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  • 1985-1989  (898)
  • 1989  (898)
  • Chemical Engineering  (759)
  • Genetics  (139)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic predisposition to fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; insulin gene ; DQβ gene ; fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (previously known as tropical pancreatic diabetes) is a rare cause of diabetes confined to countries within the tropical belt. The aetiology of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes is thought to be environmental although the agent(s) is unknown. We have investigated a possible genetic basis of this disease by looking for restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes implicated in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. Seventy-six Dravidian patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes were studied, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms obtained compared to racially matched control subjects (n=94), patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=87) and Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=58). No association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene. Although no association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with polymorphism of the HLA DRα/DQα/DXα genes, an association was found with the Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DQβ gene (DQβ T2/T6 present in 39% of patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes compared to 19% in control subjects; p=0.01; corrected p value=0.04) which is similar to that found in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes. An association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was also found with the hypervariable region in the 5-prime flanking region of the insulin gene; 40% of patients possessed the class 3 allele compared to 9.5% of control subjects p=0.0001; corrected p value=0.0008). In Type 2 diabetes, similar results were obtained with 33% subjects possessing the class 3 allele (p value compared to control subjects=0.0005; corrected p value=0.004). This study suggests that fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes has a genetic component in its aetiology. Furthermore, its origin might be related to an individual with part of the genetic predisposition to diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) who additionally has evidence of chronic calcific pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265403
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The apolipoprotein multigene family: Structure, expression, evolution, and molecular genetics (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Apolipoprotein ; Gene expression ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Gene duplication ; Lipid binding ; DNA polymorphism ; Hypercholesterolemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma apolipoproteins can be classified into two subgroups: the soluble apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E, and the apoBs including apoB-100 and apoB-48. The soluble apolipoproteins have very similar genomic structures, each having a total of three introns at the same locations; apoA-IV is an exception in that it has lost its first intron. Using the exon/intron junctions as reference points, we can obtain an alignment of the coding regions of all the soluble apolipoprotein genes. The mature peptide regions of the genes are almost completely made up of tandem repeats of 11 codons. The part of mature peptide region encoded by exon 3 contains a common block of 33 codons, whereas the part encoded by exon 4 contains a much more variable number of internal repeats of 11 codons. On the basis of the degree of homology of the various sequences, and the pattern of the internal repeats in these genes, an evolutionary tree has been proposed for the soluble apolipoprotein genes. ApoB-100 differs considerably from the soluble apolipoproteins. It is the largest apolipoprotein containing 4536 amino acid residues. Two types of internal repeats are identified in apoB-100: amphipathic α-helical repeats and proline-containing repeats with high β-sheet content. The apoB gene contains 29 exons and 28 introns. Its evolutionary relationship to the soluble apolipoprotein genes is unclear. The 3′ end of the apoB gene contains a region of variable number of tandem 12–16-base pair repeats. We have applied the polymerase chain reaction technique to characterize this highly polymorphic locus. The same technique can be used to accurately type other variable number of tandem repeats loci. Finally, apoB-48 was shown to be the product of an RNA editing mechanism involving an intestinal mRNA that has an in-frame UAA stop codon resulting from a C→U change in the codon CAA encoding Gln-2153 in apoB-100 mRNA. Using a molecular approach to apolipoprotein synthesis, structure and genetic analysis, we have generated information important to our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism; we also uncovered unexpected experimental results that are relevant to general cell and molecular biology and molecular evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01717324
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homology and distribution of CO dehydrogenase structural genes in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Plasmids ; CO dehydrogenase subunits ; N-terminal sequences ; Oligonucleotides ; Hybridization ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 17 (S), 30 (M) and 87 kDa (L) subunits of CO dehydrogenases from the CO-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena and Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 were isolated and purified. The N-terminal sequences of same subunits from different bacteria showed distinct homologies. Dot blot hybridization employing oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S-subunit of P. carboxydovorans OM5 and the M-subunit of P. carboxydohydrogena and DNA of the plasmid-containing CO-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes carboxydus, Azomonas B1, P. carboxydoflava, P. carboxydovorans OM2, OM4 and OM5 indicated that all genes encoding these subunits reside on plasmids. That in P. carboxydovorans OM5 CO dehydrogenase structural genes are located entirely on plasmid pHCG3 was evident from the absence of hybridization employing DNA from the cured mutant strain OM5-12. CO dehydrogenase structural genes could be identified on the chromosome of the plasmid-free bacteria Arthrobacter 11/x, Bacillus schlegelii, P. carboxydohydrogena and P. carboxydovorans OM3. There was no example of a plasmid-harboring carboxydotrophic bacterium that did not carry CO dehydrogenase structural genes on the plasmid. The N-terminal sequences of CO dehydrogenase structural genes were found to be conserved among carboxydotrophic bacteria of distinct taxonomic position, independent of the presence of plasmids. It is discussed whether this might be the consequence of horizontal gene transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425170
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype-dependent effects of GABAergic agents on sedative properties of ethanol (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 518-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the soporific effects of ethanol (ETOH), were administered GABAergic drugs in an effort to evaluate a role for GABA in ETOH sensitivity. ETOH sensitive Long-Sleep mice (LS) showed potentiated ETOH sedation when administered bicuculline, muscimol and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). ETOH-insensitive SS mice exhibited reduced ETOH sedation in the presence of the antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated sedation in the presence of muscimol and AOAA. These changes in narcosis duration were interpreted as central effects, since blood ethanol levels at waking from ETOH sedation varied with GABAergic drug treatment. Picrotoxin antagonized pentobarbital-induced nacrosis in both lines, but to a greater extent in SS mice. These and other experiments with a genetically heterogeneous stock suggest GABA involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity, but do not support a simple role of GABA receptor involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441952
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convulsant properties of GABA antagonists and anticonvulsant properties of ethanol in selectively bred Long- and Short-Sleep mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 544-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Bicuculline ; Picrotoxin ; Seizures ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441957
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of ethanol effects by bicuculline: genotype-dependent responses and inheritance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol (ETOH) ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic influences on the interaction between ethanol (ETOH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems were eveluated with a survey of responses to coadministration of ETOH and a GABA antagonist, bicuculline, in a battery of inbred mouse strains. The selectively bred ETOH-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) mice, the relatively ETOH-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mice, and a genetically heterogeneous stock (GHS) were also evaluated. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-induced sedation, hypothermia, and blood ethanol content upon recovery from sedation was assessed. Inheritance of these responses was also examined using F1 hybrids. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-produced narcosis varied widely among stocks and included antagonism, potentiation, and no effect. Changes in ETOH-induced narcosis produced by bicuculline were accompanied by changes in blood ethanol concentrations consistent with an hypothesis of altered central nervous system sensitivity to ETOH. Knowledge of a strain's seizure susceptibility to the GABA antagonist or of its sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ETOH were of no predictive value in estimating the outcome of coadministration studies, suggesting at least partially separate genetic influences on each phenotype. In cross-breeding studies there was commonly dominance toward a profile of bicuculline antagonism of ETOH narcosis but different patterns of dominance were observed for seizure susceptibility, again inicating separate genetic control. The results suggest considerable complexity of GABAergic involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441958
