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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1976), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Carrageenan ; 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Adenocarcinoma ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Tierversuch wurde die Frage geprüft, ob der Dickdarm bei bestehender Colitis zur malignen Entartung disponiert ist. Männliche Wistarratten erhielten nach Induktion einer Colitis ulcerosa (durch Verabreichung von 4%igem Carrageenan im Trinkwasser) das dickdarmspezifische Karzinogen 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH; Gesamtdosis 132 mg/kg Körpergewicht subcutan während 7 Wochen). 17 von 18 Tieren entwickelten 15 Wochen nach der letzten Injektion des Karzinogens multiple Adenocarcinome im distalen Colon; dieser Dickdarmabschnitt war auch der bevorzugte Ort der Carrageenan-induzierten Colitis. In einem Kollektiv von Kontrolltieren (n = 18), welche nur DMH erhalten halten, erkrankten im gleichen Zeitraum lediglich 3 Ratten an einem Coloncarcinom. Der Unterschied ist statistisch signifikant (P 〉 0,01). Carrageenan allein wirkte nicht als Karzinogen. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Colitis ulcerosa auch im Tierversuch als Krebsrisikokrankheit aufzufassen ist.
    Notes: Summary Animal experiments were performed to answer the question whether ulcerative colitis is predisposed to malignant degeneration.-Male Wistar rats were given aqueous solutions of degraded Carrageenan (4%; w/v). After induction of ulcerative colitis, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 132 mg/kg body weight) was applicated during a period of 7 weeks. 17 of 18 rats developed multiple adenocarcinomas in the distal colon 15 weeks after the last injection of DMH. The Carrageenan induced colitis was localized predominantly in the distal part of the large bowel. Only 3 rats of a control group of 18 animals exposed to DMH only showed carcinomas of the colon. The difference is proven significant (P 〈 0.01). Carrageenan for itself caused no malignancy.-The results of the experiments demonstrate that, during ulcerative colitis, the colon of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intact one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; liver damage ; thoracic duct ; thermocoagulation ; lymphedema ; 3H-thymidine ; autoradiography ; electron microscopy ; Ductus-thoracicus-Blockade ; Rattenleber ; 3H-Thymidin ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 90 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten wurden autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit3H-Thymidin nach experimenteller Blockade des Ductus thoracicus unternommen. Dabei zeigte sich im akuten Versuch kein nennenswerter Einfluß der intrahepatischen Lymphstase auf den DNS-Einbau in die Kerne der Hepatozyten bzw. Sternzellen. Bei den Langzeittieren (20–360 Tage) lagen die Markierungsindices der Hepatozyten geringfügig über denjenigen gleich alter, gesunder Kontrolltiere. Bei 14 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten führten wir zusätzlich elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen in der Leber durch. Dabei fanden sich im akuten Versuch ein intra- und extra-zelluläres Ödem sowie Schädigungen läppchenperipherer Hepatozyten. Nach 12–15 Tagen haben sich diese Veränderungen weitgehend zurückgebildet. Somit scheint eine intrahepatische Lymphstase keinen nachhaltigen Einfluß auf das Regenerationsverhalten der Leberzellen auszuüben.
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies with3H-thymidine were done in 90 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats following thermocoagulation of the thoracic duct at the base of the neck. In the acute stages of these experiments we were unable to find any significant influence of a lymphedema on the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. In the longterm experiments the labelling indices of the hepatocytes were slightly above those of healthy controls of the same age. In another 14 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats we did electron microscopical investigations of the liver. In the acute phase of the experiment we found an intra- and extrahepatic edema as well as damages of the hepatocytes at the periphery of the liver acini. After 12–15 days these findings have regressed. It seems therefore that an intrahepatic lymphedema does not influence the regenerative capacity of the liver to a marked extend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Inhibited regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus were quantitatively analyzed in adult rats 52 to 98 days after transection of the left hypoglossal nerve and implantation of the proximal stump into the already innervated ipsilateral sternomastoid muscle, a procedure which prevented the transected nerve from regenerating. Many presynaptic boutons with clear spherical synaptic vesicles and symmetrical synapses were lost from the injured perikarya and dendrites. Some perikarya and dendrites (and, rarely, boutons) became electron dense, and astrocyte or microglial sheaths partly surrounded them. Numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil decreased. These statistically significant effects persisted throughout the postoperative period, whereas after axotomy with unimpeded nerve regeneration, these features would have returned to normal by 84 days postoperatively. It was therefore suggested that their recovery depended upon successful regeneration and reconnection of the hypoglossal nerve with the tongue. Subsurface cisterns, and profiles containing unusual inclusions, were numerically normal 52 to 98 days postoperatively, so it was suggested that their early response and recovery after simple axotomy might be entirely dependent on nerve disconnection and not on nerve reconnection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were obtained from inferior olivary neurones of the rat. The responses of fifty neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of a branch of the trigeminal nerve were recorded. Maxillary nerve stimulation was most effective. The response was characterized by an early discharge (single spike and wave, typically with latencies between 16 and 30 msec) and a weak late discharge which followed a period of inhibition of about 100 msec. Half of the neurones responded to one branch of the trigeminal nerve only whereas the other neurones displayed a varying degree of convergence, including sometimes a convergence from limb nerves. Forty-nine olivary neurones were tested for cutaneous receptive fields. Ten out of these had small receptive fields (〈20% of the contralateral face) and a low threshold to mechanical stimuli. Twenty neurones which had larger receptive fields responded also to low-threshold or to medium-threshold (i.e. non-nociceptive) mechanical stimuli. None of the neurones displayed receptive fields more extensive than half of the contralateral face and some of the larger fields had a small, low-threshold focus. Olivary neurones responding to electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerves or mechanical stimulation of the face were located in the medial segment of the olivary complex (dorsal accessory and principal olive). A few cells only were located in the lateral segment. It is concluded that neurones of the inferior olive receive a substantial input from trigeminal afferents and are capable of transmitting precise somatotopical information to the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 372 (1976), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of single cells and of multicellular tissue units in cirrhotic rat livers have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cirrhosis of the liver was produced in rats by simultaneously treating them with carbon tetrachloride and sodium phenobarbital. Connective tissue septa consisted of a loose mesh-work of fibers in which fibroblasts were embedded. The arrangement and surface features of hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules differed from those found in parenchyma of normal livers. Hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules universally formed plates two cells thick. The portion of the hepatocyte surface covered by microvilli was greatly increased in cells from cirrhotic livers, and this was reflected in a corresponding reduction in the area occupied by the smooth-surfaced narrow intercellular space. Canaliculi between hepatocytes in cirrhotic livers were reduplicated and frequently branched. Hepatocyte surfaces covered by microplicae and flattened microvilli, typical of connective tissue-facing surfaces in normal livers, were greatly increased in cirrhotic livers corresponding to the increase in connective tissue. Where hepatocytes directly contacted fibroblasts (and not fibers), their surfaces were entirely smooth. Sinusoidal endothelial cells in cirrhotic livers contained only isolated, relatively sparse pores, and they lacked both sieve plates (pore complexes) and large fenestrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CRF-granules ; Sodium chloride ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bilaterally adrenalectomized female SPF Wistar rats were given tap water containing various concentrations of sodium chloride to drink ad lib. After a survival period of 14 days the animals were killed by perfusion-fixation. Their brains were removed, fixed in pieric acid formalin solution and embedded in Paraplast. Serial sections of median eminence and hypophysial posterior lobe were cut and stained with crotonaldehyde-fuchsine. In the stained sections the amount of CRF-granules visible in the external zone of the median eminence, and the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) occuring in the internal zone of the median eminence and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis were estimated. After administration of drinking solutions to which 0%–1% sodium chloride were added, the amount of CRF-granules increased with increasing NaCl uptake, whereas the amount of “classical” NSM was not changed. Application of tap water containing 2% NaCl led to a marked decrease in the amount of “classical” NSM but did only slightly impair the amount of CRF-granules. From the findings it is concluded that 1. following bilateral adrenalectomy administration of sodium chloride inhibits the secretion of CRF-granules; 2. CRF-granules and “classical” NSM, although histochemical identical, have different functional significances; 3. the mechanisms regulating the secretion of CRF-granules are different from those controlling the release of “classical” NSM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Perivascular contact ; HIOMT ; Median eminence ; Adrenal cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the female rat, proportional changes in the area of contact of pinealocyte processes and glial processes with the perivascular space were found after bilateral adrenalectomy. The contact area was evaluated by measuring the length of pinealocyte and glial cell membranes directly abutting on the basal lamina. In the normal female rat, 40% of the contact area is occupied by pinealocyte and 60% by glial cell processes. Fourteen days after bilateral adrenalectomy, this proportion is reversed. In addition, cell counts demonstrate that more pinealocytes gain access to the pericapillary space due to the experimental conditions. In order to prove whether or not these results indicate an increase of pineal endocrine activity, the melatonin-forming enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT, E.C. 2.1.1.4) was assayed. After bilateral adrenalectomy the HIOMT activity was found to significantly increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 149 (1976), S. 155-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestinal epithelium ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal cells of the surface of the cecum, the ascending colon, and the descending colon in postnatal developing rats were investigated using both light and electron microscopy. In rats 1 to 14 days old the ultrastructure of the surface principal cells in the cecum and ascending colon were characterized by apical tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles similar to those in the absorbing cells of the neo-natal ileum as reported by Clark, 1959, and others. After about the 16th day, the special membrane system disappears from the principal cells of the proximal large intestine. On the other hand, in the descending colon, this special membrane system was absent from the cytoplasmic matrix of the epithelium. It is thought that the proximal portion of the large intestine together with the distal part of the small intestine actively participate in the absorption of protein molecules at least during the early postnatal period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 294 (1976), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 14C-Heteronium bromide ; Drug distribution ; Rat ; Anticholinergic agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tissue distribution of radioactivity after oral administration to rats of 14C-heteronium bromide is measured by liquid scintillation counting and the results expressed as specific activity and percentage of administered radioactivity. From the data obtained in blood, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, cecum, large intestine and stool some conclusions can be drawn. Heteronium bromide undergoes a rapid systemic absorption, the radioactivity being present as early as 15 min from the administration, in all the tested organs. The blood levels show two peaks: one at 120 min and a second at 360 min. This diphasic behaviour can be explained either by the presence of an active enterohepatic circulation, as indirectly indicated by the data from liver and duodenum, or by a transient shift of the molecule from blood to other tissues, rich in polysulfuronic acids. The principal route of excretion is represented by the kidney, where consistent levels are reached at 120 min, while the intestinal route becomes evident at 240 min and reaches its maximum at 720 min. The complete metabolic cycle of the compound is long lasting, since in all the tested tissues, marked radioactivity levels are still present after 720 min. The pharmacokinetic profile obtained, suggesting a long persistence of the drug and/or of its metabolites in the organism, is in agreement with previous pharmacodynamic data showing a long lasting action for heteronium bromide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 295 (1976), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin ; Bile flow ; Biliary excretion ; Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), physostigmine, and atropine on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin were investigated using isolated rat liver perfusion. 1. ACh in the presence of physostigmine caused a temporary reduction in the bile secretion, while physostigmine alone had no effect on the bile flow. 2. The biliary concentration of radioactivity derived from 3H-digoxin was slightly decreased after an addition of physostigmine alone. This effect of physostigmine was not potentiated by ACh. 3. The addition of ACh decreased transiently the biliary elimination of digoxin, as a result of the reduced bile flow. 4. Atropine in the concentration range of 10−6–10−5 M in the perfusion medium did not affect bile flow or biliary excretion of digoxin; repeated addition of atropine (2×2×10−4 M) caused a choleresis lasting over the perfusion period. 5. This choleresis induced by atropine was associated with decreased concentration of tritium in the bile but slightly increased biliary elimination of total radioactivity. 6. The results allow us to draw the conclusion that ACh in the presence of physostigmine has an inhibitory action on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin in the isolated perfused rat liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat ; Simultaneous discrimination ; Successive discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) at a dose of 20 mg/kg, i.p. was found to exert a marked disruptive effect on black-white successive discrimination learning in rats, while this effect failed to be obtained on black-gray simultaneous discrimination. Since trials to the learning criterion were found almost equal for saline rats on both successive and simultaneous discrimination tasks, the differential inhibitory effects of CDP could not be accounted for in terms of differences in difficulties of the two tasks. It is suggested that present results might be interpreted in terms of the hypotheses (a) that CDP produces a deficit in the integration of relevant stimulus cues when they were presented across trials or (b) that CDP has a dis-inhibitory effect in that inhibition of dominant response (positional preference) patterns is weakened by the drug, in a manner similar to effects observed in hippocampectomized animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor incoordination ; Runway test ; Diazepam ; Phenobarbital ; Chlorpromazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A runway apparatus for rats has been developed for measuring motor incoordination and running time. Animals were trained to run along an elevated narrow pathway. Frequency and severity of slipping off and running time were automatically counted. Rats were given diazepam, phenobarbital or chlorpromazine orally and tested 1 h later. Diazepam, 8–64 mg/kg p.o., caused slipping off in a dose-dependent manner. Phenobarbital had a similar effect with 64 mg/kg p.o. Chloropromazine, 32 and 64 mg/kg p.o., caused other signs of motor deficit.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracranial self-stimulation ; Caudateputamen ; Hypothalamus ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Para-chlorophenylalanine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of prostaglandins (PGs) A1, E1, E2, F1α, and F2α administered intraventricularly at doses of 0.02–4.0 μg/rat were studied in some behavioral, antinociceptive and anticonvulsant tests in rats. Exploratory and locomotor activity were decreased by all PGs except A1 and F2α which had no effect on locomotor activity. All PGs studied, except A1, induced hyperthermia and afforded protection in the ‘hot-plate’ analgesic test and against maximal electroshock seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intravenous ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Unit dose ; Route of administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with intravenous or intragastric cannulas and allowed to self-administer morphine sulfate in doses of 0 (saline), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg/infusion. For the intravenous route the number of infusions decreased with increasing unit dose, while the amount self-administered was directly related to unit dose. However, for the intragastric route the number of infusions first increased and then decreased as unit dose was elevated, while the amount self-administered again increased with unit dose. Comparisons between routes showed that for intragastric subjects the number of infusions and amount self-administered both were lower at the two lowest doses but higher for all other doses. These results support the expectation that intravenous injection should produce more potent reinforcing effects than intragastric administration.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Plasma volume ; Protein ; Electrolytes ; Dehydration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma volume, hematocrit, protein and electrolyte concentrations in plasma were measured in control and water-deprived rats every three days after starting the experiment until the 15th day. Plasma volume variations, as related to body weight, suggest that water loss from plasma was proportional to total body water at three days and after 9 days of water deprivation. Greater plasma water than body water loss was found during the period between 3 and 9 days. Plasma protein and electrolyte variations suggest that during water deprivation there is a loss of protein, sodium and potassium from plasma, which is proportionally less than that of plasma water. Potassium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were lost proportionally to plasma water. The variations in plasma volume changes were partially explained as due to variations in plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Brown adipose tissue ; Adipose innervation ; Rat ; Nonshivering heat production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two aspects of the coupling of neural information to brown fat thermogenesis were examined—namely, the thermal responses to increasing neural stimulation and the anatomical nature of the brown fat innervation. Upon stimulation of the nerves to the interscapular brown fat pad, there ensued a biphasic response. This response was manifested by an initial, but transient temperature decrease, followed by a rise in brown fat temperature. The magnitude of both components of this response increased with increasing stimulus strength, thereby demonstrating the ability of the tissue to respond in a graded manner—a feature which may underlie the controlled thermogenic response of brown fat observed in the cold-exposed intact animal. No anatomically unique fiber types appeared to be specifically associated with innervation to the brown adipocytes or to the vessels within the fat pad. On the other hand, the nerves entering the interscapular fat pad were morphologically dissimilar, a finding consonent with their functional dissimilarity (i.e., innervation of adipocytes, innervation of blood vessels in the fat pad, and innervation of areas in the overlying skin).
