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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words: Histamine — Histamine receptors — Inflammation — Neutrophils — Signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective and Design: In order to understand the underlying mechanism of histamine stimulated inflammatory responses, histamine receptor subtypes and signal transduction pathways by which histamine mediates the stimulation of neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells has been studied in vitro.¶Material: Human neutrophils and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.¶Treatment: Confluent human endothelial cell layer were incubated with histamine (1 mM), H1, H2 or H3 receptor agonists: fluorophenylhistamine (10 μM), amthamine (10 μm), methylhistamine (10 μM), respectively. Ten minutes prior to histamine (1 mM) stimulation H1, H2 or H3 receptor antagonists (dimethindene, 100 μM; famotidine, 100 μM, thioperamid 100 μM, respectively) were added. Histamine stimulated signal transduction pathways were inhibited by adding phospholipase C inhibitor 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N,N-diphenylcarbamat (200 μM), adenylate cyclase inhibitor 9-(2 tetrahydrofuryl)adenine (80 μM), nitric oxide synthase isozymes inhibitor S-ethylisothiourea (1 μM) or guanylate cyclase inhibitor (LY 83583; 10 μM). Neutrophil adhesion was monitored at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 min.¶Methods: Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells was quantified by analysing alkaline phosphatase activity.¶Results: Histamine stimulation of endothelial cells resulted in a biphasic time and concentration dependent pattern of neutrophil adhesion. This pattern of neutrophil adhesion was mimicked by stimulation of endothelial cells with H1 or H2 agonists. Stimulation of endothelial cells with an H3 agonist had no effect on neutrophil binding. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC), nitric oxide synthase isozymes (NOS) or guanylate cyclase (GC) resulted in a significant decrease of neutrophil binding to histamine or agonist stimulated endothelial cells. An increase of neutrophil binding to unstimulated or to agonist stimulated endothelial cells was observed during inhibition of adenylate cyclase.¶Conclusions: Our results suggest that histamine stimulated neutrophil adhesion is due to H1 and H2 receptor mediated activation of PLC, NOS and GC. Increase of cAMP concentration seems to mediate an inhibitory effect on PMN adhesion to endothelial cells
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial N ; Immobilization ; Remobilization ; NH4+ fixation ; Exchangeable NH4+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1991, field experiments on loess (with winter wheat) and sandy soils (with summer barley) were conducted to study N dynamics in the microbial biomass and non-exchangeable NH4 +. The measurements showed a mass change in microbial N, with a maximum increase of 100 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 from March to July in the loess soil, and a change for only 1 month (May) in the sandy soil. Plots treated with conventional levels of N fertilizer (213 kg N ha–1 on a loess soil to winter wheat and 130 kg ha–1 on the sandy soil to summer barley), reduced levels of N (83% and 62% of the conventional N application), or no N showed no consistent fertilizer N effect on microbial biomass N. From March to July, non-exchangeable NH4 + in loess soils under winter wheat decreased by 110 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 in conventionally fertilized plots and by 200 kg N ha–1 30 cm–1 in a plot with no N fertilizer. After harvest, the pool of non-exchangeable NH4 + increased due to increasing mineral N concentrations in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Digital radiography ; Storage phosphor radiography ; Digital image intensifier radiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Digital imaging (digital image intensifier radiography, storage phosphor/selenium radiography) is increasingly becoming commonplace in radiology departments for diagnostic purposes. Despite 10 years of experience, the advantages and disadvantages of those methods are still heavily discussed among users, financiers and prescribers. This paper is to offer additional arguments for a thorough and objective discussion. No further comments or interpretations have been added to this paper. This paper consists of two main parts, A and B. The first part deals with the results of a user survey, the other part presents the results, i. e. statements, of a consensus conference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 35 (1998), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 34 (1997), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; scoring systems ; APACHE ; mortality prediction ; quality control ; Schlüsselwörter Trauma ; Scores ; APACHE ; Mortalität ; Prognose ; Qualitätskontrolle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der APACHE II Score wird häufig als Methode zur Schweregradklassifikation und Prognosestellung bei Intensivpatienten genutzt. Der Vergleich mit der tatsächlich beobachteten Mortalität erlaubt eine Qualitätskontrolle im Sinne eines Soll-Ist-Vergleichs. Intensivpflichtige Traumapatienten zeigten in einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie eine höhere Mortalität als die Prognose nach APACHE II erwarten ließ. Eine Überprüfung der Prognose anhand trauma-spezifischer Score-Systeme sollte die Eignung des APACHE II Scores bei Traumapatienten prüfen. Methode: Aus einer vollständigen Erfassung aller Intensivpatienten während eines 18-Monats-Zeitraums wurden die Traumapatienten identifiziert. Eine Durchsicht der Krankenakten sowie der prospektiven Notarztprotokolle ermöglichte die Bestimmung des Injury Severity Scores (ISS), des Revised Trauma Scores (RTS) sowie des TRISS. Ergebnisse: Von 938 Intensivpatienten wurden 91 als Traumapatienten (9,4%) identifiziert. Von diesen sind 11 verstorben (12,1%). Der APACHE II Score für diese Patienten war im Mittel 10,0 Punkte, was einer Prognose von 7,1% entspricht. Die Prognosen (ROD, risk of death) der trauma-spezifischen Scores lagen durchweg höher: ISS = 26,3 Punkte (RODISS = 20%), RTS = 6,38 Punkte (RODRTS = 6 – 13%) und TRISS = 0,.78 (RODTRISS = 22%). Subgruppenanalysen zeigen, daß insbesondere bei älteren Patienten und Patienten mit einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma die Prognosen nach APACHE deutlich unter der tatsächlichen Mortalitätsrate als auch der auf TRISS basierenden Prognose liegen. Schlußfolgerung: Der APACHE II Score unterschätzt systematisch das Mortalitätsrisiko bei intensivpflichtigen Traumapatienten. Die Prognoseaussage sollte daher nicht ohne gleichzeitige Betrachtung trauma-spezifischer Scores interpretiert werden.
    Notes: Summary Introduction: The APACHE II score is a well-known measure of illness severity and is widely used for patient classification and outcome prediction in critically ill patients. Since 1993, the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Cologne-Merheim uses the APACHE II score for assessment of quality of care by comparing actual versus predicted mortality. The subgroup of trauma patients was identified as showing higher mortality rates than expected from scoring. A comparison with trauma-specific score systems can prove the appropriateness of the APACHE II score in trauma patients. Methods: All trauma patients in the surgical intensive care unit within an 18 months period were identified. All patients had a routine prospective APACHE II assessment. Hospital records and pre-hospital emergency physician protocols for all trauma patients were reviewed and trauma-specific prognostic scores (ISS, RTS, TRISS) were calculated. Subgroup analyses (head injury; severity of trauma; age) were performed. Results: Among 938 patients treated in the surgical ICU, 91 trauma patients were identified; 11 of them died (12.1%). The mean APACHE II score at ICU entry for this group was 10.0, which corresponds to an estimated 7.1% risk of death (RODAPACHE). The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is, thus, 1.70. Trauma-specific scoring systems reveal higher risk of death estimates: mean ISS = 26.3 (RODISS = 20%), mean RTS = 6.38 (RODRTS = 6 – 13%), and mean TRISS = 0.78 (RODTRISS = 22%). Subgroup analysis shows under-estimation of ROD by APACHE II in elderly patients and patients with head injuries. Conclusion: The results of APACHE II score assessment in the group of trauma patients should be interpreted carefully since the actual risk of death is under-estimated. A parallel assessment of trauma-specific scoring systems like TRISS should always accompany risk of death estimates in these type of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Postoperative pain ; Pain therapy ; Pain measurement ; Survey. ; Schlüsselwörter: Postoperativer Schmerz ; Schmerztherapie ; Schmerzmessung ; Umfrage.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Mittels einer anonymen Umfrage wurde der Status der perioperativen Schmerztherapie in Deutschland untersucht. Von insgesamt 2254 chirurgischen Abteilungen antworteten 1000 (Rücklaufquote 44,4 %). Die strukturierten Fragen bezogen sich auf Organisationsstruktur und Zuständigkeit in der Schmerzbehandlung, Bedeutung, Methoden der Schmerzmessung/-dokumentation und die Verwendung verschiedener Analgetica/Analgesieverfahren. In 47 % waren Chirurg und Anaesthesist gemeinsam für die Schmerztherapie zuständig, in 33 bzw. 14 % war es der Chirurg bzw. der Anaesthesist allein. Nur 41 % kannten die Vereinbarung zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie, die 1992 durch die Berufsverbände der Deutschen Chirurgen und Anaesthesisten erstellt wurde. Obwohl die Bedeutung postoperativer Schmerzen als hoch angesehen wurde (für den Arzt 77,6 %, für den Patient 94 %), verfügen nur 19,1 % über ein schriftlich fixiertes Therapiekonzept. Schmerzmessungen führen nur 11 % überwiegend mittels der „Visuellen Analog-Scala“ durch. Die medikamentöse Schmerztherapie besteht bevorzugt aus der systemischen Pharmakotherapie; nur 18 % verwenden regionale Analgesieverfahren. 