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  • 1970-1974  (605)
  • 1965-1969  (87)
  • Engineering General  (521)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Crossed connections ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of radioactive leucine in various regions of the brain stem reticular formation has revealed the presence of ample crossed reticulo-reticular connections in the cat. The terminal area for the crossed fibers are almost mirror images of the injected sites. The findings made is another example that hitherto unknown fiber connections can be demonstrated by axoplasmic protein tracing.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Apical dendrites ; Dendritic bundles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal, horizontal and sagittal paraffin sections through the cat's brain regional differences in the pattern of dendritic bundling have been investigated. It is shown that in the gyrus splenialis and suprasplenialis 2–5 apical dendrites of layer IV pyramids approach each other to form vertical bundles which run straight through layer IV. In the posterior sigmoid gyrus, on the other hand, most apical dendrites arising from the pyramidal cells bifurcate immediately above layer V and give rise to obliquely running branches which cross each other before turning upwards and joining other dendrites to take part in the formation of bundles. In this region the dendritic tree of the pyramidal cells seems to be characterized by an unexpectedly high degree of directional specialization.—In functional terms the findings can be summarized by stating that in the visual and sensorimotor regions of the cat's cerebral cortex basic differences exist in the relation between the apical dendrites of layer V pyramids.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tapetum lucidum cellulosum ; Cat ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Tapetum lucidum cellulosum der Katze wird mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Bereits am ersten postnatalen Tag sind im Bereich des prospektiven Tapetum zwei Zellarten voneinander zu unterscheiden: 1. mesenchymale Bindegewebszellen und 2. prospektive Tapetumzellen, die durch elektronendichte Tapetumstäbchen gekennzeichnet sind. Die Mesenchymzellen unterteilen als parallel zur Retinaoberfläche ausgebreitete Zellplatten in der Choriodea am hinteren Augenpol den weiten extracellulären Raum in 20–25 etwa 5 μm hohe Schichten. Die Tapetumzellen liegen zwischen den Mesenchymzellplatten und wachsen im Verlaufe der ersten vier postnatalen Wochen innerhalb der Schichten in die Breite, bis sie den extracellulären Raum vollständig ausfüllen und als polygonale Zellen direkt aneinander grenzen. Im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklung werden die Mesenchymzellplatten rückgebildet, so daß bei der adulten Katze die Tapetumzellschichten direkt übereinander liegen und nur von Netzen elastischer und kollagener Fasern getrennt sind. Die von einer Elementarmembran umgebenen Tapetumstäbchen enthalten einen elektronendichten, in den ersten postnatalen Wochen mit einer Periode von 100 Å quergestreiften Kern. Zunächst nehmen sie an Zahl und Länge zu und füllen am Ende der vierten postnatalen Woche, zu Bündeln von parallel verlaufenden Stäbchen geordnet, das Cytoplasma der Tapetumzellen. Dann nehmen die Tapetumstäbchen an Dicke zu, und ihre Querstreifung wird von einem elektronendichten Material überlagert. Die Entwicklung der Tapetumstäbchen hat eine starke Ähnlichkeit mit der in der Literatur beschriebenen Entwicklung von Melanosomen in Melanocyten. Das Tapetum lucidum cellulosum wird als ein dichter Verband hochdifferenzierter extrakutaner Melanocyten angesehen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the tapetum lucidum cellulosum of the cat was studied by light and electron microscopy. Already by the first postnatal day two cell types can be distinguished in the prospective tapeta area: 1. mesenchymal cells and 2. prospective tapetal cells, characterized by electron dense, membrane bound, rod-like inclusions. The flattened mesenchymal elements form 20–25 separate layers of cells, which are arranged parallel to the surface of the retina, subdividing the extracellular space of the chorioidea at the posterior pole of the eye into 5 μm high compartments. These compartments contain the tapetal cells which enlarge (in their longitudinal axis) during the first four weeks post partum until they occupy the extracellular space almost completely. At this stage, the tapetal cells are polygonal in shape and closely attached to each other. During the subsequent period of development there is a gradual involution of the mesenchymal cell plates. Thus, in adult cats the individual layers of tapetal cells are only separated from each other by networks of collagen and elastic fibers. The tapetal rods are bound by unit membranes and contain an electron dense core which, during the early postnatal weeks, exhibits a periodic cross-striation (100 Å). The tapetal rods increase in number and length during the first four weeks post partum; by the end of the fourth week, they occupy the whole cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. Parallelly arranged rods are grouped into individual bundles coursing inside the cytoplasm in different directions. Thereafter, the tapetal rods increase in thickness and their cross-striation becomes obscured by an electron dense material. This development of the tapetal rods closely resembles that of melanosomes. Thus the tapetum lucidum cellulosum can be regarded as a compact tissue made up of modified extracutaneous melanocytes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Suprasylvian gyrus ; Cat ; Single neurons ; Eye movements ; Direction sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 270 single neurons from the anterior part of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (AMSS) were recorded in awake and non-paralyzed cats (Chronic preparation). 10% were unresponsive to visual stimulation, the remainder reacted well to moving visual stimuli. Half of the units tested were directionally selective. Horizontal, or downward preferred directions predominated. Most neurons were relative insensitive to changes of shape, orientation, contrast, and velocity of the visual stimulus. Some neurons preferred rapid (100°/sec) jerky movements, others required complex motions of irregular shapes, a few strongly preferred objects moving towards the animal in the midsagittal plane. 40% of neurons yielded phasic On-Off reaction to flashing stationary spots. Habituation to repeated stimulation was a common feature and occured in 50% of AMSS neurons. In 19% of neurons tested the discharge rate was not affected by saccadic eye movements, when the animal faced a patterned background. Among the remainder two types of saccade associated responses could be distinguished. Type I discharged prior to or simultaneously with the onset of saccades. This early response was usually associated with saccades of particular directions. Saccades in total darkness yielded weaker and less consistent responses. Type II discharged subsequent to the onset of the saccades after a latency of 40 msec (type IIa), 40–80 msec (type IIb) and 80 msec (type IIc). Responses of type IIa are probably consequences of the retinal effects of eye movements. The saccade associated responses of type Ia, IIb and IIc are tentatively interpreted as results of an eye movement-synchroneous subcortical input, which facilitates transmission in AMSS neurons. Presaccadic facilitation, which generates type Ia responses, may be functionally related to shifts of attention prior to eye movements. It is suggested that postsaccadic facilitation, which underlies the reactions of type IIb and IIc, may be a correlate of visual attention during the fixation period.