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine produces low dose locomotor depressant effects in mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; CNS depression ; Cocaine ; Mice ; Behavior ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine produces several behavioral effects, most notably locomotor stimulation. Biochemically, cocaine is known to inhibit reuptake at the three monoamine transporter sites, and may have highest affinity at the serotonin transporter. Serotonin augmentation has been associated with decreases in behavioral activity, but cocaine has not been reported to produce behavioral depressant effects except at high doses which cause stereotypy and disruption of behavior. This study examined the effects of relatively low doses of cocaine, in the range of 0.1–10 mg/kg, on locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. A biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both strains. At the lowest doses, activity was depressed. As the dose of cocaine increased, activity returned to baseline, and at the highest doses, increases in locomotor activity were found. DBA/2J mice were depressed at a lower dose of cocaine than were C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice showed locomotor depression over a broader range of doses. Activity was maximally depressed at 0.1 mg/kg for DBA/2J mice, and maximally depressed at 0.3 mg/kg for C57BL/6J mice. Thus, low doses of cocaine are shown to produce significant decreases in locomotor activity in two strains of mice. It is postulated that these low doses of cocaine which depress locomotor activity do so via inhibition of serotonin uptake, resulting in potentiation of serotonergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442799
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population biology of two land snails (Mesomphix spp.): variation among six southern appalachian sites with differing disturbance histories (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 372-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of eye movement dysfunctions in exploring the genetic transmission of schizophrenia (1989)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1989), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Eye movements ; Genetics ; Twins ; Latent trait
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eye movement dysfunctions have been found in a large number of schizophrenic patients and in about half of their first-degree relatives. The distribution of these traits within the families of schizophrenic patients suggests a model of genetic transmission that fits an autosomal dominant model, which we have called the “genetic latent trait model.” The model, with seven parameters, was fitted to a U.S. population and the model was cross-validated on an independent Norwegian sample. Although the model does not invalidate other, more conventional solutions to the puzzle of schizophrenic transmission, such as multifactorial transmission, the latent trait model does more easily permit linkage studies and therefore will allow refutation or support from the use of molecular genetics techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01739743
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetical control and linkage relationships of isozyme markers in sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five isozyme systems were genetically investigated. The different separation techniques, the developmental expression and the use as marker system in sugar beet genetics and breeding is discussed. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was controlled by two genes. The gene products form inter- as well as intralocus dimers, even with the gene products of the Icd gene in B. procumbens and B. patellaris. Adenylate kinase was controlled by one gene. Three different allelic forms were detected, which were active as monomeric proteins. Glucose phosphate isomerase showed two zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic. Three allelic variants, active as dimers, were found. Phosphoglucomutase also showed two major zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic and coded for monomeric enzymes. Two allelic forms were found in the accessions studied. The cathodal peroxidase system was controlled by two independent genes, of which only one was polymorphic. The gene products are active as monomers. Linkage was found between red hypocotyl color (R) and Icd 2. Pgm 1, Gpi 2, Ak 1 and the Icd 2-R linkage group segregated independently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299761
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimising visual selection in early clonal generations of potato based on genetic and economic considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 665-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Genetics ; Breeding ; Plant appearance ; Economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1985, 1986 and 1987, 600 clones were visually assessed at harvest on plant appearance. The clones were harvested 80 days after planting in the first year, in the following years after approximately 80 days as well as after 145 days. The correlation coefficients between years and between harvest times were low to medium. Simulating different selection intensities using the performance of these 600 clones in two successive years, the relation between selection pressure in the first year and the retained proportion of well performing clones in the second year was described. Including the costs of testing, the most economic selection procedure was calculated. This procedure consisted in testing 1,579 first-year clones and 499 second-year clones for every 100 third-year clones required. The optimal period of the main evaluation in the second clonal year is at ware potato harvest time. This selection procedure also provides good selection possibilities for underwater weight and foliage maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262562
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350101
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusivity of polymers in dilute solutions undergoing homogeneous flows (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to describe the translational diffusion of polymers in dilute solution, an elastic dumbbell model is used for which the effects of both hydrodynamic interaction and a nonlinear connector force are treated in a self-consistently averaged form. For this model, the diffusion tensor in the presence of a homogeneous flow field is obtained from (i) the mass flux caused by concentration gradients, (ii) the average polymer velocity caused by external forces, and (iii) the mean-square displacement of a polymer caused by the Brownian forces. From the second and third approaches the same expression for the diffusion tensor is found, whereas a different expression is obtained from the first approach. This means that the Nernst-Einstein equation cannot be generalized to the case of flowing solutions. The model predictions for the diffusion tensors in steady shear flow are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350212
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity of continuous mixtures using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350216
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350301
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoflow multiplicity in a packed-bed reactor: Conduction and cooling effects (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 373-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady states with different flow rates and temperature profiles may exist in different tubes of a multitube packed-bed reactor due to the coupling among the species, energy and momentum balances, and the change of physical properties with temperature and pressure. Under typical operating conditions if no axial conduction of heat occurs thermoflow multiplicity can be found only for unrealistically high heats of reaction and/or over a very narrow range of exit pressures. However, accounting for the finite but small heat conduction in the reactor tubes leads to multiplicity for typical parameters and a reasonable range of exit pressures. Cooling tends to decrease the region of parameters for which the multiplicity occurs.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350305
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalyst regeneration kinetics in the presence of pore blockage (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for fluid-solid reaction kinetics in a porous solid. The model is based on a convergent-divergent pore structure and accounts for pore blockage and inside cavities. A numerical study applied the model to the process of coke removal for catalyst regeneration. The calculated results show that in the presence of pore occlusion, the reaction rates are significantly reduced at the beginning of reaction. At higher levels of coke loading the reaction behavior can be especially affected by the volume fraction of the divergent pores. This behavior can be used to select catalysts with pore structures that improve control of the regeneration process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350306
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary pressure: Centrifuge method revisited (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The approximate equations of Hassler and Brunner and of van Domselaar are often used to deduce the capillary pressure curve of a porous medium from centrifuge data. The use of these equations restricts the centrifuge method to short samples. Also, these equations require differentiation of data. We report here methods to determine the capillary pressure curve by the midpoint and least-squares solution of the fundamental equation, relating the average saturation S1 of liquid in the porous medium to the capillary pressure Pc1 at the end of the sample nearest the axis of rotation. The methods do not require differentiation of data and are not restricted to short samples. We introduce and evaluate an approximation based on an exact result derived by Rajan. This new approximation requires the same inputs as do the Hassler-Brunner and the van Domselaar approximations, but it is accurate over a wider range of sample sizes. In addition, an approximate solution which can be used to estimate capillary pressure curves for long cores is developed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350304
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of rate constants by the frequency response method: CO on Pt/SiO2 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique based upon transmission FTIR to obtain rate constants for adsorption and desorption over supported metal catalysts has been developed and tested. The technique requires the use of a sinusoidal perturbation function imposed on steady state linearized adsorption-desorption kinetics. The measurement of a phase lag between the sinusoidal inlet gas phase forcing concentration and the response of surface coverage, together with a measurement of the maximum amplitudes of the forcing function and surface response enable the calculation of the relevant adsorption and desorption rate constants.The technique has been successfully applied to the measurement of both adsorption and desorption rate constants for CO adsorbed on a 1% Pt/SiO2 catalyst. The values obtained for these rate constants at 343 K were: Ka = 0.147 s-1 and Kd = 7.28 × 10-3 s-1. A sticking coefficient corresponding to the adsorption of weakly bonded CO on Pt under conditions of high CO surface coverage was obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350310
