar to the original malignant neurinomas.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Progressive Ophthalmoplegia ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical studies were performed on the cerebellum and the ocular and deltoid muscles from a 38 year old woman who developed bilateral ptosis at the age of nine years. Histologically the cerebellum appeared normal. The biopsies of three ocular muscles showed varying sizes of muscle fibers which were rounded and contained increased numbers of subsarcolemmal nuclei. The deltoid muscle stained by hematoxylin and eosin appeared normal, but the trichrome stain showed increased numbers of red granules within the sarcolemma corresponding ultrastructurally to increased numbers of abnormal mitochondria. These abnormal mitochondria displayed increased reaction products with LDH, NADH and SDH preparations, while the muscle gave normal reaction in phosphorylase, PAS and myosin ATP preparations. Chemical studies on the cerebellum showed normal proteolipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Ultrastructurally, the cerebellum, the myofibers of three ocular muscles and the deltoid muscle exhibited abnormal mitochondria which showed peculiarly arranged circular cristae. They frequently contained paracrystalline structures which consisted of individual tubules arranged in a helical pattern. Frequently, the abnormal mitochondria were replaced by dense rectangular inclusions and occasionally showed complete transition to crystalline structures.
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  • 54
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cockayne's Syndrome ; Peripheral Nerve ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of sural nerve biopsies was studied in two sisters with Cockayne's syndrome. Both had severe physical and mental retardation and evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Striking alterations in the myelin sheath with relative preservation of the axis cylinder were noted in both. There were also electron dense bodies in the Schwann cells. These findings support the suggestion that Cockayne's syndrome may be a form of leukodystrophy.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tissue Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Sympathetic Ganglioneuroblastoma ; Medulloblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of combined tissue culture, ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical investigations carried out on a sympathetic ganglioneuroblastoma are reported.In vitro a vigorous sprouting of newly formed neuritic processes was observed a few days after explantation. The enzymatic reactions for acethylcholinesterase were positivein situ as well asin vitro. The tumor elements showed the ultrastructural characteristics of nerve cells with many microtubuli and filaments, plenty of ribosomes, well developed endoplasmic reticulum. Dense bodies, corresponding to neurosecretion granula (catecholamines) were also observed. Synaptic structures were missing. The results of these investigations confirm that this kind of tumor is different from so-called medulloblastoma.
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  • 56
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Extracellular Fibrils ; Neurologia ; Retina ; New Formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular formation of microfibrils was observed in the cavities of peripheral cystoid degeneration in senile human eyes. The ultrastructure of the fibrils is described and the source of production of the fibrillar material is discussed. It originates most probably from neurological cells, within or surrounding the cysts.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Inclusions ; Cerebrum ; Cholesterol Inhibitor ; Rat ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injections of a hypocholesterolemic drug, AY9944 produced neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the brain of Wistar strain of rats. The inclusions were numerous and larger in size in the younger age groups but gradually decreased in number and size after 30 days of age. Only a few small inclusions were seen in rats of 35 days of age or older, in spite of continuous injection of the drug. Inclusions gradually decreased in number after discontinuation of the drug in a relatively younger age group. Injection of the drug in adult rats produced only a few small neuronal inclusions. Ultrastructurally, concentrical lamellar structures were the predominant ones in younger age groups but other types of inclusions were seen in older animals and those receiving lesser amounts of the drug or those which were examined after discontinuation of the drug. This observation suggests that morphologically different inclusions can be formed by basically the same treatment if there is any difference in the metabolic activity of the target cell or the amounts of the drug. Biochemical analysis of the sterols revealed a consistently high level of 7-dehydrocholesterol up to 69 days of age, when AY9944 was administered continuously, despite the fact that there was a decrease in the number and size of the abnormal neuronal inclusions.
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  • 58
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Argyria ; Silver Deposition ; Choroid Plexus ; Silver Granules ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 72-year-old woman developed generalized argyria after prolonged intranasal application of a colloidal silver solution. The brain parenchyma, including several infarcts, was free of silver, but the choroid plexus showed silver deposited in the basal lamina, the stroma including calcified bodies, and occasionally within a mesenchymal cell of the choroid plexus stroma. The basal lamina beneath the choroidal epithelium was most affected. The silver granules appeared solid and free of any limiting membrane.
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  • 59
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    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 326-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hexachlorophene Intoxication ; Cerebral Edema ; Status Spongiosus ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hexachlorophene intoxication produced cerebral edema in rats and mice characterized by the accumulation of fluid within myelin sheaths. Vessels remained impermeable to Trypan Blue. The amount of water in the brains of affected mice gradually returned to normal when the animals were put back on a normal diet. Correspondingly the status spongiosus decreased in severity in recovering animals. Some axonal degeneration occurred but there was no evidence of any breakdown of myelin lipids. The similarity of this encephalopathy to that seen following intoxication with triethyltin, isonicotinic acid hydrazide and cuprizone is emphasized. The potential toxicity of hexachlorophene to human infants is discussed.
