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  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (167)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1972  (167)
  • Electron microscopy  (102)
  • Rat  (73)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diphosphate ; Rat ; Vitamin D Metabolism ; Intestinal Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone Mineralization ; Renal Functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism and the organ distribution of double labelled vitamin D3 (1,2-3H-4-14C-cholecalciferol) has been studied in rats in which the bone mineralization and the intestinal calcium absorption have been inhibited by a large pose (10 mg P/kg s.c. for 7–14 days) of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). The most striking difference found was a reduced accumulation of radioactive cholecalciferol and its metabolites in the kidney of EHDP-treated rats. It is unlikely that this effect was due to an unspecific alteration of the functional renal tissue since blood urea, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasm a flow remained unaltered by this dose of EHDP. The EHDP-treated rats were able to form the metabolite eluted with peak IV of the silicic acid chromatographic system, that is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In these vitamin D repleted rats fed a high calcium diet, the tritium deficient metabolite eluted with peak V (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) was only found in the intestinal mucosa of both control and EHDP groups three days after the injection of radioactive cholecalciferol, and this in a very small amount. Therefore no definitive conclusion can be drawn as to a possible interference of EHDP treatment on the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The change in the renal metabolism of vitamin D in rats treated with a rachitogenic dose of EHDP may be caused by the modifications of the calcium metabolism brought about by the diphosphonate. Its relation, if any, with the decreased calcium absorption remains to be established.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trimethoprim ; Placental Transfer ; Distribution ; Elimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After a single i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg of Trimethoprim (TM) to rats in late pregnancy, a diffusion equilibrium of the folic acid inhibitor in the foetal organs is reached after 30–60 min. The TM levels in maternal as well as in foetal organs can have an inhibitory effect on folic acid reductase activity. The elimination of TM is lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant animals. The TM elimination of the foeti is dependent on the elimination capacity of the mother. Three-days-old rats eliminate TM some four times slower than mature animals owing to their reduced kidney development.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Instestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water-Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water. The blood flow, the disapperance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The appearance rate was almost completely determined by the blood flow indicating that the intestinal absorption of tritiated water is blood flow limited. Therefore the absorption rate of tritiated water characterizes badly the diffusive water permeability of the intestinal epithelium. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood accelerated and towards the intestinal lumen retarded the intestinal absorption of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the absorption of tritiated water during the penetration through the epithelium by solvent drag (sieving coefficient 1-σ=1.54±0.19) as well as by changing the blood flow rate through capillaries near the epithelium.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Blood-to-Lumen Flux ; Tritiated Water ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Anaesthetized rats were loaded with tritiated water and a jejunal loop was perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered saline solutions. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the blood), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished both the appearance rate and the disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results; however, at high blood flow the appearance and disappearance rate did not reach the value measured in the experiments with decreasing blood flow. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood retarded and towards the intestinal lumen accelerated the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water by solvent drag during the penetration through the epithelium and by changing the luminal concentration (e.g. dilution) as well as the blood flow rate in the capillaries near the epithelium.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 352-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Calcium Transport ; Small Intestine ; Rat ; in vitro ; in vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal calcium (Ca) transport was studied in the rat jejunum by the in vitro perfusion technique of Fisher and Parsons and in the tied loop in vivo. Mucosal uptake and absorption of Ca was examined under the following conditions: rising intraluminal Ca-concentrations (0.5–128 meq/l); inhibition of energy dependent metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol, N2, low temperature); net water flow, out of or into the intestinal lumen; addition of strontium (Sr); pretreatment with low Ca-diet and with 6-methyl-prednisolone. The concentration-dependent Ca absorption curve rose steeply at low Ca-concentrations but changed to a slowly rising straight line above 16 meq/l Ca++. In contrast, Ca uptake into the intestinal wall was directly related to Ca concentration, was linear from the beginning and paralleled the straight part of the absorption curve. Ca absorption was decreased by inhibition of energy dependent metabolism, addition of Sr and pretreatment with prednisolone. Pretreatment with low Ca diet increased Ca absorption and direction of net water flow (“solvent drag”) had no effect on it. Mucosal uptake of Ca was similar to Ca absorption except that metabolic inhibition increased Ca uptake but decreased Ca absorption. These results are compatible with the concept of a passive mucosal uptake and of an active absorption of Ca at low intraluminal Ca concentrations with additional passive component at high Ca concentrations.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 91-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Choline ; Blood-Brain-Barrier ; Brain ; Rat ; Lecithin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat brain the concentration of choline increases with a velocity of 20.5 nMol/g×min immediately after decapitation. This is not due to postmortal disintegration of the tissue but to persisting biochemical reactions in the absence of blood flow. This rise of choline must be considered if the concentration of choline in the living animal is to be established. Taking this fact into account one arrives at a value of 27.5±1.7 nMol Choline/g wet weight. From the arterio-venous difference of choline concentrations it has been postulated that there is an efflux of 7.2±1.5 nMol/g×min from the brain into the blood. After i.v. injection of labelled choline the peak of the specific radioactivity of choline in the brain is reached in less than 1 min but amounts to only one tenth of the specific activity of choline in blood-plasma. The specific activities in both compartments decline in parallel. Thus it can be concluded a) that choline penetrates easily through the blood-brain barrier, but the concentration gradient is directed from brain to blood; and b) that choline is continuously formed in the brain, which process permanently dilutes the quantity of labelled choline and prevents the specific activities in blood and brain from becoming equal. The calculations of turnover-rates in the different reactions leading to the choline containing glycerophosphatides are based on the data obtained. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that in the brain phosphorylated derivatives of ethanolamine (phosphorylethanolamine, cytidinediphosphate-ethanolamine) can be methylated to form the respective choline derivatives.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 50 (1972), S. 552-556 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Plasma cells ; Filaments ; Bence-Jones Plasmocytoma ; Synthesis of immunoglobulins ; Electron microscopy ; Plasmazellen ; Filamente ; Bence-Jones Plasmocytom ; Immunglobulinsynthese ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Plasmazellen einer Patientin mit einem Bence-Jones Plasmocytom (BJP) gutartigen Verlaufs zeigten im Ergastoplasma zylindrische Formationen, die aus granuliertem Reticulum und Grundplasma bestehen. In den Grundplasmaschichten liegen zirkulär geordnete filamentöse Strukturen verschiedener Ausprägung. Bei starker Entwicklung des filamentösen Materials bilden sich kristallgitterartige Gefüge. Die Strukturen im Grundplasma sind nur nach doppelter Fixierung in Aldehyden und Osmiumtetroxyd zu erkennen. Sie waren nicht in Plasmazellen 4 weiterer Patienten mit anderen Myelomtypen nachweisbar. Die Beobachtungen werden in bezug auf die Biosynthese der Immunglobuline diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The ground substance of plasma cells of a Bence-Jones plasmocytoma with benign clinical course in a 55 year old female patient showed “cylindrical” formations composed of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ground substance. In the ground substance filamentous structures can be seen, sometimes showing a crystalline pattern. The filaments can only be demonstrated after double fixation in aldehydes and osmium tetroxyde. In the plasma cells of four patients with myeloma other than Bence-Jones plasmocytoma, similar structures could not be demonstrated. This observation is discussed regarding the biosynthesis of immunoglobulins.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Teratology ; Inhalation ; Rat ; Rabbit ; Dichlorvos ; Teratologie ; Inhalation ; Ratte ; Kaninchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Kaninchen und Ratten wurde die teratogene Wirkung von inhaliertem Dichlorvos untersucht. Im Versuch waren primipare Kaninchenweibchen der Rasse “Dutch” mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 2 bis 3 kg und primipare Rattenweibchen vom Stamm “Carworth Farm E“ mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 200 bis 300 g. Die Tiere wurden während der gesamten Trächtigkeit folgenden Konzentrationen in der Atemluft ausgesetzt: 0,25, 1,25 und 6,25 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft. Ein zusätzliches Experiment am Kaninchen wurde mit 2 und 4 μg Dichlorvos pro Liter Luft durchgeführt. Die Behandlung wirkte weder beim Kaninchen noch bei der Ratte teratogen. Selbst Konzentrationen, die für die Kaninchen tödlich waren, und die eine deutliche Cholinesterasehemmung in Plasma, Erythrocyten und Gehirn der Ratten und Kaninchen hervorriefen, wurden ohne Schädigung für die Feten vertragen.
