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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
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  • 28
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
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  • 30
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
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  • 31
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
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  • 32
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
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  • 34
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
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  • 35
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
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  • 36
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
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  • 37
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
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  • 38
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
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  • 39
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
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  • 40
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
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  • 41
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
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  • 42
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
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  • 44
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
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  • 45
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
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  • 46
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
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  • 47
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 48
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
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  • 49
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research was carried out to develop improved protection guidelines for silane handling systems through enhanced understanding of the behavior of releases of this pyrophoric gas. The approach involved addressing three aspects of the problem: the prompt ignition behavior of silane; the reactivity characteristics of quiescent silane/air mixtures; and the rates of reaction of silane leaked into enclosures with and without explosion venting, in the presence of ventilation air flow. A first conclusion, reached from tests in a ventilated cabinet, was that, contrary to prevailing belief, the ventilation flow has no measurable effect on the prompt ignition of the release. From experiments in a 5.1-liter (311-in.3) sphere it was found that silane/air mixtures of concentrations between 1.4 and 4.1% (by volume) are explosive but stable. In this case, piloted ignition tests yielded laminar burning velocities up to 5 m/s (1000 ft/min). Mixtures between 4.5 and 38% (the maximum reached in the tests) were found to be metastable, and would undergo spontaneous ignition after a delay ranging from 15 to 120 seconds, with the shorter values corresponding to higher silane concentrations. Experiments were also performed in a 0.645-m3 (22.8-ft3) vessel both with and without explosion venting, to measure the rates of energy release associated with impulsively-started silane leaks from 1/8 and 1/4-in. (3.2 and 6.4-mm) lines. A method for the prediction of the venting requirements of partial-volume deflagrations (PVD) was evolved into a tool to quantify the pressure rise from ignition of silane leaks in enclosures. These results represent a significant step toward updating existing design recommendations which prescribe ventilation requirements that are based on outdated and, in some instances, misinterpreted data.
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  • 50
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 278-287 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas explosion simulators are often used as tools in process plant design. This article presents some properties of gas explosions found using the EXSIM simulation software on three offshore modules with a total of nearly 10,000 simulations. The selected results are chosen for their supposed applicability to structural design in the process industries.Generalized data are presented for the effect of gas cloud size, explosion impulse vs. explosion pressure, pressure and impulse vs. duration, the probability of a “short” explosion, loading rate, pressure-time “shape” function, and the effect of introducing louvers.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation fo Diastereomeric Zireconiooxycarbene Complexes by Treating of Bis (tert-butyl-Cp)2Zr(butadiene) with hexacarbonyltungstenReaction of (η4-butadiene)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (95:5 s-cis-/s-trans-5 equilibrium mixture) with hexacarbonyltungsten yields the zirconiooxycarbene complex (6), that crystallizes in space group P1 (X-ray analysis). The chiral central metallacyclic ring system and the chiral preferred conformation of the Cp-substituted bent metallocene unit leads to the formation of diastereomeric zirconiooxycarbene complexes 6 and 6′. X-ray structural analysis as well as the 13C CP/MAS spectrum indicate the presence of an 80:20 mixture of the two diastereomeric carbene complexes in the solid state. The existence of equilibrating diastereomers in solution was derived from the temperature dependent NMR spectra of the dissolved carbene complex.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von (η4-Butadien)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium (95:5-s-cis-/s-trans-5-Gleichgewichtsgemisch) mit Hexacarbonylwolfram liefert den Zirconiooxycarbencomplex (6), der in der Raumgruppe P1 kristallisiert (Röntgenstrukturanalyse). Aufgrund des chiralen zentralen metallacyclischen Ringsystems und der chiralen Vorzugskonformation des Cp-substituierten gewinkelten Metallocensystems werden diastereoisomere Zirconiooxycarbenkomplexen 6 und 6′ gebildet. Röntgenstrukturanalyse und 13C-CP/MAS-Spektrum deuten auf das Vorliegen eines 80:20-Gemisches dieser diastereomeren Carbenkomplexe im Festkörper hin. Die temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren des Carbenkomplexes in Lösung werden mit einem Gleichgewicht der Diastereomeren interpretiert.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aminoiminoboranes as Synthons for the Preparation of Three- and Four-membered Rings with the Ring-Atom Sequence BNE, BNBE, BNSiE, and NBNE (E = P, Partly also B, Si, Ge, As)Dihalides AHal2 add to the iminoborane iPr2NBNtBu (1a) to give diaminoboranes iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)-AHal (2j); by the substitution of Hal by NiPr2 or Me in 2e, f, j the derivatives 2k-m are formed. With the aid of alkali metal, the diaminoboranes 2a, c, d, m are dehalogenated to the three-membered ring compounds [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—] with A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr)2 (5), whereas the dechlorination of 2a, c with Li2EPh (E = P, As) yields the four-membered ring products [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] with A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9). Dichlorides ACl2 are added to the iminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b) to give either the diaminoboranes Me3Si(tBu)NB(Cl)N(tBu)— ACl (2n-w) or the four-membered rings [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] with A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a), Me3SiCl being a second product. The same type of ring compound with A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) is formed from 2n-s during the elimination of Me3SiCl by the action of the solvent chloroform at room temperature. The Cl atom in these ring compounds can be substituted by alkyl, amino, or alkoxy groups to give 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. The configuration and conformation of the products in solution and the structure of 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in the solid state are discussed on the basis of NMR and X-ray data, respectively.
    Notes: Die Addition von AHal2 an das Iminoboran iPr2NBNtBu (1a) ergibt die Diaminoborane iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)—AHal (2a-i) und das Triaminoboran (iPr2N)2BN(tBu)—AsBr2 (2j); der Austausch von Hal in 2e, f, j gegen NiPr2 bzw. Me führt zu den Produkten 2k-m. Durch Enthalogenierung von 2a, c, d, m mit Alkalimetall gelangt man zu den Dreiringverbindungen [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)-;A-] mit A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr2) (5), während sich mit Li2EPh (E = P, As) aus 2a,c Vierringverbindungen des Typs [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] mit A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9) bilden. Addiert man ACl2 an das Iminoboran Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b), so entstehen entweder die Diaminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBN(tBu)—ACl (2n-w) oder unter Abspaltung von Me3SiCl die Vierring verbindungen [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] mit A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a). Denselben Typ von Vierringverbindungen mit A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) erhält man neben Me3SiCl bei der Einwirkung von Chloroform auf 2n-s. Durch Austausch des an das B-, P- oder As-Atom in jenen Vierringen gebundenen Cl-Rests gegen Alkyl-, Amino- und Alkoxygruppen kommt man zu den Derivaten 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. Die Konfiguration aller Produkte in Lösung wird anhand der NMR-Spektren und die Struktur von 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in festem Zustand anhand röntgenographischer Untersuchungen diskutiert.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of, and Reactions with, Metal-Containing heterocycles, LIX.  -  Synthesis and Properties of ηn2-Thiophosphinito complexes of CobaltThe η2-thiophosphinito complexes (OC)2(R2R12P)Co(η2-PR32S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n) are obtained by reaction of ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] with the secondary phosphane sulfides R32HP=S in the presence of Et(iPr)2N. The Me2PS und Et2PS compounds 3a,b,d oligomerize easily to form [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Upon exchange of PR12R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m by PPh2Me, PPhMe2, and PMe3 in addition to the η2-thiophosphinito complexes 3f,g,l the dimeric species [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o) are formed. The dimerization tendency depends on the steric demand of the substituents R1, R2, and R3. The substituents R1 and R2 in 5f,g are responsible for energetically preferred preferred rotamers, which are indicated in the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra. The barrier of rotation is calculated to give ΔG≠ = 42 kJ/mol. According to X-ray structural analysis (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co-(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c), and [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) crystallize in the space group P21/c, P1 and P21/c with Z = 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] mit den sekundären Phosphansulfiden R23HP = S erhält man in Gegenwart von Et(iPr)2N die η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexe (OC)2(R2R21P)Co(η2-PR23S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n). Die Me2PS und Et2PS-Verbindungen 3a,b,d oligomerisieren leicht unter Bildung von [(OC)2(R2R21P)Co(μ-PR23S]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Beim Austausch von PR21R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m durch PPh2-Me, PPhMe2 und PMe3 entstehen neben den η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexen 3f,g,l die dimeren Spezies [(OC)2(R21P) Co(μ-PR23S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o). Die Dimerisierungstendenz hängt von dem sterischen Anspruch der Substituenten R1, R2 und R3 ab. Die Substituenten R1 und R2 in 5f,g sind für energetisch bevorzugte Rotamere verantwortlich, die sich in den 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektren zu erkennen geben. Die Rotationsbarriere berechnet sich zu ΔG≠ = 42 kj/mol. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalysen kristallisieren (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c) und [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) in der Raumgruppe P21/c, P1 bzw. P21/c mit Z = 4, 2 bzw. 2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1085-1091 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Syntheses via transition Metal Complexes, 28.  -  3- and 4-Imino-2-azetidinones from Isocyanides and Manganese Carbene Complex(CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reacts stepwise with two equivalents of isocyanides R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In the first step ketenimine complexes 3 are obtained. These have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. 3 reacts with 2. An addition of bulky 2a to 3a leads to the disengagement of N-cyclohexyl ketenimine 7. In contrast, 2b,c on reaction with 3b,c form isomeric 4- and 3-imino-2-azetidinylidene complexes 4 and 5, resp. By a consecutive incorporation of two different isocyanides it could be demonstrated that products 4 are obtained by a [3 + 1] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the side opposite to the metal) but 5 is formed by a [2 + 2] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the metal side) in a competition process. The formation of 5 is favoured on higher reaction temperatures. 4 and 5 on decomposition with KMnO4 in a two-phase system ether/water give good yields of 4-imino- 9 and 3-imino-2-azetidinones 10, resp.