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multicomponent reactive dispersion in tubes: Collocation vs. radial averaging (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 490-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Orthogonal collocation is used to analyze the dispersion and chemical conversion of a multicomponent fluid pulse in a laminar isothermal flow in a catalytic tube. Homogeneous and heterogeneous first-order chemical reactions are included, and a full matrix diffusion law is used. The collocation method represents the dynamics well over wide ranges of system parameters and reaction time. Radial averaging approaches prove less convenient, since the dispersion coefficients thus introduced are complicated functions of time, transport properties and chemical kinetics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350317
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local turbulence model for predicting circulation rates in bubble columns (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350321
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    Surface area evolution of calcium hydroxide during calcination and sintering (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 30-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple one-dimensional mathematical model validated with high-temperature entrained-flow reactor data successfully explained dispersed calcium hydroxide particle surface area evolution resulting from concomitant calcination and sintering. An integrated first-order calcination rate expression and a second-order sintering rate form accurately predicted time-resolved surface area generation and degradation. The effects of water vapor and gaseous carbon dioxide concentration on asymptotic specific surface areas and sintering rates were noted. This methodology for predicting sorbent surface area evolution will enable more accurate sulfation modeling efforts in furnace sorbent injection (FSI) applications, where calcination, sintering, and sulfation can all occur on the same time scale.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350103
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    Fixed-bed multisolute adsorption characteristics of nonwet adsorbents (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Certain nonfunctional macroreticular polymeric adsorbents are nonwet by suffciently dilute aqueous solutions and enable separations not achievable with adsorbents in the prewet state. Fixed-bed adsorption data were obtained for a multisolute aqueous solution containing acetic acid, 1,3-butanediol, and succinic acid, with Porapak Q and Amberlite XAD-4 as adsorbents in both the prewet and nonwet states. The prewet breakthrough data agree with a model allowing for axial dispersion and a linear rate law, using independently estimated parameters. Break-through curves for the nonwet case depend strongly upon solute volatility since mass transport within the particles appears to occur by Knudsen diffusion, and is rate limiting. Data for Porapak Q reflect an effective particle diffusivity about ten times lower than for Amberlite XAD-4.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350107
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    Methane steam reforming: II. Diffusional limitations and reactor simulation (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Given the intrinsic kinetics, the tortuosity factor of a Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst was determined under reaction conditions by minimizing the sum of squares of residuals of the experimental and the simulated conversions. The parallel cross-linked pore model with uncorrelated pore size distribution and orientation was used in the calculation of the effective diffusivities. A modified collocation method was used to obtain the partial pressure profiles of the reacting components in the catalyst pellet. The simulation of the experimental reactor during the optimization of the tortuosity factor also yielded the effectiveness factors of the reactions. The results of the simulation of an industrial steam reformer are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350110
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    Experimental study of particle to gas heat transfer in fixed-bed reactors (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 104-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle to gas heat transfer studies were carried out for the exothermic benzene hydrogenation and endothermic cyclohexane dehydrogenation reactions on the same catalyst bed. A recirculation type reactor and eggshell type commercial platinum on alumina catalyst were used. When the thermodynamic value for the heat of reaction is used for both reactions in the steady-state energy balance, local JH factors for the exothermic reaction were found to be, in general, higher than those for the endothermic reaction. This was attributed to product molecules leaving the catalyst surface with excess vibrational energy, which implies that the actual heat of reaction would be different than the thermodynamic value used in the JHfactor calculations. The study also indicated significant variations in the local JH factors; these were attributed to variations in the linear velocity in the radial direction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350111
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    A model for unsteady analysis of preform drawing (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 592-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is introduced for analyzing diameter variations occurring in glass fibers drawn from preforms. The heat transfer is shown to be radiation-dominated, and approximate expressions for radiative exchange are developed. The expressions are used in the one-dimensional governing equations for extensional flows to derive a set of linearized disturbance equation as an eigenvalue problem. The sensitivity to an oscillatory take-up rate is also studied as a boundary-value problem. Calculated amplitudes of final diameter perturbations are found to agree well with experimental values.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350409
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    Thermocapillary flows in a rotating float zone under microgravity (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 614-624 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Galerkin finite-element method is used to study the rotating, thermocapillary fluid flow in the cylindrical float zone configuration for crystal growth. Results are presented for a fluid of Prandtl number 1.0 in a zone of unit aspect ratio under microgravity conditions. In the absence of rotation, the thermocapillary flow is responsible for large radial non-uniformities in the heat transfer, especially at the cold boundary. A sufficiently strong uniform corotation of the end rods leads to a rigid rotation of the fluid in the interior of the zone; in this case, the thermocapillary flows are considerably attenuated and confined to a region near the free surface of the zone. This provides a more uniform thermal environment over the bulk of the crystal-melt boundary, which is a very desirable processing condition. When the end rods are counterrotated, inertially driven meridional flow cells appear in the zone. The interaction of the rotational forced convection with the thermocapillary flow causes the region of the local heat transfer minimum at the cold boundary to gradually shift away from the axis of the zone toward the meniscus.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350411
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    Atlas of zeolite structure types. W. M. Meier, and D. H. Olson, 2nd rev. ed., Butterworth, 1987 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 875-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350523
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    A new collection theory of cyclone separators (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 666-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350419
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    Opportunities for academic research in a low-gravity environment. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 108, based on papers presented at a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C., July 10-11, 1985. Ed., G. A. Hazelrigg, and J. M. Reynolds, American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, New York, 1986, 340 pp., $79.50 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 875-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350527
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    Shell process control workshop. Ed., D. M. Prett, and M. Morari, Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1987, 369 pp., $45.00 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 876-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350532
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    Dynamics of explosions. Vol. 106 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 657 pp., $79.50. The technical papers presented at the 10th International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Berkeley, CA, Aug., 1985, ed., J. R. Bowen, J.-C. Leyer, and R. I. Soloukhin, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 876-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350536
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    National standard reference data service of the USSR. A series of property tables, english language. Ed., Theodore B. Selover, Jr. Springer Verlag, 1987, Vols. 1-7: Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, 316 pp.; Nitrogen, 342 pp.; Methane, 342 pp.; Ethane, 303 pp.; Oxygen, 308 pp.; Air, 276 pp.; Ethylene, 278 pp. vols. 8 and 9: Thermophysical Properties of Freons (Methane series), parts 1 and 2, 200 and 243 pp., respectively, Vol. 10: Thermophysical properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, 604 pp. Vols. 1-9, $120/volume, vol. 10, $150 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 877-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350539
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    Controller design for integrating and runaway processes involving time delay (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 923-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an efficient method for the design of controllers for integrating and runaway processes. The method is based on model matching in the frequency domain. The presence of open-loop instability as well as pure time delay in the process models make the design task challenging for these classes of processes.The goal is to achieve low-order, easily implementable cascade controllers in a unity-output-feedback configuration. It is shown that the central problem is in the selection of appropriate reference models. Several key constraints are developed which relate a given process model to a class of reference models for achieving total stability. Typical design examples are presented to clearly illustrate the various mathematical techniques.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350605