    Notes: Abstract The teratogenic potential of inhaled dichlorvos vapour for rabbits and rats was investigated on the offspring of primiparous female Dutch rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg and primiparous female Carworth E strain rats weighing 200 to 300 g. The animals were exposed throughout pregnancy at concentrations of 0.25, 1.25 and 6.25 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. In an additional experiment pregnant rabbits were exposed to concentrations of 2 and 4 μg dichlorvos per litre of air. The results gave no indication that dichlorvos vapour is teratogenic in rabbits or rats even at exposure concentrations resulting in maternal deaths in rabbits, and causing depression of plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities in pregnant animals of both species.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 30 (1972), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,2-Dichlorvinyl Dimethyl Phosphate ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona ; Metabolism ; Man ; Rat ; Mouse ; Hamster ; 2,2-Dichlorvinyl-dimethylphosphat ; Dichlorvos ; Vapona® ; Stoffwechsel ; Mensch ; Ratte ; Maus ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Mäusen und Hamstern wurde die Exkretion und Retention der Radioaktivität nach Fütterung mit [1-14C-Vinyl]-Dichlorvos bestimmt. Außerdem wurde beim Menschen die Exkretion und Exhalation gemessen und die erhaltenen Werte mit den tierexperimentellen Daten von Rattenversuchen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen schnellen Stoffwechsel von Dichlorvos bei allen vier untersuchten Species. Die Dealkylierung zu Desmethyldichlorvos spielt bei der Biotransformation eine untergeordnete Rolle. Eine gewisse Ausnahme zeigen die Mäuse, bei denen 18,5 % der zugeführten Radioaktivität als Desmethyldichlorvos aufgefunden werden konnte. Bei allen Species kam es zu einer hydrolytischen Spaltung zu Dichloracetaldehyd, der weiter zu Dichloraetbanol reduziert wird. Der weitere Weg führt über die Ausscheidung als Glucuronid mit dem Harn. Ein Teil wird dechloriert und das14C-Atom als14CO2 oder14C-Hippursäure im Harn ausgeschieden. Im menschlichen Harn konnte Dichloraethanol nach Inkubation mitβ-Glucuronidase nachgewiesen werden, wenn hohe Dichlorvoskonzentrationen (38 μg/l) eingeatmet wurden. Auf dieser Basis könnte eine Überwachungsmethode gegen die Inhalation von zu hohen Dichlorvoskonzentrationen ausgearbeitet werden.
    Notes: Abstract The routes of excretion and retention of radioactivity following the ingestion of [1-14C-vinyl]dichlorvos by mice and hamsters have been determined. The excretion of radioactivity in urine and exhaled air of man has also been measured. The data have been compared with those for rats. The results indicate that metabolism is rapid in the four species. Dealkylation to desmethyldichlorvos is a minor route of biotransformation, except in the mouse, where desmethyldichlorvos constitutes at least 18.5 % of the administered radioactivity. Hydrolytic metabolism of dichlorvos occurs in all species and leads presumably to dichloroacetaldehyde which is further metabolized by (i) reduction to dichloroethanol and excretion in the urine as the glucuronide and (ii) dechlorination followed by incorporation of the carbon atoms into endogenous biosyntheses and excretion as [14C]carbon dioxide and [14C]hippuric acid in the urine. Dichloroethanol can be detected inβ-glucuronidase-treated urine after exposure of a human subject to high air concentrations (38 μg/l) of non-radioactive dichlorvos. This may form the basis of a method of monitoring the exposure of humans to high concentrations of dichlorvos.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Archives of toxicology 28 (1972), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ferrihexacyanoferrate (II) ; Rat ; Thallium ; Toxicity ; Metabolism ; Ferrihexacyanoferrat(II) ; Ratte ; Thllium ; Toxicität ; Stoffwechsel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verabfolgung einer 2% igen kolloidalen Lösung von Ferrihexacyanoferrat (II) (FHCF) als Trinkwasser erhöht bei der Ratte die Ausscheidungsrate von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 (mit 204Tl markiert) aus Leber, Nieren und Muskulatur auf das 2,8fache. Dieser Effekt ist zeitunabhängig. Die LD 50/30 d von intravenös injiziertem Tl2SO4 wird durch FHCF-Behandlung um das 2,3fache erhöht. Für diesen Schutzeffekt ist allerdings nur das während der ersten 24 Std verabfolgte FHCF verantwortlich. Diese Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß die Schäden bei der akuten Tl-Intoxikation sehr schnell irreversibel werden.
    Notes: Abstract The administration of a 2% colloidal solution of ferrihexacyano ferrate (II) (FHCF) as drinking water increases in the rat the excretion of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 (labelled by 204Tl) from liver, kidneys and muscles by a factor of 2.8. This effect is independant of time. FHCF-treatment increases the LD 50/30 d of intravenously injected Tl2SO4 by a factor of 2.3. This protection, however, is provided by FHCF only if administered during the first 24 hours. These findings suggest that the damage resulting from acute Tl-intoxication quickly becomes irreversible.
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  • 12
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    Archives of dermatological research 244 (1972), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mongolian spot ; Blue naevus ; Melanocytes of connective tissue ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
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    Archives of dermatological research 244 (1972), S. 524-526 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Allergic contact dermatitis ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
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    Archives of dermatological research 244 (1972), S. 536-540 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Collagen and auto-immune diseases ; Endoplasmatic tubular structures ; Paramyxovirus-like-structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 15
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    Archives of dermatological research 244 (1972), S. 540-542 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Argyria ; Electron microscopy ; Basallamina ; Elastica ; Skin appendages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 16
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 188-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Electron microscopy ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parenchymal cells of the pars distalis of the dog adenohypophysis were studied with the electron microscope. Criteria for the differentiation of four cell types included the size and shape of the cells and the size, shape and distribution of organelles and secretory granules. Three secretory granule-containing cells designated as I, II and III were observed. Cell type I was further divided into subtypes (Ia, Ib, Ic) on the basis of the granule size of maximal frequency. A fourth cell type (IV) contained no or only a few secretory granules. It was unique in having a highly irregular shape with cytoplasmic processes extending between the other cell types and also occasionally enclosing follicular cavities.