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electrotonic coupling ; Antidromic responses ; Abducens motoneurone ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrical stimulation of the abducens nerve provokes the classical true antidromic invasion of the abducens motoneurone and a depolarization which is often capable of generating full action potentials in the impaled motoneurone. Experiments studying these depolarizations suggest the existence of electrotonic coupling between the abducens motoneurones of the cat. Intracellular activity of the abducens motoneurones was recorded following intracellular stimulation of the impaled neurone and antidromic stimulation of the abducens nerve. Collision between the outgoing action potential and the antidromic volley differentiated the true antidromic spike from the depolarizations which can induce or not action potentials. The latency of the depolarization ranged between 100 and 1200 μsec. Collision demonstrated that the depolarization and the true antidromic action potential have an independent origin. The depolarizations and action potentials which are not conveyed to the motoneurone by its own axon are interpreted to be generated by electrotonic coupling.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 45-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Efferent cells ; Non-efferent cells ; Synaptic connection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal connections in the visual cortex of cat (areas 17 and 18) were studied with intracellular recording and electrical stimulation techniques under Nembutal anaesthesia. Four types of axonal projection were seen; 1. association efferent cells projecting to adjacent cerebral cortex on the ipsilateral side, 2. commissural efferent cells to visual cortex on the contralateral side, 3. corticofugal efferent cells to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, and 4. non-efferent cells whose projection is confined within the visual cortex. Both association and commissural efferent cells were located in layer III, corticofugal efferent cells in layer V and non-efferent cells in layers II–VI. Upon these cells two types of synaptic actions were exerted by the specific visual afferents that originate from the lateral geniculate body; 1. type I, monosynaptic excitation plus disynaptic inhibition and 2. type II, disynaptic excitation plus trisynaptic inhibition. Type I effects were found in layers III–V, and type II in layers II and VI. In the border region between areas 17 and 18 monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition were produced also by the commissural efferents originating from the contralateral visual cortex. On the basis of these results, a possible neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex is postulated.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory transmission ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual cortex ; Attentive behaviour ; Vigilance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of 6 cats was studied in a vigilance task. Each cat was trained to press a pedal on the floor of a training box. A waiting interval of fixed (FI) or variable (VI) duration then followed, after which a stimulus (S), a spot of light or a tone, was presented for a short period of time. The cat gave a correct response if, during this time, it pressed a panel. The animal was then rewarded with food. When an experiment had been completed using one S the cat was trained to respond to the other. The latency of response following the onset of S was measured for each waiting interval in the VI schedules. It was found that the longer latencies were associated with the shorter waiting intervals; that is, the cats responded more quickly to S as expectancy increased. Between the time the pedal and pand were pressed the optic tract (OT) was shocked not more than once and the response of the LGN and visual cortex recorded. The time at which the shock was delivered varied from 1 trial to the next. The responsiveness of the LGN and visual cortex did not vary during the waiting interval in either of the FI schedules or in the VI schedule in which S was a spot of light. However, in the VI schedule in which S was a tone, the responsiveness of the visual cortex to the thalamocortical input declined as the length of the waiting interval increased. No changes were observed at the LGN or in the presynaptic cortical response. These results contrast with those observed during changes in the level of arousal as assessed by the ECoG. When the ECoG passed from the synchronised to the desynchronised state there was an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic LGN response to the OT shock, but no change in the responsiveness of the cortex to the increased thalamocortical input. These changes in transmission in the visual pathways are discussed in relationship to the animal's behaviour and to the inferred state of attention.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 473-486 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar projection ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The areas of the cerebellar cortex receiving fibres from the mLRN (major portion of the lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) were determined by identifying the low-threshold spots on the cerebellar surface from which 286 mLRN neurones could be antidromically activated. 2. The mLRN fibres terminate bilaterally in the anterior lobe and pyramis, and ipsilaterally in the paramedian lobule. Some fibres terminate also in the rostral part of lobule VI but hardly any in other parts of the cortex. It follows that the mLRN projects almost exclusively to the classical spinal receiving areas. 3. Neurones in the parvi- and magnocellular parts project to similar cortical areas. 4. Two regions in the mLRN were distinguished on the basis of their different projection areas. Region A, a dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part, projects to the ipsilateral parts intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Region B, a ventral portion of the parvi- and magnocellular parts, projects bilaterally to the pars intermedia and vermis of the anterior lobe and sparsely to the pyramis. 5. Neurones throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts receive monosynaptic excitation from fibres ascending in the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus.
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ampullary nerve ; Cat ; EPSP ; IPSP ; Vestibular neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The six ampullary nerves in both labyrinths were separately stimulated by electric pulses in anesthetized cats. Resulting responses in neurons in the vestibular nuclei were recorded intracellularly. Almost all the vestibular neurons showed an EPSP in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral ampullary nerve. These neurons were subclassified as A-, L-, and P-neuron receiving specific projections from the anterior, lateral and posterior canal, respectively. Three fourths of the vestibular neurons recorded from received an IPSP in response to stimulation of the contralateral ampullary nerve. Plane-specific contralateral inhibition was found in most of vestibular neurons; i.e. A-, L-, and P-neuron received IPSP from the contralateral posterior, lateral, and anterior ampullary nerve, respectively. Approximately two thirds of vestibular neurons exhibiting the plane-specific inhibition were recorded in the medial vestibular nucleus. A collision test of impulses in primary afferent fibers were performed during recording of ipsilateral EPSPs produced by strong stimulation of more than one ampullary nerve. No positive evidence was provided for the existence of neural convergence on single vestibular neurons from different ampullary nerves on the same side. It is suggested that the plane-specific contralateral inhibition increase the sensitivity of vestibular neurons during head rotation.