    Notes: (CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reagiert stufenweise mit zwei äquivalenten Isocyanid R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In der ersten Stufe entstehen Keteniminkomplexe 3, die isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Sie bilden mit Isocyaniden  -  abhängig von deren Raumbedarf  -  unterschiedliche Produkte. 3a addiert sperriges 2a am Metall unter Verdrängung von N-Cyclohexylketenimin 7. 3b,c hingegen addieren 2b,c am Keteniminliganden zu isomeren 4- und 3-Imino-2-azetidinyliden-Komplexen 4 bzw. 5. Markierungsexperimente durch stufenweisen Einbau zweier unterschiedlicher Isocyanide ergaben, daß 4 durch [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition von 2 and 3 auf der vom Metall abgewandten Seite, 5 durch [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition auf der Metallseite entsteht. Mit steigender Reaktionstemperatur verschiebt sich das Konkurrenzverhältnis 4:5 zugunsten von 5. 4 und 5 lassen sich mit KMnO4 im Zweiphasensystem Ether/Wasser glatt in 4-Imino- 9 bzw. 3-Imino-2-azetidinone 10 umwandeln.
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkali Triazaphosphininolates  -  synthesis and ReactionsThe alkali triazaphosphininolates 2, 3, 4, and 6 are obtained by the reaction of 2,2-difluoro- or 2,2-dichloro-4,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinine (1 and 5) with NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2, or KOCMe3 and LiOSiMe3. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reacts with 1 in a molar ratio 1:1 or 2:1 to give the siloxy-substituted compounds 8 and 92). The 2-fluoro-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 72) is formed in the reaction of 4 with HF. 7 reacts with KOH to yield 2. The reaction of the sodium triazaphosphininolate 3 with ClSiMe3 leads to the formation of the siloxytriazaphosphinine 10. The N-lithiotriazaphosphinine-2-amines 13 and 14 are obtained from the aminofunctional compounds 11 and 12 and LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reacts with ClSiMe3 to give LiCl and 15.
    Notes: Die Alkali-triazaphosphininolate 2, 3, 4 und 6 werden durch Reaktion von 2,2-Difluor- bzw. 2,2-Dichlor-4,6-bis(trifluormethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinin (1 bzw. 5) mit NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2 oder KOCMe3 sowie mit LiOSiMe3 erhalten. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reagiert mit 1 im molaren Verhältnis 1:1 bzw. 2:1 zu den Siloxyverbindungen 8 und 9. Das 2-Fluor-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 7 entsteht aus 4 und HF. 7 kann mit KOH in 2 übergeführt werden. Natrium-triazaphosphininolat 3 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zum Siloxy-triazaphospininolat 10. Die N-Lithio-triazaphosphinin-2-amine 13 und 14 entstehen aus den aminofunktionellen Verbindungen 11 und 12 mit LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zu LiCl und 15.
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1115-1118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Insertion of Alkynes into Organonickel Functions as a Synthesis of Vinylnickel CompoundsThe diamagnetic vinylnickel compounds trans-Ni(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) are formed by insertion of diphenyl-ethyne and 1-phenylpropyne into methyl- or phenylnickel moieties as Z isomers, that are thermally equilibrated with their E isomers. 1-Phenylethyne and 1-phenylpropyne selectively produce (1-phenylvinyl)nickel compounds. Exchange of halide gives bromides 1b, 2b, 4b and iodides 1c, 2c, 4c, and a cyanide 1d. Action of LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) on 1a followed by reductive elimination yields olefins RR1C=CR2R3 while mineral acids or iodine cleave the Ni—C bonds of 1a to give the corresponding olefins (R = H, I). A high-yield synthesis of chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphane)nickel is also described.
    Notes: Die diamagnetischen Vinylnickel-Verbindungen trans-Ni-(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) bilden sich durch Einschiebung von Diphenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin in Methyl- oder Phenyl-nickel-Einheiten als Z-Isomere, die thermisch mit ihren E-Isomeren ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden. 1-Phenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin ergeben selektiv (1-Phenylvinyl)nickel-Verbindungen. Austausch von Halogen liefert die Bromide 1b, 2b, 4b, die Iodide 1c, 2c, 4c und ein Cyanid 1d. Einwirken von LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) auf 1a mit anschließender reduktiver Eliminierung ergibt Olefin RR1C=CR2R3, während Mineralsäuren oder Iod die Ni—C-Bindungen von 1a spalten und die entsprechenden Olefine (R = H, I) erzeugen. Eine ergiebige Synthese von Chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphan)nickel wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen transfer Reactions, 111).  -  The Disproportionation of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene by Colloidal NickelThe disproportionation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene catalysed by colloidal nickel is a multistep reaction. The dehydrogenation occurs strictly cis selectively. Before the hydrogenation step, the hydrogen loses its molecular identity. Thus the direct H-transfer between two molecules of 1,4-cyclohexadiene2) is excluded.
    Notes: Die Disproportionierung von 1,4-Cyclohexadien an kolloidalem Nickel läuft als mehrstufige Reaktion ab, bei der die Dehydrierung cis-selektiv erfolgt. Der Wasserstoff verliert vor der Addition seine molekulare Identität, so daß eine direkte H-Übertragung zwischen den Molekülen2) ausgeschlossen ist.
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enatioselective catalysis, 5.  -  New Ligands with four Stereogenic Centers. Synthesis and Separation of the Separation of the three Diastereomeric [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′(R,S]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)-pyrrolidinesFrom (3R,4R)-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidine (1a) or the N-benzyl derivative 1b [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) resp. its N-benzyl derivative 2b-* were prepared as diastereomeric mixture. From 2a-* isomerically pure (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) was prepared. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*), obtained from 2a-*, was a mixture of the three possible diastereomers. This mixture could be separated through the palladium complexes of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives 8c-*. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) and for comparison [(3R,4R)-1-benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) pyrrolidine-P,P′](1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (11) were characterised by X-ray crystallography.