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  • 17
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Brain ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed. It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.
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  • 18
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    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1972), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Teleost ; Heart ; Cardiogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study has been made on the development of the heart of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) by the examination of tissue taken from fish at the stage when the heart-tube has formed right through the larval life and up two months postmetamorphosis. The process of developments of the heart is essentially the same as that in higher vertebrates but there are certain minor sequential differences with comparable chick tissue. By day 24 (ten days after hatching) the “early larval” heart has formed which is a trilaminar structure — a layer of myocardium bounded internally by endocardium and externally by epicardium. This condition lasts until the 4a (Ryland) stage with the onset of endocardial invagination into the myocardium which is the criterion distinguishing the “late larval” heart. The “late larval” heart lasts throughout metamorphosis of the larva and until two months post-metamorphosis when the total adult heart is assumed. Thus the process of cardiogenesis continues irrespective of hatching and of metamorphosis. This study supports the concept that the epicardium is derived from an extramyocardial source. No results are presented concerning the theory that, in its earliest stages, the myocardium has a secretory function in the production of cardiac jelly, or of myofibrillogenesis in the Teleost myoblast. Stellar configurations of short lengths of newly formed sarcomeres commonly radiate out from Z centres in early myocytes and it is suggested that this is a primitive feature of Teleost myogenesis. There is also a proliferation of mitochondria within the myocardial cells at metamorphosis which may be connected to the subsequent fast growth of the heart in the succeeding two months.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Cold ; Pineal gland ; Synaptic vesicles ; Zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den synaptischen Bläschen der Nervenendigungen der Epiphyse von Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage einer Temperatur von −6° bis −8°C ausgesetzt worden waren, hat man eine signifikante Vermehrung des Zinkjodid-Osmiumtetroxyd (ZIO) reaktiven Materials festgestellt. Der durchschnittliche Durchmesser der ZIO-positiven synaptischen Vesiculae betrug bei den Kontrollratten 234 Å und bei den Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage unter der Kälte gelebt hatten, 380 Å, bzw. 379 Å. Die ZIO-Reaktion war bei den Kontrollratten in 49,3% der synaptischen Vesiculae positiv, nach zweitägiger Kälteeinwirkung waren 58,7% und nach viertägiger Kälteeinwirkung 72,1% der synaptischen Vesiculae ZIO-positiv. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Arbeit war es jedoch nicht möglich zu entscheiden, ob die Vermehrung des ZIO-reaktiven Materials mit einer gleichzeitigen Zunahme der biogenen Amine verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary In the synaptic vesicles of pineal nerve endings of Wistar rats exposed for 2 and 4 days to a temperature of −6° to −8° C, a significant increase of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reactive material was observed. The mean diameter of ZIO reactive synaptic vesicles of control rats was 234 Å; in rats exposed to cold for 2 and 4 days it was 380 Å, respectively 379 Å. In control rats the ZIO reaction was positive in 49,3% of the synaptic vesicles. The reactivity increased to 58,7% in rats exposed to cold for 2 days, and to 72,1% in rats exposed to cold for 4 days. However, the results of the present study do not permit to conclude if an increase of ZIO reactive material is accompanied by a simultaneuos increase of biogenic amines.
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  • 20
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    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 224-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Basket cells ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Golgi method ; Inhibition ; Axons ; Dendrites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stellate cells were studied in rapid Golgi preparations and in electron micrographs. These small neurons can be classified on the basis of their position in the molecular layer and the patterns of their dendritic and axonal arborizations as follows: (1) superficial cells with short, contorted dendrites and a circumscribed axonal arbor (upper third of the molecular layer); (2) deep stellate cells with radiating, twisted dendrites and with long axons giving rise to thin, varicose collaterals (middle third of the molecular layer); (3) deep stellate cells with similar dendrites and long axons giving collaterals to the basket around the Purkinje cell bodies (middle third of the molecular layer). An important characteristic of the stellate cell axon is that it generates most of its collaterals close to its origin. Even in long axon cells, only a few collaterals issue from the more distant parts of the axon. These forms contrast with the basket cell, which sends out long, straighter dendrites, and an extended axon that first emits branches at some distance from its origin. Furthermore, basket cell axon collaterals are usually stout in contrast to the frail, beaded collaterals of the stellate cell axon. The two cell types are considered to be distinct. In electron micrographs stellate cells display folded nuclei and sparse cytoplasm with the characteristics usual for small neurons. Mitochondria are often the most conspicuous organelles because of their size and pleomorphism. The dendrites cannot be followed for long distances in thin sections because of their irregular caliber and course. Axons can be recognized on the basis of their appearance in Golgi preparations as short stretches of slender fibers distended at close intervals and running athwart the grid of the parallel fibers. These distensions, full of ovoid or flattened vesicles, synapse on the shafts of Purkinje cell dendrites and also on the dendrites of Golgi cells, basket cells, and other stellate cells. In all cases the synaptic complex occupies about a third of the junctional interface, the synaptic cleft is somewhat widened, and the pre- and postsynaptic dense plaques are thin and almost symmetrical. Varicosities in the parallel fibers synapse with the soma and dendrites of stellate cells. These junctions display a widened synaptic cleft and asymmetrical pre- and postsynaptic densities. Junctions with climbing fibers (Scheibel collaterals) have also been seen. The form of the stellate cell indicates that it plays a role in cerebellar circuitry different from that of the basket cell, although both cells are inhibitory. It is probably concerned with local effects on Purkinje cell dendrites within the field of its afferent parallel fibers.
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  • 21
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    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 326-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Gallbladder ; Electron microscopy ; Epithelium ; Embryology ; Mucopolysaccharides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early development of the human gallbladder epithelium was studied in 25 foetuses with crown-rump (CR) lengths from 6.0 to 22.5 cm by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The PAS-reaction was used to locate cellular mucosubstances. The development could be devided into previllous and villous stages by light microscopy. The incipient formation of villi was observed in the present material at the 12.5 cm stage. Electron microscopically, three stages of development in the gallbladder epithelial cells were noticed. In the first stage, only one epithelial cell type was found. The microvilli were undeveloped, and there were no secretory granules in the epithelial cells. In the second stage, the epithelial cells contained secretory granules. The other characteristics of this stage were pseudopod-like projections on the apical cell surfaces and development of microvilli into a brush border-like structure. In the third stage, the epithelium showed the same zonal construction as that of the adult gallbladder. The apical surface of the epithelial cell was convex, and the microvilli were well developed. There were no pseudopod-like projections on the apical cell surface. The secretory granules were similar to those seen in the normal epithelial cells of the adult gallbladder. Degenerating cells were sometimes seen in this stage. The PAS-reaction was positive in the second and third stages.