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    The rheology of suspensions containing polymerically stabilized particles (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 415-422 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The non-Newtonian viscosities of polymerically stabilized colloidal suspensions are usually predicted and correlated on the basis of data and scaling principles for Brownian hard spheres. Here, the specific effect of the stabilizer layer is investigated using suspensions of monodisperse PMMA particles with a chemically attached stabilizer layer. The ratio between particle radius and stabilizer layer thickness is changed between 5 and 61. At high values of this ratio the data show Brownian hard sphere behavior. At lower values deviations appear. As a first approximation, the “softness” of the particles can be characterized through the concentration at maximum packing. A more detailed comparison with hard sphere data provides a measure for softness that changes with concentration and shear rate. A theoretical estimate of the concentration effect is in line with the experiments. The critical shear stress (or Peclet number) is not a constant but goes through a maximum when the concentration is increased.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350309
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    Porosity distributions in a fluidized bed with an immersed obstacle (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 908-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Erosion in bubbling fluidized-bed combustors is a serious issue that may affect their reliability and economics. Available evidence suggests that the key to understanding this erosion is detailed knowledge of the coupled and complex phenomena of solids circulation and bubble motion. A thin transparent “two-dimensional” rectangular fluidized bed with an obstacle served as a rough model for a fluidized-bed combustor. This model was studied experimentally and computationally using two hydrodynamic equation sets. The computed hydrodynamic results agree reasonably well with experimental data. Bubble frequencies and sizes compare well with those obtained from analyzing a high-speed motion picture frame-by-frame. Time-averaged porosities computed from both models agree with time-averaged porosity distributions measured with a gamma-ray densitometer. The principal diferences between the data and the computations in this paper are due to asymmetries present in the experiment and to the simplified solids rheology used in the hydrodynamic models.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350604
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    Desorption processes: Supercritical fluid regeneration of activated carbon (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 951-958 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Models are developed for isothermal desorption in a fixed bed of adsorbent particles. While more general models require numerical solution of the governing equations, two practically important cases have analytical solutions: (1) an equilibrium desorption model where the rate of desorption is controlled by external and intraparticle mass transfer; and (2) a kinetic model where external and intraparticle mass transfer and a first-order irreversible desorption step control the overall process.Recent experimental data (Tan and Liou, 1988) for the desorption of ethyl acetate from activated carbon with supercritical carbon dioxide are found to fit the local-equilibrium model. Data for the effect of temperature on fractions desorbed indicate a reversal of the temperature dependence of the adsorption isotherm as the supercritical pressure is increased. This phenomenon is analogous to the observed cross-over region for the effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid at supercritical conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350608
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    Role of porosity loss in limiting SO2 capture by calcium based sorbents (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 988-994 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The extent of high temperature (900-1,300°C), short time (〈1 s) SO2 capture was found to be limited by temperature-dependent losses in the porosity of calcium based sorbents. At 970°C these porosity losses were caused by CO2-activated sintering. Sulfation of the sorbents either prevented or reduced the extent of porosity losses. Differences in SO2 capture between hydroxides from different commercial sources, and significantly lower levels of capture by calcium carbonates compared to hydroxides were attributed to differences in particle size and the degree of porosity loss.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350612
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    Dynamics and control of quasirational systems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1017-1028 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Systems having transfer functions of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ G_P (s) = \frac{{P_1 (s) - P_2 (s)e^{ - t_d s} }}{{Q(s)}}, $$\end{document} where P1(s), P2(s) and Q(s) are polynomials, are called quasirational distributed systems (QRDS). They are encountered in processes modeled by hyperbolic partial differential equations. QRDS can have an infinity of right half-plane zeros which causes large phase lags and can result in poor performance of the closed-loop system with PID controllers. Theory on the asymptotic location of zeros of quasipolynomials is used to predict the nonminimum phase characteristics of QRDS and formulas are presented for factoring QRDS models into minimum and non-minimum phase elements.A generalized Smith predictor controller design procedure for QRDS, based on this factorization, is derived. It uses pole placement to obtain a controller parameterization that introduces free poles which are selected to satisfy robustness specifications. The use of pole placement allows for the design of robust control systems in a transparent manner. Controller selection is generally better, simpler and more direct with this procedure than searching for optimal PID controller settings.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350615
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    Combined cocurrent-countercurrent blowdown cycle in pressure swing adsorption (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 523-526 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350323
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    Analysis of decentralized control structures for nonlinear systems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 549-558 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Configuration of feedback loops between input and output variables of a given plant constitutes a subtask of control system synthesis. In the past, this subtask has been tackled through direct decomposition of either the process or the set of input-output variables. Linear interaction analysis has been used in both approaches to assess and minimize sub-system interactions. Since most chemical processes exhibit nonlinear behavior, it is evident that a measure is needed for assessment of interactions in the presence of system nonlinearities. In this paper we focus on input-output variable set decomposition and introduce the notion of nonlinear block relative gain (NBRG) as a nonlinear interaction measure. Both the statistic and dynamic versions of NBRG are discussed, and a computational procedure is presented for their evaluation. Direct simulations on a CSTR verify the interactions predicted by NBRG for different feedback configurations. Moreover, nonsymmetry of the effect of one loop on another, a fact not captured by the linear BRG, is accurately predicted by NBRG.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350405
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    Model predictive optimal averaging level control (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 579-591 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The infinite-horizon, discrete-time optimal averaging level control problem for surge tanks, with minimization of the rate of change of outlet flow as its objective, is formulated and a solution is presented. A finite moving-horizon approximation is introduced and analytical solutions are obtained for two important special cases. These results provide a quantitative measure of the impact of a secondary objective, integral action, on flow filtering. The problem is then generalized to include nonconstant level and outlet flow constraints. A model predictive control formulation is presented which addresses the objectives of the generalized problem. The resulting controller minimizes the maximum rate of change of outlet flow, provides integral action, and handles constraints on the tank level and outlet flow rate. The proposed controller includes a single adjustable parameter that directly effects the trade-off between the incompatible objectives of good flow filtering and rapid settling time. Examples are presented to demonstrate the properties of the model predictive controller. An implementation, involving imbedded feedback, is developed which guarantees internal stability of the model predictive scheme for open-loop unstable processes (such as integrators).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350408
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    Scanning of cosolvents for supercritical fluids solubilization of organics (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 645-648 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350414
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    Porosity effects in hydrogen reduction of iron oxides (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1245-1252 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of reduction of hematite to magnetite and of magnetite to iron in hydrogen / nitrogen / water vapor atmospheres were each studied with respect to variation in temperature, gas composition, and solid pore structure. It is shown that at temperatures below 350°C, the reactions are under chemical kinetic control, and diffusional limitations are negligible. The activation energies for the reduction of hematite to magnetite and of magnetite to iron were found to be 185 kJ / mol and 76.6 k J / mol, respectively. Both reactions exhibit first-order behavior for hydrogen partial pressures less than 76 kPa. The conversion and rate data for each reaction were interpreted in terms of the random pore model of Bhatia and Perlmutter (1980), which takes into account the detailed pore structure of the starting material as well as the changes that occur as the reaction proceeds. The model predictions of conversion with time agree with the measured data to within 2%, and the rate vs. conversion predictions agree to within 5%.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350803