    Notes: Ausgehend von (3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (1a), bzw. dem N-Benzyl-Derivat 1b wurden [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) und dessen N-Benzyl-Derivat 2b-* als Diastereomerengemische hergestellt. Aus 2a-* wurde isomerenreines (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-Bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) dargestellt. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*) wurde aus 2a-* als Diastereomerengemisch erhalten, dessen Auftrennung über die Palladiumkomplexe der N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Derivate 8c-* gelang. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) und zum Vergleich [(3R,4R)-1-Benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin-P,P′] (1,5-cyclooctadien)rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborat (11) wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
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  • 59
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1143-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: heterotricycles via,/Intramolecular 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkenyl-Substituted 3,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-pyrimidinium-4-olatesThe synthesis of the title compounds of type 5 and 10 as well as their intramolecular cycloaddition reactions which form the products 4 or 12, respectively, are described.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5 und 10 sowie ihre intramolekularen Cycloadditionen zu den Produkten 4 bzw. 12 werden beschrieben.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatic Liquid Crystals, 8.  -  Bi-and Tercyclohexyl Derivatives by Claisen RearrangementClaisen rearrangement of the acrylic esters 7 and 21 transfers the configuration of the cyclohexenols trans-2 and trans-17 to the aldehydes 11 and 23. Robinson annelation converts the latter to the title compounds 15a and 27a. The synthetic sequence is designed to be iterative via 14a, b. Two esters of the all-trans-tercyclohexyl alcohol 27a with broad smectic phase ranges are described.
    Notes: Durch Claisen-Umlagerung der Acrylsäureester 7 und 21 wird die Konfiguration der Cyclohexenole trans-2 und trans-17 auf die Aldehyde 11 und 23 übertragen. Robinson-Anellierung führt von dort zu den Titelverbindungen 15a und 27a. Die Aufbaufolge ist über 14a, b iterativ angelegt. Zwei Ester des all-trans-Tercyclohexylalkohols 27a mit breiten smektischen Phasenbereichen werden beschrieben.
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Very Soluble and Photostable Perylene Fluorescent DyesThe synthesis of perylene dyes 2 with two terminal alkyl groups is described. Long-chain alkyl groups do not increase, but diminish solubility. Cycloalkyl substituents give a minimum of solubility with medium sized rings and a maximum with the cyclotetradecyl derivative (2p). Very high solubility in organic solvents is attained by substitution with secondary alkyl residues having two long chains. One of them, the dye with the 1-hexylheptyl substituent (2v), exhibits a solubility of more than 100 g/l in most solvents, a fluorescent quantum yield of about 100%, and a very high photostability, thus making it suitable for special applications.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Perylenfarbstoffen 2 mit terminalen Alkylgruppen wird beschrieben. Langkettige n-Alkylgruppen führen nicht zu einer Erhöhung der Löslichkeit, sondern zu einer Erniedrigung. Cycloalkyl-Reste bewirken ein Minimum an Löslichkeit im Bereich der mittleren Ringe und ein Maximum beim Cyclotetradecyl-Rest (2p). Starke Löslichkeitserhöhungen bewirken sekundäre Alkylreste mit zwei langen Ketten. Von diesen ist der Farbstoff 2v mit zwei 1-Hexylheptyl-Resten mit einer Löslichkeit von über 100 g/l in den meisten Lösungsmitteln, einer Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute von ca. 100% und einer ausgesprochen hohen Lichtechtheit auch für Spezialanwendungen geeignet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (Phthalocyaninato)cobalt(III) Adducts with Nitrogen Bases(Phthalocyaninato)cobalt dichloride, PcCoCl2, does not react with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), pyrazine (pyz), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) to form phthalocyaninato complexes [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) containing Co3+ as the central metal atom. Instead the mixed complexes PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl) are obtained exclusively, which are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: (Phthalocyaninato)cobaltdichlorid, PcCoCl2, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L = Pyridin (py), Pyrazin (pyz), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy) nicht zu Phthalocyaninato-Komplexen [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) mit Co3+ als Zentralatom. Es entstehen ausschließlich die gemischten Komplexe PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl), die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 63
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of (Phthalocyaninato)rhodium(III) ComplexesChloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reacts with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) as well as with cyclohexyl isocyanide (c-hxNC) to form the mixed complexes PcRh(L)Cl. These are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: Chloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L [L = Pyridin (py), 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (dabco)] sowie mit L = Cyclohexylisocyanid (c-hxNC) zu den gemischten Komplexen PcRh(L)Cl, die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 253-269 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektron-Transfer-Photochemie von Benzocyclobutenen. - Stereospezifische elektrocyclische Reaktionen ihrer Kation-RadikaleDie leichte Aktivierung von cis- und trans-1,2-Diphenylbenzocyclobuten (DBC) entweder durch Bestrahlung der Charge-transfer-Verbindung mit Tetracyanethylen oder durch Photosensibilisierung mit Chloranil führt zu einer Serie schneller [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Die Rolle des Kationradikals DBC+. als reaktives Zwischenprodukt, das eine stereospezifische conrotatorische Cycloreversion eingeht, wird vorwiegend über „Kontakt“- oder „Lösungsmittel-getrennte“ Ionen-Paare erklärt. Solche Cycloadditionen, die durch einen Elektronentransfer eingeleitet werden, werden im Zusammenhang mit einer thermischen Valenztautomerie von DBC diskutiert, wie sie früher von Huisgen, Quinkert und Mitarbeitern begründet wurden.
    Notes: The facile activation of cis- and trans-1,2-diphenylbenzocyclobutene (DBC) either by charge-transfer irradiation of the electron donor-acceptor complex with tetracyanoethylene or by chloranil photosensitization leads to a series of rapid [4 + 2] cycloadditions. The role of the cation radical DBC+. as the reactive intermediate which undergoes a stereospecific, conrotatory cycloreversion is delineated, especially with regard to “contact” and “solvent-separated” ion pairs. Such cycloadditions induced by electron transfer are discussed in the context of the thermal valence tautomerization of DBC previously established by Huisgen, Quinkert, and co-workers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes with Biologically Important Ligands, XLIV. - Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) as Amino Protecting Groups. Metal Complexes with Silyl Esters and Acid Chlorides as Ligands and Peptide Synthesis at the ComplexThe cleavage of the chelate ring of platinum(II) and palladium(II) glycinate, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), by trialkylchlorosilanes results in the formation of the complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1). Treatment of 1 or of cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2, respectively, with oxalyl chloride and DMF gives the α-amino acid chloride complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) from which - using N-(trimethylsilyl)-α-amino acid esters - a series of dipeptide complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(dipeptideOR)2 (R = H, alkyl, SiMe3) (3) has been obtained. trans-Palladium complexes of type 3 and of type cis-Pd-Cl2(HisNHCHRCO2Et) (4) are also formed form the corresponding α-amino acid complexes and α-amino acid ester with a watersoluble carbodiimide.
    Notes: Der Chelatring von Platin(II)- und Palladium(II)-glycinat, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), läßt sich mit Trialkylchlorsilanen unter Bildung der Dichlorobis(glycin-silylester)-Komplexe, cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1), öffnen. Aus 1 oder den Komplexen MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2 werden mit Oxalylchlorid und DMF die α-Aminosäurechlorid-Verbindungen cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) erhalten, welche mit N-(Trimethylsilyl)-α-aminosäureestern die Dipeptid-Komplexe cis-, trans-MCl2(DipeptidOR)2 (R = H, Alkyl, SiMe2) (3) liefern. trans-Palladium-Komplexe vom Typ 3 und vom Typ cis-PdCl2(His-NHCHRCO2Et) (4) entstehen auch aus den entsprechenden α-Aminosäure-Komplexen und dem α-Aminosäureester mit einem wasserlöslichen Carbodiimid.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Properties of Tellurium-Tellurium Bonds, VI.  -  Structure and Barrier of Interconversion of Enantiomeric Conformations of Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellaneOxidation of lithium (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)telluride provides red and strong refractive needles of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-ditellane (1) which crystallize monoclinically in the space group C2/c. The bond distance d(Te-Te), the bond angle at the Te atoms, and the torsion angle at the Te-Te bond were found to be 271.3 pm, 100.6°, and 92.1°, respectively. The C2 symmetry of the molecule gives rise to different chemical surroundings for both tert-butyl groups in ortho position belonging to the aryl groups. This effect can also be observed in solution at low temperatures. For the first time, dynamic NMR spectroscopy succeeded in determination of the barrier of rotation about a Te-Te bond. This barrier was found to be 40.9 kJ · mol-1 and is 20% less than that in the corresponding diselane.