51 % der Chirurgen entscheiden erst auf der Station über die Wahl und Dosierung von Schmerzmedikation. 33 % gestanden ein, erst bei Klagen des Patienten die Therapie zu beginnen. 70 % der Chirurgen haben noch nie an einem Schmerzkongreß teilgenommen. In der Schlußfolgerung erscheint daher die Schmerztherapie vieler chirurgischer Kliniken in Deutschland als ineffektiv, inadäquat und ohne den nötigen organisatorischen und wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund.
    Notes: Summary. To evaluate the status of perioperative pain management we mailed a anonymous postal survey to all 2,254 surgical departments in Germany. We received answers from 1,000 clinics (44.4 %) which were representative related to their regional distribution. We asked the responsible surgeons to report their organizational structure and responsibilities for treating pain patients, the significance of the problem, their methods of measuring pain, and the usage of different analgesic drugs and methods. In 47 % the surgeon and the anesthesist together had responsibility for adequate postoperative pain treatment; in 33 % and 14 %, respectively, it was the surgeon and anesthesist alone. Only 41 % knew the interdisciplinary statement on pain therapy of the Professional Societies of German Surgeons and Anaesthesists from 1992. Although the importance of postoperative pain is globally acknowledged, only 19.1 % of all departments had a written concept for pain treatment. Pain was measured in only 11 % of the clinics mainly by using the visual analogue scale. Most surgeons relieve pain solely with systemic drugs. Regional analgesia was used by 18 % only. 51 % of the surgeons decide on the choice and dosage of analgesic therapy on the ward; 33 % admit that pain therapy often starts after complaints of the patient. 70 % of all surgeons never participated in a congress on pain. We conclude that postoperative pain management in most German surgical departments still lacks effectiveness, adequacy, and organizational and scientific background.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial N ; Immobilization ; Remobilization ; NH inf4 sup+ fixation ; Exchangeable NH inf4 sup+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1991, field experiments on loess (with winter wheat) and sandy soils (with summer barley) were conducted to study N dynamics in the microbial biomass and non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ . The measurements showed a mass change in microbial N, with a maximum increase of 100 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 from March to July in the loess soil, and a change for only 1 month (May) in the sandy soil. Plots treated with conventional levels of N fertilizer (213 kg N ha-1 on a loess soil to winter wheat and 130 kg ha-1 on the sandy soil to summer barley), reduced levels of N (83% and 62% of the conventional N application), or no N showed no consistent fertilizer N effect on microbial biomass N. From March to July, non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ in loess soils under winter wheat decreased by 110 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 in conventionally fertilized plots and by 200 kg N ha-1 30 cm-1 in a plot with no N fertilizer. After harvest, the pool of non-exchangeable NH inf4 sup+ increased due to increasing mineral N concentrations in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Consensus development conferences — Laparoscopic antireflux operations — Outcome assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is currently a growing field in endoscopic surgery. The purpose of the Consensus Development Conference was to summarize the state of the art of laparoscopic antireflux operations in June 1996. Methods: Thirteen internationally known experts in gastroesophageal reflux disease were contacted by the conference organization team and asked to participate in a Consensus Development Conference. Selection of the experts was based on clinical expertise, academic activity, community influence, and geographical location. According to the criteria for technology assessment, the experts had to weigh the current evidence on the basis of published results in the literature. A preconsensus document was prepared and distributed by the conference organization team. During the E.A.E.S. conference, a consensus document was prepared in three phases: closed discussion in the expert group, public discussion during the conference, and final closed discussion by the experts. Results: Consensus statements were achieved on various aspects of gastroesophageal reflux disease and current laparoscopic treatment