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  • 22
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Median eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Zona externa infundibuli der normalen Ratte kommen geringe Mengen „Gomori-positiver” Granula vor. Nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Granula, die sich durch Gabe von Hydrocortison einschränken oder verhindern läßt. Dieser Befund hat zu der Annahme geführt, daß die Granula das morphologische Äquivalent des Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) darstellen. Morphometrische Untersuchungen an 160 weiblichen Wistarratten zeigen, daß die Menge der nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie in der Zona externa infundibuli nachweisbaren „Gomori-positive” Granula von der postoperative Überlebensdauer abhängt. Die Granulamenge nimmt zunächst bis zum 14. Tag p.o. zu und fällt dann wieder ab. Substitution bilateral adrenalektomierter Ratten mit Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension bewirkt eine dosisabhängige Verminderung der Granulamenge, wenn die Behandlung am Operationstag begonnen wird. Applikation von Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension vom 14.–21. Tag p.o. führt dagegen zu einer gesteigerten Granulavermehrung. Auch bei stärkster Vermehrung sind die Granula stets nur im Infundibulum und nicht in anderen Bereichen des Hypothalamus nachweisbar. Sie besitzen bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Tieren ein charakteristisches Verteilungsmuster mit besonders hohen Konzentrationen in den paramedianen Abschnitten des rostralen Infundibulumdrittels. Aus der Art und Weise ihrer Verteilung ist zu vermuten, daß die Granula 2 Nervenfaserzügen angehören und ein Neurosekret darstellen. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen besteht zwischen dem Verhalten der „Gomori-positiven” Granula in der Zona externa infundibuli und dem aus pharmakologischen Untersuchungen bekannten Verhalten des Corticotropin-releasing factor eine weitgehende Parallelität. Sie legt nahe, die Menge der Granula als Parameter der CRF-Aktivität zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary In the zona externa infundibuli (outer layer of the median eminence) of the normal rat a minute number of “Gomori-positive” granules can be detected. Following bilateral adrenalectomy their number increases. This augmentation can be restricted or inhibited by administration of hydrocortisone, a finding, which has led to the assumption that the granules are the morphological equivalent of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Morphometrical studies on 160 female Wistar rats show that following bilateral adrenalectomy the quantity of “Gomori-positive” granules is dependent on the length of the post-operative survival period. Up to the 14th day p.o. the quantity of granules increases; from then on it diminishes. Substitution of bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension results in a dose-dependent decrease in the quantity of granules if treatment is begun on the day of operation. In contrast, administration of hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension from the 14th to the 21st day p.o. results in increased augmentation of the granules. Even when maximum augmentation of the granules is reached, they are invariably found only in the infundibulum and not in other regions of the hypothalamus. In animals that have been subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy, the granules show a characteristic pattern of distribution, with particularly high concentrations in the paramedian parts of the rostral third of the infundibulum. The manner in which the granules are distributed suggests that they are a neurosecretory substance localized in two fibre tracts. The present study points to a close parallelism between the behaviour of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the zona externa infundibuli and that of the corticotropin-releasing factor as revealed by pharmacological investigations. It would seem that the quantity of granules can be used as a parameter of CRF activity.
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  • 23
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurogenesis ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Time of origin of various neuronal elements in the cerebellum of rat was established with the aid of tritiated-thymidine-autoradiography. The earliest nerve cells to form were the Purkinje cells, and they came into existence on days 15 and 16 of gestation. Interstitial nerve cells had their genesis on days 15, 16, 17 and 18, and the marginal cells on day 16 of the embryonic development. The Golgi cells were found to come into existence on days 17, 18 and 19 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation a number of small-medium-sized nerve cells, which were smaller than the Golgi cells but larger than the granule cells, were seen to come into existence. Finally, the earliest stock of granule, basket and stellate cells, primarily in the nodulus, flocculus and para-flocculus, were observed to have been formed on the day 21 of embryogenesis.
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  • 24
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 255-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myogenesis ; Cell surface material ; Cell contact ; Culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell surface material and contact specializations were observed in embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells at early stages (prior to fusion) in monolayer culture. Ruthenium red-staining surface material was largely absent after prior treatment with trypsin. During reorganization into a tissue pattern dense staining amorphous material was seen at the cell surfaces and in the extracellular spaces of clustered cells; the free surface material was clumped, that between the cells more compact. This material appeared to be mucopolysaccharide and could be involved in adhesion. Numerous close junctions (intercellular space, 25–100 Å), as well as occasional focal tight junctions (no apparent intercellular space), were observed between apposed cells. These junctions semmed related to cellular adhesion and perhaps also to electrical coupling.
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  • 25
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    Archives of toxicology 29 (1972), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Brain ; Light-Dark-Programming ; Circadian ; Toxicity Rhythms ; Acetylcholine ; Pilocarpine ; Oxotremorine ; Carbachol ; Physostigmine ; Neostigmine ; Atropine ; Scopolamine ; Atropine Methyl Nitrate ; Maus ; Ratten ; Gehirn ; Beleuchtungsprogramm ; Circadianer Toxicitätsrhythmus ; Acetylcholin ; Piloearpin ; Oxotremorin ; Carbachol ; Physostigmin ; Neostigmin ; Atropin ; Scopolamin ; Atropin-methylnitrat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Adaptation an ein Licht-Dunkelprogramm (8.00 bis 20.00 Licht, 20.00 bis 8.00 Dunkelheit) wurde der Acetylcholingehalt (ACh) im Mittelhirn und N. caudatus von Ratten sowie im Gesamthirn von Mäusen bestimmt. Die höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen wurden bei Ratten um 24.00 gefunden; die höchsten ACh-Werte bei der Maus waren nicht signifikant von den Konzentrationen um 24.00 und 12.00 verschieden. Signifikante ACh-Minima traten im Mittelhirn der Ratte um 12.00, im N. caudatus sowie im Mäusegehirn um 18.00 Uhr auf. Während der Dunkelperiode wurde die größte Toxicität gegenüber i.v. bzw. i.p. injiziertem ACh bei Mäusen gefunden. Ähnliche zeitliche Unterschiede ergaben sich für Neostigmin, Pilocarpin und Oxytremorin. Die Toxicität von Carbachol zeigte Maxima bei 12.00 und 24.00. Für Physostigmin, einen CholinesteraseHemmstoff mit einem tertiären Stickstoff, lagen sowohl die Toxicitätsmaxima als auch die Toxicitätsminima in der Dunkelperiode. Die rhythmische Schwankung der Toxicität von i.p. verabfolgtem Atropin verhielt sich umgekehrt wie die der Cholinomimetica (außer Carbachol). Auch nach i.v. Applikation von Scopolamin und N-Methylatropin war ein entsprechender rhythmischer Einfluß auf die Toxicität nachweisbar. Die Vorbehandlung mit N-Methylatropin schwächte die Toxicität zwar ab, der Toxicitätsrhythmus gegenüber ACh und Physostigmin war aber nicht verändert. Die Toxicität von Cholinomimetica zeigt ein Maximum während der höchsten ACh-Konzentrationen im Gehirn und der höchsten Stoffwechselaktivität. Bei den anticholinergen Substanzen zeigte sich ein umgekehrtes Verhältnis. Die Beziehungen zum zentralen ACh-Gehalt sind unklar.