    Notes: Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellan (1) wird durch Oxidation von Lithium-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)tellurid in Form roter, stark lichtbrechender Kristalle erhalten. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c. Der Bindungsabstand d(Te-Te) beträgt 271.3 pm, der Bindungswinkel an den Te-Atomen 100.6° und der Torsionswinkel an der Te-Te-Bindung 92.1°. Durch die C2-Symmetrie besitzen die beiden ortho-ständigen tert-Butylgruppen der Substituenten unterschiedliche chemische Umgebung, die auch in Lösung bei tiefen Temperaturen erkennbar wird. Aus NMR-spektroskopischen Daten gelang erstmals die Bestimmung der Rotationsbarriere um eine Te-Te-Bindung; sie beträgt 40.9 kJ · mol-1. Dieser Wert ist um 20% kleiner als für das entsprechende Diselan.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Chinolepoxide des p-Kresols und Östrons mittels Photooxygenierung und Titan(IV)- oder Vanadium(V)-katalysiertem SauerstofftransferWenn 4-Hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-on (1) und 10β-Hydroperoxy-1,4-östradien-3,17-dion (3), die durch Photooxygenierung von p-Kresol bzw. Östron leicht zugänglich sind, mit Ti(OiPr)4 behandelt werden, entstehen die Chinolepoxide 5 bzw. 6a, b. Es werden dabei auch signifikante Mengen der Chinole 2 bzw. 4 gebildet, welche durch Sharpless-Oxidation mit tert-Butylhydroperoxid und Ti(OiPr)4 oder VO(acac)2 als Katalysatoren in hohen Ausbeuten in 5 bzw. 6a, b übergeführt werden konnten. Epoxidierung des Chinols 4 mit m-CPBA ergab durch Bayer-Villiger-Umlagerung bevorzugt das Lacton 7, was den Vorzug der jetzigen synthetischen Methode unterstreicht.
    Notes: On treatment with Ti(OiPr)4, 4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (1) and 10β-hydroperoxy-1,4-estradiene-3,17-dione (3), readily available by photooxygenation of p-cresol and estrone, respectively, were converted to the corresponding epoxy quinols 5 and 6a, b. Also significant amounts of the respective quinols 2 and 4 were obtained, which could be transformed in high yields into 5 and 6a, b by Sharpless oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide using Ti(OiPr)4 or VO(acac)2 as catalysts. Epoxidation of the quinol 4 with m-CPBA led preferentially to the lactone 7 by Bayer-Villiger rearrangement, showing the advantage of the present synthetic method.
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  • 68
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dehalogenation of Geminal Dihalocyclopropanes, α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones, and Haloketones by Means of Magnesium Anthracene·3THF1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane (1a), 7,7-dichloro-, and 7,7-dibromonorcarane (1b) react with magnesium anthracene·3THF (2) under stepwise radical reduction to give 9a, b, 11a, b and 10, carbene products 6a, a′, b and 7a, b, and the alkylation products 4a, b and 5a, b, respectively. The distribution of the reaction products is strongly dependent upon the substrate and upon the reaction conditions: for instance, 1a in toluene undergoes a highly selective reduction to yield 9a, whereas in THF at low temperature 4a and 5a predominate. The reaction course proposed for the reaction of 1a with 2 is supported by deuteration experiments. α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones 12a-e can be reduced with 2 to give α-chlorocyclobutanones 13a-e in moderate to good yields; 12d is thereby converted in high purity into endo-13d. The reduction of 2-haloketones 15a-f with 2 in THF to the ketones 16a-f is possible only in low or moderate yields.
    Notes: 1,1-Dichlor-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropan (1a), 7,7-Dichlor- und 7,7-Dibromnorcaran (1b) reagieren mit Magnesiumanthracen·3THF (2) unter stufenweiser radikalischer Reduktion zu 9a, b bzw. 11a, b und 10, zu Carbenprodukten 6a, a′, b und 7a, b sowie zu Alkylierungsprodukten 4a, b und 5a, b. Die Verteilung der Reaktionsprodukte ist in starkem Maße vom Substrat und von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängig: 1a wird beispielsweise in Toluol mit hoher Selektivität zu 9a reduziert, während in THF bei tiefer Temperatur 4a und 5a Überwiegen. Der für die Reaktion von 1a mit 2 vorgeschlagene Reaktionsablauf wird durch Deuterierungsversuche unterstützt. α,α-Dichlorcyclobutanone 12a-e lassen sich mit 2 in THF in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu α-Chlorcyclobutanonen 13a-e reduzieren, 12d liefert dabei in hoher Reinheit das endo-13d. Die Reduktion von 2-Halogenketonen 15a-f mit 2 in THF zu den Ketonen 16a-f ist nur in geringen bis mäßigen Ausbeuten möglich.
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  • 70
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Addition of Lithium Alkanides to IminoboranesIn the presence of tmeda, lithium methanide, LiMe, can be added to the iminoboranes XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) in a molar ratio of 2:1; the products are the cyclobutene-type azaboraazoniaborata ring compounds 3a-c. In solutions of 3a-c, the Li(tmeda) group undergoes a fluctuation from one N-atom to the other. The X-ray analysis shows that the Li(tmeda) group in crystalline 3a is bonded to one distinct N-atom; the 4 BN bond lengths in the nonplanar ring structure of 3a are found in a range between 142.5 and 163.3 pm; the structure is illustrated by the determination of the X-X-deformation electron density. The more stable iminoboranes 1d, e [X = tBu, N(tBu)-SiMe3], partly 1c, too, are alkylolithiated by LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) in a regio- and stereospecific way to give the crystalline aminoboranes R-(X)B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda); a facile exchange of the Li(tmeda) group by electrophiles is observed. tBu2B=N-(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a relatively short BN double bond of 138.3 pm.
    Notes: Die Iminoborane XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) addieren in Gegenwart von tmeda Lithiummethanid LiMe im Verhältnis 2:1 unter Ausbildung der Cyclobuten-homologen Azaboraazoniaborata-Ringverbindungen 3a-c. In Lösungen von 3a-c fluktuiert die Li(tmeda)-Gruppe zwischen den Ring-N-Atomen. Die röntgenographische Bestimmung der Struktur von 3a ergibt eine an ein Ring-N-Atom fixierte Li(tmeda)-Gruppe und einen nicht planaren Vierring mit 4 ungleichen BN-Abständen zwischen 142.5 und 163.3 pm; die Beschreibung der Struktur wird durch die Bestimmung von Deformationselektronendichten ergänzt. Die stabileren Imonoborane 1d, e [X = tBu) N(tBu)-SiMe3], z. T. auch 1c, addieren die Lithiumalkanide LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) regio- und stereospezifisch zu den kristallinen Aminoboranen R-(X)-B=N(tBu) -Li(tmeda) mit einer elektrophil leicht austauschbaren Li(tmeda)-Gruppe. Die Verbindung tBu2B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) kristallisiert monoklin mit einem für eine relativ kurze BN-Doppelbindung typischen Abstand von 138.3 pm.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 5-Oxazolone, II. - 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone: Synthese und säurekatalysierte Umwandlung in 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 2 wurden durch Arylierung der entsprechenden 5(4H)-oxazolone 1 mit 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzol-Derivaten unter Phasentransfer-Bedingungen dargestellt. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 5 wurden ähnlich aus den entsprechenden Derivaten 1 und 2-Chlor-3,5-dinitropyridin erhalten. Durch Reaktion mit Methanol und p-Toluolsulfonsäure lagerten die Oxazolone 2 in die entsprechenden 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate 8 um. Unter denselben Bedingungen lieferten die Oxazolone 5 eine Mischung der entsprechend substituierten 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine 7 und der substituierten Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine 12. In allen Fällen trat als Konkurrenzreaktion Solvolyse zu substituierten Glycinestern 9 und 11 auf. Reaktionswege werden diskutiert.