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    A macroscopic model for countercurrent gas-liquid flow in packed columns (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1282-1292 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macroscopic model based on the volume-averaged equations of motion is presented for countercurrent gas-liquid flow in a packed bed. The model yields a column-limited flooding point as the loss of existence of uniform states. It correctly predicts the existence of two uniform states below the flooding point. The lower branch corresponds to the trends commonly observed experimentally. It is shown that the upper branch is made unattainable by the gas distributor/support plate at the bottom of the column. The occurrence of premature flooding induced by the support plate is also explained. It is suggested that the occurrence of spontaneous liquid segregation, necessitating frequent liquid redistribution in columns with large dumped packings and porosities, is a consequence of the loss of stability of the uniform state in the lower branch.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350807
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350801
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    Formation of gas hydrate with CFC alternative R-134a (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1227-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350724
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  • 48
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    Drop oscillations in liquid-liquid systems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1263-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When the ratio of the drop radius to the distance separating any two drops and the relative importance of gravitational to surface forces are both small, the small amplitude oscillations of a drop of one viscous fluid immersed in another fluid are governed by the nonlinear dispersion relation derived by Miller and Scriven (1968). The dispersion relation has been solved numerically to determine the character of oscillations for arbitrary values of drop size, physical properties of the two fluids, and interfacial tension. The new theoretical results determine the range of validity of the low-viscosity approximation of Miller and Scriven, and are also shown to be essential for proper interpretation of many previously reported experimental results. New experimental measurements of natural frequencies of oscillation of water drops falling in 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, a system having properties characteristic of many others in solvent extraction, agree well with the theoretical predictions when drop radius is smaller than a critical size. The frequencies of oscillations of larger drops are better described by the dispersion relation due to Subramanyam (1969), which accounts for the relative motion of the two phases.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350805
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  • 49
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    Laser-doppler velocimeter measurements in simulated entrained gasifier flows (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1304-1314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used in a cold-flow study of a simulated entrained-flow coal gasifier. The study was designed to provide fundamental information about the flows in such a gasifier and to provide data for the validation of a turbulence submodel used in modeling combustion processes. Measurements in 20 swirling and nonswirling flow cases were made with several levels of replication. This study emphasized the effects of inlet conditions on flow properties within the simulated reactor.Unsteady flow phenomena with time scales on the order of seconds to minutes were sometimes observed. The unsteadiness was apparently associated with relaminarization-type flow transitions.Comparisons were made with model predictions from PCGC-2, a model for combustion processes based on the k,  -  ∊ turbulence model. Several areas of weakness in the model results were observed, but the unusual flow regimes measured in this study may be beyond the abilities of practical computer models.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350809
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  • 50
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    Phase equilibria for supercritical fluid process design (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1409-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Supercritical fluids (SCF's) are powerful solvents with many unique properties. They have great potential for many extraction processes, but reliable and versatile mathematical models of the phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for their use in process design and economic feasibility studies. This paper reviews existing experimental data and analytical methods and attempts to delineate their strengths and limitations. Also discussed are new data needs and possible new directions for a better fundamental understanding of the molecular processes in SCF solutions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350902
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    Bifurcation analysis in heterogeneous azeotropic distillation (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1457-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Parameterization with respect to the aqueous reflux ratio has been carried out for the steady-state analysis of a tower to dehydrate secbutanol using disecondary butyl ether as the entrainer. With an equilibrium-stage model, singularities are observed as the second liquid phase is introduced on the trays and regions of steady-state multiplicity are demonstrated. Furthermore, a critical aqueous reflux ratio, in the vicinity of which two liquid phases are introduced on most of the trays, varies only slightly with the number of trays in the tower. The model predicts that the product purities and recoveries remain high using one-third of the trays in the industrial SBA-II tower. Bifurcation analysis for a single stage does not explain these observations, and the effect of recycle is suspected.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350906
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  • 52
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    Thin liquid films: Fundamentals and applications. I. B. Ivanov, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1988, 1160 pp., $195.00 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1403-1404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350825
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  • 53
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    Melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1445-1456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of a semibatch melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol (EG) is studied with zinc acetate as a catalyst. This paper quantifies the effect of various reactor operating conditions on the transesterification rate and the product composition distribution. Our experiments support the assumption that the methylesters in DMT and growing oligomer chains have the same reactivities for transesterification with EG and that the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in pure EG for esterification with DMT is twice that of the hydroxyl group in oligomers. With a molecular species model in which various oligomers are identified by the type of functional end groups, the progress of the transesterification and the oligomer concentration distribution were estimated and the agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data were excellent. It has also been shown that 30 wt. % of oligomers are produced for [EG]/[DMT] molar ratio of three, and up to 70 wt. % oligomers are produced at the [EG]/[DMT] molar ratio of one.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350905
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  • 54
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    A phenomenological correction to an equation of state for the critical region (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1487-1496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work presents a phenomenological correction to improve a classical equation of state for representing phase equilibria and densities in the vapor-liquid critical region. This correction consists of two steps. The first step is a volume translation which locates the correct critical point; this volume translation also improves density predictions for pure fluids and mixtures. The second step provides a near-critical contribution to the residual Helmholtz energy which accounts for aomalous behavior near the critical point. For pure fluids, the near-critical contribution flattens the coexistence curve and pressure-density isotherms near the critical point. For mixtures, the near-critical contribution has only a small effect on the calculated coexistence curve; this effect is often masked by the choice of binary parameters in the classical equation which have a more profound effect on the calculated results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350909
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  • 55
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    Design and minimum reflux for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation columns (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1585-1591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple design technique for heterogeneous distillation columns has been developed. The underlying geometric conditions which govern minimum reflux are shown to share certain common features with homogeneous distillations, but differ in some important respects. It is shown that heterogeneous columns display some unusual sensitivities to the design parameters. The most notable being the drastic swings in the composition and temperature profiles with very small changes in the level of trace impurities in the product stream.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351002
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  • 56
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    Calculation of the ionization constant of H2O to 2,273 K and 500 MPa (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1631-1638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calculations of the ionization constant of H2O are presented for densities ranging from those of subcritical water to those of supercritical steam. A recently-proposed semicontinuum model is used to calculate the standard-state hydration properties for the ions, H3O+, and OH- (Tanger and Pitzer, 1989). Calculated ionization constants are in good agreement with reported measurements at pressures from vapor-liquid saturation to 500 MPa and temperatures from 273 to 1,073 K. These measurements cover H2O densities ranging from ∼ 1,000 to 450 kg · m-3. At H2O densities less than 400 kg · m-3, our calculated ionization constants should be more reliable than those obtained from the commonly-used equation of Marshall and Franck (1981).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351007