with respect to indication for operation, technical details of laparoscopic procedures, failure of operative treatment, and complete postoperative follow-up evaluation. The strength of evidence in favor of laparoscopic antireflux procedures was based mainly on type II studies. A majority of the experts (6/10) concluded in an overall assessment that laparoscopic antireflux procedures were better than open procedures. Conclusions: Further detailed studies in the future with careful outcome assessment are necessary to underline the consensus that laparoscopic antireflux operations can be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Consensus development conference — Diverticulitis — Contrast enema — Hartmann resection — Laparoscopic colectomy — Intraabdominal infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: With the aim of resolving the current controversy over the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease, this consensus development conference set out to summarize the actual state of the art. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel of international experts (n= 16) was selected to take part in the consensus process. Prior to the conference, all experts were asked to answer a series of questions on diverticular disease. The consensus statement compiled out of these evaluations was modified during a joint meeting of the panel members, then presented for discussion in a public session, and finally revised by the expert panel. The finalized statement was mailed to all panel members for approval (Delphi method). Results: Asymptomatic diverticulosis, diverticular disease (with actual or recurrent symptoms), and complicated diverticular disease were defined separately. No agreement was reached on whether barium enema or colonoscopy is the better choice as an initial diagnostic tool in uncomplicated cases. In complicated cases, computed tomography is recommended for diagnosis. After two attacks of diverticular disease, elective resection should be considered. For patients in whom a concomitant carcinoma cannot be excluded and those with chronic complications (fistula, stenosis, or bleeding) surgery is also indicated. Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy is recommended only for uncomplicated and, after percutaneous drainage of abscesses, Hinchey stage I and II cases. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery has already begun to influence the management of diverticular disease, but the randomized controlled trials needed to support therapy decisions are largely missing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Common bile duct stones — Gallbladder — Bile duct calculi — Laparoscopic cholecystectomy — Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Common bile duct stones (CBDS) are a frequent problem (10–15%) in patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Over the last decade, new diagnostic and surgical techniques have expanded the options for their management. This report of the Consensus Development Conference is intended to summarize the current state of the art, including principal guidelines and an extensive review of the literature. Methods: An international panel of 12 experts met under the auspices of the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) to investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives for gallstone disease. Prior to the conference, all the experts were asked to submit their arguments in the form of published results. All papers received were weighted according to their scientific quality and relevance. The preconsensus document compiled out of this correspondence was altered following a discussion of the external evidence made available by the panel members and presented at the public conference session. The personal experiences of the participants and other aspects of individualized therapy were also considered. Results: Our panel of experts agreed that the presence of common bile duct stones should be investigated in all patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Based on preoperative noninvasive diagnostics, either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) or intraoperative cholangiography should be employed for detecting CBDS. Eight of the 12 panelists recommended treating any diagnosed CBDS. For patients with no other extenuating circumstances, several treatment options exist. Stones can be extracted during ERCP, or either before or (in exceptional cases) after laparoscopic or open surgery. Bile duct clearance should always be combined with cholecystectomy. Evidence for further special aspects of CBDS treatment is equivocal and drawn from nonrandomized trials only. Conclusions: The management of common bile duct stones is currently undergoing some major changes. Many diagnostic and therapeutic strategies need further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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