    Notes: 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 were prepared by arylation of the corresponding 5(4H)-oxazolones 1 under phase-transfer conditions with the corresponding 1-halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 5 were obtained similarly from the corresponding 1 and 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine. On reaction with methanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, oxazolones 2 rearranged to the corresponding 1-hydroxy-1H-indazole derivatives 8. Under the same conditions oxazolones 5 afforded a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridines 7 and substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines 12. In all cases the solvolysis reaction, yielding substituted glycine esters 9 and 11, was competitive with the rearrangement. Reaction paths are discussed.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Radical Type Cyclisation of Dienes, II. - The Regio-and Stereoselectivity of Radical Cyclopentane Synthesis from Dienes via Alkenylmercury SaltsWhen ethyl 8-methoxy-2,7-octadienoate (1) is treated with mercury(II) acetate in the presence of calcium oxide and methanol followed by reduction with NaBH4 a mixture of ethyl cis- and trans-[2-(dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]acetate (cis-2 and trans-2) is obtained regioselectively in 90% yield. Under analogous conditions ethyl (1′S,2′S3′R,4′R)-[3-(dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetate (4a) is obtained exclusively in a regio- and stereoselective manner from ethyl (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propenoate (3) in 70% yield. This proves radical type cyclisations of optically active derivatives of 1 to proceed not only regioselectively but also with high stereoselectivity.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von 8-Methoxy-2,7-octadiensäure-ethylester (1) mit Quecksilber(II)-acetat in Gegenwart von Calciumoxid und Methanol und anschließender NaBH4-Reduktion wird regioselektiv in 90proz. Ausbeute ein Gemisch von cis- und trans-[2-(Dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]essigsäure-ethylester (cis-2a und trans-2a) erhalten. Unter analogen Reaktionsbedingungen entsteht aus (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-Methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propensäure-ethylester (3) regio- und stereoselektiv in 70 proz. Ausbeute nur (1′S,2′S,3′R,4′R)-[3-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]essigsäure-ethylester (4a). Damit ist sichergestellt, daß die radikalische Cyclisierung von optisch aktiven Derivaten von 1 unter den angegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht nur regioselektiv, sondern auch mit hoher Stereoselektivität verläuft.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Thermolyseverhalten von C5H8-Kohlenwasserstoffen.  -  Gasphasen-Thermolyse von Cuncan, ein neues Beispiel für die Freisetzung hoher SpannungsenergieDie Kinetik der Gasphasenthermolyse von Cunean2) (1) wurde im Temperaturbereich von 180-220°C untersucht. Es handelt sich um eine Reaktion erster Ordnung, die zu zwei C8H8-Isomeren führt, zu Semibullvalen (2) und Cyclooctatetraen (3). Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist abhängig von der Temperatur entsprechend der Arrhenius-Gleichung log(k/s-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. Die Arrheniusparameter stimmen mit einem biradikalischen Mechanismus überein, der zur Bildung von Semibullvalen (2) führt. Die Produktverteilung ist druckabhängig. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß das zuerst gebildete Semibullvalen (2) hoch schwingungsangeregt (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) ist und zu Cyclooctatetraen (3) weiterreagiert.
    Notes: The kinetics of thermal decomposition of cuneane2) (1) in the gas phase have been investigated in the temperature range 180-220°C. The reaction is a clean first-order homogeneous process leading to the formation of two C8H8 isomers, viz., semibullvalene3) (2) and cyclooctatetraene (3). The rate constant varies with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation log(k/S-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. The Arrhenius parameters are consistent with a biradical mechanism leading to the formation of semibullvalene (2). The product proportions are pressure-dependent which strongly suggests that semibullvalene (2) is initially formed with high vibrational energy content (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) and can react further to give cyclooctatetraene (3).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trapping Reactions for Unstable [1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl] Dialkyl PhosphitesThe reaction of ClP(OR)2 1a-d (R = Me, Et; R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) with hexafluoroacetone yields the thermally unstable phosphites ClC(CF3)2OP(OR)2 4a-d besides other products. Trimethyl phosphite converts 4a-d into the phosphates (MeO)2P(O)OC(CF3)2P(OR)2 (R = Me, Et) 5a and b and the phosphonates (MeO)2P(O)C(CF3)2OP(OR)2 (R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) 5c and d, Compounds formed in an Arbuzov reaction.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for the Formation of P—P Bonds  -  Synthesis of Cyclic Diphosphane MonosulfidesAttempts to synthesize the silyl ester of dimethylthiophosphorous acid Me2P—S—SiMe3 by treating diemthylphosphane sulfide Me2P(S)H with Me2N—SiMe3 almost quantitatively lead to the diphosphane monosulfide Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) besides (Me3Si)2S. If disecondary phosphane sulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)MeH are employed instead of Me2P(S)H the monosulfides of the 1,2-diphospholanes or 1,2-diphosphinanes 7a and 7b, respectively, are obtained. Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone to 7a or 7b affords oxyphosphoranes with λ4P—λ5P bonds.
    Notes: Beim Versuch, Dimethylphosphansulfid Me2P(S)H durch Umsetzung mit Me2N—SiMe3 in den Silylester der Dimethylthiophosphorigen Säure Me2P—S—SiMe3 zu überführen, wurde neben (Me3Si)2S ausschließlich das Diphosphanmonosulfid Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) erhalten. Die Übertragung dieses Reaktionsprinzips auf die disekundären Phosphansulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)-MeH (n = 3,4; 6a, b) macht die Monosulfide der 1,2-Diphospholane bzw. 1,2-Diphosphinane 7a bzw. 7b zugänglich. Oxidative Addition von Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon an 7a bzw. 7b liefert Oxyphosphorane mit λ4P—λ5P-Strukturelementen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 397-406 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions with (R)-and (S)-2-Hydroxy-1,2,2-triphenylethyl Acetate and Related Glycol Monoacetates1)The enolate 7a, formed by double deprotonation of the ester 5a, is added to aldehydes. The influences of the enolate gegenion, of the solvent, and of the reaction temperature on the ratio of the isomeric products 9:10 are studied. The highest degrees of diastereoselectivity are obtained, when the magnesium enolate 7a (M = MgX) is used. The basic hydrolysis of the adducts 9/10 affords β-hydroxycarboxylic acids in corresponding optical purity. Thereby, the chiral auxiliary reagent, triphenylglycol (6a), is recovered. The aldol reaction of the doubly deprotonated esters 5b-f points to the structural parameters, which might be responsible for the high diastereoselectivity of the acetate 5a. In the mass spectra of the diol 6a and of the esters 5a, 5b, 5d, and 9a-c, unusual rearrangements are observed.
    Notes: Das durch zweifache Deprotonierung des Esters 5a erzeugte Enolat 7a wird an Aldehyde addiert. Dabei werden die Einflüsse von Enolat-Gegenion, Lösungsmittel und Reaktionstemperatur auf das Verhältnis der isomeren Produkte 9:10 untersucht. Die höchsten Diastereoselektivitäten lassen sich mit dem Magnesiumenolat 7a (M = MgX) erzielen. Alkalische Hydrolyse der Addukte 9/10 führt unter Rückgewinnung des chiralen Hilfsmittels Triphenylglycol (6a) zu β-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 11 mit entsprechender optischer Reinheit. Die Aldolreaktionen der zweifach deprotonierten Ester 5b-f liefern erste Hinweise auf die Strukturparameter, die für die hohe Diastereoselektivität des Acetats 5a ausschlaggebend sein könnten. Ungewöhnliche Umlagerungen treten in den Massenspektren des Diols 6a sowie der Ester 5a, 5b, 5d und 9a-c auf.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Struktur von Cp3U=CHPMe3: Eine Verbindung mit U=C-MehrfachbindungGrünes, kristallines Cp3U=CHPMe3 wurde durch Umsetzung von Cp3UCl mit Li[CH2]2PMe2 oder H2C=PMe3 dargestellt. Seine Kristallstruktur wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse an Einkristallen bestimmt. Der kurze U=CH-Abstand von 2.274(8) Å und der große Winkel U—C—P von 143.5(5)° deuten Uran-Kohlenstoff-Mehrfachbindungscharakter an. Die 1J (13C1H)-Kopplungskonstanten in den CH-Gruppen zwischen Uran und Phosphor von Cp3U=CHPMe3 (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz) und Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) sind auffallend klein. Den Strukturdaten kann aber keine agostische UCHP-Wechselwirkung entnommen werden.