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Renshaw cell ; Antidromic activation ; Differential blocking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Attempts were made to study differences in the relative effectiveness of different size ranges of motor axons to Renshaw cells by differential blocking of larger fibers of the gastrocnemius nerve in cats anesthetized with Nembutal. 1. Differential blocking of larger fibers in the nerve was successfully obtained by applying trapezoid wave current to the nerve. 2. It was shown that more than half (58.1%) of the Renshaw cells receive homogeneous inputs from a motor axon collaterals, 25.8% of the cell receive collateral inputs from a certain group of fibers, and 12.5% of the Renshaw cells were activated by “γ range” fibers.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pain ; Somatosensation ; Cerebral cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment examines the role of the cerebral cortex in regulating responses to noxious stimulation by studying the effects of cortical ablations in cats on escape from electric shock applied to the foot pads. The latency of escape as a function of shock intensity was measured before and after bilateral ablations of various portions of the cat's somatosensory cerebral cortex. Ablations of the second somatosensory cerebral cortex significantly increased the escape response threshold. If the sulci bordering this region were included in the ablation, the threshold increase was greater and longer-lasting. Ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex increased latencies at most intensities of electric shock, but did not change the response thresholds. Ablations of both primary and second somatosensory cortex increased response thresholds and response latencies. None of these ablations altered the responses, however, if the cat had been overtrained for six to seven months prior to surgery. The results suggest that the second somatosensory region and the sulci bordering the second somatosensory region in the cat cerebral cortex are involved in responses to noxious stimulation.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Cutaneous and muscle postganglionic neurones ; Noxious stimulation of skin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somomato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to skin and muscle induced by noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The reflexes were elicited by mechanical damaging stimuli and by temperature stimuli of more than 45°C. 2. In most cutaneous units the spontaneous activity was depressed during noxious stimulation of skin. Some cutaneous units were excited or showed mixed responses. The depression of the spontaneous activity was maximal from the skin area which was innervated by the cutaneous postganglionic neurones and much weaker or not elicitable from other skin areas. 3. Most muscle units were excited during noxious stimulation of skin. This excitation could be elicited from all over the body surface. 4. The effective cutaneous afferent fibres which are involved in these reflexes are the Group III axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging stimuli and the Group IV axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging and/or by thermal noxious stimuli. 5. These investigations reveal that the somato-sympathetic reflexes have opposite organization in cutaneous and muscle postganglionic fibres. The reflex patterns are discussed in relation to a possible central organization of the sympathetic nervous system.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Thalamic projections ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrolytic lesions were placed into the left vestibular nuclei of 22 adult cats. Silver impregnation for degenerated terminal fibres of serial sections revealed the existence of a relay of the corticopetal vestibular pathway in the contralateral thalamus. Its main afferent fibres originate in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei. By crosschecking the results it was possible to demarcate a focus of vestibular projections in the ventro-caudal part of the thalamus, situated between the centre median, the ventro-basal group and the caudal segment of the ventro-lateral nucleus. The direct ascending afferents of this focus are relatively few in number. The functional significance of this vestibular relay with regard to the proprioceptive influx passing through this region of the thalamus is open to discussion.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 507-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Transients ; Antagonistic inhibition ; Sensory storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to interruptions of light stimuli were studied in 58 X-type and 7 Y-type LGN relay cells with intra- and extracellular recording techniques. The responses to interruption were then compared with responses to either appearing or disappearing light stimuli which had the same luminance and size as the interrupted stimulus. The extent to which responses to interruption differed from those to appearance and disappearance was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), the duration of the stimulus before the interruption (t1) and after the interruption (t2). Responses to stimuli appearing after interruptions of up to 500 msec were weaker than those to appearance and disappearance. This difference decreased with increasing ISI. The difference between responses to appearance and interruption increased as t2 decreased, and decreased as t1 decreased. The reverse was true for the difference between responses to disappearance and interruption. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation consistently reduced the difference between responses to appearance and disappearance compared with those to interruption for all stimulus conditions. These results are discussed in the context of the psychophysical study presented in the preceding paper. It is shown that the neuronal reactions are reflected in detail by the ability of humans to detect appearances and disappearances that occur during interruptions. EPSP sequences recorded from LGN relay cells and relay cell responses conditioned by reticular stimulation suggest that the differentiation of responses to interruption and change partially occurs already in the retina. This differentiation is subsequently enhanced by antagonistic inhibition in the LGN. It is proposed that these inhibitory interactions at peripheral sites of the visual pathway store visual information and serve to reduce the redundancy of responses to short interruptions of the visual input. Centrifugal modulation of LGN inhibition is proposed to control the trade off between temporal integration and temporal resolution.
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  • 16
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 36-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Motor cortex ; Evoked potentials ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A topographical study of cerebello-cortical relations was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. The potentials evoked by punctate stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei were recorded at various sites in the contralateral motor cortex. A map of the cortical responses obtained by stimulating each of the cerebellar nuclei was established. For this purpose, the stimulation thresholds as well as the response amplitudes, polarity and latency were noted. 2. Local stimulation of each cerebellar nucleus evoked responses in particular regions of the contralateral motor cortex. When a stimulus was applied to the interpositus nucleus, short latency responses were recorded in the lateral part of the area 4. Dentate nucleus stimulation induced short latency responses in the medial part of area 4 and in area 6. Furthermore, late responses were also recorded laterally in area 4. 3. The interpositus nucleus was found to project to the portion of motor cortical area controlling the distal forelimb with only a fast conducting pathway. The fastigial nucleus seems to be connected with proximal and axial motor areas. The projection system of the dentate nucleus appears to have a temporal organization: a fast conducting pathway was found to project to the axial and proximal motor area while a slower one seems to transmit impulses to the motor area of the forelimb extremity. 4. The functional aspects suggested by the temporal organization of the cerebellocortical inputs and the distribution of each nucleus projections on the motor cortical areas are discussed.
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  • 17
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Selective rearing ; Maturation ; OKN ; Perception of motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Kittens reared in the dark from birth were exposed one hour a day between the 4th and the 10th week of age, to a visual environment which consisted exclusively of vertical edges moving horizontally at a constant speed, and always in the same direction. Total exposure time varied between 10 and 60 hours. 2. At the 12th week of age, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in response to displacements of the visual field, was tested. Displacements in the direction that the kittens had experienced during the exposure period elicited immediately an OKN, the frequency of which was related to the speed of the moving pattern. Displacements in the opposite direction elicited a poorer response, only for slowly moving edges. When the speed of the displacement was increased, OKN failed to adapt and finally disappeared. 3. These results suggest the existence, in this type of visuomotor behavior, of a component built up by early visual experience (adaptative component) overlying another component pre-existing visual experience (pre-programmed component).
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Postganglionic fibres to skin and muscle ; Natural stimulation of skin ; Hair-follicle receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and to muscle produced by mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Most of the postganglionic fibres investigated were spontaneously active and had presumably vasoconstrictor function. 2. In 60% of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones stimulation of hairs induced predominantly excitation. This excitation was mostly followed by a slight depression of the spontaneous activity. In 30% of the neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed or predominantly depressed by these stimuli. 3. In most muscle postganglionic neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed by stimulation of hairs. 4. In both types of neurones the reflexes were produced by activity in hair follicle receptors with Group II afferents. Hair follicle receptors with Group III afferents most probably also contributed to this effect. Except for a slight depression of the spontaneous activity in some cutaneous postganglionic neurones by slowly adapting receptors, mechanical stimulation of other types of receptors with Group II afferents had no effect on the postganglionic neurones. 5. Reflexes in postganglionic neurones could be elicited by stimulation of hairy skin all over the body surfaces.