    Notes: Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) levels were determined in rat midbrain and caudate nucleus and mouse whole brain in mature animals adapted 3 weeks to a programmed lighting schedule (08:00 to 20:00 h light; 20:00 to 08:00 dark). Peak ACh levels in the rat occurred at 24:00 h; in the mouse the peak at 06:00 h did not differ significantly from values obtained at 24:00 and 12:00 h. Significant trough values occurred at 12:00 h in rat midbrain and at 18:00h in rat caudate nucleus and mouse brain. In mice toxicity of I.V. and I.P. administered ACh is maximal during the dark. Neostigmine, pilocarpine and oxotremorine have toxicity patterns similar to ACh. Carbachol toxicity peaked at 12:00 and 24:00 h. With physostigmine, a tertiary anticholinesterase, peak and trough occurred during the dark. The atropine (I.P.) toxicity rhythm is a mirror image of the cholinomimetic rhythm (except for carbachol). I.V. scopolamine and atropine methyl nitrate patterns resemble atropine's but are less clear-cut. Atropine methyl nitrate pretreatment reduced ACh and physostigmine toxicity but did not alter the overall pattern. Cholinomimetic toxicity and brain ACh patterns are similar, peaking when metabolic activity is maximal. An inverse relationship holds for the anticholinergic drugs. The relationship to central ACh is uncertain.
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  • 26
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    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Single units ; Spontaneous and stimulated activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between mean firing rate and activity pattern was studied in 177 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats immobilized by Remyolan. Stationary epochs of spontaneous or stimulated activity containing at least 512 interspike intervals were analyzed with the LINC computer. The most frequently encountered interval histograms (IHs) were of the exponential (35%) or gamma 2 (25%) type. The IH shape remained unchanged even if the average firing rate was varied over a wide range (from 20/sec to 2/sec) by polarization through the recording microelectrode (2–5 nA, 1–10 min) or by intracarotid injection of glucose (0.1 ml, 10–25%). The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/ mean interval) was 1.03 for the spontaneous and 0.90 or 0.95 for the activity influenced by polarization or glucose, respectively. Since according to other studies sensory stimulation decreases CV by reorganization of the synaptic input, it is suggested that polarization and glucose affect predominantly the postsynaptic elements without significantly changing the presynaptic activity pattern.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS Tumours ; N-Nitrosomethylurea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Cell Culture ; Clonal Growth ; Aggregation Pattern ; Transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sarcomas, one neurosarcoma and one polymorphous tumour of uncertain classification of the central nervous system of the rat induced by N-nitrosomethylurea or ethylnitrosourea were the source of 14 clones. The cytomorphology and the aggregation pattern of the clonesin vitro are described. The malignancy and histology were checked by homologous transplantation. All the clones formed sarcoma-like structuresin vivo, but it was difficult to decide whether these neoplasias were real sarcomas or very dedifferentiated glial tumours. The differences in cytology observedin vitro were greater than the histological differencesin vivo.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: l-DOPA ; Neoplasm, Striatal ; Motor Behavior ; Rat ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration ofl-DOPA to a rat with a unilateral striatal neoplasm of the nucleus caudatus-putamen, postural asymmetries and rotating behavior were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to the activity of catecholamines within the central nervous system.
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  • 29
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    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance and Acquisition ; Methamphetamine ; Discrimination Learning ; CNS Stimulants ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Avoidance responses, extra responses (on avoidance lever) and wrong lever responses were measured in naive rats acquiring a discriminated avoidance in a 2 lever Skinner box, 30 min after methamphetamine (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). The smallest dose was ineffective; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg significantly increased the number of avoidance responses. This increase was not associated with a significant increase in the two other responses studied. The progressive increase (from the first to second part of the acquisition session) in avoidance responses was not accompanied by a parallel increase in the other responses. The position discrimination and the discrimination of the presence or absence of the conditioned stimulus was observed to be better in the drug groups.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Forced Motility ; Motor Activity ; Brain Noradrenaline and 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain were measured after 1, 6, 24 and 36 h of forced motility in a treadwheel. The results showed that 5-HT metabolism had already increased in the forebrain after 1 h of exercise but later also increased in the brain stem, especially in the mesencephalon-pons-medulla regions. These changes had almost entirely disappeared after 50 min of rest. The NA levels with and without monoamine oxidase inhibitor were measured in animals after 36 h of forced motility. The results indicated an increase in NA metabolism in the brain stem.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Agressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Testosterone ; Testes ; Hypophysis ; Adrenal Glands ; Thyroid ; Castration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The weights of testes, prostates, adrenals, thymus and the pituitary of rats with apomorphine induced aggressiveness did not differ from those without aggressiveness. Postpubertal castration, adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy did not reduce the apomorphine induced aggressive behaviour, but a considerable reduction was found after hypophysectomy. Prepubertal castration significantly reduced, but did not completely abolish the proportion of aggressive rats, especially when castration was performed on the 5th day. Prolonged treatment of male, female and castrated rats with high doses of testosterone from the time of weaning increased the proportion of aggressive animals. Less intensive treatment and treatment of adult rats were ineffective.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oxazepam ; Conflict Behavior ; Rat ; Maze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were tested in a Lashley III maze, the floor of which was heated. The animals had to learn to negotiate it in order to gain access to the unheated goal box. In the early period of training the animals were able to find the goal box rapidly and without error. Their performance then deteriorated, in a particular way which strongly evoked a conflict behavior. This deterioration in performance was progressively reduced by oxazepam administration (8 mg/kg/day).
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    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 218-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fighting ; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Fixed-Interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency with which electric shock to the feet elicited fighting in five pairs of albino rats was not altered significantly by intraperitoneal injections of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in doses ranging from 0.064–6.4 mg/kg, although chlordiazepoxide reduced the frequency of such fighting in a dose-related manner. This finding held true despite manipulations of THC vehicle, injection-test interval, and the previous drug experience of the subjects. In contrast, doses of 4.0 mg/kg produced a striking reduction in lever-pressing maintained by an FI 60″ schedule of food reinforcement.