    Notes: Green, crystalline Cp3U=CHPMe3 has been synthesized by the reaction of Cp3UCl with Li[CH2]2PMe2 or CH2=PMe3. Its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The short U=CH bond distance, 2.274(8) Å, and large U—C—P angle, 143.5(5)°, indicate uranium-carbon multiple bond character. The 1J(13C1H) coupling constants within the CH group between uranium and phosphorus in Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz), and Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) are surprisingly small, but no agostic interaction UCHP can be derived from the structural data.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Alkylation of Arenes with Threonine TrifluoromethanesulfonatesN-Phthaloylthreonine and -allothreonine methyl esters 3 react with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride/pyridine in dichloromethane to give threonine and allothreonine, respectively, trifluoromethanesulfonates 4 in quantitative yields. Arenes can be alkylated with compounds 4 to yield β-methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanine methyl esters 6 without any racemization at C-2 of the amino acids. With respect to C-3 of the amino acids, the threonine derivatives 4b (2R,3S) and 4c (2S,3R) react to give 6e (2R,3R) and 6f (2S,3S) with almost complete retention of configuration, whereas the allothreonine derivatives 4e, f suffer from extensive racemization. The unexpected stereoselectivity of the alkylation with compounds 4b, c is explained by steric hindrance of rotation and simultaneous shielding of the backside of the intermediate carbocation by the phthaloyl group.
    Notes: Umsetzung der N-Phthaloylthreonin- oder -allothreonin-methyl-ester 3 mit Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid/Pyridin in Dichlormethan führt in quantitativer Ausbeute zu Threonin- bzw. Allothreonin-trifluormethansulfonaten 4, mit denen sich Aromaten in Gegenwart von Trifluormethansulfonsäure unter Erhaltung der Konfiguration an C-2 der Aminosäuren zu β-Methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanin-methylestern 6 alkylieren lassen. Bezüglich der Konfiguration an C-3 der Aminosäuren reagieren die Threonin-Derivate 4b (2R,3S) und 4c (2S,3R) unter fast vollständiger Retention zu 6e (2R,3R) und 6f (2S,3S), während mit den Allothreonin-Derivaten 4e (2R,3R) und 4f (2S,3S) weitgehend Racemisierung erfolgt. Die überraschende stereoselektive Aromatenalkylierung mit den Verbindungen 4b, c wird durch Rotationshinderung bei gleichzeitiger Rückseitenabschirmung des intermediären Carbokations durch die N-Phthaloylgruppe gedeutet.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 431-441 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions, 12.  -  Influence of Aromatic Alkyl Groups on the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Aryl Allenecarboxylates and of AllenecarboxanilidesThe aryl allenecarboxylates 4a-o and the allenecarboxanilides 9a,b,e,h, and 1, which differ from one another only by the number or by the size of the alkyl groups attached to the arene, are synthesized by the ylide method via the appropriately substituted 2-halo-, 2-phosphonio-, and 2-phosphoranylideneacetic acid derivatives (1→2→3→4 and 6→7→8→9, resp.). By refluxing in xylene they are transformed into the tricyclic compounds 5 and 10; the rates and their differences are discussed.
    Notes: Die Allencarbonsäure-arylester 4a-o und die Allencarboxanilide 9a,b,e,h und 1, die sich jeweils lediglich durch die Anzahl oder die Größe der am Aromaten befestigten Alkylgruppen unterscheiden, werden auf dem Ylidweg über entsprechend substituierte 2-Halogen-, 2-Phosphonio- und 2-Phosphoranylidenessigsäure-Derivate (1→2→3→4 bzw. 6→7→8→9) hergestellt und in siedendem Xylol in die tricyclischen Verbindungen 5 bzw. 10 übergeführt. Die Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede bei dieser Intramolekularen Diels-Alder-Reaktion werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triple-Decker Sandwich Complexes with cyclo-P6 as Middle DeckThe cothermolysis of white phosphorus (P4) and [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) as well as [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) affords the triple-decker sandwich complexes [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) and [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 and 4b have been characterized by X-ray structure analyses, 2 and 4a as well as A and B by electrochemical, ESR, and electronic spectroscopy measurements. An empirical valence-electron rule for triple-decker complexes is derived.
    Notes: Die Cothermolyse von weißem Phosphor (P4) und [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) sowie [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) ergibt die Tripeldecker-Sandwichkomplexe [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) und [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 und 4b wurden kristallstrukturanalytisch, 2 und 4a sowie A und B elektrochemisch, ESR- und elektronenspektroskopisch charakterisiert. Es wird eine empirische Valenzelektronenregel für Tripeldecker-Komplexe abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1595-1600 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cross-Conjugated Polychlorinated Derivatives of Cycloheptatriene from Octachlorocycloheptatriene and HexachlorotroponeA new convenient synthesis of hexachlorotropone (6) and some condensation reactions of 6 are described, yielding novel polychlorinated cross-conjugated derivatives of cycloheptatriene. Treatment of octachlorocycloheptatriene (5) with benzene/CF3SO3Ag and phenylmalononitrile (28) leads to the first stable [1.6.7]quinarenes 19 and 29, respectively. The structure of 19 is proved by X-ray diffraction and a mechanism is proposed for the reaction. The influence of polychlorination on stability and electronic spectra is discussed.
    Notes: Wir beschreiben eine neue, ergiebige Synthese von Hexachlortropon (6) und einige Kondensationsreaktionen von 6 zu neuen polychlorierten, gekreuzt konjugierten Cycloheptatrienderivaten. Umsetzungen von Octachlorcycloheptatrien (5) mit Benzol/CF3SO3Ag bzw. mit Phenylmalononitril (28) führen zu ersten stabilen [1.6.7]Chinarenen 19 und 29. Die Struktur von 19 wird mit Hilfe einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen und ein Bildungsweg vorgeschlagen. Der Einfluß der Polychlorierung auf Stabilität und Elektronenspektren wird diskutiert.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1617-1623 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bequemer Zugang zu 2-Nitrophenylsulfen -(NPS-) iminen durch Oxidation von NPS-geschützten Aminen und Aminsäurederivaten2-Nitrophenylsulfenimine 2 von großer Strukturvielfalt werden durch Oxidation von 2-Nitrophenylsulfenamiden 1 entweder auf direktem und indirektem elektrochemischen Wege oder durch Umsetzung mit stöchiometrischen Mengen eines Triarylamin-Radikalkation-Salzes leicht zugänglich. Wegen der bequemen Reaktionsführung und der einfachen Aufarbeitung ist der direkten elektrochemischen Methode meist der Vorzug zu geben. Die inter- und intramolekulare Addition von Nucleophilen an die C — N-Doppelbindung gelingt und wird an zwei Beispielen demonstriert.
    Notes: 2-Nitrophenylsulfenimines 2 of large structural variety are easily available from 2-nitrophenylsulfenamides 1, by direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation or by using stoichiometric amounts of a triarylamine radical cation salt. In most cases the direct electrochemical method is to be preferred, because of the convenient reaction procedure and the simple workup of the products. Inter- and intramolecular addition of nucleophiles to the C — N double bond is possible as shown by two examples.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tetrahydrofurans and Lactones, I. - Synthesis and Reactions of Chiral 2,5-Bridged Tetrahydrofurans - A New Approach to Optically Active γ-Lactones and γ-BislactonesDiels-Alder reaction of 3,4-hexamethylenefuran with acrylic acid gives the carboxylic acid 1a with high endo selectivity. 1a was separated into the enantiomers via the α-phenylethylammonium salts. Comparison of the CD spectra of (-)-1a and (-)-3 and the X-ray structural analysis of the camphanoyl derivative (-)-4b lead to the 1R,2S,4S configuration of (-)-1a as well. The 2,5-bridged tetrahydrofuran (-)-5 with all-cis and RSS configuration is obtained by ozonolysis of the ester (-)-1b. (-)-5 can be oxidized to the γ-lactone (2R,3S)-(-)-6 with sodium metaperiodate/potassium permanganate in 22% yield. Hydride reduction of (-)-6 under various conditions leads to the γ-bislactones (-)-8 and (-)-9 or to the bislactol (-)-10. (-)-8 has the same absolute configuration as the naturally occuring (-)-canadensolide.