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  • 60
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pinealoma ; Two-Cell Type Pattern ; Electron Microscopy ; Germinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four pinealomas of the two-cell type (atypical teratomas) were investigated by electron microscopy. They all showed the same unique histological ultrastructure. The lymphocyte-like cells did not differ ultrastructurally from lymphocytes. Many plasma cells with well-developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were also seen. The small cells and the plasma cells were considered to be derived from blood cells. A variety of the large cells in the process of differentiation were observed. They had a large and ovoid nucleus with uniform granular chromatin and contained one or more prominent nucleoli. The large cells had many dilated cytoplasmic cisternae, numerous glycogen granules of about 250–300 Å in diameter and annulate lamellae. Ultrastructurally, the pinealoma of the two-cell type resembled the seminoma of testis which is of germ cell origin. This suggests that the pinealoma may be of germ cell origin.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Glycerol ; Phenoxybenzamine ; Cerebral Edema ; Prevention ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-four hours and one week, respectively, after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) had been experimentally induced in baboons, therapeutic dosages of glycerol and/or phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride were injected intravenously. Groups of three animals were studied at various time intervals after SAH: one animal served as a control, one animal per group received phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (PBZ), and thefinal animal received both PBZ and a 10% glycerol (in saline) injection. The animals were prepared for electron microscopy by whole body perfusion with a glutaraldehyde/phosphate fixative. Few ultrastructural abnormalities were noted in cerebral tissue in each of the animals receiving glycerol, whereas the brain tissue from the untreated animals and those which had been treated with PBZ alone showed morphological changes compatible with cerebral edema.
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  • 62
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia Myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; „Fingerprint Inclusions” in Muscle Fibres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary „Fingerprint inclusions” were observed in numerous muscle fibres of 3 cases of dystrophia myotonica studied by electron microscopy in two different laboratories. They consist of parallel or concentric palisades of short electron dense linear elements. Identical „fingerprint inclusions” were reported in two other clinical conditions and cannot therefore be regarded as specific for a particular muscle disease. Their origin and significance remain obscure.
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  • 63
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 317-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral Neuropathy ; Tangier Disease ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve biopsy findings are recorded for two previously reported patients with Tangier disease (hereditary high density lipoprotein deficiency). Both cases showed unusual clinical manifestations in comparison with other reported cases. The neurological disorder, symptoms from which began in the third decade, gave rise to a lower motor neuron deficit of unique distribution, which was accompanied by progressive sensory impairment limited for many years to loss of pain and temperature sensibility, ultimately involving all sensory modalities. Both biopsy specimens displayed similar features, with a gross loss of unmyelinated and myelinated axons, an extensive accumulation of lipid within Schwann cells, and excessive endoneurial collagenization. The axonal loss appeared to represent a primary axonal degeneration, there being no evidence of a demyelinating process. It is suggested that the accumulation of cholesterol within Schwann cells may be the result of a failure of cholesterol removal mechanisms or of intracellular lipid transport.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral Ischaemia ; Recirculation ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Dendrite Swelling ; Pinocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Complete cerebral ischaemia of 30 and 90 min was produced in normothermic barbiturized cats by clamping the innominate and subclavian arteries and lowering the systemic blood pressure. When the brains were adequatly recirculated after 30 min of ischaemia, electron microscopical and histochemical changes observed at the end of the circulatory arrest, were almost fully reversible. Endothelial cells of capillaries showed increased number and size of pinocytotic vesicles and numerous intraluminal flaps. ATPase activity was increased in the capillary walls and glial cells. Opposite to this, severe and irreversible ultrastructural changes were observed after 90 min of ischaemia, and all the enzyme activities studied were sharply decreased.
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  • 65
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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  • 68
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 218 (1973), S. 79-91 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Storage Disease ; Juvenile Amaurotic Idiocy ; Curvilinear Bodies ; Electron Microscopy ; Rectal Biopsy ; Speicherkrankheit ; Juvenile amaurotische Idiotie ; Curvilineäre Körper ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Rectum Biopsie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem Fall von juveniler amaurotischer Idiotie mit protrahiertem Verlauf (Beginn der Erkrankung mit 14 Jahren, Alter des Patienten 52 Jahre) wird über die Ultrastruktur des Speichermaterials in einer Rectumbiopsie berichtet. Das in Makrophagen der Mucosa gespeicherte Material entspricht den für die juvenile Form charakteristischen curvilineären Strukturen. Gegenüber der Kufsschen Form läßt sich der Fall ultrastrukturell durch das Fehlen der bei der Spätform beschriebenen Lipofuscin-Granula abgrenzen. Das klinische Bild spricht auch für die juvenile Form. Auffallend waren neben dem protrahierten Verlauf der verzögerte Beginn der Erkrankung sowie das späte Einsetzen der geistigen Retardierung.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of storage material in a rectal biopsy taken from a patient with juvenile amaurotic idiocy with protracted course (onset of illness: 14 years; age of patient: 52 years) is described. The material stored in macrophages of the mucosa was like the curvilinear structures characteristic of the juvenile type. It was possible to exclude Kufs' type in this case by absence of the lipofuscin granula seen in the fine structures in the adult type. The clinical picture was also consistent with the juvenile form. Apart from the protracted course, other striking features were the delayed onset of the disease and the late beginning of mental retardation.