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  • 57
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    Diffusion in zeolites containing mixed cations (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1659-1666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results are reported for equilibrium adsorption and diffusivities of CH4, C2H6 and CO2 in type A zeolite containing mixed Na and K cations ranging from 0 to 100% in composition, at two temperatures and 1 atm. Two simple theoretical solutions are given for the diffusivity. One is for diffusion with pore (aperture) blocking using the effective medium approximation, which is readily available from the literature on percolation theory. The other is a kinetic solution derived in this work for cavities containing heterogeneous sites, which is a case where the percolation theory is not applicable. The equilibrium adsorption results show that K+ has a preference for the aperture (or pore-blocking) sites (site type II), and these results are interpreted by the bond percolation theory. The diffusivity results are successfully interpreted by the poreblocking theory in zeolites containing less than 25% K+ and by the kinetic theory for zeolites with higher K+ contents.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351010
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    A comparison of thermodynamic models for VLE data in electrolyte systems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1044-1048 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350619
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    Heat and mass transfer during the dissociation of hydrates in porous media (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1049-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350620
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  • 60
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    Dispersion and diffusion influences on yield in complex reaction networks (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1509-1520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differences in the dispersion and/or catalytic pellet size between laboratory and commercial reactors, operating at the same average residence time, may lead to differences in the yield of a desired product. Bounds are developed for predicting the maximal design uncertainty introduced by these phenomena for a network consisting of an arbitrary number of irreversible first-order reactions. A major advantage of these bounds is that they do not require any knowledge of the rate constants. It is shown that in a packed-bed reactor, the fractional yield loss is smaller than: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 0.5{\rm }(m - 1){\rm }\left[{\sigma _\theta ^{\rm 2} + \left({1.2 + \frac{2}{{Bi_m }}} \right)p^2 } \right] $$\end{document} where m - 1 is the number of reaction steps involved in converting a reactant to the desired product, σθ2 is the dimensionless variance of the residence time density function, Bim is the Biot number, p2 = [(Vp/Sx)2(1/Deτ)], and τ is the average residence time.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350911
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    The effect of pore structure on the char-steam reaction (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1791-1802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the char-steam gasification reaction and the accompanying pore structure changes have been investigated experimentally and interpreted through the use of the random pore model of Bhatia and Perlmutter (1980) and its extensions developed in this study. To allow model evaluations, surface areas and pore-size distributions were obtained for various partially-reacted char samples. Surface areas follow the reaction rates as a function of conversion, supporting the interpretation that the reaction of porous char with steam is governed by the structural changes that occur as conversion proceeds. Reaction rate constants were obtained from the kinetic data.A pyrolytic change of char mass was observed during the heatup period from room temperature to reaction temperature for each of the two char samples tested. This results in a significant increase in surface area and a decrease in pore structure parameter. It is shown that this pore structure parameter is very sensitive to changes in conversion when the initial parameter is large and the conversion is small.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351105
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  • 62
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    Synthesis of feedforward/state feedback controllers for nonlinear processes (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1602-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic method for synthesizing feedforward/state feedback controllers for a broad class of SISO nonlinear systems with measurable disturbances is presented. Depending on the structural characteristics of the system, the control law can be static or dynamic. The closed-loop system is independent of the measurable disturbances and linear with respect to set point changes. The performance of the proposed control scheme is illustrated through an example of composition control in a system of three CSTR's in series.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351004
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  • 63
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    Manipulating solids CSD in a supercritical fluid crystallizer: CO2-benzoic acid (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1625-1630 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The final properties and end use of many organic solids often depends on their crystal-size distribution (CSD), e.g., bioavailability for pharmaceutical solids. The objective of this study was to develop an alternate technology for crystallizing and manipulating size distribution of organic solids by crystallization from supercritical fluids. Such a technology might be superior to conventional-size manipulation techniques, such as milling and recrystallization from organic solvents, which might contaminate the products and affect their physical-chemical stability. Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as solvent to dissolve and then crystallize benzoic acid. A batch crystallizer was constructed and operated in the supercritical region. Seeded and unseeded crystallization experiments were performed. Different depressurization vs. time profiles for the supercritical fluid were used to produce crystals of various sizes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351006
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    Errata (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1210-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350719
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    A comparison of three closed-loop PID tuning algorithms (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1912-1914 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351121
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  • 66
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    The pressure field in an unsteady-state fluidized bed (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1921-1926 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An assumption commonly, but by no means universally, made in the stability analysis of the homogeneously fluidized state is that the pressure field may be well approximated by its gravitational component alone. This assumption is critically examined: the results indicate that it is valid for most cases of practical interest but can lead to significant discrepancies for liquid fluidization of low-density particles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351202
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    Virial modeling of gas-solid Joule-Thomson effect for argon-carbon aerosol (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2029-2032 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351213
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    The growth, dissolution and aging of terephthalic acid crystals (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1749-1752 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351023
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    Use of high-gradient magnetic fields for the capture of ferritin (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2058-2060 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351220
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    Sequential gas-solid reactions (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1975-1979 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed describing consecutive gas-solid reactions occurring in porous media. The model calls for independently measurable parameters and predicts two maxima in the reaction rate at intermediate conversions. The low temperature (350°C) reduction of hematite to iron in a hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere was used to test the model. The experimental data confirmed the expected rate maxima. The conversion predictions are very close to the data for conversions below 30%, but are systematically somewhat lower than the experimental values for higher levels of conversion. An explanation for the discrepancy is offered in terms of the description of the pore structure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351208
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    Modeling phenol degradation in a fluidized-bed bioreactor (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1980-1992 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of phenol degradation by bacteria immobilized onto particles of calcined diatomaceous earth in a draft-tube, three-phase fluidized-bed reactor.A mathematical model is used to describe simultaneous diffusion and reaction of oxygen and phenol in the reactor. Kinetic parameters for the growth of nonsupported cells were obtained in batch and chemostat experiments. Liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients were determined experimentally and showed good agreement with literature values for conventional three-phase fluidized beds. Experimental steady-state degradation data were used to calculate biofilm substrate diffusivities. These were found to decrease as the biofilm density increased.The transition from phenol to oxygen-limiting biofilm kinetics predicted by the model was shown to exist experimentally. A critical ratio of phenol/dissolved oxygen concentration was found at which this transition occurred. This provides a criterion for establishing whether increased aeration will increase the volumetric degradation rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351209