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  • 19
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Size principle ; Motoneurons ; Cat ; Recruitment ; Neurophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Henneman et al. have shown that a wide variety of stimuli activate motoneurons in the order of their sizes, though some reversals occur. It is not clear which motoneurons should be included in the “pool” from which recruitment by size takes place. The “pool” may consist of 1. all the motoneurons to a given muscle 2. all the motoneurons in a given ventral root or 3. all the motoneurons activated by a given stimulus. We have examined recruitment in the pool of fibers to a given muscle. A variety of mechanical stimuli to cat's legs were used to elicit bursts of activity in gastrocnemius motor units. In 30% of pairs of units, one unit had a consistently lower threshold, i.e. it always began and ended a burst. In the other 70%, either unit could start or end a burst. For 48% of motor unit pairs recorded in either the medial or lateral gastrocnemius, each unit of the pair had runs of firing of at least 10 spikes while the other was totally inactive. By the same criterion, 23% of pairs of temporalis units showed differential activity. During spontaneous breathing there was no consistent recruitment order in 24% of pairs of units in throat respiratory muscles. These data indicate that reversals of recruitment order are relatively common for motoneurons innervating the same muscle. We discuss the possibility that size principle may hold for motoneurons in a single ventral rootlet whose somas are anatomical neighbors (even though they innervate different muscles), but not for motoneurons that are anatomically distant in the cord (even though they innervate the same muscle).
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Experimental anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following altogether 18 stereotactically placed lesions of different location and size in the superior colliculus the efferent fibres to the RF and their distribution were traced in silver impregnated, approximately serial sections (Nauta and Fink and Heimer methods), cut in the transverse, horizontal or sagittal plane. The projection to the mesencephalic RF was found to be almost completely ipsilateral, that to the pontomedullary RF largely contralateral. In the mesencephalic RF the fibres end in its dorsal half approximately. In the pons and medulla they supply only the medial 2/3 of the main RF, with two distinct maxima within the total field of termination. One maximum covers the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the adjoining part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the other occupies the rostralmost part of the latter and the caudal part of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Of the precerebellar reticular nuclei the contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis receives a distinct component of tectal fibres in a small area dorsomedially. Some fibres end in a restricted part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis and in the paramedian reticular nucleus. The tectoreticular projection appears to be organized according to the same principles as other afferents to the RF. In the main RF the areas of termination of the tectoreticular fibres coincide more or less with the areas of termination of corticoreticular, fastigioreticular and vestibuloreticular fibres. These common terminal areas are those which give off the bulk of reticulospinal fibres. Some functional implications of the pattern of organization in the tectoreticular projection are discussed.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 315-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Cat ; Columnar organization ; Retino-cortical scatter ; Intracortical connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of cortical cells in the cat's area 17 (central and paracentral area), recorded successively during electrode penetrations perpendicular to the surface, were averaged (PSTH). All cells recorded during one penetration were stimulated with the same stimulus, a slowly moving light or dark slit oriented optimally for the first cell recorded. Comparisons between successively recorded cells were completed by simultaneous recordings from two neurones with the same microelectrode tip. Eye movements as an error were excluded by simultaneous recording of a geniculate cell throughout a cortical penetration. 2. The centers of excitatory receptive fields (ERFs) of simultaneously or successively recorded cells during a penetration may be separated by more than 4°. The mean scatter around a column average is 0.81±0.99° in both directions. The scatter is independent of the recording depth. Whereas the optimal orientation of cells recorded during one penetration was generally similar, the optimal direction (forward and backward movement of an optimally oriented stimulus) was variable. 3. The ERF diameters as determined from the PSTH were between 〈0.5° and 7.5°. During each penetration, cells with small (up to 3.0°) and large (〉3.0°) ERFs could be discriminated. The inhibitory fields (determined with the conditioning method of Bishop, Coombs and Henry, 1971) were between 2.0 and 8.5° along both the optimal and the non-optimal orientation axis of a cell. The borders of inhibitory fields of cells collected during one penetration were also scattered though overlapping. 4. Response analysis of simultaneously and successively recorded cells with different stimuli indicated that, in spite of considerable ERF-overlap, cells with small ERFs had separate excitatory inputs and that intracortical excitatory connections between cells recorded during one penetration were improbable. 5. The ERFs of cells with large ERFs covered a field approximately corresponding to the fields of cells with small ERFs. But a convergent input from many small ERF cells to single large ERF cells was excluded because of the incompatible functional properties of both types of cells, which correspond to some extent to simple and complex cells respectively. 6. It is concluded that cells within cortical cylinders are not connected through excitatory contacts with each other and that most cells in area 17 are excited by individual excitatory geniculate or cortical inputs. Inhibitory connections seem to be the most important intracortical connections. 7. In an Appendix it is shown that anatomical and physiological data do not support significant excitatory convergence of specific geniculate afferents on cortical neurones.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Visual cortex ; Layer V-pyramids ; Clare Bishop area ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 501-513 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by two spinal tracts ascending through the ventral part of the lateral funiculus has been studied by recording from 277 neurones of which 187 could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. Forty-eight % of the neurones were activated by the bVFRT and described in a previous paper (Clendenin et al., 1975b) and 12% were activated by a previously unknown tract denoted the ipsilateral forelimb (iF) tract and described in the present paper. 2. The iF-tract is activated by stimulation of nerves in the ipsilateral forelimb only. The response consists of a train of impulses with a high initial frequency and an almost constant latency. Cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents contribute to the excitation which is mediated by interneurones. 3. The responses to stimulation of peripheral receptors were weak and difficult to classify. 4. The iF-tract activates neurones in the dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part of the mLRN which projects to the ipsilateral pars intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. 5. The possible information carried by the iF-tract is discussed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Neurones in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) activated by the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT-LRN neurones) were identified by their responses to stimulation of fibres descending in the contralateral ventral quadrant of the spinal cord which activate the bVFRT neurones monosynaptically. 2. Eighty-eight of the 134 bVFRT-LRN neurones encountered could be antidromically activated at a low stimulus strength from small areas of the cerebellar surface assumed to represent cortical termination points. 3. The bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts of the LRN and terminated bilaterally in the anterior lobe and sparsely in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule and in the pyramis. 4. The responses evoked in the bVFRT-LRN neurones on stimulation of the contralateral ventral quadrant at C5 and L1 made it possible to estimate the approximate spinal level from which the bVFRT fibres originated. On this basis the bVFRT-LRN neurones were divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups receiving bVFRT afferents from mainly one spinal level and a convergence group receiving bVFRT afferents from several levels. 5. The different bVFRT-LRN groups received excitation from different combinations of nerves in the four limbs. 6. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred in successively more ventrolateral portions of the LRN. 7. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones terminated in successively more rostral areas of the anterior lobe. 8. The organization of the bVFRT-LRN path is compared with that of the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts. The possible function of the bVFRT-LRN path is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 347-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Tilt response ; Sinusoid ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were made in the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The firing patterns of single units were studied using small amplitude sinusoidal roll tilts of from 0.01 Hz to 1.0 Hz. Three-fourths of the tilt-sensitive units showed greater modulation of their firing rates as the frequency of the sinusoidal tilt was increased. The responses of cells in both nuclei were similar. These responses were virtually unchanged in cats with chronically plugged semicircular canals, indicating a probable otolith origin for the dynamics of the tilt response.