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  • 69
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    Lung 149 (1973), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Hyperoxia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenmikroskopischen Ergebnisse bei Hyperoxie und hyperbarer Oxygenation bestätigen übereinstimmend in der Frühphase an der Lunge die exsudativen Veränderungen mit Endothelschwellung und latentem interstitiellen Ödem. Durch eine deutliche Verbreiterung des Blut-Luft-Weges besteht eine Reduktion in der Diffusionskapazität. Die Störungen in der Permeabilität der Zellmembranen betreffen zunächst mehr das Capillarendothel als das Alveolarepithel. Für das Auftreten der Zellschäden ist die Höhe des Saurerstoffpartialdruckes entscheidender als die hyperbare Oxygenation. Die Einatmung von reinem Sauerstoff im Überdruck führt zusätzlich über einen Anstieg des Kohlensäurepartialdruckes im Gewebe zu einer neurochemisch ausgelösten akuten Hypertension mit Lungenödem (Wood und Perkins, 1970). Das Lungenödem bei Hyperoxie und hyperbarer Oxygenation kommt sehr wahrscheinlich auf mehreren pathogenetischen Wegen zustande. Atelektasen bei Hyperoxie sind wahrscheinlich durch die Exsudation von fibrinmonomerhaltigem Blutplasma mit nachfolgender Inaktivierung vorhandener Surfactant-Aktivitäten sowie durch die Blockade der intracellulären Synthese des Surfactant ausgelöst. Zusätzlich sind direkte Enzymschäden der Zelle nach Sauerstoffvergiftung, besonders die Wirkungen der Peroxydationen auf die Mitochondrienmembranen zu berücksichtigen (Haugaard, 1968; Podlesch, 1972; Kleinschmidt, 1972). Der Schweregrad der Diffusionsstörung ist vom O2-Partial-druck und von der Expositionsdauer abhängig. Hibernation retardiert die Sauerstofftoxizität (Huizenga, Butcher und Simmonds, 1972). Die Lungen kleinerer Laboratoriumstiere reagieren schneller und empfindlicher auf O2-Schäden als die Lungen größerer Laboratoriumstiere und als die Lunge des Menschen. Kurzfristige Intervallbeatmung von 40%igem Sauerstoff im Inspirationsgemisch ist unschädlich und ruft keine Lungenveränderungen hervor. Trifft dagegen eine länger angewandte Hyperoxie auf eine vorgeschädigte Lunge, z. B. bei Schocksyndrom, Fettembolie oder Lungentrauma, müssen sich die Schäden aggravieren und können unter dem Bild eines progressiven Atemnotsyndroms zum Tode führen. Hyperoxische Lungenschäden benötigen aufgrund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde mehrere Monate bis zur anatomischen Ausheilung, wobei die Wiederherstellung der Lungenfunktion der anatomischen Ausheilung vorangeht.
    Notes: Abstract The results of electron microscope examinations during hyperoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation unanimously confirm the exudative changes in the lungs in the early stages, with endothelial swelling and latent interstitial oedema. Because of marked spreading of the blood-air paths, a reduction occurs in the diffusion capacity. Disturbances in the permeability of the cell membrane involve the capillary endothelium at first more than the alveolar epithelium. The level of the oxygen partial pressure is more decisive than hyperbaric oxygenation for the appearance of cell damage. Inspiration of pure oxygen at excess pressure also causes neurochemically induced acute hypertension with pulmonary oedema due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues. Probably several pathogenic pathways are involved in the formation of pulmonary oedema in hyperoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation. In hyperoxia, atelectases are probably produced by the exudation of blood plasma containing fibrin monomer with subsequent inactivation of the surface activity present and by the blockade of the intracellular synthesis of surfactant. In addition, direct damage to cell enzymes after poisoning with oxygen, especially the effect of peroxidation on the mitochondrial membranes must be taken into account. The degree of severity of diffusion disturbance depends on the O2 partial pressure and on the duration of exposure. Hibernation delays the toxicity of oxygen. The lungs of smaller laboratory animals react more quickly and more sensitively to the harmful effects of O2 than the lungs of larger laboratory animals and man. Short periods of artificial respiration at intervals, with 40% oxygen in the inspiration mixture, are harmless and cause no changes in the lungs. However, if hyperoxia is used for a longer period, on a previously damaged lung, for example in shock, fat embolism or lung trauma, the damage becomes worse and may end in death resulting from progressive dyspnoea. The electron microscope findings show that in hyperoxic lung damage, several months are required for anatomical cure, the restoration of lung function preceding the anatomical cure.