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    Psychopharmacology 23 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Reserpine ; Neonatal Treatment ; Sexual Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate whether reserpine given in the critical period of sexual differentiation of the rat brain affects adult sexual behaviour, female and male rats were given a single injection of reserpine on the fourth day after birth, and their sexual behaviour was tested at maturity. In the 11 consecutive daily tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour the reserpine treated female animals showed fewer regular behavioural and vaginal oestrous cycles than the control animals. 19 % of the reserpinized and none of the control animals had prolonged oestrous behaviour without a coincident prolonged vaginal cycle. The reseptivity quotients of the reserpine treated animals were reduced. In the tests for hormone induced sexual behaviour after ovariectomy no statistically significant differences between the number of animals responding or between the receptivity quotients occurred. The tests for spontaneous sexual behaviour in males showed that the reserpinized animals needed fewer intromissions to ejaculate than the controls. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Psychopharmacology 26 (1972), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic Nicotine ; Attention Task ; Arousal ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male, Holtzman rats were trained extensively on an attention task which required them to respond with a single lever-press to a very short, variably presented stimulus for food reinforcement, but which also required them to inhibit inappropriate responses. After performance had stabilized, two groups were treated with either nicotine base (100 Μg/kg, s.c., t.i.d.) or saline for 4 weeks. The groups were crossed-over so that the first received saline and the second nicotine for an additional 4 weeks. A 3-week saline recovery period followed. Rats were tested on the attention task daily through all periods. Analysis of the data indicated that independent of the treatment-order, rats performed more efficiently under nicotine treatment than under saline conditions. The improvement in performance was most notable in the reduction of inappropriate responding during chronic nicotine treatment. The significance of the behavioral changes in relation to proposed nicotine-induced neurophysiological changes and the two-arousal hypothesis are discussed.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Output ; Blood O2 Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m cardiac output measured at hypoxia by the direct Fick principle was significantly lower than in the control animals (mean values 54.3 ml/min and 69.8 ml/min, resp.). The decrease of cardiac output was accompanied by an increase of arterio-venous O2 difference and a decrease of stroke volume in the adapted rats. It is suggested that the decrease of cardiac output might be related to the increase of hematocrit. The adapted rats also showed higher arterial and mixed-venous O2 content (both at hypoxia) and increased O2 capacity. Arterial O2 saturation of the animals previously exposed to simulated high altitude hypoxia was significantly higher (67.3% as against 61.2% in the controls). The standard O2 dissociation curve showed lower oxygen affinity in the blood of the adapted animals but no physiological advantage concerning the transport of O2 to the tissues was found. In another group of animals the Bohr factor was estimated and no difference was found between rat and human blood.
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  • 37
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    Pflügers Archiv 335 (1972), S. 198-212 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Medium Chain Fatty Acids ; Kinetics ; Active Transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The transport of14C-octanoate by rat small intestine was determined in vitro by a modification of the method of Semenza and Mühlhaupt, and in vivo by using isolated segments or a perfusion technique in conscious rats (Haberichet al., 1968). 2. The absorption capacity of14C-octanoate in the distal ileum was significantly lower than in the proximal jejunum. 3. 14C-octanoate injected into a jejunal segment appeared rapidly in portal venous blood reaching its maximal concentration 4 min after the injection. 4. The transport of octanoate showed a saturation effect with increasing concentrations after an incubation of 4 min. However, with constant concentrations of octanoate in the medium, the transport rate was constant for 8–10 min. A similar saturation effect was also demonstrated in vivo. Values for maximal absorption rate (V max) and the half-saturation constant (K m), calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk plot, were 1.0 μMol/min and 17.7 mM, respectively. 5. Accumulation of octanoate in tissue water was demonstrated. For example, after incubation for 40 min in a medium concentration of 0.1 mM, the tissue/ medium ratio was 2.75:1. 6. Cyanide (2×10−4 M) markedly diminished the absorption rate of octanoate. 7. The absorption of octanoate was competitively inhibited by caproic acid (C6) in vitro. The inhibition constant (K i), calculated from the Dixon plot, was 47 mM. 8. Simultaneous administration of glucose and octanoate in vivo did not affect the absorption rate of the fatty acid. 9. These results suggest that the intestinal absorption of octanoate is an energy-dependant active process.
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lactate Turnover ; l-Lactate14C (U) ; Hypoxaemia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Lactate turnover was measured in 24 anesthetized rats using14C-U-(l) Lactate with the priming dose-infusion technique. 2. 14C Lactate in blood was determined with a specific radio-enzymatic micromethod. 3. Lactate turnover increases with blood lactate concentration in the range 0.5 to 3 mM. In a steady state system this relationship means that a new equilibrium may be achieved at a higher pool level, between lactate production and utilization. 4. Comparing available data in four mammalian species lactate turnover at normal lactate levels was found to be approximately constant when computed on a body surface unit basis.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Diffusion Distance ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m for about 4 weeks and in their controls the evolution of cardiac ventricular weight was followed. The increase of total ventricular weight found in the adapted animals can be attributed exclusively to the increase of right ventricular weight. In other adapted and control animals cardiac capillary densities, muscle fiber diameter and external capillary radius were estimated and fiber—capillary ratio and diffusion distance were calculated. There was an increase of capillary density together with a decrease of muscle fiber density, fiber-capillary ratio and diffusion distance in the right but not in the left ventricle of the adapted rats. The muscle fiber diameters, however, were larger in both heart ventricles of the rats exposed to a simulated high altitude, especially in the right ventricle. This indicates that true hypertrophy of the muscle fibers is mainly responsible for the increase of right ventricular weight. In the left ventricle, however, a hypertrophy of the muscle fibers together with a decrease of stroma components is demonstrated. The physiological importance of the shorter diffusion distance in the right ventricle of the high altitude adapted rats is discussed and it is suggested that the shorter diffusion distance may help to keep the tissue O2 partial pressure above the critical value, mainly also in extreme situations with high myocardial O2 consumption.
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    Pflügers Archiv 331 (1972), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thoracic Aorta ; Complex Dynamic Young's Modulus ; Age ; Serum Lipids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 2 groups of male albino rats (wistar-strain), 6 months and 18 months of age, dynamic Young's moduli in longitudinal direction were measured, at 5 different frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz. Each group consisted of 10 animals. Measurements were made at the natural length and at 1.2 times this length. From each animal several serum lipids were determined. It was found that: 1. measured at the natural length and 1.2 times this length, no significant difference of dynamic Young's moduli between both age groups could be demonstrated 2. concerning the dynamic Young's moduli there is significant interaction between stretch level and age 3. retraction was significantly smaller in the old rats than in the young ones 4. the old animals had a significantly higher serum lipid content than the young rats 5. no correlation between serum lipids and Young's moduli could be demonstrated.
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  • 41
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    Pflügers Archiv 337 (1972), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypothalamus ; Prolactin ; LH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of prolactin and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) or the arcuate nucleus (Arc.N.) in pentobarbital anesthetized proestrous rats. Differences in the secretion pattern of prolactin and LH were observed when stimulated by means of acutely or chronically implanted electrodes. Acute implantation and stimulation of the MPO resulted in no change in serum prolactin levels, whereas stimulation by means of chronically implanted electrodes evoked a marked increase in serum prolactin. The general observation was that electrostimulation in the acute experiments causes a less sharp but more prolonged prolactin and LH release from pituitary than stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ; Alveolar-arterial O2 Pressure Difference ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences were measured at hypoxia in growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m. The pulmonary diffusing capacity was significantly higher and the alveolar-arterial gradients were significantly lower in the adapted animals as compared with the controls exposed to hypoxia for the first time. The increased diffusing capacity could be explained entirely by the increase of blood O2 and CO capacity whereas the decrease of gradients might be explained by the increase of blood O2 capacity together with an increase of the arterio-venous O2 difference.