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 365 (1976), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Temperature regulation ; Circadian rhythms ; Ambiant temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'enregistrement chronique des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées par thermistance a été réalisé chez le rat soumis à différentes températures ambiantes et à une alternance lumière-obscurité de 12 h (lumière de 7 à 19 h). La période du rythme des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées est de 24 h avec acrophase nocturne (1 h) et amplitude de 0,75° C. L'amplitude et l'acrophase ne sont pas modifiées au cours des expositions à différentes températures ambiantes (20-25-30-34-35° C). Chaque augmentation d'ambiance se traduit par une élévation du niveau moyen de la température interne. Cette augmentation, peu perceptible entre 25 et 30° C, atteint 0,5° C entre 20 et 25° C et 1° C entre 30 et 34° C. Elle se maintient tout au long des 10 jours d'observation. Ces résultats soulèvent au moins 3 questions: le degré de liaison entre les rythmes d'activité (éveil) et de température, la labilité de la température interne qui varie avec l'ambiance alors que l'amplitude du rythme circadien reste constante, l'absence de diminution de la température interne après plusieurs jours en ambiance chaude alors qu'activité et métabolisme sont diminués dès le 2ème jour d'exposition.
    Notes: Summary Chronic recording of cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures were carried out in rats maintained at different ambient temperatures in a 12 h light-dark cycle (light from 7 to 19 h). Cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures followed a rhythm with a period of 24 h with acrophase at 1 h and an amplitude of 0.75° C. The amplitude and acrophase were not altered by modification of the ambient temperature (20-25-30-34 or 35° C), but each elevation of ambient temperature produced a rise in the mean internal temperature of the rat. This rise, hardly perceptible at ambient temperatures, of 25 and 30° C, reaches 0.5° C between 20 and 25° C and 1° C between 30 and 34° C. This elevation of temperature was maintained for the duration of the 10 days of observation. These results pose at least three questions: the degree of liaison between the rhythms of activity (waking) and temperature; the lability of the mean internal temperature, which alter with ambient temperature while the amplitude of the circadian rhythm is unaltered and the absence of reduction of mean internal temperature several days exposure to a raised ambient temperature, even when activity and metabolism are reduced by the second day of exposure.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Renin ; Aldosterone ; Corticosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der 24 Std-Verlauf der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität (PRA), der Plasma-Aldosteron-Konzentration (PAC), der Plasma-Corticosteron-Konzentration (PCC) sowie der Urinexkretion von Natrium, Kalium und Aldosteron wurde an männlichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAAS) der Ratte weist einen zirkadianen Rhythmus auf, der dem gut bekannten Rhythmus des Hypophysen Nebennierenrinden-Systems parallel läuft. Dieser Rhythmus läßt sich durch Messung der PRA, der PAC und der Exkretionsrate von Aldosteron im Urin nachweisen. Der Rhythmus der Elektrolytausscheidung im Urin scheint nicht durch den Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion bedingt zu sein. 2. Der Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus ist der Zeitgeber für diese Rhythmen: Eine Umkehr des Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus für 5 Wochen bewirkt eine komplette Umkehr der Rhythmen aller genannten Parameter. 3. Unter Natrium-Restriktion oder Dexamethason-Behandlung wird eine Dissoziation des Rhythmus der PRA von dem der PAC beobachtet, während der Rhythmus der PAC unter allen Versuchsbedingungen mit dem der PCC parallel geht. Diese Beobachtung legt den Schluß nahe, daß das ACTH an der Steuerung des Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion beteiligt ist. 4. Der Grad der Stimulierbarkeit bzw. Supprimierbarkeit des RAAS unterliegt tageszeitlichen Schwankungen. 5. Es wird daher empfohlen, bei Untersuchungen über das RAAS der Ratte die Experimente nicht nur während der Inaktivitätsperiode (Lichtphase), sondern auch während der Aktivitätsperiode (Dunkelphase) dieser Tiere durchzuführen. Dies läßt sich durch Benutzung eines Tierstalls mit umgekehrtem Licht-DunkelZyklus vereinfachen.
    Notes: Abstract The 24 h-course of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) and of the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and aldosterone was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats under different experimental conditions. The data obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) of the rat is subject to a circadian rhythm which is largely in phase with the well-known rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis. This rhythm can be demonstrated in PRA as well as in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of aldosterone. The rhythm of urinary excretion of electrolytes is unlikely to be due to the rhythm of aldosterone secretion. 2. The light-dark cycle is the main synchronizer for these rhythms: inverting the light-dark cycle for 5 weeks entirely inverts the rhythms of all the parameters cited. 3. A dissociation of the rhythms of PRA and PAC can be observed following sodium restriction or dexamethasone treatment. A role of ACTH in regulating the rhythmic pattern of aldosterone secretion is suggested by the finding that PAC and PCC follow the same pattern of circadian variations under every experimental condition tested. 4. The responsiveness of the RAAS to stimulation or suppression varies with the time of day. 5. It is suggested that experiments ought to be performed not only during the inactive (light hours) but also during the active (dark hours) phase when investigating the RAAS in the rat. This can conveniently be achieved by the use of an animal room with a reversed lighting regime.
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  • 20
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Chelating agents ; Excretion ; Distribution ; Rat ; Anorganisches Quecksilber ; Chelatbildner ; Ausscheidung ; Verteilung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter 15 untersuchten Chelatbildnern wurden die Ausscheidung und Organ-verteilung von Hg nur durch Natrium-2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat (DMPS), 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol (BAL), Natrium-Mercaptoäthyliminodiacetat (MEIDA) und D-Penicillamin (PA) beeinflußt. Das Ausscheidungsmuster ist jedoch bei diesen Substanzen unterschiedlich, und einen praktisch günstigen Effekt zeigt nur DMPS, das die renale Ausscheidungsrate erhöht und die Hg-Konzentration in allen Organen senkt.
    Notes: Abstract Among 15 chelating agents tested, sodium-2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), sodium-mercaptoethyliminodiacetate (MEIDA), and D-penicillamine (PA) exerted an influence on the excretion of Hg and its distribution in the organs. The excretion pattern, however, is different for these compounds, and, from the practical point of view, a favourable effect is exhibited only by DMPS which enhances the urinary excretion rate and lowers the Hg-concentration in all organs.
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  • 21
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Inhalation toxicity ; Rat ; Carcinogenesis ; Dichlorvos ; Inhalation-Toxizität ; Ratte ; Karzinogenese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde der Effekt von Dichlorvos-Inhalation in Beziehung zur Krebserzeugung bei Ratten (5 Wochen alte Carworth Farm E, 94–150 g) langfristig (2 Jahre) in Konzentrationen von 0, 0,05, 0,5 und 5 mg/m3 geprüft. Das Wachstum aller geprüften Tiere, im besonderen der männlichen, war verzögert. Bei Exposition in 5 mg/m3 war die Überlebensrate von Ratten erhöht. Die verschiedenen Gruppen zeigten keinen Unterschied in Futteraufnahme, Organgewichten, hämatologischen oder chemischen Bestimmungen, mit Ausnahme der Cholinesterase-Aktivität. Nach einer 2jährigen Inhalation wurden keine Unterschiede des Gehaltes an Acetylcholin und Cholin in einer kleineren Zahl weiblicher Tiere gefunden. Makro- oder mikroskopische Veränderungen in den Rattengeweben, die auf Dichlorvos zurückzuführen wären, wurden nicht beobachtet. Auch die Ultrastruktur der Lungengewebe von Kontrollratten und der Ratten in 5 mg/m3 zeigte keine Veränderungen, die von Dichlorvos abhängig waren. Die Ergebnisse einer “relative risk analysis” der vorliegenden Tumorversuchsreihe haben keine dosisabhängige Erhöhung des Tumorrisikos für Ratten beider Geschlechter gezeigt. Die Befunde sind in Übereinstimmung mit früheren und sprechen für die Unbedenklichkeit des Gebrauchs von Dichlorvos als Insektizid.
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of dichlorvos vapour on the tumour incidence in rats, 5 week old Carworth Farm E strain rats weighing between 94 and 150 g were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/m3 in a 2-year inhalation study. The growth rate of all treated rats was depressed, particularly in the males. There was increased survival of the rats exposed to 5 mg/m3. There were no consistent differences in food intakes, organ weights, haematological or blood chemistry estimations, except in cholinesterase activities, amongst the various groups of rats. No compound-related differences were seen in acetylcholine and choline estimations carried out on a small number of female rats' brain tissues after two years' exposure. There were no gross or microscopical compound-related changes in the rats' tissues. Ultrastructural examination of the respiratory tissues of the rats from the control and 5 mg/m3 group showed no changes attributable to dichlorvos. The results of a relative risk analysis of the tumour data showed that no dose-related increase in tumour risk was established for rats of either sex. These data confirm the results of earlier studies supporting the safety of insecticidal uses of dichlorvos.