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    Lung 150 (1973), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Pigeon Breeder's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Pulmonary Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of the acute form of pigeon breeder's disease is presented. Electron-microscope studies show the histomorphological substrate of the foreign-body reaction and the immunological cell response caused by the inhaled pigeon material.
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  • 71
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    Pflügers Archiv 340 (1973), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: M. rectus abdominis ; Slow Fibres ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Out of 253 muscle fibres taken from various parts of frog rectus abdominis muscles 52 were identified electron microscopically as slow. 48 slow fibres were localized at the ventral surface and at the linea alba. No evidence was found for the existence of a fibre type with structural features different from typical twitch or slow fibres.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 569-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelium ; Bryozoaire (Alcyonidium polyoum) ; Vacuole ; Striated muscle, muscular insertion ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'épithélium pharyngien d'Alcyonidium polyoum possède des cellules pourvues d'une très grande vacuole. L'incompressibilité du liquide vacuolaire permet un élargissement brusque de l'organe lors de la contraction du manchon musculaire strié qui enserre cette vacuole. Les fibres musculaires sont insérées sur le plasmalemme apical par des filaments unitifs. Le point d'attache est relié à la lame amorphe du cell-coat qui entoure les microvillosités par des fibrilles, réalisant probablement une liaison mécamique plus efficace. Le reticulum sarcoplasmique porte des ribosomes. Le cytoplasme apical renferme des vésicules de diverses catégories.
    Notes: Summary Pharyngeal cells of Alcyonidium polyoum (Bryozoa) are provided with very large vacuoles. Each vacuole is enveloped by a thin layer of striated muscle, whose contraction enlarges the organ. Filaments join the muscular elements to the apical plasmalemma. This point of muscular insertion is connected by fibrils with the amorphic lamina of cell-coat which surrounds the microvilli. Ribosomes are often found on dyads. Various vesicles are located in the apical cytoplasm.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic innervation ; Uterus ; Oviduct ; Adrenergic, Cholinergic ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the preterminal nerve fibers of the rabbit myometrial smooth muscle was studied using potassium permanganate fixation or glutaraldehyde fixation with postosmification. The preterminal fibers were mostly formed by 2–10 axons enveloped by Schwann cells. Two kinds of axons and axon terminals were found. (1) Adrenergic axons, which contained many small, granular vesicles (diameter 300–600 Å) and large granular vesicles (diameter 700–1200 Å) which represented ca. 2% of the total count of the vesicles. (2) Nonadrenergic axons, which contained small agranular vesicles (diameter 300–600 Å) and large granular vesicles (diameter 700–1200 Å). Both types of axons formed preterminal varicosities along their course. The real terminal varicosities, representing the anatomical end of the axons, were usually larger than the preterminal ones and showed close contact to the plasma membranes of the smooth muscle cells. Both adrenergic and nonadrenergic terminals were found close to the smooth muscle cells, but a gap of at least 2000 Å was always present between the two cell membranes. The axons and preterminal varicosities of both types of nerves were in intimate contact with each other within the preterminal nerve fiber. Axo-axonal interactions between the two types of axons are possible in the rabbit myometrium. The relative proportion of the nonadrenergic axons from the total was about one fourth.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipid Composition ; Axonal Loss ; Ganglioside Deficit ; Schilder's Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis with a four-year history of progressive neurologic deterioration in a boy dying at ten years of age is reported. The asymmetry of the process was indicated during life by the clinical findings. A unicentric focus of demyelination was found with the initial stages in the occipital and temporal white matter and a subacute reaction in the rostral cerebral white matter, brain stem, and cerebellum. Electron microscopic study confirmed the extensive axonal loss. No particles compatible with a virus structure were identified. Analysis of the regional composition of cerebral lipids demonstrated large deficits of cerebroside, sulfatide, cholesterol, total phospholipid, sphingomyelin, and ganglioside in the occipital lesion. A significant but less complete deficit of lipids was found at the lesion margin in frontal white matter. An increase of cholesterol esters was demonstrated at this site as well. The normal-appearing white matter of rostral frontal lobe showed a decreased level of ganglioside and normal concentrations of the other structural lipids. This decreased ganglioside concentration of grossly normal white matter suggest the advisability of considering Wallerian degeneration in interpreting the analytical data obtained in the study of the demyelinating disorders. The morphological and biochemical findings indicate the progressive spread of the axonolytic and myelinolytic process in the pathogenesis of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis.