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Splanchnic Afferents ; G.I. and Peritoneal Receptors ; Cortical Projections ; Microelectrode Technique ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were performed on cats anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal. The unitary activity of cortical neurons was recorded in the SI and SII areas by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. The neurons showed frequently a spontaneous discharge (irregular or regular tonic discharge bursts of spikes). The electrical stimulation of contralateral splanchnic nerves produced different effects on a great number of the neurons: 1. early short activation, 2. late activation, 3. early and late complex activation, 4. partial or total inhibition of the spontaneous activity. These effects were obtained in the different cortical layers. Similar results have been observed by mechanical stimulation of the splanchnic receptors located in the gastro-intestinal tract and in the peritoneum. However in this case, the duration and the amplitude of inhibition and activation were generally weaker.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 121-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytic membranes ; Cat ; Orthogonal particle-complexes ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed and unfixed astrocytic membranes from the CNS of the cat were studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. A variable number of gap junctions was detected in astrocytic membranes. They are characterized by the well known hexagonal composition of their subunits. Besides this type of highly ordered membrane-bound particles, a second one was found. It is composed of four single particles (diameter 5 nm) which form an orthogonal subunit with a side length of about 10 nm. These membrane-associated orthogonal particle complexes (MOPC) could be observed in different stages of aggregation and expansion. They reveal an accumulation in membranes of the marginal glia layers and in the perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Unfixed, glycerol treated membranes, however, do not show these structures. After glycerol treatment of the unfixed membranes by immersion, the MOPC disintegrate to single particles which form clusters of various extension. The clustering phenomenon is dependent on the length of the time of exposure to glycerol. Shortening of the glycerol treatment by intravasal perfusion of the cryoprotectant agent causes an decrease of the clusters. Fragments and transient forms of the MOPC become visible. By variation of different physico-chemical parameters of the washing solution a similar effect on the MOPC was not achieved. The discussion deals with probable functional aspects of the MOPC. They are considered to act as membrane-bound functional multienzyme complexes which a) might play a role in mediating transmembrane passage of metabolites, or b) are essential for CSF control mechanisms, or c) have a functional relation to the nexus.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 565-576 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central myelin ; Junctions ; Cat ; Freeze-etching ; Lanthanum impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In male and female cats central myelin was studied using the freeze-etching technique, and after impregnation with lanthanum as a tracer. The freeze-fractured and etched faces of the myelin reveal membrane formations which in many respects resemble tight junctions. The formations consist of parallel rows of particles on one half of the membranes matched by corresponding furrows on the other membrane half. These structures occur across the width of the myelin sheath and are most common in that part of the myelin underlying the external cytoplasmic loop. They are interpreted as correlates of the radial component of the i-line which occurs in cross-sections of central myelin after potassium permanganate staining. In the paranodal zone the lanthanum-impregnated myelin displays punctate fusions between the outer leaflets of the oligodendrocytic membranes. These findings strongly suggest that tight junctions are a common feature in the central myelin. The arrangement of the membrane fusion in relation to the elements of the lamellar complex and their functional significance is discussed.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to re-examine the central nucleus of the cat in Nissl stained sections, to describe its fine structural characteristics, and to compare the lateral subdivision of this nucleus with the putamen. In Nissl preparations, it was observed that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus contains a fairly homogeneous population of small cells while the putamen contains both small and large cells. It is the presence of a few large cells at the lateral periphery of the lateral part of the central nucleus that makes the boundary between the two nuclei indistinct. Examination of the fine structure of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the central nucleus revealed the presence of many boutons containing flattened vesicles and fewer with spheroid vesicles. In contrast, most of the boutons in the putamen have spheroid vesicles. It is concluded that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus may be distinguished from the putamen, except at its most lateral border, by its homogeneous population of small cells and its many boutons containing flattened vesicles.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Stereotaxic lesions ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to determine the origin of the hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections in the cat, small lesions were placed at various rostro-caudal levels of the hypothalamus. The animals were sacrificed after a period of 4, 8 or 11 days and the brains stained with the Nauta (1957), Fink and Heimer (1967) or Wiitanen (1969) method for the demonstration of degenerating axons and their terminals. It was observed that the anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends a small projection to the medial subdivision of the central nucleus and to the basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. The lateral preoptic area sends a larger projection to the anterior amygdaloid area, both subdivisions of the central and basal nuclei, and to the lateral and medial nuclei. No degeneration was observed in the amygdala following lesions in the medial preoptic area, the ventromedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area caudal to the anterior hypothalamic area. In a series of animals with lateral preoptic lesions, the site of termination of degenerating boutons on neurons of the amygdaloid nuclei was determined and the course of the degenerative process followed over a period ranging from 2 to 15 days. Many of the boutons, especially in the earlier stages of degeneration, appeared to be of the B3 type, containing flattened vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites or somata. With longer post-operative survival times, however, they became increasingly electron dense and shrunken, so that the bouton type could not be determined.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 913-914 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 865-876 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the least squares error criterion, a class of finite element is formulated for the numerical analysis of steady state viscous boundary layer flow problems. The method is essentially a discrete element-wise minimization of square and weighted residuals which arise from the attempts in approximately satisfying boundary layer equations. An iterative linearization scheme is developed to circumvent the mathematical difficulties posed by the non-linear boundary layer equations. It results in a process of successive least squares minimizations of residual errors arising from satisfying a set of linear differential equations. A mathematical justification for the method is presented. A major feature of the method lies in the linearization approach which renders non-linear differential equations amenable to linear least squares finite element analysis. Another important feature rests on the proposed finite element formulation which preserves the symmetric nature of finite element matrix equations through the use of the least squares error criterion. Numerical examples of viscous flow along a flat plate are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method as well as to illuminate discussions on the theoretical aspects of the method.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This article presents an efficient numerical algorithm a complete listing of the associated computer program, developed for the eigenproblem solution of discrete damped structures, including spinning ones. The numerically stable procedure is based on a combined Sturm sequence and inverse iteration technique, which fully exploits the banded form of the relevant matrices and proves to be most substantially economical when compared to similar existing softwares. Numerical results are presented for representative structures, solved by the present computer program written in FORTRAN V for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 computer.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 914-916 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper shows a procedure for estimating the shape parameter of a Gamma distribution from a sample. This procedure uses a rapidly converging iteration to solve the maximum-likelihood equation and suggests a simple formula for determing the starting value.