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  • 22
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1976), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Hemoglobin ; Blood ; Testes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bei Säugetieren durch Cadmium (Cd) hervorgerufenen Hodenschäden beruhen angeblich auf einer Hemmung der Carboanhydratase (CAH). Da Cd dosisabhängig die Hodendurchblutung beeinflußt, könnte jedoch durch eine Verminderung der Zahl CAH-reicher Erythrocyten eine Hemmung der CAH im Hoden vorgetäuscht werden. Wir bestimmten deshalb CAH-Aktivitäten und Hämoglobin (Hb)-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden von unbehandelten und Cd-behandelten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden an Ratten-Hoden durchgeführt, die vorher über die a. testicularis perfundiert worden waren. Die Ratten erhielten Cd intraperitoneal als CdCl2 jeweils in Einzeldosen von 1,5, 3,0 und 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg Körpergewicht. 1. Die Untersuchungen an perfundierten Hoden zeigten deutlich, daß die im Hodengewebe bestimmten CAH-Aktivitäten nicht einer Hoden-CAH sondern vielmehr der Erythrocyten-CAH zuzuordnen sind. 2. Bei den Cd-behandelten Ratten beobachteten wir kurze Zeit (0,25–1,0 h) nach der Cd-Zufuhr zunächst reversible Durchblutungsänderungen. Sie bestanden in Abhängigkeit von der Cd-Dosis sowohl in einer vorübergehenden Abnahme (1,5 mg Cd2+/kg) als auch in einer Zunahme (3,0 bzw. 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) des Hb-Gehaltes im Hoden. 3. Unabhängig von diesen geringfügigen Durchblutungsänderungen kam es später (14–24 h nach 1,5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h nach 3,0 mg Cd2+/kg und 1–3 h nach 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) zu den bekannten hämorrhagischen Hodenveränderungen mit einer starken Zunahme des Hb-Gehaltes und der CAH-Aktivität. 4. Anhand der Korrelationen zwischen CAH-Aktivität und Hb-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden konnte eine Hemmung der CAH als primäre Ursache der Cd induzierten Hodenschäden ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The cadmium-induced (Cd) damage of mammalian testes is thought to be correlated with an inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) by Cd. Since Cd causes dose-dependent changes in blood flow of the testes, an inhibition of CAH in the testes could be simulated by a decrease of CAH-rich erythrocytes. Therefore, CAH activities and hemoglobin (Hb) content were determined in blood and testes of untreated and Cd-treated Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in testes perfused via the testicular artery. Cd was intraperitoneally applied as CdCl2 in single doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg b.w., respectively. 1. The experiments on perfused testes clearly demonstrated that the CAH activities originate from erythrocytes rather than from a tissue located enzyme. 2. The alterations in blood circulation occurring shortly (0.25–1.0 h) after the Cd administration were characterized by a dose-dependent, transient decrease (1.5 mg Cd2+/kg) as well as an increase (3.0 and 5.0 mg Cd2+, respectively) of the Hb content in the testes. 3. Independent of these minor alterations in a later state (14–24 h after 1.5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h after 3.0 mg Cd2+/kg, and 1–3 after 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg), Cd induced the well known hemorrhagic alterations of the testes with a high increase of Hb content and CAH activity. 4. By means of the correlations between CAH activities and Hb content in blood and testes an inhibition of the CAH by Cd as the primary cause for the tissue damage of the testes could largely be excluded.
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  • 23
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    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Bromide ; Rat ; Humans ; Gaschromatography ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Gesamtbromid ; Ratte ; Mensch ; Gaschromatographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Interpretation toxischer Effekte von Carbromal erforderte Daten über die im Organismus wirksamen Substanzen. Diese Information kann mit einem einfachen gaschromatographischen Verfahren erhalten werden, mit dem Carbromal und seine sedierend wirksamen Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff spezifisch, quantitativ und sehr empfindlich in Geweben erfaßt werden können. Bei Einsatz verschiedener Detektorsysteme (Flammenionisations- bzw. Elektroneneinfangdetektor) liegt die untere Nachweisgrenze bei 2–3 nMol der genannten Stoffe je Gramm Gewebe. Die Methode wird in Versuchen an der Ratte demonstriert, bei denen in Serum und Gehirn die Resorption und Elimination von Carbromal einschließlich seiner Biotransformation zu Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff verfolgt wurden. Es traten nennenswerte Mengen der Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoffe auf, die sich wie Carbromal gleichmäßig zwischen Serum und Gehirn verteilen, jedoch länger im Organismus nachweisbar waren als Carbromal. Nach Aufnahme einer therapeutischen Carbromaldosis (1 g = 4,22 mMol) durch vier gesunde Versuchspersonen traten 30 min nach Ingestion die höchsten Carbromalkonzentrationen im Serum auf (bis 30 nMol/ml). Sie fielen rasch ab, in 24 Std auf 3–4 % der Höchstwerte. Neben Carbromal fanden sich im Serum 4–5 Std nach Aufnahme erhebliche Mengen von Carbromid (bis 20 nMol/ml), aber nur geringe Mengen an Äthylbutyrylharnstoff (2–3 nMol/ml). Beide Metabolite konnten wie bei der Ratte länger im Serum gemessen werden als unverändertes Carbromal. Parallelbestimmungen des Gesamtbromidgehaltes in Serum und Gehirn der Ratte und im Serum des Menschen zeigten, daß die Konzentrationen der hypnotisch aktiven Substanzen rasch abfielen, während anorganisches Bromid wesentlich langsamer ausgeschieden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract To analyze the toxic effects of carbromal it was necessary to have information on the concentrations of carbromal and of its metabolites in the organism. This information can be obtained by a simple method based on gaschromatography that allows rapid, specific, sensitive and quantitative estimation of carbromal and of its hypnotically active metabolites bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Employing different detectors (flame ionisation or electron capture detector) the limit of detection for carbromal and of its two metabolites was 2–3 nmoles/g of tissue. The method was used to study in rats the absoption and elimination of carbromal including biotransformation of carbromal to bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Both metabolites, significant amounts of which were found in serum and brain, distribute evenly between serum and brain as does carbromal. Both metabolites were detectable in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of these metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of hese metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Parallel determination of total bromide in rat tissues and in human serum showed that the concentrations of the hypnotically active compounds declined rapidly while inorganic bromide was eliminated much more slowly.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Response inhibition ; Taurine ; DRL schedule ; Rat ; Response transients ; Defecation ; Frustration ; Temporal discrimination ; Sudden reinforcement schedule changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats habituated to DRL 6-s schedules that required response inhibition in order to obtain reward did not alter their total responses or efficiency ratios (response/reinforcement) when placed ad libitum (orally) on 0.9% taurine (1.1±0.4 g/kg/24-h) relative to controls. In three separate experiments, taurine-administered rats did show significantly poorer adjustment profiles (higher response/reinforcement ratios) during the 15 min immediately following step-like increases in inhibition time demand to DRL 12 s. The effect was transient and was not significant in subsequent sessions. Taurine rats had been habituated to a DRL schedule intended to induce ‘frustration’ before the step-change did not differ from the taurine group maintained on the normal DRL schedule. No significant differences were noted between taurine and control groups, either before or after taurine administration or before or after the step-change in inhibition demand, with respect to defecation in the test chamber, daily fluid consumption, body weight or total responses. We concluded that oral taurine may inhibit learning during labile periods of adjustment following sudden changes of input demand but does not influence a well learned or established response pattern. These results imply taurine's role in the brain as a ‘stabilizer’ against short-term input fluctuations.
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  • 25
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Narcosis ; Catalepsy ; Amphetamine ; α ; MT ; PCPA ; Biogenic amines ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) injected into the right lateral brain ventricle (i.v.c.) of the rat increased the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital, chloral hydrate, and ethanol. PGE1 and PGE2 intensified chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity, and significantly depressed the amphetamine-induced stereotypy. NA concentrations were decreased by PGE1 and PGE2 and were increased by PGF2α. PGF2α increased both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. “Total” ACh concentrations were increased by PGF1α and PGF2α. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α enhanced the turnover of NA, DA, and 5-HT. PGE2 counteracted the decreased activity induced by α-MT and abolished the hypothermic action of α-MT. PGF2α had little effect on the activity of PCPA pretreated rats, whereas the higher doses of PGF2α increased body temperature in these animals.
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  • 26
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    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Behavioral augmentation ; Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; Tyrosine hydroxylation ; Catecholamines ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combined biochemical and behavioral study was performed postnatally on albino rats. An almost linear increase in total motor activity was observed from 1 to 15 days of age followed by a pronounced decrease in motor activity between days 15 and 18. The in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in whole brain was estimated by means of measuring accumulation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) after administration of an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase NSD 1015. Additionally, Dopa accumulation was studied in regional brain areas in 10 and 14-day-old animals. A slight gradual increase in the amount of Dopa accumulation in whole brain was observed from 1 to 10 days of age, followed by a pronounced increase between 10 and 14 days. Regional studies revealed that the increase in Dopa accumulation was primarily located to striatum. The data suggest an involvement of central catecholamine neurons possibly dopaminergic, terminating in striatum. The decrease in motor activity observed after 15 days of age is interpreted as involvement of maturing inhibitory pathways of noncatecholaminergic origin.
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  • 28
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    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clozapine ; Rat ; Brain ; Tryptophan ; Serotonin ; Neuroleptic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clozapine, but not chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, or loxapine, increases the concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of the rat. This effect of clozapine is due to an increased serotonin synthesis as demonstrated by an enhanced accumulation of 3H-serotonin in the brain after i.v. infusion of 3H-tryptophan. Clozapine also elevates the plasma concentration of free tryptophan, and reduces the plasma concentration of total tryptophan. Therefore, clozapine may increase the brain serotonin concentration by enhancing the availability of tryptophan in the brain, thereby promoting serotonin synthesis. Measurement of the rate of disappearance from the brain of 3H-serotonin or of endogenous serotonin after synthesis inhibition with 6-fluorotryptophan shows that clozapine has no direct effect on the release and degradation of serotonin. The effect of clozapine on brain serotonergic systems may possibly be related to the pronounced sedative and sleepinducing properties of this drug.
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  • 29
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 292 (1976), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Hamster ; Hepatic microsomal drug metabolism ; Glucocorticoid interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal biphenyl and aniline hydroxylations were investigated in rat and hamster. Steroids were either added to the standard incubation mixture or given as a single dose intraperitoneally before preparation of the liver microsomes for enzyme determination. The addition of steroids in vitro enhanced biphenyl-2-hydroxylation activity in hepatic microsomes of rat but not of hamster and the most pronounced effect was obtained with betamethasone. A similar species difference in the effects of betamethasone on this enzyme was also observed after administration of a single dose of the steroid in vivo.