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  • 75
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rod-Like Structures ; Ammon's Horn ; Electron Microscopy ; Age Incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of rod-like structures (RLS) was made in 173 pathological and in 67 normal brains. The pathological brains included cases with varied neuropathological conditions: vascular, metabolic, degenerative, infectious, traumatic, neoplastic, etc. The ages of the patients ranged from newborn to 97 years. RLS were found in 152 pathological brains (89%) and in 50 normal brains (75%). RLS were localized in all but one case, in Ammon's horn, specifically in Sommer's sector and in the stratum lacunosum beneath Sommer's sector. There was no correlation between any group of diseases studied and appearance or number of RLS. The number of RLS in Sommer's sector increased with advancing age. In the middle age, ihowever, the stratum lacunosum showed a higher number of RLS. The results of this study idicate that there is no significant relationship between RLS and any pathological condition and therefore that they represent non-specific changes, although a correlation with advancing age is probable. Although RLS appeared to be intracellular, their exact localization was not established.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Disturbance of Metabolism in the Neuron ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsies of a frontal gyrus from both schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic brains were examined by electron microscopy. The results in the schizophrenic brains are as follows: 1. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, the Golgi apparatus was remarkably prominent. 2. Membranous structures, consisting of numerous interconnected tubules were observed in the nerve fibres. Abnormal structures appeared in the synapses and in many synapses vesicles were not observed. 3. Granular and vesicular material accumulated in large amount in the axon-oligodendroglial interface of myelinated nerve fibres: the material was gradually transferred from the axon-oligodendroglial interface to the inner mesoaxon and the outer layers of the myelin sheaths destroying some of the myelin sheaths. Mainly myelinated nerve fibres of medium size were involved. 4. A large amount of lipofuscin-like material was observed in the cytoplasm and the processes of the oligodendroglia. 5. Only the neuron and the oligodendroglia showed specific changes. Among the findings mentioned above, (3) was thought to be specific and originated from the disturbance of the metabolism of the neuron, due probably to some enzyme disturbance in the neuron.
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  • 77
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ionizing Radiation ; Late Effects ; Brain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The data with which this paper deals were obtained from white rats receiving limited head X-irradiation, tested for behavioral changes, and sacrificed for light and electron microscopic evaluation 1 year after the irradiation. No evidence was found for a general loss or change in cortical or subcortical neurons. On the other hand, there was bilateral focal degeneration in the fimbria of the fornix in the dorsal hippocampus. This involved considerable numbers of pyramidal and granule cells, presumably secondary to delayed vascular changes. Widespread hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted throughout the irradiated zone. Within each central necrotic zone invasive collagen, reticulin and fibrin were present. In general, blood vessels showed only occasional evidence of thickening. However, the blood vessels in the areas of frank necrosis in the fimbria and internal capsule exhibited intense thickening leading to hyalinization.
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  • 78
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroglia ; Identification ; Light Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple method is described, using ultrathin sections, by which glial cells of all three types can be identified in the same section without using specialised techniques. Thesame cell can be identified by electronmicroscopy and thus allow for exact correlation of light and electron microscopic features. An outline description of glial types is given.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical studies were performed on the cerebellum from a 9 month old Jewish boy with spongy degeneration. Histologically, the main pathological changes were noted in the Purkinje cell layer, the deeper areas of the granular cell layers and the subcortical white matter. Ultrastructurally, multiple vacuoles were present within the swollen cytoplasm and processes of protoplasmic astrocytes in the cortex, while in the subcortical white matter vacuoles were observed within splitting myelin lamellae as well as within astrocytes. There were also abnormal mitochondria within swollen protoplasmic astrocytic cytoplasm and processes which in ATPase preparations showed little or no reaction product. However, the fibrillary astrocytes were not swollen and contained intact mitochondria which showed normal reaction product in ATPase preparations. Since the myelin changes are known to be nonspecific and secondary to abnormal fluid accumulation, the characteristic distribution of the multiple vacuoles in the central nervous system in this disorder seems primarily to be related to swelling of the protoplasmic astrocytes.
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  • 80
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 288-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nerve Growth Factor ; Peripheral Nerve Fibres ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy ; Phase Contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) antiserum causes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia of newborn rats. Pre and post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from eleven such animals and eight controls were studied by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Quantitative techniques were applied to the study of different parameters of the axons and Schwann cells. Treated animals showed only 24% of the axonal population of controls and 34% of Schwann cells. This fiber loss was non-selective, affecting all fiber sizes. Schwann cells from treated animals enclosed fewer axons than normal and some contained none. Contrary to what is seen following transection of an unmyelinated nerve, regenerative axonal sprouting was not observed during the 6 week period studied. Schwann cell processes were elongated and unfolded, frequently engulfing bundles of collagen. NGF antiserum experiments provide a tool for the study of axonal and Schwann cell behaviour after neuronal loss avoiding the disadvantages of the traumatic disruption of neural architecture that results from experimental surgical lesions.
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  • 81
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Batten's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Appendix ; Curvilinear Inclusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic findings in the appendix of a five-year-old child suffering from Batten's disease are presented. They revealed accumulations of curviform densities in smooth muscle cells, nerve cells and Schwann cells of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. Typical lipofuscin pigment was not observed. The presence of transitional forms, however, suggesting progressive transformation of the inclusions into lipofuscin-like granules, is briefly discussed. It is proposed that, during life, electron microscopy of the appendix might be useful for the diagnosis or more specific classification of a form of storage disease.