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    Precipitation of microsize organic particles from supercritical fluids (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1876-1882 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The precipitation of organic particles from supercritical fluids (SF) by expansion (SFX) has become an interesting alternative to milling without thermal decomposition. Through the rapid expansion process, a dramatic change of the solute supersaturation ratio is created causing subsequent precipitation with a narrow particle-size distribution. It was found that β-carotene precipitates from SF ethylene and ethane have the feed material crystallinity. However, SF CO2 reacted with β-carotene and did not give characteristic β-carotene X-ray spectra. The mean particle sizes of these precipitates were in the submicron range (ca 0.3 μm). Increased solubility was obtained by addition of toluene as cosolvent in SF ethylene. It was found that the mean size of β-carotene particles, generally remained unchanged if the toluene concentration was less than 11/2 mol %. The SFX process appears to be in a single fluid phase when up to 11/2 mol % toluene cosolvent is used.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351114
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    A simple method for on-line identification and controller tuning (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2037-2039 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351215
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    Effects of raffinose on sucrose crystal growth kinetics and rate dispersion (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2053-2057 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351219
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  • 75
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    Translational rotational coupling parameters for mutual diffusion in normal alkanes (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1907-1911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351120
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  • 76
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    Control mechanisms of fluidized solids circulation between adjacent vessels (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1933-1941 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many industrial proceses require the circulation of particles between reacting fluidized compartments at a stable, but flexible rate, so that the processes can be operated at different solids rates. In order to understand the phenomena involved in the circulation and its control, circulation of sand particles has been studied through a new experimental approach, using an open-loop two compartment circulating system.Experimental results show that the control of the circulation rate depends on three phenomena: the vertical resisting force in the fluidized compartments, the contraction of flow in the communication zone, and the bypass of gas between the compartments. For industrial purposes, the first appears to be predominant in the control of the solids rate. The second ensures neither the strict control of this rate nor the required flexibility. The link between the gas bypass and the circulation phenomena is explained and recommendations for the design and operation of circulating systems are given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351204
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    Determining ice content of a fine ice slurry from density measurements (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2033-2036 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351214
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  • 78
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    Dispersion in laminar flow in short tubes (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2048-2052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351218
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  • 79
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    The theory of precipitation/dissolution waves (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 75-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concepts of coherence and composition paths, originally developed for multicomponent chromatography, are used to establish a simple theory of transport in systems with precipitation and dissolution in the course of multicomponent, single-phase flow in permeable media. Composition route construction in phase diagrams in combination with distance-time diagrams yields concentration profiles without recourse to trial-and-error procedurs. Detailed results are given for systems with three ions A, B, and X and up to two precipitates AX and BX. The extension to systems with additional, nonprecipitating species is described. The new approach confirms most conclusions of Bryant's earlier theory, removes assumptions stipulated in the latter, and is simpler to handle.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350108
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  • 80
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    Uptake of phenylalanine and tyrosine by a strong-acid cation exchanger (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 53-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equilibrium and rate of uptake of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine by Amberlite 252, a strongly acidic, cation-exchange resin, have been investigated. Uptake of the amino acids by the hydrogen form of the resin occurs primarily by the stoichiometric exchange of hydrogen ions and amino acid cations. The amount of amino acid taken up by the resin can be calculated as a function of solution pH and amino acid concentration from a model that takes into account both solution and ion-exchange equilibria. The rates of uptake of the two amino acids have been determined experimentally for a closed batch system. The results of experiments in which the resin particle size, the flow rate, and the concentration were varied show that intraparticle transport is dominated by the slow diffusion of amino acid cations through the macroreticular polymer structure of the resin, with some contribution from macropore transport of amino acid cations and zwitterions. An intraparticle diffusion model has been developed to describe these results and predict the performance of fixed-bed operations.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350106
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  • 81
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    Methane steam reforming, methanation and water-gas shift: I. Intrinsic kinetics (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Intrinsic rate equations were derived for the steam reforming of methane, accompanied by water-gas shift on a Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst. A large number of detailed reaction mechanisms were considered. Thermodynamic analysis helped in reducing the number of possible mechanisms. Twenty one sets of three rate equations were retained and subjected to model discrimination and parameter estimation. The parameter estimates in the best model are statistically significant and thermodynamically consistent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350109
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  • 82
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    Particle motion in axisymmetric stagnation flow toward an interface (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 196-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions for the creeping motion of a spherical particle in a linear axisymmetric straining flow normal to a deformable interface are presented for a range of viscosity ratios, capillary numbers, and Bond numbers. The parameter ranges investigated have applications in areas of flotation (small interface deformation) and material processing (large interface deformation). The accuracy of previous solutions for flotation problems which neglect interface deformation is considered, along with the magnitude and form of interface deformation “defects” which may appear in material processing applications involving fluids containing bubbles or small particles.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350204
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  • 83
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    Dynamics of Haines jumps for compressible bubbles in constricted capillaries (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 230-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unsteady, impulsive motion of a compressible bubble expanding out of a constricted capillary is quantified with a macroscopic momentum balance. Numerical solution demonstrates the importance of the Ohnesorge number, the geometry of the constriction, the length of the initial gas bubble, and the surface tension, density, and unconstricted capillary radius, which combine to form a characteristic scaling time. Experimental data for the position of the bubble front as a function of time confirm the theoretical result when the time scale for the bubble jump is longer than that required to achieve fully developed parabolic flow. Theory also predicts the capillary number of the bubble jump which, in conjunction with previous theoretical results, determines the time to snap-off of gas bubbles moving through constricted capillaries. Excellent agreement is found with existing experimental data for Ohnesorge numbers ranging from 5 × 10-3 to 0.3.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350207
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  • 84
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    CO hydrogenation over alumina-supported sulfide cluster catalysts (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bimetallic Mo-Fe and Mo-Co sulfide clusters were anchored on Al2O3 and used for CO hydrogenation. In addition to methane, significant amounts of dimethyl ether were produced. The reaction orders obtained from power rate laws for methanation indicated that the surfaces of the catalytic ensembles were not completely saturated by CO, in contrast to the observations for most conventional CO hydrogenation catalysts. A kinetic analysis and parameter estimation was performed to identify the rate-determining step for methanation. A catalytic cycle was postulated that could account not only for the formation of methane and higher hydrocarbons, but also for dimethyl ether as a primary product.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350112
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    Study of gas-to-liquid mass transfer by dynamic methods in trickle beds (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350117
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  • 86
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350201
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  • 87