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  • 30
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 293 (1976), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Pentetrazol ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Food ; Smooth muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was the aim of this investigation to find out why pentetrazol (PTZ) administered orally to rats has considerably lower convulsive effectiveness than PTZ injected parenterally. It could be demonstrated that PTZ is distributed to and eliminated from all organs analyzed, without any sign of storage or of redistribution. Biological halftime was found to be about 3.5 h after subcutaneous injection. PTZ is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract because PTZ given orally is retained in the stomach for many hours. PTZ absorption is slow from the stomach while it is rapid from the small intestine. Food taken in before and after PTZ administration decreases the rate of PTZ absorption. Retention in the stomach of PTZ given orally is probably due to delayed gastric emptying since PTZ is able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contractions of isolated preparations of the fundus of the stomach.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Nuclear alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Changes in the nucleoplasm were primarily reflected by a condensation of chromatin, particularly along the nuclear membrane and adjacent to the nucleolus. Later, different types of intranuclear inclusions were observed. After 21 days, the nuclei were characterized by an irregular outline with large indentation. Within the nucleoplasm aggregates of coarse granular chromatin were found. No cell necrosis was observed, indicating that androgen deprivation results in a remodeling of the cell to a less active state with marked cellular alterations and cessation of secretion, but apparently with some of their basic functions still intact. Injections of testosterone completely reverse the castrated-induced alterations. The changes observed are assumed to be due to the withdrawal of the androgenic stimulus, with a direct influence on the secretory function of the cell. The findings support the view that the stimulating secretory effect of androgen is mediated via an intranuclear androgen receptor, probably located in the nucleolus-associated-chromatin. It is also proposed that the secretory function of the epithelial cells of the prostatic complex, initiated by androgens, may be regulated by an intranuclear secretory center.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebral cortex ; Endothelial cells ; Intraendothelial lumen ; Interendothelial lumen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing blood vessels in rat cerebral cortex were studied at a number of stages between 3 and 28 days postnatal, in an attempt to obtain data on the mechanisms by which the lumen is established within cords of mesodermal cells. A combination of techniques was utilized in an attempt to elucidate these mechanisms. These were: (a) aldehyde fixation and block staining with phosphotungstic acid; (b) aldehyde perfusion followed by perfusion of a lead solution and post-fixation in osmium tetroxide; (c) conventional preparation of tissue with aldehyde and osmium fixation. Support for interendothelial lumen formation was readily forthcoming, including vessels with junctions between two or more endothelial cells cut transversely. There was some support for intraendothelial lumen formation, in the form of “seamless” endothelial cells. Other features noted included the presence of free ribosomes and vacuoles in the endothelial cells, endothelial flaps, sprouts and tendrils, intraluminal debris, endothelial degeneration and a junction with a nonendothelial cell. Large numbers of endothelial vacuoles were noted, many of them occurring at the abluminal edge of the cells. These vacuoles may be involved in the formation of intraendothelial lumina and also in the enlargement of both types of lumina. This study provides evidence that besides the well-established inter-endothelial lumen formation, intraendothelial mechanisms may also be operative in rat cerebral cortex. The techniques employed in this study offer the potential for clarifying these and related issues.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Exercise ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four groups of male rats were exercised for periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks with controls in each group. As a result of chronic exercise there was an increase in the width of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Also, there was an increase in the number and size of the mitochondria, and an increase in the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and during the first 4 weeks of exercise an increase in the number of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The close relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, and the relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets suggests a possible means for a transport mechanism for movement of precursors between these organelles.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraependymal cells ; Third ventricle ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophyseotropic area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supraependymal cells (SEC) are a normal component of the wall of the cerebral ventricles. In the hypothalamic area of the third ventricle they are restricted, in healthy animals, to the ependymal projection of the hypophyseotropic area. Here the SEC show great polymorphism. In addition to bipolar, multipolar and stellate or spider-like cells, transitional forms between these types can be seen. Their perikarya and processes can either remain at some distance from the ependyma or be in close contact with it. The processes may protrude between the ependymal cells or show surface differentiations that resemble the thin cytoplasmic folds of the mesenchymal wandering cells. Considering this and the variations in the number of cells, for example during the ovarian cycle, the SEC can be interpreted as mesenchymal cells, probably related to microglial cells of the subependymal layer. It is suggested that the SEC have a phagocytotic function and may be involved in the normal renewal of the ependyma. A definitive explanation for the restriction of the SEC to the hypophyseotropic area as well as the elucidation of their function remain to be found.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-hypothalamic projection ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat ; Axonal iontophoresis/cobalt precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The technique of cobalt sulfide precipitation combined with Timm's sulfide-silver method for intensification of heavy metals was used to delineate the retino-hypothalamic projection of the rat. Freshly isolated rat brains were dissected and a solution of cobaltous chloride was applied to one of the cut optic nerves. Sixteen hours later, after cobalt ions had passed into the brain along the entire length of the optic fibers, the preparation was treated with ammonium sulfide to precipitate the cobalt as cobalt sulfide. In thick light microscopic sections, cobalt-filled axons were visualized as black fibers against a light gold background. Such fibers were observed to leave the posterior medial portion of the optic chiasm and, after arching dorsally, to project into the posterior fifth of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), as well as into the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus. Neither bifurcation of these axons nor looping of the axons back to the chiasm was seen. Most fibers projected to the SCN contralateral to the filled nerve, but the projection represented less than 0.1 % of the total number of fibers in one optic nerve. These observations are considered to be graphic evidence of a retino-hypothalamic projection. The interpretation of the cobalt method is discussed, as are the functions of the connections that have been observed.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interdigitating cells ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopic and cytochemical studies were performed to localize interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) in the popliteal lymph node of the rat. The morphological features of the IDC of the rat correspond to those described for other species, but also show similarities to normal macrophages in the rat. This is considered to be an argument in favour of the common origin of IDC's and macrophages. Ultrahistochemical studies with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reveal no phagocytotic capacity of IDC's. After perfusion fixation containing ruthenium red (RR) the surface coat stains heavily: RR is also found deep in the membrane invaginations of the IDC, indicating the presence of polyanionic sialoglyco-proteins. The post-capillary-venules (PVC) are very permeable to both HRP and RR. The phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain (PTA-CrA) also reveals glycoproteins in the surface coat; these glycoproteins are susceptible to α-neuraminidase, whereas glycoproteins in the Golgi complexes, lysosomes and in the vesicular complexes of IDC are not. The glycoproteins of the latter are susceptible to 0.1 N NaOH. These findings indicate that IDC produce different kinds of glycoprotein, one of which may be secreted and act as a factor for stimulating peripheral T-lymphocytes. Intimate contact between IDC's and PCV's could be observed. It is therefore conceivable that IDC's play an important role in the homing of T-lymphocytes.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine ; ZIO reaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary primordium ; Cytodifferentiation ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rathke's pouches isolated from rat fetuses on day 12 were maintained in organ culture for 9 days and investigated immunohistochemically to test whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in the cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method demonstrated that the cultured tissue contains different types of glandular cells, i.e., adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, luteinizing hormone (LH)-, thyrotropin (TSH)-, and prolactin-producing cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained to indicate the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-cells. These findings suggest that adenohypophysial primordial cells of rats start to synthesize their respective hormones without stimuli from neurosecretory substances of the brain which are known to be essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the adult gland.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: Microtubules ; Tractus hypophyseus ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence has already been adduced suggesting that an increase in microtubular number occurs in the tractus hypophyseus of rats stressed by the administration of hypertonic saline, and of rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (CDI). Since the tractus hypophyseus in these animals shows high secretory activity, it seems likely that the microtubular increase reflects the participation of microtubules in axoplasmic transport. To exclude, however, a congenital microtubular abnormality in CDI, affected newborn rats were examined. In these, the microtubular number was normal, thus suggesting that the increase in microtubular number seen in adult animals was not a congenital morphological abnormality. However, by 4 days of age there was a slight but statistically significant increase in microtubular number in affected rats, a change probably attributable to increased secretory activity.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum ; Autografts ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat ovary has been transplanted successfully to subcutaneous tissue areas by several investigators. Light microscopy has revealed that corpora lutea in ovarian autografts are formed by luteinization of intact follicles and contain entrapped ova. In the present study, corpora lutea from autografted ovaries in castrate rats were obtained at metestrus and examined electron microscopically to determine whether their cellular morphology correlated with the normal progesterone levels in these animals. Cellular features usually accepted as regressive were apparent. The findings suggest either structural luteolysis is occurring before functional luteolysis or that the adrenal has increased steroidogenic activity in the castrate with ovarian autografts to account for the normal progesterone levels.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal vein ; Rat ; Adrenergic innervation ; Postnatal ; Ontogenesis ; Histofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the adrenergic innervation pattern in the rat portal vein has been studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and Falck. Stretch preparations and transverse freeze-dried sections of intact portal veins were studied from rats during the first 5 weeks of life and from adult rats. Orientation of undifferentiated smooth muscle cells into two layers was observed at 4 days of age. Dominance of the thick outer longitudinal muscle layer was apparent at two weeks of age. A terminal adrenergic nerve plexus with some varicosities was restricted outside the media at the end of the first week. Ingrowth of penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers through the longitudinal muscle layer occurred during the second week of age when the main terminal nerve plexus was developing between the two muscle layers. After 3 weeks of age the adult pattern of a two-dimensional adrenergic plexus between the muscle was established. In the adult rat pharmacological treatment with nialamide and noradrenaline revealed the thin, penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers in the longitudinal muscle layer which were poorly visible otherwise. The present observations strongly indicate that the main adrenergic plexus between the two muscle layers emanates directly from the outer axonal plexus. These findings are discussed regarding possible trophic interactions between ingrowing sympathetic adrenergic vasomotor nerves and maturing vascular smooth muscle.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Rat ; Marginal sinus ; Marginal zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The marginal sinus in the spleen of the Wistar rat surrounds the follicle and has more numerous PAS positive fibers on the inner wall than on the outer wall. India ink- and lead oxide-gelatin were injected into the abdominal aorta. It was found that much of the india ink-gelatin accumulated in the marginal sinus, the marginal zone, and part of the red pulp, while most of the lead oxide-gelatin collected in the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, the capillaries of the follicle were found to open into the marginal sinus. Regions not perforated by the marginal sinus lie between the follicle and the marginal zone. The wall of the marginal sinus is discontinuous and the discontinuities are wider on the marginal zone side than on the follicle side. The relationship of these findings is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Rat ; Innervation ; Three-dimensional reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the carotid body of adult rats was studied by means of serial ultrathin sections. A single branching nerve fiber innervates 12 chief cells through several kinds of terminals (vesicle-containing, mitochondrial sack, and calyx-type) in en-passant and bouton forms. Two types of synaptic contacts between nerve terminals and chief cells are found; type 1 in which chief cells are postsynaptic, and type 2 in which chief cells are presynaptic. Since a single nerve fiber (possibly from the glossopharyngeal nerve) forms both types of synapses with type 2 predominating, the nerve fiber is considered basically sensory or centripetal. In addition to their synaptic connections with sensory nerve fibers, chief cells located in the periphery of this organ are in synaptic relation with dendrites of a few ganglion cells adjacent to these cells. Here the chief cells are presynaptic. A few synaptic contacts between two adjacent chief cells are seen, and so are direct contacts between chief cells and preganglionic efferent nerve fibers terminating on ganglion cells.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Exocytosis, endocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane particles, rosettes ; Neurohypophysis, neurosecretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Images have been obtained from freeze-etch replicas of neurohypophyses which are consistent with the view that orderly arranged aggregates of membrane particles occur in regions where fragments of membrane are being added to and taken away from the plasma membrane during secretion. Aggregates of particles included rosette-like and necklace-like patterns similar to those described by other authors at sites of exocytosis and endocytosis.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Paraganglionic cells ; Monoamine synthesis inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoamine storage sites in paraganglionic (PG-)cells of the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by electron and fluorescence microscopy following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), disulfiram or guanethidine respectively. Dense core vesicles in PG-cells are significantly decreased (p〈 0.001) in number following pCPA, and in the majority of these cells following disulfiram and guanethidine. However in a minor portion of PG-cells the latter agents cause an increase in number and in size of dense core vesicles, in parallel with structural alterations. In agreement with these electron microscopic findings fluorescence microscopic and cytophotometric evaluations reveal a general decrease in catecholamine content with few cells showing an increase. The findings provide a morphological basis for the assumption, that monoamine storage sites in PG-cells can be decreased by inhibition of monoamine synthesis, following administration of pCPA, disulfiram and guanethidine. However the two types of responses of PG-cells which occur after disulfiram and guanethidine demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of this cell system in the rat superior cervical ganglion which is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbons ; Pineal organ ; Rat ; Ultracytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic complexes of the rat pinealocytes are neither cholinergic nor adrenergic. In the synaptic vesicles, a neurotransmitter carrier substance of lipid nature reacting with OsO4-Zn I2 mixture (similar to that present in both cholinergic and adrenergic vesicles) was not found. In addition, there were no indications of glucose-6-phosphatase or thiamine-pyrophosphatase activity in the synaptic vesicles. Thus, it appears that the synaptic vesicles do not originate from the rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The synaptic ribbons do not contain carbohydrates, are of protein nature and possess some chemical resemblance to microtubules and microtubular bouquets. Appropriate ultracytochemical reactions have not shown detectable quantities of sodium and calcium ions in pinealocyte synaptic complexes.