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  • 82
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Microglia ; Cerebral Cortex ; Cold Lesion ; Electron Microscopy ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural appearances of microglia in the rat cerebral cortex were examined following experimental cold lesions. It was found that microglia toop up extravascularized plasma by pinocytosis. These pinocytotic vesicles coalesced to form large vacuoles of medium electron density, which subsequently decreased in size and increased in density and morphological complexity. Concurrently the microglial cells underwent dedifferentiation and division. Between 3 and 7 days after making the cold lesion it was difficult to distinguish between phagocytes of microglial and haematogenous origin. The relationship of microglia to haematogenous phagocytes is discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 50-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano Bodies ; Rod-Like Structures ; Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By light microscopy, Hirano bodies are fusiform or spheroidal eosinophilic bodies, that are commonly observed in the hippocampi of the elderly and are especially numerous in patients with various dementias or degenerative diseases. Rarely, they have been demonstrated in other locations and even in animals. Ultrastructurally, the Hirano bodies are complex pleomorphic aggregates of intraneuronal fibrillary material found predominantly in the processes but occasionally in the perikarya. The Hirano bodies are assembled from multiple subunits, but occasionally in the perikarya. The Hirano bodies are assembled from multiple subunits, each consisting of two overlapping or intersecting expanses of parallel filaments. Depending on the plane of section and orientation, the subunit may appear as a lattice-work array of intersecting filaments, a row of regularly spaced punctate densities closely applied to a filament, or a broader feathery fibril. The subunits appear to be derived from the reorganization or precipitation of randomly dispersed finely filamentous material. Because of the diverse circumstance under which they are found, Hirano bodies are regarded as a non-specific manifestation of neuronal degeneration.
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 282-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Jimpy Mouse ; Electron Microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Mouse Mutant ; Myelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corpus callosum of Jimpy mouse brain was investigated with the electron microscope in 14, 21, 29 days old animals, and compared with that of normal littermates. Myelination was almost lacking in Jimpy; this absence seems to be due to an agenesis rather than a destruction. The oligodendrocyte cell line is severely disturbed; adult oligodendrocytes are absent in all the animals studied, even in 29 days animals. The few oligodendrocytes present are young; they are found in the vicinity of the few myelinated fibers. Features suggestive of oligodendrocyte death were found both in corpus callosum and neighbouring cortex. The astrocyte cell line develops normally; evidences of cell reactivity such as increase of glycogen and gliofilaments were found. Microglia were present in large numbers and contained several types of inclusions, whose signification is discussed. It is concluded that the defect of myelination in Jimpy mice is closely related to abnormalities found in the oligodendrocyte line.
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 145-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Colchicine ; Astroglia ; Oligodendroglia ; Drug-Induced Changes ; Glial Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbits treated with a single intracisternal injection of 100 μg colchicine dissolved in 50 μl water, got signs of neurological disturbances within a day and became quadriparetic in about two days. The glial cells in the brain, the brain stem and spinal cord were examined. Special emphasis was paid to those in the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal nuclei. Many of the astrocytes became hypertrophic after injection of colchicine and got an increased number of filaments and cell organelles, including mitochondria and dense bodies. The oligodendrocytes showed more or less marked changes, including lipid droplets and dense bodies. Several glial cells, rarely noticed in the controls, showed marked signs of reactive changes and did not fulfil the criteria for either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. The results obtained are discussed in relation to those obtained after other types of treatment of nervous tissue. It is concluded that the glial changes are partly due to effects induced by colchicine, which inhibits the intracellular transport, but not the formation of cell constituents. Emphasis had to be paid to the fact that drug-induced changes in the glial cells may severely alter the metabolism and function of adjacent neurons.
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  • 86
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Nuclear Bodies ; Tubular Inclusions ; Nucleocapsids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this case of documented subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), electron microscopy of a brain biopsy revealed a previously unreported “fingerprint” configuration of tubular inclusions or nucleocapsids. The pattern resembled that of the whorled filamentous nuclear bodies which are so frequently encountered in ultrastructural studies of this disease. Furthermore, an apparent tubule was seen running parallel to filaments within the nucleus of still another affected cell. These findings lend support to the concept that nuclear bodies are converted into and/or synthesize nucleocapsids.
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Aluminium Cream ; Neurone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats were given injections of 0.01 cc of alumina cream into the cortex of the medial surface, above the distal part of the sulcus cruciatus. Then for a month the animals were “stimulated” by intravenous injections of penicillin. The electron microscopic study revealed: 1. A proximal zone close to the alumina cream; it is an inflammatory focus characterised by the presence of an exudate in which macrophages, plasmocytes and collagen fibres are present. 2. A middle zone: the astrocytes are hypertrophied and fibrous; the neurons exhibit either neurofibrillary degeneration or considerable increase of the number of mitochondria. Hypertrophied astrocytes and “hyperchondriomated” neurons are envisaged as possible indications of disturbances of electrical activity. 3. A distal zone: in this region the alterations of the cortex disappear.