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  • 43
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    Journal of neurology 202 (1972), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Experimental Hydrocephalus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 25 mg/kg Äthylnitrosoharnstoff wurden am 9 1/2. Tag der Schwangerschaft SD-JCL-Ratten injiziert. Die Feten wurden am Termin excidiert und mit dem Stereomikroskop untersucht. 78% der Feten zeigten einen Hydrocephalus. Die histologische Untersuchung in Stufenschnitten des Gehirns zeigte eine Stenose des Aquädukts ohne subependymale Gliose, ödematöse Plexus chorioidei mit prallgefüllten Gefäßen, spärlichem Bindegewebe und geschwollenen Epithelzellen, Verdünnung der telencephalen Wandungen mit schwach entwickelter granulärer Schicht und in der ependymalen Zone verbleibenden Neuroblasten. Die Entwicklung der jungen Ratten wurde studiert. 75% der neugeborenen Ratten zeigten klinisch gewisse Hinweise auf den Hydrocephalus. Stark betroffene Tiere wurden zunehmend somnolent und/oder gelähmt und starben meist vor Ende der 4. Woche. Der Eiweißgehalt des Liquors war nennenswert vermehrt. Es wurden subdurale, subarachnoidale und intraventrikuläre Blutungen beobachtet und als wahrscheinliche Todesursache angesehen. Die histologische Untersuchung der hydrocephalen Jungtiere ergab eine Abflachung der Ependymzellschicht und pralle Füllung corticaler Gefäße von der 2. Woche an. In späteren Stadien wurde eine Dickenabnahme der periventrikulären weißen Substanz, im besonderen im Bereiche des Occipitalhornes nachgewiesen. Im verdünnten Pallium waren Vacuolenbildungen des perineuralen Gewebes zu sehen, Verbreiterung der Virchow-Robinschen Räume und eine dem Status spongiosus ähnliche Degeneration. Verschiedene Formen ependymaler Wucherung wurden gesehen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die erste postnatale Beobachtung von transplacentar verursachtem kongenitalem Hydrocephalus in der Ratte dar. Die hier beschriebene Technik erwies sich als einfaches und reproduzierbares Mittel, um einen kongenitalen Hydrocephalus in der Ratte zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary SD-JCL rats were injected with 25 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea on day 9 1/2 of gestation. Fetuses were excised near term and examined under dissecting microscope. 78% of viable fetuses were found to be hydrocephalic. On the histologic study of the serial sections of the brain, a stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct without subependymal gliosis, edematous choroid plexus with engorged vessels, scanty connective tissue and swollen epithelium, thinning of the telencephalic wall with poorly developed granular layers and the neuroblasts remaining in the ependymal zone, were the characteristic findings in the hydrocephalic fetuses. The natural course of the treated young rats was studied. 75% of the newborn rats showed some clinical evidence of hydrocephalus. Severely affected rats became progressively lethargic and/or paralytic, and died usually before the end of 4th week. Protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly increased. Subdural, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages were observed and suspected to be the cause of death. On the histological examination of hydrocephalic youngs, flattening of the ependymal cells and engorgement of the cortical vessels were observed as early as in 2-week-old youngs. In more advanced stages, there was noted the thinning of the periventricular white matter, especially around the occipital horn. The thin pallium showed vacuolization of the perineural tissue, enlargement of the Virchow-Robin space and the status spongiosus-like degeneration. Various types of ependymal proliferation was seen. The present study represents the first postnatal observation of the transplacentally induced congenital hydrocephalus in the rat. The present technique proved to be a simple and reproducible model of producing a congenital hydrocephalus in the rat.
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  • 44
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    Research in experimental medicine 159 (1972), S. 114-123 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Scalds ; Local cooling ; Rat ; Quantity of leucocytes ; Verbrühung ; Lokale Kühlung ; Ratte ; Verhalten der Leukocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an Ratten ergaben folgende Befunde: 1. Sofortige lokale Kühlung nach der Verbrühung beeinflußt bei der Ratte im untersuchten Zeitraum von 15 Tagen den Verlauf der Erkrankung gemessen am Parameter der Leukocytenzahl. 2. Die Kühlungszeit muß ausreichend lang sein. 3. Die Kühlung muß früh genug einsetzen, beim Versuchstier Ratte innerhalb 5 min nach Verbrühung. 4. Bei verspätetem Kühlungsbeginn läßt sich auch durch Verlängerung der Kühlungsdauer das Verhalten der Leukocytenzahl im Ablauf des Krankheitsgeschehens nach Verbrühung nicht beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary Following results are obtained in experiments with rats: Immediate local cooling after scald had a significant influence on progress of “burn-disease”. Time for local cooling must be long enough, onset of local cooling early enough. It is not possible to restore the consequences of a late onset by prolongation of cooling.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 229-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Vacuoles ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies in the osteoclast (rat) were studied by electron microscopy. The vacuole-like structures (0.03–5 μ in diameter) may be classed as a) vacuoles b) coated vacuoles and c) invaginations. The cytoplasmic bodies vary in size from 0.02–3 μ in diameter and these may similarly be classed as a) light cytoplasmic bodies, b) dense cytoplasmic bodies, c) coated cytoplasmic bodies and d) cytoplasmic bodies containing inclusions. Both the cytoplasmic vacuoles and the bodies are limited by a triple layered membrane of about 91 Å in thickness. Their relationship to the lysosomal system and the role of this system in the osteoclast is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 356-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Brain ; Rat ; Glycogen-rich cells ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of the rat brain was investigated at different ages from 20 days to adulthood. A particular cell type occurs in the external wall of the ventricle, where the proliferative subependymal layer is present. These cells found at all ages studied, are characterized by a high content of glycogen, and a structure different of typical ependymal cells. A large number of nerve endings is situated in close vicinity of these cells, either free in the ventricle lumen, or sometimes ensheathed in the cells. No synapse was found between these endings an the glycogen-rich cells. These glycogen-rich cells undergo several modifications with age: their glycogen content is reduced in the adult, and they acquire a few cilia and gliofilaments. It is suggested that they represent a transitory differentiation of the ependyma, functionally linked with the proliferative subependymal layer.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite,Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected byP. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected by P. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Biogenic amines ; Reserpine ; p-Chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von p-Chlorphenylalanin-methylester-hydrochlorid (PCPA) und Reserpin auf die biogenen Amine des Glomus caroticum von Kaninchen wurde ultrastrukturell und fluoreszenzmikroskopisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopische Analyse ergab keine eindeutigen Kriterien für arzneimittelinduzierte Veränderungen. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch ließ sich nach Applikation von Reserpin eine ausgeprägte Senkung des Catecholamin- und Indolamin-Gehaltes und nach PCPA eine Abnahme des Serotonins erkennen.