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 411-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity in the rat hypothalamus after intraventricular injection of tritiated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied by autoradiography and compared with that expected from Fick's second law which defines the character of ordinary diffusion. The results suggest that LH-RH penetrates through the ependyma and thin subependymal layer in the median eminence and into the suprachiasmatic area by ordinary diffusion. By contrast, concentration of radioactivity in outer layers of the median eminence is increased and, therefore, can not be explained by the diffusion law. In this region incorporation of radioactivity into cell bodies was demonstrated. In the subependymal layer of the median eminence a few rows of silver grains seemingly located in cellular processes were also observed. The diffusion coefficient in the periventricular zone was lower than that in the deeper tissue. It is suggested that the ependymal-subependymal complex of the third and lateral ventricles acts as a passive membrane towards LH-RH contained in the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of this mechanism for the intrahypothalamic transport of RHs is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 549-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis ; Rat ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 179-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiglottis ; Rat ; Elastic cartilage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes of the rat epiglottis contain large amounts of glycogen and lipids, which often make the cells resemble fat cells. The content of lipids is interpreted as being related to the function of the cells. The membranes of some of the large vacuoles are stained with ruthenium red. The cells give rise to long cytoplasmic processes. As in hyaline cartilage the intercellular substance consists of a fine network containing proteoglycan granules together with thicker cross striated fibers. Furthermore elastic fibers are found, consisting of amorphous and microfibrillar parts. In the matrix, both lysosome-like granules and more or less empty vesicles are observed. Accumulations of a finely particulate electron dense material and of a translucent amorphous material containing membrane bound granules are found in some lacunae situated in the outer part of the cartilage. These accumulations are possibly related to the development of collagenous and elastic fibers.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Rat ; Sinusoid ; Pit cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pit cells — a new type of cell first described here and so named because they contain highly characteristic granules — are situated in the wall of rat liver sinusoids, and have hyaloplasmic pseudopodia intermingling with the microvilli of the parenchymal cells. The characteristic granules are mainly situated at one side of the nucleus, the other side showing organelle-free hyaloplasm. Pit cells are also found in portal tracts and in granuloma-like cellular aggregates. They also occur in rat peripheral blood, although there are morphological differences between cells in these two sites. Pit cells can be regarded as regular inhabitants of the sinusoidal wall, and therefore belong to the series of sinusoidal cells, i.e., the endothelial (Wisse, 1972), Kupffer (Widmann et al., 1972; Wisse and Daems, 1970; Wisse, 1974a,b), and fat-storing cells (Ito, 1973). Pit cells do not phagocytose and do not react to a great number of experimental conditions, to which endothelial and Kupffer cells do react (Wisse, 1972, 1974b). Mitosis has been observed in a pit cell. The function of pit cells remains obscure, but an endocrine function is suggested by the morphology of their highly characteristic granules.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Dog ; Basal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the basal cells of rat lateral and ventral prostate and of dog prostate has been studied. Basal cells from both species appear as undifferentiated cells, characterised by a lack of cytoplasmic organelles and a poorly developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of cytoplasmic filaments and micropinocytosis is not considered to be sufficient evidence to assume any similarity to myoepithelium, as has been previously suggested. Basal cells are instead considered to be precursors of secretory epithelial cells.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 83-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine ; Extraneuronal effects ; Rat ; Adrenal ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) on rat adrenocortical cells in tissue culture were studied with phase contrast and electron microscopy. With 40 mg/l of 6-OHDA the first signs of alteration as revealed by microcinematography appeared in isolated cortical cells as early as 15 min after addition of the drug. There was a cessation of movement of cell organelles and an immobilisation of membrane undulations followed by the development of dark inclusion bodies. The cells underwent increasing shrinkage and collapsed by 11/2 h. Chromaffin cells were not affected until 45 min after exposure to the drug and neurons were the most resistant population. However 61/2 h after application of the drug most cells in the culture were dead. 6-OHDA applied in different doses and to adrenal expiants did not alter the sequence of events. Ultrastructurally cortex cells underwent damage along two lines: they either showed lytic changes or developed various types of dense bodies before reaching the lytic stage. Treatment of cortical cells with 40 mg/l 5-or 6-OHDA followed by exposure to buffered 2% glyoxylic acid and heat did not produce a fluorescence within the cells. Microspectrofluorimetry on amine models with noradrenaline, 5- and 6-OHDA revealed that neither 5-nor 6-OHDA are capable to form a fluorophore with glyoxylic acid.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian autografts ; Autonomic innervation ; Ovarian steroids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at three time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17β and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. At the first day of vaginal cornification after grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (45.8±4.0 pg/ml) was elevated in comparison to controls at metestrus (24.0±2.6 pg/ml), but plasma progesterone (21.5±4.0 ng/ml) was not different (30.6±1.7 ng/ml). Subsequently, at the first metestrus following grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (23.0±3.5 pg/ml) was comparable to control values. In contrast, progesterone was decreased (17.5±1.9 ng/ml). A definite correlation was detected between the vaginal smear and plasma levels of steroid hormones in the castrated female rat with subcutaneous ovarian autografts. Histochemical techniques were used to study the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of grafts three days after grafting, at the first day of vaginal cornification, and at the first metestrus. No correlation was shown between density of adrenergic or cholinergic innervation and plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone or onset of a cycling vaginal smear.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Nerves ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corneal nerves of the rat was studied in tissue fixed by immersion in and by perfusion with glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives. Of the four types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, those with the features of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were confined to the nerves at the limbus and were concentrated in the perivascular plexuses. The remaining two types of terminal were found on axons located in all parts of the cornea and on both intraepithelial axons and axons in the stromal nerves. Of these, one contained the numerous mitochondria which occur in the terminals of axons associated with known mechanoreceptors and the second contained variable and often small numbers of both clear and large dense-cored vesicles. While most of the mitochondria-containing terminals were seen in nerves located near the periphery, vesicle-containing terminals were numerous in all of the nerves, and especially in those in the avascular cornea. In material fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, the vesicle-containing terminals appeared to be dilated, but in material fixed by perfusion there was little evidence of any increase in the diameter of the axons in the terminal regions. The structure of the terminals was compared with that of the terminals of axons identified in the nerves of the skin and the urinary tract and the differences in the vesicle content of the terminals to those reported in other studies of the corneal nerves was related to the use of different fixation procedures. The possibility that axons possessing such terminals are identical with the beaded axons and both the cholinesterase-positive and fluorescent axons demonstrated in light microscopical studies of the corneal nerves is discussed, and the widespread distribution of the axons in the cornea is equated with the hypothesis that they are afferent in nature and represent the peripheral receptors for pain impulses.
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  • 55
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1976), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Coloncarcinoma ; Cholecystectomy ; Rat ; 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Bile ; Acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die experimentelle Studie gilt dem Coloncarcinom und dem Problem seiner möglichen Entstehung nach einer vorausgegangenen Cholecystektomie. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) induzierte Dickdarmkanzerogenese der Maus durch die Entfernung der Gallenblase signifikant gesteigert werden kann. 70% der cholecystektomierten Tiere, denen 10mal 15 mg/kg DMH subcutan injiziert wurde, hatten nach 20 Wochen einen Dickdarmkrebs. Dagegen wiesen nur 16% der nichtoperierten Tiere (bei sonst gleichen Bedingungen) ein Coloncarcinom auf. Als Ursache des karzinogenen Einflusses der Cholecystektomie wird die verstärkte Bildung sekundärer Gallensäuren durch die Darmbakterien, sowie der Fortfall der Resorptionsständigkeit der Gallenblase für lebergängige Karzinogene diskutiert. Den klinischen Hintergrund für diese experimentelle Studie bildet die Tatsache, daß 10% aller Dickdarmkrebskranken in der chirurgischen Anamnese eine Cholecystektomie aufweisen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significant high rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gall bladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies is the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowels had a cholecystectomy previously.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Blood-to-Lumen Flux ; Tritiated Water ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Anaesthetized rats were loaded with tritiated water and a jejunal loop was perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered saline solutions. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the blood), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished both the appearance rate and the disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results; however, at high blood flow the appearance and disappearance rate did not reach the value measured in the experiments with decreasing blood flow. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood retarded and towards the intestinal lumen accelerated the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water by solvent drag during the penetration through the epithelium and by changing the luminal concentration (e.g. dilution) as well as the blood flow rate in the capillaries near the epithelium.
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  • 57
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    Journal of neurology 202 (1972), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Experimental Hydrocephalus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 25 mg/kg Äthylnitrosoharnstoff wurden am 9 1/2. Tag der Schwangerschaft SD-JCL-Ratten injiziert. Die Feten wurden am Termin excidiert und mit dem Stereomikroskop untersucht. 78% der Feten zeigten einen Hydrocephalus. Die histologische Untersuchung in Stufenschnitten des Gehirns zeigte eine Stenose des Aquädukts ohne subependymale Gliose, ödematöse Plexus chorioidei mit prallgefüllten Gefäßen, spärlichem Bindegewebe und geschwollenen Epithelzellen, Verdünnung der telencephalen Wandungen mit schwach entwickelter granulärer Schicht und in der ependymalen Zone verbleibenden Neuroblasten. Die Entwicklung der jungen Ratten wurde studiert. 75% der neugeborenen Ratten zeigten klinisch gewisse Hinweise auf den Hydrocephalus. Stark betroffene Tiere wurden zunehmend somnolent und/oder gelähmt und starben meist vor Ende der 4. Woche. Der Eiweißgehalt des Liquors war nennenswert vermehrt. Es wurden subdurale, subarachnoidale und intraventrikuläre Blutungen beobachtet und als wahrscheinliche Todesursache angesehen. Die histologische Untersuchung der hydrocephalen Jungtiere ergab eine Abflachung der Ependymzellschicht und pralle Füllung corticaler Gefäße von der 2. Woche an. In späteren Stadien wurde eine Dickenabnahme der periventrikulären weißen Substanz, im besonderen im Bereiche des Occipitalhornes nachgewiesen. Im verdünnten Pallium waren Vacuolenbildungen des perineuralen Gewebes zu sehen, Verbreiterung der Virchow-Robinschen Räume und eine dem Status spongiosus ähnliche Degeneration. Verschiedene Formen ependymaler Wucherung wurden gesehen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die erste postnatale Beobachtung von transplacentar verursachtem kongenitalem Hydrocephalus in der Ratte dar. Die hier beschriebene Technik erwies sich als einfaches und reproduzierbares Mittel, um einen kongenitalen Hydrocephalus in der Ratte zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary SD-JCL rats were injected with 25 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea on day 9 1/2 of gestation. Fetuses were excised near term and examined under dissecting microscope. 78% of viable fetuses were found to be hydrocephalic. On the histologic study of the serial sections of the brain, a stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct without subependymal gliosis, edematous choroid plexus with engorged vessels, scanty connective tissue and swollen epithelium, thinning of the telencephalic wall with poorly developed granular layers and the neuroblasts remaining in the ependymal zone, were the characteristic findings in the hydrocephalic fetuses. The natural course of the treated young rats was studied. 75% of the newborn rats showed some clinical evidence of hydrocephalus. Severely affected rats became progressively lethargic and/or paralytic, and died usually before the end of 4th week. Protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly increased. Subdural, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages were observed and suspected to be the cause of death. On the histological examination of hydrocephalic youngs, flattening of the ependymal cells and engorgement of the cortical vessels were observed as early as in 2-week-old youngs. In more advanced stages, there was noted the thinning of the periventricular white matter, especially around the occipital horn. The thin pallium showed vacuolization of the perineural tissue, enlargement of the Virchow-Robin space and the status spongiosus-like degeneration. Various types of ependymal proliferation was seen. The present study represents the first postnatal observation of the transplacentally induced congenital hydrocephalus in the rat. The present technique proved to be a simple and reproducible model of producing a congenital hydrocephalus in the rat.
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  • 58
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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  • 59
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    Research in experimental medicine 159 (1972), S. 114-123 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Scalds ; Local cooling ; Rat ; Quantity of leucocytes ; Verbrühung ; Lokale Kühlung ; Ratte ; Verhalten der Leukocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an Ratten ergaben folgende Befunde: 1. Sofortige lokale Kühlung nach der Verbrühung beeinflußt bei der Ratte im untersuchten Zeitraum von 15 Tagen den Verlauf der Erkrankung gemessen am Parameter der Leukocytenzahl. 2. Die Kühlungszeit muß ausreichend lang sein. 3. Die Kühlung muß früh genug einsetzen, beim Versuchstier Ratte innerhalb 5 min nach Verbrühung. 4. Bei verspätetem Kühlungsbeginn läßt sich auch durch Verlängerung der Kühlungsdauer das Verhalten der Leukocytenzahl im Ablauf des Krankheitsgeschehens nach Verbrühung nicht beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary Following results are obtained in experiments with rats: Immediate local cooling after scald had a significant influence on progress of “burn-disease”. Time for local cooling must be long enough, onset of local cooling early enough. It is not possible to restore the consequences of a late onset by prolongation of cooling.