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Experimental Allergic Neuritis ; Extravasated Protein ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations on the perineurium in EAN are described. Extravasated serum protein was observed in the endoneurial space and also between the cellular laminae of the perineurium. A mechanism of macropinocytotic transport of protein across the perineurium is proposed. The observations are related to the known properties of the perineurium as a diffusion barrier and are interpreted as a mechanism by the perineurium to restore the composition of the endoneurial fluid.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Sural Nerve ; von Recklingshausen's Disease ; Schwann Cell ; Onion Bulb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of photo and electron microscopical preparations of a biopsied sural nerve from a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. In the toluidine blue stained Epon-sections the number of myelinated fibers per square millimeter was moderately decreased and the number of large myelinated fibers was severely reduced. Large, circular, lamellated structures which resemble the onion bulb were observed. These structures are different from the previously reported onion bulb in their size and core structure which contains usually a degenerated nerve fiber. Some consideration was given to the origin of these onion bulb-like lamellated structures.
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  • 90
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 299-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Angiopathy ; Pig ; Arterial Lesions ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope study of the central nervous system was performed in 5 pigs with cerebrospinal angiopathy. Characteristic lesions in arterioles and small arteries are insudations and necroses in the media with the endothelial cell layer essentially intact. Some smooth muscle cells within the insudate may show transformation into fibroblast-like cells. Due to the proliferation of these cells a new subendothelial cell layer is formed. In venules there are marked plasmarrhagias although the endothelium appears to be normal and the number of pinocytotic vesicles does not increase. In collagen fibrils the cross striation appears unaltered; the diameter of the fibrils varies between 0.05–0.4 μm. Swollen astrocytes around vessels and in the neuropil contain large numbers of osmiophilic spherical or polyhedrical coacervations in their cytoplasm mostly without a limiting membrane. These cytoplasmic inclusions most likely represent blood plasma constituents which may have penetrated from the perivascular space of arterioles and venules into the astrocytes. The morphological substrate of the blood-brain-barrier at the capillary level is altered only rarely. As the cause of porcine cerebrospinal angiopathy, toxins of E. coli are discussed.
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  • 91
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Neurons ; Glycogen ; UDPG-transferase ; Glycogen Phosphorylase ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Partial ischemia of the spinal cord in adult cats was induced by abdominal aortic ligation. The most striking abnormality was an accumulation of glycogen in large motor neurons and astroglia in the peripheral anterior horns. Little or no histological and ultrastructural abnormalities were present in these regions. The first glycogen deposits appeared after 1/2 h in glial cells, whereas glycogen accumulation in neurons was first noticeable 1 h after ligation reaching a maximum in 24 h. A gradual decrease occurred with disappearance of glycogen at 10 days. Increase in UDPG-transferase was found preceeding glycogen appearance, and increase in glycogen-phosphorylase activity occurred later concurrent with glycogen accumulation. This unique neuronal glycogen deposition may be due to the UDPG-transferase normally present in γ-motor neurons of the anterior horns. Other possible mechanisms are also considered.
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  • 92
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acanthocytosis ; Sural Biopsy ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of sural nerve biopsies is described in two brothers with normo-lipoproteinaemic acanthocytosis and an associated neurological syndrome. There was a severe reduction of myelinated fibres. The Schwann cells had an increased population of lysosomes and contained remnants of myelin. The myelin lamellae were often split at the intraperiod lines. Centrioles were found in Schwann cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes Virus, Type 2 ; Tissue Culture ; Intranuclear Tubules ; Microtubular Structures ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mature explants of mouse spinal cord and ganglia have been infected with Herpes virus hominis type 2. After 48 h, a high titer of virus was detected in the explant and typical herpes-like particles were seen by electron microscopy. They were more numerous in sensory neurons and Schwann cells than in the CNS possibly because of a more rapid propagation through the extracellular space in spinal ganglia. In the infected nuclei, besides the naked particles, numerous tubular formations were found, apparently resulting from virus infection and specific for herpes type 2. Their dimensions and fine structure are illustrated and compared to other microtubular formations. In the cytoplasm of theneurons, a dramatic disorganisation occurred and, in the Schwann cell, the plasma membrane underwent disruption. Consequently, the normal axon — Schwann cell intimate contact was lost.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leucodystrophy Metachromatic ; Electron Microscopy ; Prismatic Deposits ; Brain ; Peripheral Nerve ; Kidney ; Rectum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical history, light and electron microscopy findings are reported in four cases of infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy. By electron microscopy, the authors describe the various types of lesions and the different lipid deposits noticed in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the kidney and rectum. They stress the prismatic lipid deposits observed not only in the cerebral white matter and in the kidney but in the peripheral nerves as well.