    Notes: Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 3,4-Hexamethylenfuran mit Acrylsäure führt mit hoher endo-Selektivität zur Carbonsäure 1a, die über ihre α-Phenylethylammonium-Salze in die Enantiomere getrennt wurde. Sowohl der Vergleich der CD-Spektren von (-)-1a und (-)-3 als auch die Röntgenstrukturanalyse des Camphansäureesters 4b legen die 1R,2S,4S-Konfiguration von (-)-1a fest. Ozonolyse des Esters (-)-1b liefert das 2,5-überbrückte, all-cis- und RSS-Konfigurierte Tetrahydrofuran (-)-5, das sich in 22proz. Ausb. mit Natriummetaperiodat/Kaliumpermanganat zum γ-Lacton (2R,3S)-(-)-6 oxidieren läßt. Die Hydridreduktion von (-)-6 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ergibt die optisch aktiven γ-Bislactone (-)-8 und (-)-9 bzw. das Bislactol 10. (-)-8 besitzt die gleiche absolute Konfiguration an allen Chiralitätszentren wie das natürlich vorkommende Bislacton (-)-Canadensolid.
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 803-804 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and Characterisation of Hexakis(trifluoromethyl)digermachalcogenanesReactions of (CF3)3GeI (2a) with HgS or Ag2Se and of (CF3)3GeCl (2b) with (t-BuMe2Si)2Te (3) lead to new compounds of the type [(CF3)3Ge]2E (E = S, Se, Te) (1b-d). 19F-, 13C-, and 77Se-NMR as well as IR- and MS data of the compounds are presented and discussed.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 795-797 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Structure of Manganese(II) L-Aspartate Trihydrate, Mn(L-Asp)· 3H2OManganese L-aspartate chloride, Mn(L-AspH)Cl, has been prepared from equimolar quantities of MnCl2 and Mn(L-AspH)2 in water. This material can be converted into the title compound by treatment with aqueous KOH, and crystallized as a trihydrate from solutions kept at pH = 7.85. The compound has been characterized by elemental analysis and by single crystal X-ray structure determination. In the crystal, the aspartate dianion functions as a facially tridentate ligand to the Mn(II) center whose octahedral coordination sphere is completed by two water molecules and a carboxylate oxygen atom from a neighboring complex in trans position to the amino group. The stereochemistry of this coordination mode is different from that in the analogous magnesium compound, but similar to that in the cobalt(II) and zinc(II) analogues. The third water molecule is a hydrogen-bonded crystal water.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 811-813 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arene(Phosphane)metal complexes, XIV.  -  Synthesis of η5-Cyclohexadienyl- and η4-Cyclohexa-1,3-diene Osmium Complexes from [C6H6Osl(PR3)2]PF6The reaction of [C6H6OsI(PR3)2]PF6 (1,4) with NaBH4 in ethanol leads almost quantitatively to the formation of the η5-cyclohexadienyl complexes (η5-C6H7OsI(PR3)2 (5: R = Me; 6: R = Ph). Reduction of 5 with Na in THF gives the highly reactive [(η5-C6H7)Os(PMe3)2]- anion which reacts with NH4PF6 in the presence of iodide to produce the compounds (η5-C6H7OsH(PMe3)2 (8) and (η4-C6H8)OsHI(PMe3)2 (9).
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1177-1186 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oligomere Ketten mit 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch CarbanionalkylierungDie Deprotonierung des 9,10-Dihydroanthracens (2) liefert das Monoanion 6, welches der Alkylierung mit mono- und bifunktionellen Elektrophilen unterworfen wird. Zentrale Zwischenprodukte der von 6 ausgehenden Synthesen sind das 1,3-Di(9-anthryl)propan 9 und 9-(3-Brompropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen (7). Sie eröffnen den Zugang zu linearen Oligomeren, in denen 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch Trimethylengruppen verknüpft sind. Die Alkylierungsreaktionen dieser Verbindungen können auf das strukturverwandte Polymer 4 übertragen werden. Regio- und Stereoselektivität der Alkylierungsreaktionen werden 1H- und 13C-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht.
    Notes: Deprotonation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) affords the monoanion 6 which is subjected to alkylation reactions with mono and bifunctional electrophiles. Crucial intermediates in syntheses using 6 are 9-(3-bromopropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (7) and 1,3-bis(9,10-dihydro-9-anthryl)propane (9) since they provide access to linear oligomers in which 9,10-dihydroanthracene units are linked by trimethylene groups. The alkylation processes of these species can be extended to the structurally related polymer 4. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the alkylation reactions are investigated by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 90
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochromism of Simple 1,8a-Dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizinesIn this paper we report on the synthesis of new photochromic 1,8a-dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-dihydro-5-azaindolizines 19 and betaines 18 as well as their precursors 3,3-diphenyl-3H-pyrazoles 13 and cyclopropenes 15. The structures of the betaines 18 are proved for the first time by X-ray analysis of 181. The last part of this paper deals with Hammett correlations of the rate constant of the 1,5-electrocyclisation and MINDO/3 calculations of the thermal ring closure 18→19.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Synthese neuer photochromer 1,8a-Dihydroindolizine (DHI) bzw. 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizine 19 und Betaine 18 sowie über die Darstellung der als Vorstufen benötigten 3,3-Diaryl-3H-pyrazole 13 bzw. der Cyclopropene 15. Die Struktur der Betaine 18 wird durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 181 erstmals eindeutig gesichert. Im letzten Teil wird eine Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehung der UV-spektroskopisch bestimmten Cyclisierungsgeschwindigkeiten mit Hammett-Parametern vorgenommen und Studien zum Mechanismus des thermischen Ringschlusses 18→19 durch MINDO/3-Rechnungen an einem Modellsystem beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal-Substituted Diphosphenes, XIII.  -  On the Synthesis of (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) and (η5 C5Me5)(CO)(NO)[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2.4.6)Compound (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), generated from [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 and (Bu4N)Br, reacts with LiP(SiMe3)2 to give the disilylphosphido complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Complex 4 is converted into the diphosphenyl complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) by treatment with 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2. The reaction of 5, which is only stable in solution, with [(Z)-cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 affords stable (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). For comparison, the complexes (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) and (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) were synthesized as well. Compound 10 was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis.
    Notes: (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), hergestellt aus [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 und (Bu4N)Br, reagiert mit LiP(SiMe3)2 zum Disilylphosphidorheniumkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Komplex 4 wird von 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2 in den nur in Lösung stabilen Diphosphenylkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) übergeführt. Behandlung von 5 mit [(Z)-Cycloocten]Cr(CO)5 liefert das stabile Pentacarbonylchromderivat (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden die Komplexe (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) und (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) synthetisiert. Von 10 wurde eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse durchgeführt.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 865-869 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oligophosphane Ligands, XXVIII.  -  C—H Activation of Benzene and Alkylated Arenes bY (Chelate-Phosphane)ruthenium(0) FragmentsThe reduction of RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] with sodium amalgam in benzene and toluene as well as in o- and m-xylene, respectively, yielded the arylruthenium derivatives RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) and RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Complex 2 was isolated as a mixture of two isomers containing the meta-methyl substituent oriented away from (2a), or in direction of (2b), the Ru—H linkage. The molecular structures of 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Notes: Die Reduktion von RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] mit Natriumamalgam in Benzol und Toluol sowie in o-bzw. m-Xylol ergab die Arylruthenium-Derivate RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) und RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Komplex 2 wurde als Gemisch zweier Isomere erhalten, in denen der meta-Methylsubstituent Positionen besetzt, die von der Ru—H-Einheit abgewandt (2a) oder ihr zugewandt (2b) sind. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2a, 2b, 3 und 4 wurden röntgenographisch ermittelt.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Organometal Complexes, X.  -  Addition of Nitrenes ot the Rh=C Bond of C5H5Rh-(=C=CHR)p(iPr)3. Formation of Five-Membered Metalla-Heterocycles and a Ketenimine Rhodium Complex2)The complexes C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) react with benzoyl azide almost quantitatively to produce the metalla-heterocycles (2, 4, 6). For 6 (R = Me), but not for 4 (R = Ph), the formation of E/Z isomers has been observed, the ratio of which is solvent-dependent. The protonation of 4 and 6-E/6-Z with CF3CO2H in presence of NH4PF6 leads via attack of the proton at the ring nitrogen atom to the PF6 salts of the cationic complexes 7 and 8 which also form E/Z isomers. On reaction of 3 with phenyl azide first the Z isomer of the ketenimine complex C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9) is formed which in solution smoothly rearranges to give a 1:1 mixture of the Z and E isomers.