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  • 60
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Brain ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed. It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Cold ; Pineal gland ; Synaptic vesicles ; Zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den synaptischen Bläschen der Nervenendigungen der Epiphyse von Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage einer Temperatur von −6° bis −8°C ausgesetzt worden waren, hat man eine signifikante Vermehrung des Zinkjodid-Osmiumtetroxyd (ZIO) reaktiven Materials festgestellt. Der durchschnittliche Durchmesser der ZIO-positiven synaptischen Vesiculae betrug bei den Kontrollratten 234 Å und bei den Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage unter der Kälte gelebt hatten, 380 Å, bzw. 379 Å. Die ZIO-Reaktion war bei den Kontrollratten in 49,3% der synaptischen Vesiculae positiv, nach zweitägiger Kälteeinwirkung waren 58,7% und nach viertägiger Kälteeinwirkung 72,1% der synaptischen Vesiculae ZIO-positiv. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Arbeit war es jedoch nicht möglich zu entscheiden, ob die Vermehrung des ZIO-reaktiven Materials mit einer gleichzeitigen Zunahme der biogenen Amine verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary In the synaptic vesicles of pineal nerve endings of Wistar rats exposed for 2 and 4 days to a temperature of −6° to −8° C, a significant increase of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reactive material was observed. The mean diameter of ZIO reactive synaptic vesicles of control rats was 234 Å; in rats exposed to cold for 2 and 4 days it was 380 Å, respectively 379 Å. In control rats the ZIO reaction was positive in 49,3% of the synaptic vesicles. The reactivity increased to 58,7% in rats exposed to cold for 2 days, and to 72,1% in rats exposed to cold for 4 days. However, the results of the present study do not permit to conclude if an increase of ZIO reactive material is accompanied by a simultaneuos increase of biogenic amines.
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  • 62
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Median eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Zona externa infundibuli der normalen Ratte kommen geringe Mengen „Gomori-positiver” Granula vor. Nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Granula, die sich durch Gabe von Hydrocortison einschränken oder verhindern läßt. Dieser Befund hat zu der Annahme geführt, daß die Granula das morphologische Äquivalent des Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) darstellen. Morphometrische Untersuchungen an 160 weiblichen Wistarratten zeigen, daß die Menge der nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie in der Zona externa infundibuli nachweisbaren „Gomori-positive” Granula von der postoperative Überlebensdauer abhängt. Die Granulamenge nimmt zunächst bis zum 14. Tag p.o. zu und fällt dann wieder ab. Substitution bilateral adrenalektomierter Ratten mit Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension bewirkt eine dosisabhängige Verminderung der Granulamenge, wenn die Behandlung am Operationstag begonnen wird. Applikation von Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension vom 14.–21. Tag p.o. führt dagegen zu einer gesteigerten Granulavermehrung. Auch bei stärkster Vermehrung sind die Granula stets nur im Infundibulum und nicht in anderen Bereichen des Hypothalamus nachweisbar. Sie besitzen bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Tieren ein charakteristisches Verteilungsmuster mit besonders hohen Konzentrationen in den paramedianen Abschnitten des rostralen Infundibulumdrittels. Aus der Art und Weise ihrer Verteilung ist zu vermuten, daß die Granula 2 Nervenfaserzügen angehören und ein Neurosekret darstellen. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen besteht zwischen dem Verhalten der „Gomori-positiven” Granula in der Zona externa infundibuli und dem aus pharmakologischen Untersuchungen bekannten Verhalten des Corticotropin-releasing factor eine weitgehende Parallelität. Sie legt nahe, die Menge der Granula als Parameter der CRF-Aktivität zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary In the zona externa infundibuli (outer layer of the median eminence) of the normal rat a minute number of “Gomori-positive” granules can be detected. Following bilateral adrenalectomy their number increases. This augmentation can be restricted or inhibited by administration of hydrocortisone, a finding, which has led to the assumption that the granules are the morphological equivalent of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Morphometrical studies on 160 female Wistar rats show that following bilateral adrenalectomy the quantity of “Gomori-positive” granules is dependent on the length of the post-operative survival period. Up to the 14th day p.o. the quantity of granules increases; from then on it diminishes. Substitution of bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension results in a dose-dependent decrease in the quantity of granules if treatment is begun on the day of operation. In contrast, administration of hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension from the 14th to the 21st day p.o. results in increased augmentation of the granules. Even when maximum augmentation of the granules is reached, they are invariably found only in the infundibulum and not in other regions of the hypothalamus. In animals that have been subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy, the granules show a characteristic pattern of distribution, with particularly high concentrations in the paramedian parts of the rostral third of the infundibulum. The manner in which the granules are distributed suggests that they are a neurosecretory substance localized in two fibre tracts. The present study points to a close parallelism between the behaviour of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the zona externa infundibuli and that of the corticotropin-releasing factor as revealed by pharmacological investigations. It would seem that the quantity of granules can be used as a parameter of CRF activity.
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurogenesis ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Time of origin of various neuronal elements in the cerebellum of rat was established with the aid of tritiated-thymidine-autoradiography. The earliest nerve cells to form were the Purkinje cells, and they came into existence on days 15 and 16 of gestation. Interstitial nerve cells had their genesis on days 15, 16, 17 and 18, and the marginal cells on day 16 of the embryonic development. The Golgi cells were found to come into existence on days 17, 18 and 19 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation a number of small-medium-sized nerve cells, which were smaller than the Golgi cells but larger than the granule cells, were seen to come into existence. Finally, the earliest stock of granule, basket and stellate cells, primarily in the nodulus, flocculus and para-flocculus, were observed to have been formed on the day 21 of embryogenesis.
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  • 64
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: l-DOPA ; Neoplasm, Striatal ; Motor Behavior ; Rat ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration ofl-DOPA to a rat with a unilateral striatal neoplasm of the nucleus caudatus-putamen, postural asymmetries and rotating behavior were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to the activity of catecholamines within the central nervous system.
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  • 65
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS Tumours ; N-Nitrosomethylurea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Cell Culture ; Clonal Growth ; Aggregation Pattern ; Transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sarcomas, one neurosarcoma and one polymorphous tumour of uncertain classification of the central nervous system of the rat induced by N-nitrosomethylurea or ethylnitrosourea were the source of 14 clones. The cytomorphology and the aggregation pattern of the clonesin vitro are described. The malignancy and histology were checked by homologous transplantation. All the clones formed sarcoma-like structuresin vivo, but it was difficult to decide whether these neoplasias were real sarcomas or very dedifferentiated glial tumours. The differences in cytology observedin vitro were greater than the histological differencesin vivo.
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  • 66
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Instestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water-Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water. The blood flow, the disapperance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The appearance rate was almost completely determined by the blood flow indicating that the intestinal absorption of tritiated water is blood flow limited. Therefore the absorption rate of tritiated water characterizes badly the diffusive water permeability of the intestinal epithelium. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood accelerated and towards the intestinal lumen retarded the intestinal absorption of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the absorption of tritiated water during the penetration through the epithelium by solvent drag (sieving coefficient 1-σ=1.54±0.19) as well as by changing the blood flow rate through capillaries near the epithelium.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Forced Motility ; Motor Activity ; Brain Noradrenaline and 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain were measured after 1, 6, 24 and 36 h of forced motility in a treadwheel. The results showed that 5-HT metabolism had already increased in the forebrain after 1 h of exercise but later also increased in the brain stem, especially in the mesencephalon-pons-medulla regions. These changes had almost entirely disappeared after 50 min of rest. The NA levels with and without monoamine oxidase inhibitor were measured in animals after 36 h of forced motility. The results indicated an increase in NA metabolism in the brain stem.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oxazepam ; Conflict Behavior ; Rat ; Maze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were tested in a Lashley III maze, the floor of which was heated. The animals had to learn to negotiate it in order to gain access to the unheated goal box. In the early period of training the animals were able to find the goal box rapidly and without error. Their performance then deteriorated, in a particular way which strongly evoked a conflict behavior. This deterioration in performance was progressively reduced by oxazepam administration (8 mg/kg/day).
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic Nicotine ; Attention Task ; Arousal ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male, Holtzman rats were trained extensively on an attention task which required them to respond with a single lever-press to a very short, variably presented stimulus for food reinforcement, but which also required them to inhibit inappropriate responses. After performance had stabilized, two groups were treated with either nicotine base (100 Μg/kg, s.c., t.i.d.) or saline for 4 weeks. The groups were crossed-over so that the first received saline and the second nicotine for an additional 4 weeks. A 3-week saline recovery period followed. Rats were tested on the attention task daily through all periods. Analysis of the data indicated that independent of the treatment-order, rats performed more efficiently under nicotine treatment than under saline conditions. The improvement in performance was most notable in the reduction of inappropriate responding during chronic nicotine treatment. The significance of the behavioral changes in relation to proposed nicotine-induced neurophysiological changes and the two-arousal hypothesis are discussed.
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    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance and Acquisition ; Methamphetamine ; Discrimination Learning ; CNS Stimulants ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Avoidance responses, extra responses (on avoidance lever) and wrong lever responses were measured in naive rats acquiring a discriminated avoidance in a 2 lever Skinner box, 30 min after methamphetamine (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). The smallest dose was ineffective; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg significantly increased the number of avoidance responses. This increase was not associated with a significant increase in the two other responses studied. The progressive increase (from the first to second part of the acquisition session) in avoidance responses was not accompanied by a parallel increase in the other responses. The position discrimination and the discrimination of the presence or absence of the conditioned stimulus was observed to be better in the drug groups.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Agressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Testosterone ; Testes ; Hypophysis ; Adrenal Glands ; Thyroid ; Castration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The weights of testes, prostates, adrenals, thymus and the pituitary of rats with apomorphine induced aggressiveness did not differ from those without aggressiveness. Postpubertal castration, adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy did not reduce the apomorphine induced aggressive behaviour, but a considerable reduction was found after hypophysectomy. Prepubertal castration significantly reduced, but did not completely abolish the proportion of aggressive rats, especially when castration was performed on the 5th day. Prolonged treatment of male, female and castrated rats with high doses of testosterone from the time of weaning increased the proportion of aggressive animals. Less intensive treatment and treatment of adult rats were ineffective.
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    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 218-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fighting ; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Fixed-Interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency with which electric shock to the feet elicited fighting in five pairs of albino rats was not altered significantly by intraperitoneal injections of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in doses ranging from 0.064–6.4 mg/kg, although chlordiazepoxide reduced the frequency of such fighting in a dose-related manner. This finding held true despite manipulations of THC vehicle, injection-test interval, and the previous drug experience of the subjects. In contrast, doses of 4.0 mg/kg produced a striking reduction in lever-pressing maintained by an FI 60″ schedule of food reinforcement.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diphosphate ; Rat ; Vitamin D Metabolism ; Intestinal Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone Mineralization ; Renal Functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism and the organ distribution of double labelled vitamin D3 (1,2-3H-4-14C-cholecalciferol) has been studied in rats in which the bone mineralization and the intestinal calcium absorption have been inhibited by a large pose (10 mg P/kg s.c. for 7–14 days) of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). The most striking difference found was a reduced accumulation of radioactive cholecalciferol and its metabolites in the kidney of EHDP-treated rats. It is unlikely that this effect was due to an unspecific alteration of the functional renal tissue since blood urea, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasm a flow remained unaltered by this dose of EHDP. The EHDP-treated rats were able to form the metabolite eluted with peak IV of the silicic acid chromatographic system, that is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In these vitamin D repleted rats fed a high calcium diet, the tritium deficient metabolite eluted with peak V (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) was only found in the intestinal mucosa of both control and EHDP groups three days after the injection of radioactive cholecalciferol, and this in a very small amount. Therefore no definitive conclusion can be drawn as to a possible interference of EHDP treatment on the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The change in the renal metabolism of vitamin D in rats treated with a rachitogenic dose of EHDP may be caused by the modifications of the calcium metabolism brought about by the diphosphonate. Its relation, if any, with the decreased calcium absorption remains to be established.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Output ; Blood O2 Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m cardiac output measured at hypoxia by the direct Fick principle was significantly lower than in the control animals (mean values 54.3 ml/min and 69.8 ml/min, resp.). The decrease of cardiac output was accompanied by an increase of arterio-venous O2 difference and a decrease of stroke volume in the adapted rats. It is suggested that the decrease of cardiac output might be related to the increase of hematocrit. The adapted rats also showed higher arterial and mixed-venous O2 content (both at hypoxia) and increased O2 capacity. Arterial O2 saturation of the animals previously exposed to simulated high altitude hypoxia was significantly higher (67.3% as against 61.2% in the controls). The standard O2 dissociation curve showed lower oxygen affinity in the blood of the adapted animals but no physiological advantage concerning the transport of O2 to the tissues was found. In another group of animals the Bohr factor was estimated and no difference was found between rat and human blood.