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-918 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-917 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 17-25 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three variational statements for the slow time-independent flow of a Navier-Poisson fluid are derived. All of these statements are suitable as the bases of finite elements. The first statement is applied successfully to several flow situations.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 198-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of the static condensation method is discussed in general. The technique is presented as an extension of the Gauss elimination algorithm. An efficient FORTRAN subroutine is given which simultaneously reduces both the stiffness matrix and the stress-displacement transformation matrix.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 203-209 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 209-212 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 289-294 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: To obtain meshes of reasonable form there have to be made some restrictions in the application of automatic mesh generation schemes using ‘isoparametric’ co-ordinates. In this present paper it will be shown that such restrictions exist for plane meshes. The results figured here are also valid for three-dimensional meshes.
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 249-269 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A structural optimization problem is considered in which the design requirements include restrictions on the strength, stability, frequency and flutter characteristics of the structure. One of the central concerns of this phase of the work has been to overcome the problems inherent in analysing the dynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of structures with many degrees of freedom. The multiweb delta wing structure under supersonic flight conditions is the model upon which this exploratory study is based. The finite element idealization, with three different kinds of elements, is used to model the wing structure. The constant stress triangular plate elements, the rectangular shear panels and the pin-jointed bar elements are used to represent, respectively, the cover skins, webs and stringers of the wing structure. The design problem is formulated as a minimum weight optimization problem and is solved by using non-linear programming techniques. Computationally efficient schemes are developed for the necessary derivatives of the behaviour constraints. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility and the computational effectiveness of the method.
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The fitting of a function y =\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} to experimental data is considered. Integral equations are developed which have the functions \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} as their solutions for n = 1, 2, 3, These integral equations are used to find the frequencies λi. Examples are worked out to illustrate the method. The method is shown to be capable of extension to other functions.
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 277-288 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown how the stress field due to any prescribed continuous distribution of dislocation dipoles can be determined. This technique then forms the basis of a general method of solution of elasto-plastic material problems. The presentation is limited to situations which conform to either plane stress or strain conditions. Some results are obtained for relatively simple geometrical and loading configurations and compared with classical plasticity solutions. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of a circular hole in a finite strip under tension.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 495-501 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a two-dimensional space of points on an equilateral triangle grid, a single difference equation holding at each node is found from the finite element formulation of the wave equation for all published polynomial orders of the functional expansion. Assuming homogeneous boundary conditions on any equilateral triangle whose edges and vertices pass through the grid points, the eigensolutions of the difference equation are found exactly and thus provide an excellent test problem for the programmer or engineer. The advantage of the present method over other formulations is that the number of linear operations required to produce the difference equation is minimal.
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 481-494 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element weighted residual process has been used to solve transient linear and non-linear two-dimensional heat conduction problems. Rectangular prisms in a space-time domain were used as the finite elements. The weighting function was equal to the shape function defining the dependent variable approximation. The results are compared in tables with analytical, as well as other numerical data. The finite element method compared favourably with these results. It was found to be stable, convergent to the exact solution, easily programmed, and computationally fast. Finally, the method does not require constant parameters over the entire solution domain.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 503-511 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper deals with solving the two-dimensional variational problem for plate bending by the Ritz method using bicubic fundamental splines. It is a piecewise polynomial method, very adaptable to practical numerical computation, and can be an alternative for the well-known Finite Element Method1.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 513-519 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Edge displacement of assumed-stress hybrid plate elements are commonly chosen as either linear, quadratic or cubic functions of the edge co-ordinate. The present paper examines the effect of this choice on the acceptability, accuracy, and possible zero energy modes of elements based on a linear stress field. It is concluded that triangular elements may be preferable to quadrilaterals, and that linear edge displacements are not desirable.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 521-528 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are presented for the automatic selection of a cycle basis leading to a sparse flexibility matrix for the analysis of rigid-jointed skeletal structures.The first method having a local approach forms a maximal set of admissible minimal cycles, while the second having a global approach constructs admissible minimal cycles on the ordered chords of a shortest route tree. A cycle ordering algorithm is also given to reduce the band width of the corresponding flexibility matrix.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 529-536 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The steady state flow problem known in magnetohydrodynamics as Hartmann's flow is converted into variational formulation and is given an approximate solution by means of the spline blended interpolation technique. The equations of motion consist of two coupled potential flow problems with homogeneous boundary conditions. The spline blended interpolation method is reduced here, because of the shape of the domain, to a cartesian product of cardinal splines with trigonometric or ordinary polynomials. ‘Exact’ boundary conditions are presented by the blending technique. The numerical results indicate that high accuracy is possible with relatively few unknowns.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 537-545 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The development of a generalized quadrilateral finite element that includes a singular point at a corner node is presented. Inter-element conformability is maintained so that monotone convergence is preserved. The global-local concept of finite elements is used to formulate the complete set of equations. Examples of crack tip singularities are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 613-624 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper presents a generally applicable approach to transient heat conduction problems with non-linear physical properties and boundary conditions. An unconditionally stable central algorithm is used which does not require iteration.Several examples involving phase change (where latent heat effects are incorporated as heat capacity variations) and non-linear radiation boundary conditions are given which show very good accuracy.Simple triangular elements are used throughout but the formulation is generally valid and not restricted to any single type of element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 821-845 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The visco-plastic model of material behaviour is of much practical interest in its own right and initial strain techniques for its solution have been developed and proved efficient. More important however is the fact that the visco-plastic model can be used to generate plasticity solutions in a simple manner when stationary conditions are reached and, at the other extreme, can reproduce standard creep phenomena. Used in this sense it allows the treatment of non-associated plasticity and strain softening situations which present difficulties in conventional plasticity approaches. A standard programme thus allows the treatment of a wide range of materially non-linear problems.The paper discusses various applications of the new general formulation and introduces certain numerical information on solution stability.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 847-864 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite beam-column element computer program for the structural failure analysis of proportionally loaded skeletal plane frames is described. The program, which is based on an iterative stiffness approach, provides for non-linear elastic or plastic-non-linear elastic behaviour. Particular attention is given to the incorporation into the analysis of geometrical imperfections, return of elasticity at plastic hinges and negative frame stiffness. The effect of lack-of-fit displacements on the load-deflection path and failure load of frames that carry relatively large axial loads is described in general terms. The theory is developed further through the application of the computer program to two examples which show the necessity for the allowing for the effect of imperfections when designing axially loaded redundant frames.