    Notes: Die Komplexe C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) reagieren mit Benzoylazid nahezu quantitativ zu den Metalla-Heterocyclen (2, 4, 6). Für 6 (R = Me), nicht jedoch für 4 (R = Ph), ist die Bildung von E/Z-Isomeren nachweisbar; ihr Verhältnis ist solvensabhängig. Die Protonierung von 4 und 6-E/6-Z mit CF3CO2H in Gegenwart von NH4PF6 führt unter Angriff des Protons am Ring-Stickstoffatom zu den PF6-Salzen der Komplexkationen 7 und 8, die ebenfalls E/Z-Isomere bilden. Bei der Reaktion von 3 mit Phenylazid entsteht zunächst die Z-Form der Ketenimin-Verbindung C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9), die in Lösung relativ rasch eine Umlagerung zu dem E-Isomeren (bis zu einem Verhältnis 9-Z:9-E = 1:1) eingeht.
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1359-1361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of Pyrazolo-1,2,4-triazine Derivatives of 1,6-Methano [10] annuleneCoupling reactions of the diazonium betains 3, 4, 5 with 3-tert-butoxy-1,6-methano[10]annulene (2) under mild reaction conditions lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol with formation of the methano-bridged triazine dye stuffs 6a-c. For comparison by coupling reactions of 3-5 with β-naphthol followed by cyclisation reactions the triazine dye stuffs 8a-c are obtained. Their spectroscopic properties were compared with 6a-c.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1371-1372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contributions of the Chemistry of Boron, 192. - Reactions of Mercury Dihalides and Mercury Dicyanide with an AminoiminoboraneThe aminoiminoborane 1 reacts with HgCl2 and Hg(CN)2 with insertion into the HgCl and HgC bond, respectively. Mercury amides of type 2 are obtained. In contrast, HgBr2 and HgI2 yield 1:1 adducts of the allene type 3. The new compounds were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1393-1398 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Highly Substituted 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienesSilacyclohexadienes with bulky ligands and good leaving groups are of interest for experiments concerning the synthesis of kinetically stabilized silabenzene derivatives. Here we describe the synthesis of 1-tert-butyl-1-silacyclohexadienes, which are substituted in 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-position. From lithiated precursors, the trialkylsilyl- or tert-butyl-substituted silacyclohexadienes 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are formed by substitution reactions. The methoxysilane 1 is transferred with LiAlH4 to the hydrosilane 2. Si—H or C—H bond cleavage with N-bromosuccinimide results in the formation of the silacyclohexadienes 3 and 5, brominated in 1- and/or 4-position. In some substitution reactions isomerisation of the diene system is observed. The new compounds are characterized by their 1H-, 13C-, and 29Si-NMR spectra and by their MS data.
    Notes: Mit sperrigen Liganden und guten Abgangsgruppen versehene Silacyclohexadiensysteme sind für Versuche zur Darstellung von kinetisch stabilisierten Silabenzolderivaten von Interesse. Wir berichten hier über Synthesen von in 1-, 2-, 4- und 6-Stellung substituierten 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienen. Aus lithiierten Vorstufen entstehen durch Substitutionsreaktionen die Trialkylsilyl- bzw. tert-Butyl-substituierten Silacyclohexadiene 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 und 15. Das Methoxysilan 1 wird mit LiAlH4 in das Hydridosilan 2 übergeführt. Si—H- bzw. C—H-Spaltung mit N-Bromsuccinimid führt zur Bildung der in 1- und/oder 4-Stellung bromierten Silacyclohexadiene 3 und 5. Bei einigen Substitutionsreaktionen wird eine Isomerisierung des Diensystems beobachtet. Die erstmals beschriebenen Verbindungen sind durch ihre 1H-, 13C- und 29Si-NMR-Spektren sowie durch MS-Daten charakterisiert.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1399-1401 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pentamethylcyclopentadinelyl-Substituted Cyclophosphanes as a Source for Px units in Transition-Metal ComplexesTris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphane, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reacts with complexes of the type M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo, W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) to give the cyclotriphosphorus complexes (η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). The complexes 3a and 3c are also formed in the reaction of the bicyclic hexaphosphane P6(C5Me5)4 (5) with 1a and 1c, respectively. In case of the molybdenum compound 1b the cyclotriphosphorus complex 3b or a mixture of 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6), and [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7) is formed, depending on the reaction conditions. By irradiation the complex 3b is transferred nearly quantitatively to the tripeldecker complex 6. The reactions described open a new access to transition-metal complexes with naked phosphorus units as ligands.
    Notes: Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphan, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reagiert mit Komplexen des Typs M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo und W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) zu den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplexen η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). Die Komplexe 3a bzw. 3c entstehen auch bei der Umsetzung des bicyclischen Hexaphosphans P6(C5Me5)4 (5) mit 1a bzw. 1c. Im Fall der Molybdän-Verbindung 1b erhält man je nach Reaktionsführung den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplex 3b oder ein Gemisch aus 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6) und [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7). Unter Bestrahlung läßt sich der Komplex 3b nahezu vollständig in den Tripeldecker-Komplex 6 überführen. Die beschriebenen Reaktionen eröffnen einen neuen Zugang zu Übergangsmetallkomplexen mit nackten Phosphor-Einheiten als Liganden.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1417-1420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, XLVI1.- Platinum (II) Complexes with Precursors of Unsaturated π-Amino Acidsα-Amino acid ester complexes cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) react with tert-butyl hypochlorite to give N-chloro-α-amino acid ester complexes trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHR-CO2Et]2. Dependent on the substituents 4-alkylidene-1,3-oxazolidine-2,5-dione is added to (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) by the C=C or the NH bond, respectively. The structure of the hydrido imido complex trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt— (4c) has been determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Die α-Aminosäureester-Platinkomplexe cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2-Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) setzen sich mit tert-Butylhypochlorit zu den N-Chlor-α-aminosäureester-Verbindungen trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHRCO2Et]2 um. 4-Alkyliden-1,3-oxazolidin-2,5-dion wird an (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) in Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten über die C—C-Doppel- oder die NH-Bindung addiert. Die Struktur des Hydrido-imido-Komplexes trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt—(4c) wurde durch Kristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1427-1433 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: GeH3-Substituted Carbonyl Metallates and carbonyl (cyclopentadienyl) Metallates with V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Co, and Ni. - Preparative and X-Ray InvestigationsKGeH3 reacts with different metal carbonyls and cyclopentadienyl-metal carbonyls with substitution of one CO group and formation of GeH3-substituted carbonyl metallates [M(CO)3(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3-GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8), and [Co(CO)(η5-C5R5)-GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. The K salts thus obtained are very air-sensitive and in most cases rather thermolabile. Reaction with [PPh4]Br in aqueous solution yields the somewhat more stable and better crystallizable phosphonium salts. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR, 1H-NMR), and X-ray methods in the cases of 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Their short Ge-metal distances are remarkable, although disorder problems prevented a higher precision in most cases.
    Notes: KGeH3 reagiert mit verschiedenen Metallcarbonylen und Cyclopentadienylmetallcarbonylen unter Substitution einer CO-Gruppe und Bildung von GeH3-substituierten Metallaten [M(CO)3(⊖5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8) und [Co-(CO)(η5R5)GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. Die so gebildeten K-Salze sind sehr luftempfindlich und meist ziemlich thermolabil. Umsetzung mit [PPh4]Br in wäßriger Lösung ergibt die etwas stabileren und besser kristallisierenden Phosphonium-Salze. Sie wurden elementaranalytisch und spektroskopisch (IR, 1H-NMR) charakterisiert und im Falle von 1, 4, 5, 7 und 8 auch röntgenographisch untersucht. Auffallend sind ihre kurzen Ge-Metall-Abstände, obgleich wegen Fehlordnungsproblemen meist keine große Genauigkeit erreichbar war.
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