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    Pflügers Archiv 335 (1972), S. 198-212 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Medium Chain Fatty Acids ; Kinetics ; Active Transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The transport of14C-octanoate by rat small intestine was determined in vitro by a modification of the method of Semenza and Mühlhaupt, and in vivo by using isolated segments or a perfusion technique in conscious rats (Haberichet al., 1968). 2. The absorption capacity of14C-octanoate in the distal ileum was significantly lower than in the proximal jejunum. 3. 14C-octanoate injected into a jejunal segment appeared rapidly in portal venous blood reaching its maximal concentration 4 min after the injection. 4. The transport of octanoate showed a saturation effect with increasing concentrations after an incubation of 4 min. However, with constant concentrations of octanoate in the medium, the transport rate was constant for 8–10 min. A similar saturation effect was also demonstrated in vivo. Values for maximal absorption rate (V max) and the half-saturation constant (K m), calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk plot, were 1.0 μMol/min and 17.7 mM, respectively. 5. Accumulation of octanoate in tissue water was demonstrated. For example, after incubation for 40 min in a medium concentration of 0.1 mM, the tissue/ medium ratio was 2.75:1. 6. Cyanide (2×10−4 M) markedly diminished the absorption rate of octanoate. 7. The absorption of octanoate was competitively inhibited by caproic acid (C6) in vitro. The inhibition constant (K i), calculated from the Dixon plot, was 47 mM. 8. Simultaneous administration of glucose and octanoate in vivo did not affect the absorption rate of the fatty acid. 9. These results suggest that the intestinal absorption of octanoate is an energy-dependant active process.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ; Alveolar-arterial O2 Pressure Difference ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences were measured at hypoxia in growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m. The pulmonary diffusing capacity was significantly higher and the alveolar-arterial gradients were significantly lower in the adapted animals as compared with the controls exposed to hypoxia for the first time. The increased diffusing capacity could be explained entirely by the increase of blood O2 and CO capacity whereas the decrease of gradients might be explained by the increase of blood O2 capacity together with an increase of the arterio-venous O2 difference.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Diffusion Distance ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m for about 4 weeks and in their controls the evolution of cardiac ventricular weight was followed. The increase of total ventricular weight found in the adapted animals can be attributed exclusively to the increase of right ventricular weight. In other adapted and control animals cardiac capillary densities, muscle fiber diameter and external capillary radius were estimated and fiber—capillary ratio and diffusion distance were calculated. There was an increase of capillary density together with a decrease of muscle fiber density, fiber-capillary ratio and diffusion distance in the right but not in the left ventricle of the adapted rats. The muscle fiber diameters, however, were larger in both heart ventricles of the rats exposed to a simulated high altitude, especially in the right ventricle. This indicates that true hypertrophy of the muscle fibers is mainly responsible for the increase of right ventricular weight. In the left ventricle, however, a hypertrophy of the muscle fibers together with a decrease of stroma components is demonstrated. The physiological importance of the shorter diffusion distance in the right ventricle of the high altitude adapted rats is discussed and it is suggested that the shorter diffusion distance may help to keep the tissue O2 partial pressure above the critical value, mainly also in extreme situations with high myocardial O2 consumption.
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    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Single units ; Spontaneous and stimulated activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between mean firing rate and activity pattern was studied in 177 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats immobilized by Remyolan. Stationary epochs of spontaneous or stimulated activity containing at least 512 interspike intervals were analyzed with the LINC computer. The most frequently encountered interval histograms (IHs) were of the exponential (35%) or gamma 2 (25%) type. The IH shape remained unchanged even if the average firing rate was varied over a wide range (from 20/sec to 2/sec) by polarization through the recording microelectrode (2–5 nA, 1–10 min) or by intracarotid injection of glucose (0.1 ml, 10–25%). The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/ mean interval) was 1.03 for the spontaneous and 0.90 or 0.95 for the activity influenced by polarization or glucose, respectively. Since according to other studies sensory stimulation decreases CV by reorganization of the synaptic input, it is suggested that polarization and glucose affect predominantly the postsynaptic elements without significantly changing the presynaptic activity pattern.
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    Archives of toxicology 28 (1972), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ferrihexacyanoferrate (II) ; Rat ; Thallium ; Toxicity ; Metabolism ; Ferrihexacyanoferrat(II) ; Ratte ; Thllium ; Toxicität ; Stoffwechsel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verabfolgung einer 2% igen kolloidalen Lösung von Ferrihexacyanoferrat (II) (FHCF) als Trinkwasser erhöht bei der Ratte die Ausscheidungsrate von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 (mit 204Tl markiert) aus Leber, Nieren und Muskulatur auf das 2,8fache. Dieser Effekt ist zeitunabhängig. Die LD 50/30 d von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 wird durch FHCF-Behandlung um das 2,3fache erhöht. Für diesen Schutzeffekt ist allerdings nur das während der ersten 24 Std verabfolgte FHCF verantwortlich. Diese Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß die Schäden bei der akuten Tl-Intoxikation sehr schnell irreversibel werden.
    Notes: Abstract The administration of a 2% colloidal solution of ferrihexacyano ferrate (II) (FHCF) as drinking water increases in the rat the excretion of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 (labelled by 204Tl) from liver, kidneys and muscles by a factor of 2.8. This effect is independant of time. FHCF-treatment increases the LD 50/30 d of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 by a factor of 2.3. This protection, however, is provided by FHCF only if administered during the first 24 hours. These findings suggest that the damage resulting from acute Tl-intoxication quickly becomes irreversible.
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    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Teratology ; Inhalation ; Rat ; Rabbit ; Dichlorvos ; Teratologie ; Inhalation ; Ratte ; Kaninchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Kaninchen und Ratten wurde die teratogene Wirkung von inhaliertem Dichlorvos untersucht. Im Versuch waren primipare Kaninchenweibchen der Rasse “Dutch” mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 2 bis 3 kg und primipare Rattenweibchen vom Stamm “Carworth Farm E“ mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 200 bis 300 g. Die Tiere wurden während der gesamten Trächtigkeit folgenden Konzentrationen in der Atemluft ausgesetzt: 0,25, 1,25 und 6,25 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft. Ein zusätzliches Experiment am Kaninchen wurde mit 2 und 4 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft durchgeführt. Die Behandlung wirkte weder beim Kaninchen noch bei der Ratte teratogen. Selbst Konzentrationen, die für die Kaninchen tödlich waren, und die eine deutliche Cholinesterasehemmung in Plasma, Erythrocyten und Gehirn der Ratten und Kaninchen hervorriefen, wurden ohne Schädigung für die Feten vertragen.
    Notes: Abstract The teratogenic potential of inhaled dichlorvos vapour for rabbits and rats was investigated on the offspring of primiparous female Dutch rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg and primiparous female Carworth E strain rats weighing 200 to 300 g. The animals were exposed throughout pregnancy at concentrations of 0.25, 1.25 and 6.25 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. In an additional experiment pregnant rabbits were exposed to concentrations of 2 and 4 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. The results gave no indication that dichlorvos vapour is teratogenic in rabbits or rats even at exposure concentrations resulting in maternal deaths in rabbits, and causing depression of plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities in pregnant animals of both species.
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    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Brain ; Light-Dark-Programming ; Circadian ; Toxicity Rhythms ; Acetylcholine ; Pilocarpine ; Oxotremorine ; Carbachol ; Physostigmine ; Neostigmine ; Atropine ; Scopolamine ; Atropine Methyl Nitrate ; Maus ; Ratten ; Gehirn ; Beleuchtungsprogramm ; Circadianer Toxicitätsrhythmus ; Acetylcholin ; Piloearpin ; Oxotremorin ; Carbachol ; Physostigmin ; Neostigmin ; Atropin ; Scopolamin ; Atropin-methylnitrat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Adaptation an ein Licht-Dunkelprogramm (8.00 bis 20.00 Licht, 20.00 bis 8.00 Dunkelheit) wurde der Acetylcholingehalt (ACh) im Mittelhirn und N. caudatus von Ratten sowie im Gesamthirn von Mäusen bestimmt. Die höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen wurden bei Ratten um 24.00 gefunden; die höchsten ACh-Werte bei der Maus waren nicht signifikant von den Konzentrationen um 24.00 und 12.00 verschieden. Signifikante ACh-Minima traten im Mittelhirn der Ratte um 12.00, im N. caudatus sowie im Mäusegehirn um 18.00 Uhr auf. Während der Dunkelperiode wurde die größte Toxicität gegenüber i.v. bzw. i.p. injiziertem ACh bei Mäusen gefunden. Ähnliche zeitliche Unterschiede ergaben sich für Neostigmin, Pilocarpin und Oxytremorin. Die Toxicität von Carbachol zeigte Maxima bei 12.00 und 24.00. Für Physostigmin, einen CholinesteraseHemmstoff mit einem tertiären Stickstoff, lagen sowohl die Toxicitätsmaxima als auch die Toxicitätsminima in der Dunkelperiode. Die rhythmische Schwankung der Toxicität von i.p. verabfolgtem Atropin verhielt sich umgekehrt wie die der Cholinomimetica (außer Carbachol). Auch nach i.v. Applikation von Scopolamin und N-Methylatropin war ein entsprechender rhythmischer Einfluß auf die Toxicität nachweisbar. Die Vorbehandlung mit N-Methylatropin schwächte die Toxicität zwar ab, der Toxicitätsrhythmus gegenüber ACh und Physostigmin war aber nicht verändert. Die Toxicität von Cholinomimetica zeigt ein Maximum während der höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen im Gehirn und der höchsten Stoffwechselaktivität. Bei den anticholinergen Substanzen zeigte sich ein umgekehrtes Verhältnis. Die Beziehungen zum zentralen ACh-Gehalt sind unklar.
    Notes: Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) levels were determined in rat midbrain and caudate nucleus and mouse whole brain in mature animals adapted 3 weeks to a programmed lighting schedule (08:00 to 20:00 h light; 20:00 to 08:00 dark). Peak ACh levels in the rat occurred at 24:00 h; in the mouse the peak at 06:00 h did not differ significantly from values obtained at 24:00 and 12:00 h. Significant trough values occurred at 12:00 h in rat midbrain and at 18:00h in rat caudate nucleus and mouse brain. In mice toxicity of I.V. and I.P. administered ACh is maximal during the dark. Neostigmine, pilocarpine and oxotremorine have toxicity patterns similar to ACh. Carbachol toxicity peaked at 12:00 and 24:00 h. With physostigmine, a tertiary anticholinesterase, peak and trough occurred during the dark. The atropine (I.P.) toxicity rhythm is a mirror image of the cholinomimetic rhythm (except for carbachol). I.V. scopolamine and atropine methyl nitrate patterns resemble atropine's but are less clear-cut. Atropine methyl nitrate pretreatment reduced ACh and physostigmine toxicity but did not alter the overall pattern. Cholinomimetic toxicity and brain ACh patterns are similar, peaking when metabolic activity is maximal. An inverse relationship holds for the anticholinergic drugs. The relationship to central ACh is uncertain.
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    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,2-Dichlorvinyl Dimethyl Phosphate ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona ; Metabolism ; Man ; Rat ; Mouse ; Hamster ; 2,2-Dichlorvinyl-dimethylphosphat ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona® ; Stoffwechsel ; Mensch ; Ratte ; Maus ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Mäusen und Hamstern wurde die Exkretion und Retention der Radioaktivität nach Fütterung mit [1-14C-Vinyl]-Dichlorvos bestimmt. Außerdem wurde beim Menschen die Exkretion und Exhalation gemessen und die erhaltenen Werte mit den tierexperimentellen Daten von Rattenversuchen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen schnellen Stoffwechsel von Dichlorvos bei allen vier untersuchten Species. Die Dealkylierung zu Desmethyldichlorvos spielt bei der Biotransformation eine untergeordnete Rolle. Eine gewisse Ausnahme zeigen die Mäuse, bei denen 18,5 % der zugeführten Radioaktivität als Desmethyldichlorvos aufgefunden werden konnte. Bei allen Species kam es zu einer hydrolytischen Spaltung zu Dichloracetaldehyd, der weiter zu Dichloraetbanol reduziert wird. Der weitere Weg führt über die Ausscheidung als Glucuronid mit dem Harn. Ein Teil wird dechloriert und das14C-Atom als14CO2 oder14C-Hippursäure im Harn ausgeschieden. Im menschlichen Harn konnte Dichloraethanol nach Inkubation mitβ-Glucuronidase nachgewiesen werden, wenn hohe Dichlorvoskonzentrationen (38 μg/l) eingeatmet wurden. Auf dieser Basis könnte eine Überwachungsmethode gegen die Inhalation von zu hohen Dichlorvoskonzentrationen ausgearbeitet werden.