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    A state space formulation for model predictive control (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model predictive control (MPC) schemes such as MOCCA, DMC, MAC, MPHC, and IMC use discrete step (or impulse) response data rather than a parametric model. They predict the future output trajectory of the process {ŷ(k + i), i = 1, …, P}, then the controller calculates the required control action {Δu(k + i), i = 0, 1, …, M - 1} so that the difference between the predicted trajectory and user-specified (setpoint) trajectory is minimized. This paper shows how the step (impulse) response model can be put into state space form thus reducing computation time and permitting the use of state space theorems and techniques with any of the above-mentioned MPC schemes. A series of experimental runs on a simple pilot plant shows that a Kalman filter based on the proposed state space model gives better performance that direct use of the step response data for prediction.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350208
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  • 88
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    Transient studies and kinetic modeling of ethylene oxidation on Pt/SiO2 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a reaction-reactor model, utilizing alternative reaction pathways, developed to explain experimental results from the total oxidation of ethylene on a Pt/SiO2 catalyst. Transient temperature-programmed reaction and concentration-programmed reaction experiments were utilized to study the reaction through FTIR spectroscopic and surface temperature measurements combined with bulk measurements of concentration and temperature. Different elementarystep pathways were incorporated into the concentration and energy balances in performing the simulations. One pathway utilized adsorbed CO, formed from adsorbed ethylene, as the route to CO2 formation. This pathway is shown to become important under ethylene-rich conditions. The second pathway utilized the direct reaction between adsorbed ethylene and adsorbed oxygen as the path to CO2 formation. The latter route is shown to become important under oxygen-rich conditions. Finally, an example is utilized to show the advantages of the nonequilibrium elementary-step modeling approach over conventional “equilibrium” models where only one step is taken to be rate-determining.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350211
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  • 89
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    Effect of molecular association on diffusion in binary liquid mixtures (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 300-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A predictive equation for the mutual diffusion coefficient is developed for binary solutions which contain a self-associating component. The solution is modeled as a nonideal multicomponent mixture consisting of the solvent molecules and various association complexes. The model provides for a unique mobility for each of the species present and accounts for both physical and chemical contributions to the solution thermodynamics and their effects on the diffusive fluxes. The predictions of the theory were evaluated for n-alcohols in nonpolar solvents using data for six systems at temperatures ranging from 293 to 363 K. In each case, the predictions of this theory are found to be superior to other currently available methods.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350215
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  • 90
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    On-line PID controller tuning from a single, closed-loop test (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350221
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  • 91
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    Lumping nonlinear kinetics: Apparent overall order of reaction (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 529-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The analysis of Astarita and Ocone (1988) of the lumping of nonlinear kinetics in continuous mixtures offers a framework for examining the apparent overall behavior of a multicomponent mixture given the underlying intrinsic kinetics. Specific solutions of the governing equations are given for some special cases of underlying intrinsic kinetics. It is shown that the apparent overall order of reaction may be both larger and smaller than the underlying one, depending on the initial concentration distribution and on the distribution of kinetic parameters.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350402
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  • 92
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    Hydrodynamics of a three-phase fluidized bed containing low-density particles (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to study the hydrodynamics of a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed containing low-density particles. The density and size of the particles employed were comparable to those ordinarily encountered in fluidized-bed bioreactors for either wastewater treatment or fermentation. A dual resistivity probe and a conductivity probe were employed to study the axial holdup of gas and liquid phases and the bubble size distribution. The behavior of the axial holdup distribution for solid, gas, and liquid phases is reported. A mechanistic model, based on solids entrainment and deentrainment mechanisms by bubbles, is developed to describe the behavior of the axial solids holdup distribution. The model is shown to satisfactorily account for the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350303
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  • 93
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    Mass transfer studies of external-loop airlifts and a bubble column (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 393-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas holdups (∊GR) and liquid-phase volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients (kLaT) were measured for a bubble column (BC) and three different external-circulation-loop airlift (ECL-AL) fermentors of 50 to 60 L working volume, using viscous non-Newtonian aqueous solutions of various carboxymethylcelluloses. Some measurements also were done with a viscous Newtonian system (51.8 wt. % sucrose solution).Discussed in this paper are correlations of ∊GR and kLaT with riser superficial gas velocity (0.02 ≦ UGR ≦ 0.26 m/s), the ratio of the downcomer and riser crosssectional areas (0[BC] ≦ Ad/Ar ≦ 0.444), and the effective viscosity of the liquid phase (0.02 ≦ ηeff ≦ 0.5 Pa · s), over the parameter ranges indicated. It is shown that both ∊GR and KLaT are highly dependent upon UGR and Ad/Ar. The effective viscosity has a significant effect on KLaT, but has only a relatively weak affect on ∊GR. The KLaT correlation developed for non-Newtonian systems was extended to include the results obtained for the viscous Newtonian system studied by incorporating the effects of liquid-phase molecular diffusivity, density, and interfacial tension as determined by Nakanoh and Yoshida (1980).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350307
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    Recovery of HgCl2 using Cl--form Ion exchanger (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 318-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350218
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  • 95
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    Application of fast Fourier transform to nonlinear fixed-bed adsorption problems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 332-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350222
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    Calculating the beta function from three common particle size distributions (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 347-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350226
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  • 97
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    Fluid mixing with a pipeline tee: Theory and experiment (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 406-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pipeline mixing of two fluid streams by turbulent jet injection normal to the pipeline has been studied theoretically and experimentally. A simple scaling law for the second moment of the tracer concentration within the pipeline is proposed for the first fifteen pipe diameters down-stream from the injection point. The similarity solution is derived by assuming that the tracer diffuses in a weak compound jet moving parallel to the pipeline axis. The theoretical results are correlated with all of the available experimental measurements. The results indicate that the second moment of the tracer concentration decreases with increasing jet momentum and distance from the injection point such that M = 0.25. (lm/D)-2 (x/D)-4/3.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350308
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  • 98
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    Translational-rotational coupling parameters for mutual diffusion in N-octane (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The infinite dilution diffusion coefficients of methane, ethane, n-propane, n-pentane, n-heptane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane have been measured in n-octane using the Taylor dispersion technique in the temperature range 304-435 K at 1.72 × 106 N/m2. Using the framework of the rough hard sphere theory, the values of the translation-rotational coupling parameter have been determined for each solute-solvent pair at each temperature. The coupling parameter was found to be independent of temperature over the entire temperature range of the experiments performed and it has the same value for solutes ranging from n-pentane to n-tetradecane. A calculation scheme is presented for accurate determination of infinite dilution diffusion coefficients for a wide range of solutes in n-octane at a wide temperature range.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350312
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  • 99
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    Hydrodynamics of a lamella electrosettler (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 714-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using the principles of conservation of mass and momenturn for each phase, a theory is developed for describing quantitatively the sedimentation of colloidal particles in vessels having electrodes that are inclined to the vertical.As a limiting case, a kinematic settling formula was derived that describes the motion of settling fronts of colloidal alumina particles suspended in tetralin as a function of angle of inclination and strength of applied electric field in terms of electrophoretic mobilities. A hydrodynamic computer model shows the flow patterns and settling behavior of such lamella settlers with and without an applied electric field. The predicted motions of the settling fronts and the thicknesses of the clear boundary layers above the upper wall of the inclined vessels globally agreed with the experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350503
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser photometric probe for concentration measurements in liquid dispersions (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350319
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