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 1-16 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: When large, progressive, deformation occurs under plastic or visco-plastic conditions, elastic deformations are negligible and the material flows in a viscous manner. The flow is non-Newtonian and the viscosity is a function of the current strain rates. An effective numerical treatment of such non-Newtonian flow by the finite element method is indicated here and is illustrated by examples of an extrusion process for which approximate slip line solutions are known.The methodology is extended to the solution of transient, quasi-static situations and coupling with thermodynamic equations is discussed.A stream function formulation of the problem is used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 45-54 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper deals with a finite element formulation and solution of the boundary value problem of a concentrated force acting on a semi-infinite micropolar solid. A stiffness matrix is derived for a flat micropolar rectangular element in a plane state and use is made of this element to solve the case of the semi-infinite micropolar solid both in a state of plane stress and plane strain. An immediate application of the plane strain case is the important practical problem of a long line load acting on a soil mass which may be simulated as a micropolar body.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 432-432 
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 433-437 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One of the first finite elements presented was that by Turner et al.1 Pian2 presented a hybrid plane stress element and Wilson et al.3 presented a non-conforming displacement element. It is shown that the three resulting stiffness matrices are identical.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 439-440 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 438-438 
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 461-480 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The concepts and potential advantages of local and global least squares smoothing of discontinuous finite element functions are introduced.The relationship between local smoothing and the ‘reduced’ integration' technique is established.Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the two smoothing techniques to the finite element stresses from several structural analysis problems.The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for discontinuous finite element function smoothing.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 589-611 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a method of solving systems of simultaneous non-linear partial differential equations using the method of lines and the method of quasilinearization-superposition in combination. The advantages of the method over those methods more generally used are discussed and an example of the application of the method to the two-dimensional momentum and energy equations considering temperature-dependent and/or shear-rate dependent viscosity is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 569-588 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Basic equations are derived for a comprehensive computer analysis for an equivalent lumped parameter system which simulates a pre-twisted, rotating or non-rotating. Timoshenko beam in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations. These equations enable one to develop straightforwardly digital computer programs for studying vibration problems related to compressor or turbine blades in turbomachinery as well as in other structural dynamics applications. The validity of the lumped parameter approach is established through a free vibration study. Good agreement between the present computer results and those obtained theoretically or experimentally by other investigators is demonstrated. In particular, it is found that the natural frequencies obtained in the free vibration study for all beams examined converge from below the exact values at a convergence rate of N-4, where N is the total number of the lumped parameters used in the computer simulation. The rapid rate of convergence shows that the mathematical model used in deriving the basic equations can adequately represent the type of beams under consideration. The known convergence rate also provides an estimate on the accuracy of the computer results, and a means to improve these results by extrapolation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 649-657 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 659-661 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 633-647 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The method of ‘least squares’, which falls under the category of weighted residual processes, is applied as a time-stepping algorithm to one-dimensional transient problems including the heat conduction equation, diffusion-convection equation, and a non-linear unsaturated flow equation. Comparison is made with other time-stepping algorithms, and the least squares method is seen to offer definite advantages.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 625-631 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A program is demonstrated which apart from linear finite elements in time also includes elements with shape functions of the second and third degree. The algorithm for discretization in the time dimension is described and, using the example of a parabolic time element, the coefficients required to form the global system are given. By various test examples the efficiency of the process is examined by comparison with the customary difference method. Generally, with finite elements in time, the solution has better stability. Comparing the time required for calculation with the accuracy of the solution it would appear that in examining problems where boundary conditions are constant in time, higher order time elements are no improvement over the linear time element. However, for the purpose of reproducing periodic processes, higher order time elements offer an advantage in that one is not limited to linear variations of the boundary conditions within the element. Thus, for example, the temperature curve for parabolic variation of the surface temperature can be reproduced with close approximation by two time elements per period and a shape function of the third degree.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 662-670 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A unified procedure is presented for the automatic generation of the coefficient matrix of finite difference equations. The method is applicable to the solution of both initial and boundary value problems, to any order of difference equation, and may be used with any arbitrary initial or boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 671-675 
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    Notes: A method of determining the torsional stiffness of a wide range of structural sections, both homogeneous and composite, is presented. Prandtl's stress function along the boundaries of component sections is approximated by finite Fourier series with coefficients chosen to minimize a functional. An example indicates that the stiffness may be determined to acceptable accuracy by the solution of very few equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 679-696 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The object of this paper is to describe a new algorithm for the semi-automatic triangulation of arbitrary, multiply connected planar domains. The strategy is based upon a modification of a finite element mesh genration algorithm recently developed. 1 The scheme is designed for maximum flexibility and is capable of generating meshes of triangular elements for the decomposition of virtually any multiply connected planar domain. Moreover, the desired density of elements in various regions of the problem domain is specified by the user, thus allowing him to obtain a mesh decomposition appropriate to the physical loading and/or boundary conditions of the particular problem at hand. Several examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the algorithm. An extension of the algorithm to the triangulation of shell structures is indicated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 697-711 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is shown how the elasticity equations can be formulated in terms of a general procedure of abstract analysis, called the projective method, for constructing an approximate solution. This allows the many studies of convergence and uniqueness of solutions which have been made in modern mathematics to be applied to the elasticity problem. The abstract formulation also suggests an organizational scheme for generating a computer code. A computer code for hollow or solid cylinders of arbitrary cross section was developed and several numerical examples are presented. The procedure is computationally advantageous for the class of problems under consideration because of the relatively small number of equations that must be solved as compared to the finite element method. The results presented demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 27-43 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Body oriented co-ordinates are defined for three-dimensional regions bounded by six surfaces. From this definition of body oriented co-ordinates, two transformations are derived: 1Body oriented surface co-ordinates to the Cartesian co-ordinates, and2Body oriented co-ordinates for a three-dimensional region to Cartesian co-ordinates.With these transformations a mesh generator is developed based on the principle that the mesh required to describe a region will be calculated according to the placement of the discrete points that describe the boundary edges. This is accomplished with two versions of the mesh generator: the surface generator and the volume generator. The surface generator maps the four boundaries of the surface onto the four boundaries of a unit square. Next, the interior points for the surface mesh are established in the mapped space. Then, using the first transformation, the co-ordinates for the surface nodal points are calculated. Similarly, the volume generator maps the six surfaces of the body onto the surfaces of a unit cube, establishes the interior nodal points in the mapped space, and using the second transformation, calculates the co-ordinates for the interior nodal points.