    Notes: Abstract The routes of excretion and retention of radioactivity following the ingestion of [1-14C-vinyl]dichlorvos by mice and hamsters have been determined. The excretion of radioactivity in urine and exhaled air of man has also been measured. The data have been compared with those for rats. The results indicate that metabolism is rapid in the four species. Dealkylation to desmethyldichlorvos is a minor route of biotransformation, except in the mouse, where desmethyldichlorvos constitutes at least 18.5 % of the administered radioactivity. Hydrolytic metabolism of dichlorvos occurs in all species and leads presumably to dichloroacetaldehyde which is further metabolized by (i) reduction to dichloroethanol and excretion in the urine as the glucuronide and (ii) dechlorination followed by incorporation of the carbon atoms into endogenous biosyntheses and excretion as [14C]carbon dioxide and [14C]hippuric acid in the urine. Dichloroethanol can be detected inβ-glucuronidase-treated urine after exposure of a human subject to high air concentrations (38 μg/l) of non-radioactive dichlorvos. This may form the basis of a method of monitoring the exposure of humans to high concentrations of dichlorvos.
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    Pflügers Archiv 331 (1972), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thoracic Aorta ; Complex Dynamic Young's Modulus ; Age ; Serum Lipids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 2 groups of male albino rats (wistar-strain), 6 months and 18 months of age, dynamic Young's moduli in longitudinal direction were measured, at 5 different frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz. Each group consisted of 10 animals. Measurements were made at the natural length and at 1.2 times this length. From each animal several serum lipids were determined. It was found that: 1. measured at the natural length and 1.2 times this length, no significant difference of dynamic Young's moduli between both age groups could be demonstrated 2. concerning the dynamic Young's moduli there is significant interaction between stretch level and age 3. retraction was significantly smaller in the old rats than in the young ones 4. the old animals had a significantly higher serum lipid content than the young rats 5. no correlation between serum lipids and Young's moduli could be demonstrated.
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    Pflügers Archiv 337 (1972), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypothalamus ; Prolactin ; LH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of prolactin and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) or the arcuate nucleus (Arc.N.) in pentobarbital anesthetized proestrous rats. Differences in the secretion pattern of prolactin and LH were observed when stimulated by means of acutely or chronically implanted electrodes. Acute implantation and stimulation of the MPO resulted in no change in serum prolactin levels, whereas stimulation by means of chronically implanted electrodes evoked a marked increase in serum prolactin. The general observation was that electrostimulation in the acute experiments causes a less sharp but more prolonged prolactin and LH release from pituitary than stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes.
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lactate Turnover ; l-Lactate14C (U) ; Hypoxaemia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Lactate turnover was measured in 24 anesthetized rats using14C-U-(l) Lactate with the priming dose-infusion technique. 2. 14C Lactate in blood was determined with a specific radio-enzymatic micromethod. 3. Lactate turnover increases with blood lactate concentration in the range 0.5 to 3 mM. In a steady state system this relationship means that a new equilibrium may be achieved at a higher pool level, between lactate production and utilization. 4. Comparing available data in four mammalian species lactate turnover at normal lactate levels was found to be approximately constant when computed on a body surface unit basis.
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    Psychopharmacology 23 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Reserpine ; Neonatal Treatment ; Sexual Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate whether reserpine given in the critical period of sexual differentiation of the rat brain affects adult sexual behaviour, female and male rats were given a single injection of reserpine on the fourth day after birth, and their sexual behaviour was tested at maturity. In the 11 consecutive daily tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour the reserpine treated female animals showed fewer regular behavioural and vaginal oestrous cycles than the control animals. 19 % of the reserpinized and none of the control animals had prolonged oestrous behaviour without a coincident prolonged vaginal cycle. The reseptivity quotients of the reserpine treated animals were reduced. In the tests for hormone induced sexual behaviour after ovariectomy no statistically significant differences between the number of animals responding or between the receptivity quotients occurred. The tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour in males showed that the reserpinized animals needed fewer intromissions to ejaculate than the controls. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trimethoprim ; Placental Transfer ; Distribution ; Elimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After a single i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg of Trimethoprim (TM) to rats in late pregnancy, a diffusion equilibrium of the folic acid inhibitor in the foetal organs is reached after 30–60 min. The TM levels in maternal as well as in foetal organs can have an inhibitory effect on folic acid reductase activity. The elimination of TM is lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant animals. The TM elimination of the foeti is dependent on the elimination capacity of the mother. Three-days-old rats eliminate TM some four times slower than mature animals owing to their reduced kidney development.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 352-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Calcium Transport ; Small Intestine ; Rat ; in vitro ; in vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal calcium (Ca) transport was studied in the rat jejunum by the in vitro perfusion technique of Fisher and Parsons and in the tied loop in vivo. Mucosal uptake and absorption of Ca was examined under the following conditions: rising intraluminal Ca-concentrations (0.5–128 meq/l); inhibition of energy dependent metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol, N2, low temperature); net water flow, out of or into the intestinal lumen; addition of strontium (Sr); pretreatment with low Ca-diet and with 6-methyl-prednisolone. The concentration-dependent Ca absorption curve rose steeply at low Ca-concentrations but changed to a slowly rising straight line above 16 meq/l Ca++. In contrast, Ca uptake into the intestinal wall was directly related to Ca concentration, was linear from the beginning and paralleled the straight part of the absorption curve. Ca absorption was decreased by inhibition of energy dependent metabolism, addition of Sr and pretreatment with prednisolone. Pretreatment with low Ca diet increased Ca absorption and direction of net water flow (“solvent drag”) had no effect on it. Mucosal uptake of Ca was similar to Ca absorption except that metabolic inhibition increased Ca uptake but decreased Ca absorption. These results are compatible with the concept of a passive mucosal uptake and of an active absorption of Ca at low intraluminal Ca concentrations with additional passive component at high Ca concentrations.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 91-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Choline ; Blood-Brain-Barrier ; Brain ; Rat ; Lecithin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat brain the concentration of choline increases with a velocity of 20.5 nMol/g×min immediately after decapitation. This is not due to postmortal disintegration of the tissue but to persisting biochemical reactions in the absence of blood flow. This rise of choline must be considered if the concentration of choline in the living animal is to be established. Taking this fact into account one arrives at a value of 27.5±1.7 nMol Choline/g wet weight. From the arterio-venous difference of choline concentrations it has been postulated that there is an efflux of 7.2±1.5 nMol/g×min from the brain into the blood. After i.v. injection of labelled choline the peak of the specific radioactivity of choline in the brain is reached in less than 1 min but amounts to only one tenth of the specific activity of choline in blood-plasma. The specific activities in both compartments decline in parallel. Thus it can be concluded a) that choline penetrates easily through the blood-brain barrier, but the concentration gradient is directed from brain to blood; and b) that choline is continuously formed in the brain, which process permanently dilutes the quantity of labelled choline and prevents the specific activities in blood and brain from becoming equal. The calculations of turnover-rates in the different reactions leading to the choline containing glycerophosphatides are based on the data obtained. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that in the brain phosphorylated derivatives of ethanolamine (phosphorylethanolamine, cytidinediphosphate-ethanolamine) can be methylated to form the respective choline derivatives.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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    Keywords: Olfactory tubercle ; Rat ; Degeneration ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory tubercle of the rat was studied by electron microscopy both in the normal and after ipsilateral olfactory bulb ablation at survival times of from 14 hours to seven days. Particular emphasis was placed on synaptic structures and their changes following the lesion. Normal synapses are similar to those described in previous studies and presynaptic profiles are of at least three types. Types-A and -B contain round vesicles and form asymmetrical contacts and type-C profiles contain flattened vesicles and form symmetrical contacts. There appear to be two major types of degenerative changes. The electron-lucent type predominates at early survival times and is seen first at 14 hours. These profiles show an early reduction in numbers of vesicles with mitochondrial swelling followed by shrinkage of the profile. These profiles become increasingly electron-dense at later survival times. The second major type of degenerating profile is initially electron-dense. The earliest changes in these profiles are an increased axoplasmic density and increased microtubular density and clumping without apparent loss of vesicles. These profiles also become progressively more electron-dense at longer survival times. The observations are discussed in relation to previous reports.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubuli seminiferi ; Rat ; Structure ; Contractility ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated pieces of seminiferous tubules of adult rats were grown in organ culture for up to 8 weeks in Petri dishes on the surface of nutrient agar. The medium consisted of newborn calf serum, Eagle's minimum essential medium, glutamate and antibiotics. This method allowed observation of the contractions of the seminiferous tubules in the culture. Contractility, light and electron microscopic structure and histochemically demonstrable activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase of the tubule walls were studied at 1-week intervals. The contractility and alkaline phosphatase activity were maintained in the tubule wall for 3 weeks, and the activity of ATPase was maintained for 5 weeks. The thin filaments of the myoid cells, which are responsible for the contractility, were seen with the electron microscope in tubules cultured for 5 weeks. The organ culture method described in the present paper seems to be valuable for studies concerning the functioning of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules and the possibility that this is regulated by hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Releasing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exocytosis has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the external zone of the median eminence of the rat. Exocytotic profiles have been observed in nerve fibres characterized by the presence of granular vesicles with median diameters of 90–103 nm and agranular vesicles of about 50 nm. In addition to the small agranular vesicles, coated vesicles of the same size have been found in many nerve fibres, suggesting that at least part of the agranular vesicles in the median eminence originate by micro-pinocytosis. The nature of the fibres showing exocytosis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility of identifying types of fibres in the median eminence by the occurrence of exocytosis.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 553-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Brain ventricles ; Rat ; Subependymal labyrinths ; Light- and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) lassen sich am ganzen Ventrikelsystem des Rattengehirns sub- und interependymale Strukturen lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen, die elektronenmikroskopisch als Basalmembranlabyrinthe (BML) identifiziert werden können. Verschiedene Formen dieser BML lassen sich unterscheiden. Sie stehen in Verbindung mit subependymalen Kapillaren. Die Verteilung der BML wird in Ventrikelkarten dokumentiert.
    Notes: Summary Sub- und interependymal structures, being demonstrable by a period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht), occur in the whole ventricular system by light microscopy. They can be identified electron microscopically as basement membrane labyrinths (BML). Different shapes of these BML can be distinguished. They are in communication with the basement membrane of subependymal capillaries. The distribution of BML is documented in “ventricular maps”.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Rat ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Synthesis of hormones ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Perivascular cells ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultrastructural features of perivascular cells as found in the neural lobe of the hypophysis. In particular, an inquiry was made into the nature of the relationship of such cells to neurosecretory fibers and endings. The latter, in fact, are often invaginated within the perivascular cells and enveloped by their processes; furthermore, they often reveal a certain number of empty granules as well as characteristics of degenerative nature. In the course of this study the localization of the perivascular cells has been investigated as well as that of their processes within the extensive interlobular network typical of the hypophysial neural lobe of rodents. Based on the data gathered, the hypothesis is put forward that the perivascular cells play an important role in the turnover of neurosecretory endings, both under physiological and experimental conditions, contributing thereby to the release of post-hypophysial hormones.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of rats subjected to severe acute haemorrhage under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia were examined electron microscopically and the ultrastructure compared with that in anaesthetised and unanaesthetised controls. Changes in the localisation and numerical distribution of elementary granules and small vesicles in the neurohypophysial nerve endings of bled rats were consistent with the occurrence of exocytosis. The occurrence of “exocytotic profiles” was observed more frequently in freeze-etched tissue samples as compared with the material fixed for conventional electron microscopy. The ratio of small vesicles: elementary granules was shown to be significantly increased (P〈0.005) in the nerve endings of neural lobes from bled rats. Equally, the numbers of exocytotic profiles related to 1000 μm2 of neurohypophysial tissue area were significantly greater (P〈0.005) in bled rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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