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  • 95
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 122-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mercury Intoxication ; Nerve Cells ; Dorsal Root Ganglion ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary When given to rats, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds were found to be neurotoxic. After CH3HgCl intoxication, focal cytoplasmic degradation was the most characteristic lesion observed in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. A large cytoplasmic vacuole was formed in many neurons as a result of such lesions. After HgCl2 poisoning, the dorsal root ganglion neurons developed peripheral vacuoles, which were formed by the retraction of the neuron from its surrounding satellite cells. Extensive fragmentation of these neurons occurred as such vacuolation progressed. Multiple small lesions varying from 0.1–1.2 μ were found in the neuronal cytoplasm after both organic and inorganic mercury intoxication. Mercury could be demonstrated histochemically to have a close association with these lesions. In the anterior horn motoneurons, neither mercury compound produced any permanent pathological lesions in the nerve cell bodies, although there was severe dilatation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope at early stages of the intoxication. In the cerebellum, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds produced extensive coagulative or lucid changes in the granule cells. Degeneration of the Purkinje cells was also found at late stages of the poisoning.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofilament ; Neuropathy ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurofibrillary Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sural nerve biopsy was performed on a six-year-old girl with a slowly progressive distal mixed polyneuropathy. The nerve fiber population was reduced, and of those remaining, approximately half were greatly enlarged, measuring up to 35 microns in cross section. Longitudinal sections showed axonal enlargement to be segmental. Ultrastructurally, swollen axonal segments were filled with neurofilaments in closely-packed swirls which appeared to tie on occasion into granular electron-opaque condensations. Both, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers were involved, and some degree of onion-bulb formation was observed. Although masses of neurofilaments are found in peripheral axons in other disorders, none approaches the proportions encountered in this unique case.
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  • 97
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Segmental Demyelination ; Remyelination ; Axon/Schwann Cell Relationship ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations were made of early remyelination after segmental demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) and experimental diphtheritic neuropathy. In EAN 71% of axons which had been demyelinated were invaginated each within a single Schwann cell; remyelination associated with this cellular relationship was in accordance with the spiral myelin concept, 29% of demyelinated axons in EAN were initially enveloped each by several Schwann cell processes and the associated mechanism of remyelination was by “tunication” resulting in a transient irregular distribution of myelin lamellae around the axon circumference. In diphtheritic neuropathy regeneration more closely paralleled development in ontogeny. 88% of demyelinated axons were invaginated each within one Schwann cell, only 12% of axons were each enveloped by more than one Schwann cell process. Early remyelination by tunication was not observed in diphtheritic neuropathy. Additional loosely associated Schwann cell processes lying within the “old” Schwann cell basement membrane occurred frequently in both experimental conditions. Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, “redundant” myelin, and “desmosomes” were observed in the sheaths of incipient remyelination.
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  • 98
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Cats ; CSF Turnover ; Ependyma ; Subependymal Tissue ; Extracellular Space ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study of the ependymal and subependymal regions of experimental hdrocephalic cats was made. Hydrocephalus was induced by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover was measured in all experimental cats by ventricular perfusion just prior to glutaraldehyde fixation. The cats were sacrificed at 7 (acute hydrocephalus) and at 21 or more days (chronic hydrocephalus) after kaolin. The major pathological findings were: flattened and outstretched ependymal lining, detachment of ependymal cells and rarefaction of subependymal areas with increase in the extracellular space. The significant morphological alterations in acute hydrocephalus, characterized by a marked decreased rate of CSF absorption, were flattening and outstretching of ependymal cells with minimal rarefaction of subjacent tissues. In the acute animal with a measurable amount of CSF absorption, and more clearly, in the chronic animal with higher rates of CSF absorption, detachment of ependymal calls, significant rarefaction of subependymal tissues, and marked increased subependymal extracellular space were the predominant changes. It is concluded that these pathological changes provide the morphologic substrate for transventricular absorption of CSF.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Colitoxin Shock ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Pig ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations of the capillaries and venules in the central nervous system after intravenous application of coli endotoxin were studied in 193–7 weeks-old piglets (conventional, SPF and gnotobiotic). Slight lesions were found in the endothelium of capillaries and venules consisting of focal multiplication of microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles, vacuoles and dense bodies as well as occurrence of leukocytes adhering to the vascular surface being located in the vascular wall. There was severe extravasation in venules and occasionally in capillaries. The intercellular spaces of the neuropil were markedly widened and contained a plasma-like material. An increased number of lysosomes and osmiophilic depots were seen in the neuropil of 4 out of 19 animals resembling the lesions of porcine cerebrospinal angiopathy. Microthrombi, aggregations of platelets and erythrocytes were found in the vascular lumen indicating a disturbance of microcirculation after the application of coli endotoxin.
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  • 100
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 158-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Stab Wound ; Glycogen Reaction ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Abnormal accumulation of glycogen around cerebral stab wounds was studied histochemically, electron microscopically, and quantitatively in rats 4, 13, 28 days old and in adult (90–150 days old) animals. Glycogen did not accumulate around stab wounds in 4 and in 13-day old rats, whereas a considerable accumulation of glycogen was present in the 28 day and in adult animals. There was a close parallelism between the amount of glycogen accumulated and the degree of maturation of oxidative enzyme activity as reflected by succinic dehydrogenase activity in the cortex. In 28 day and in adult animals, a pale central necrotic core was surrounded by a zone of reduced enzyme activity. The region of glycogen accumulation was located peripherally to this zone.
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