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to dynamic linear viscoelastic analysis. The arising system of differential equations is integrated by means of the Laplace transformation. The direct numerical evaluation of the inversion integral seems to be appropriate in case of vibrational problems. The method is applied to examples of transient vibrations of elastic bodies. Initial conditions and arbitrary damping matrices can be considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the numerical solution of wave propagation problems in general although the primary area of interest is elastodynamics. The work is applicable to a variety of wave propagation phenomena of classical physics. Explicit schemes of Strang type are used, which allow many simplifications over existing methods. The Strang schemes allow in a very real but perhaps unexpected way the splitting of the elasticity operator.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses three numerical integration schemes connected with a finite element solution to the transient heat-conduction equation. The main emphasis is on the achievable accuracy. A simple recurrence relation derived from the Galerkin process is suggested for the treatment of fast-varying boundary conditions as being significantly better than the usual Crank-Nicholson scheme in matters of short-time accuracy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 71-90 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: By use of the least squares error criterion, an alternate finite element formulation is presented. The method is based on the discrete or element-wise minimization of square and weighted differential equation residuals which are expressed in terms of element nodal quantities. In order to overcome the stringent inter-element continuity requirement, a major stumbling block, on the element trial functions two practical schemes are proposed. One is the reduction of the original governing differential equation to a system of equivalent first order differential equations; the other is a method of smoothing discontinous trial functions. The latter essentially relaxes the continuity requirement and yields efficient non-conforming finite elements. This paper also demonstrates the use of constant weights which significantly improves the rates of convergence. Several numerical examples illustrate the proposed method. From these examples, it may be concluded that the use of constant weights and the relaxation of the inter-element continuity requirement are two indispensable features of the weighted discrete least square method.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an extension to the Matrix Transfer Method which gives quadratic convergence to a natural frequency from within a range on either side.The method is described and illustrated by application to: 1A torsional vibration problem, and2A lumped mass beam vibration problem.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 119-138 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct method is described for the evaluation of the critical loads on deep circular arches having various forms of end support. The method is applicable to arches of non-uniform flexural rigidity and may cater for arbitrary forms of applied load distribution. The results calculated for two examples are given, and compared with those obtained analytically and experimentally by other investigators. A complete listing of a computer program for one of the examples is provided in the Appendices.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 167-194 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Use of mixed force and displacement variables may be the key to a reliable solution of many physical problems. For the analysis of elastic structures with large rigid motion the displacement method may fail due to illconditioning, but use of mixed variables (diacoptics) may work due to the possibility of using relative displacements within substructures. Analysis with mixed variables complicates the topology (the number of nodes and the number of variables at the nodes may vary in the same problem) so a careful study of the system analysis is required. Some general computer routines are given for handling topology, merging and solution of the sparse system equation. The solution routine handles constraints in a rational way and can also be used for decomposition of the system equation or for releasing inner nodes in superelements.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 139-165 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation is presented for the equations governing the steady thermohydrodynamic behaviour of liquid lubricated bearings. This formulation permits application of the iterative solution scheme to bearings of arbitrary geometry.A generalized Reynolds equation resulting from the combination of the mass and momentum conservation equations is cast into variational form and used to derive general finite element equations. The method of weighted residuals with Galerkin's criterion is used to generate finite element matrix equations for the thermal energy equation. In addition to the finite element formulation, a discussion of appropriate finite difference techniques is also given for problems without complex geometry.As an example, the formulations are applied to obtain numerical solutions for a three-dimensional sector thrust bearing operating in the thermohydrodynamic regime. Pressure, velocity and temperature distributions are give, and the thermohydrodynamic solutions are compared with the results of classical isothermal theory.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method for the analysis of axisymmetric bodies in torsion is presented. The effects of an angular acceleration about the axis of symmetry is included. The accuracy of the method is tested against experimental results available for a stepped shaft and finally the problem of an accelerating shaft-turbine disc system is considered.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 214-214 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The development of a general quadratic multilayer plate element is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily layered curved plates. In the formulation, each layer of the multilayer plate can have different orthotropic properties and can deform locally. Examples of bending problems are presented which demonstrate the applicability of the formulation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 227-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An integrated sequential computer programme for the solution of large linear algebraic systems encountered in the discrete analysis of complex structures using finite element idealization is described. The programme uses an algorithm based on Gauss elimination for solution and is independent of the possible symmetric nature of the system matrix thus enhancing the applicability of the programme for systems with unsymmetric coefficient matrices. The present programme can handle large band widths and the core memory is used efficiently for all feasible problem sizes. A FORTRAN print-out of the programme with relevant explanatory comments and a full notation list are appended.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 295-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Through the use of complex series representations and the properties of adjoint differential operators, a semi-analytical finite element procedure is developed which can analyse the steady state and transient temperature fields of thermally anisotropic axisymmetric bodies with complete circumferential properties. Due to its generality, the procedure can handle arbitrary laminate construction with possible meridional and radial variations in locally or globally thermally anisotropic materials. In this respect, the procedure developed herein supercedes the classical semi-analytical treatment which is limited to specially orthotropic materials. Furthermore, in contrast with the classical procedure, the present treatment reveals several important effects of material anisotropy which are entirely missed by the specially orthotropic assumption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 98
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 341-358 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A least square based finite element algorithm is developed for some elasto-static problems. In the formulation both stresses and displacements appear as simultaneous variables. In two dimensional (plane) analysis, parabolie isoparametric elements are used. Considerable improvement of performance is obtained with a numerical integration based on 2 × 2 Gauss point distribution over more accurate integration schemes. Reasons for this are presented.The formulation is extended in the section ‘General least square formulation’ to beams and plates with a similar success of ‘reduced’ integration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 99
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 323-339 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite strip method is presented for determining the initial buckling stresses of any structure consisting of a series of thin flat isotropic plates rigidly connected together at their longitudinal edges. Each plate may be subjected to a combination of longitudinal and transverse compression, longitudinal in-plane bending, and shear, and it is assumed that the buckling mode, of whatever type, is sinusoidal in the longitudinal direction. Due to the presence of shear, the perturbation forces and displacements which occur at the edges of component plates during buckling are out of phase, and this is accounted for by defining their magnitudes in terms of complex quantities. Stiffness matrices relating the amplitudes of these forces and displacements are derived using an approximate method based upon assumed displacement functions across the width of the plate. It is shown how the method can be used to calculate natural frequencies of prismatic structures, and finally an indication of the accuracy of the method is given together with some illustrative results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 100
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 359-367 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a method of solving electromagnetic induction problems by means of the finite element technique. A variational equation associated with the differential equation for the vector potential is formulated and solved via the concept of finite elements. Sinusoidal driving currents and linear, isotropic, but inhomogeneous media are assumed. A typical example is included in order to illustrate the suggested solution technique.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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