    Notes: Summary The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride (PCPA) and reserpine on biogenic amines of the rabbit carotid body were investigated ultrastructurally and by fluorescence microscopy. The electron microscopic analysis did not indicate significantly that structural changes result from treatment with reserpine or PCPA. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that PCPA lowered serotonin, and reserpine lowered both catecholamines and indolamines.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Neurovascular contacts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of the rat axons of the supraoptic-paraventricular-hypophyseal tract with elementary neurosecretory granules (150–200 mμ) traverse the internal zone. Terminals containing dense core vesicles 60–120 mμ in diameter end on the portal capillaries of the median eminence. A unique organisation of the primary portal capillaries is shown. Endothelial cells have many fenestrae. The pericapillary space has numerous extensions all of which represent a special zone around the endothelial tube. The fine structural organisation and function of the neurovascular contacts in the median eminence are discussed.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 354-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region ; Rat ; Monoamine oxidase ; Chemoarchitectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the hippocampal region of the rat has been studied in cryostat sections with the tryptamine-tetrazolium method of Glenner et al. 2. The staining pattern was rather diffuse as compared with the distribution of MAO in the guinea pig and of other enzymes in the rat hippocampal region. 3. However, there were differences in enzyme activity between different areas and layers which could be correlated to some degree with results obtained with other methods, e.g., silver impregnation, catecholamines, and acetylcholinesterase.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 419-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: “Cellules spéciales” ; Gastropoda nudibranchia ; Connective tissue ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Spezialzellen im Bindegewebe der Kolben von Eubranchus farrani und Trinchesia granosa (Aeolidoidea) bilden Gruppen, die stets von einer Basallamina umschlossen werden. Die Zellen werden nicht durch desmosomale Bildungen untereinander verbunden. In den oft geweiteten Interzellularlakunen findet sich feinstflockiges Material. Spezialzellen normal ernährter Schnecken besitzen ein außerordentlich reiches, geordnetes, rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum und einen großen Kern mit großem Nucleolus. Golgi- und Vakuolenapparat der Zellen bleiben klein. Mit zunehmender Dauer des Fastens wird das rauhe ER durch ungeordnetes, glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum ersetzt, wächst der Golgiapparat und nimmt die Zahl der Autolysosomen zu. Die feinstrukturellen Unterschiede zwischen Spezialzellen, Blasenzellen und Nervenzellen werden beschrieben, die Funktion der Spezialzellen abschließend diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary “Cellules spéciales” of Aelidoidea have been investigated in the cerata of Eubranchus farrani and Trinchesia granosa. All groups of “cellules spéciales” are limited by a basal lamina. Opposing membranes are not connected by specialized structures as desmosomes etc. The intercellular cleft often is widened and contains a fine floccular substance. In normally nourished animals the “cellules spéciales” show a rich, highly organized, rough surfaced reticulum, while there are only a few vacuoles and a small Golgi Complex. In starved animals mainly smooth reticulum is found, but the Golgi Apparatus has enlarged and autolysosomes are abundant. The fine structural differences of “cellules spéciales”, globular cells and nerve cells are described, the function of the “cellules spéciales” is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 53-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rhesus monkey ; Meiotic chromosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovaries of foetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys have been examined with the electron microscope. The fine structure of the germ cells (oogonia; oocytes at the preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene and diplotene stages of meiotic prophase) closely resembles that of corresponding human cells. Stages in spontaneous atresia are also described. Cytoplasmic organelles in oogonia are sparse and are grouped mainly at one pole of the nucleus, but become dispersed and more abundant as oogenesis proceeds. The nuclei of oogonia contain a random fibrillar matrix which becomes organized into threads at pre-leptotene. At leptotene these chromosomal threads each contain a dense axial “core”; during zygotene they become loosely paired in a “bouquet” arrangement and at pachytene the bivalents contain synaptinemal complexes. “Single” cores reappear at diplotene, surrounded by a complex fibrillar sheath organized into lateral projections and loops with associated granules: such chromosomes resemble those in human primordial oocytes although they are more diffuse. These findings support the view that at the diplotene stage mammalian oocytes contain chromosomes of the lampbrush type. Observations on the monkey are compared with those on other species, and the ways in which chromosomal organization may influence the radiosensitivity of oocytes is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Growth ; Sex-dimorphism ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand des Verlaufs des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate in Anhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wurde die Proliferationsaktivität in den Zonen der Nebennierenrinde untersucht. 84 SPF-Ratten erhielten 2 μCi/g 3H-Thymidin i.p.; der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 18. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche. Alle Zonen zeigten in der Rangfolge Glomerulosa — Fasciculata — Reticularis eine Abnahme DNS-synthetisierender Zellkerne. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im Ausmaß der Proliferationsaktivität konnten zu keiner Zeit nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Dissoziation der Kurven des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate bei vergleichbaren DNS-Syntheseraten wird auf eine Änderung der G2-Phase des Generationszyklus der NNR-Zellen in der teilexponentiellen Wachstumsphase geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In 84 SPF-rats the poliferative activity of the adrenal cortical cells was studied from the 18th day of pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum. Rats were given 2 μC/g tritiated thymidine and killed 1 hour thereafter. It was shown that there was no sex-related difference in the degree of proliferation that could explain the sexual dimorphism in adrenal weights. In all cortical zones a decrease in the number of labeled cells was seen during the obvservation period. The highest percentage of labeled cells was found in the glomerulosa. There exists no parallelism of the mitotic and labeling index, which gives evidence for a change in length of the G2-phase of the cell generation cycle.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 116-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell junctions ; Nexus ; Osmotic effects ; Fixatives ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Speicheldrüsen von Mückenlarven (Chironomus Thummi) haben eine ausgedehnte interzelluläre Kommunikation. In elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern der Speicheldrüsen wurden zwei Arten von interzellulären Verbindungen gefunden, die für die Zellkopplung verantwortlich sein könnten: septate junctions und close membrane junctions. Da die räumliche Ausdehnung der septate junctions viel größer zu sein scheint als die der close junctions, wurden erstere als wahrscheinliche Kopplungsstrukturen angesehen. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise, daß die Strukturen, welche die Zellkopplung bewirken, sehr labil sind. Unter den Faktoren, die zu einer Unterbrechung der zellulären Kommunikationen führen können, sind auch osmotische Effekte. Um mögliche Einflüsse dieser Art auf die Ultrastruktur zu verhindern, wurden die Drüsen für die mikroskopische Inspektion in isoosmotischen Lösungen fixiert. Unter diesen Bedingungen lassen sich ausgedehnte Membrankontakte vom nexus-Typ zwischen den Drüsenzellen erkennen. Ihre Ausdehnung scheint ebenso groß zu sein wie die der septate junctions. Es besteht nach diesen Befunden die Möglichkeit, daß wie in anderen kommunizierenden Zellsystemen, so auch in Speicheldrüsen die interzelluläre Kommunikation durch nexus bewirkt wird.
    Notes: Summary Cells ofChironomus salivary glands communicate through intercellular connections of high permeability. Electron micrographs of salivary glands show two kinds of junctions between the membranes of adjacent cells, which may be responsible for cell coupling: septate junctions and close membrane junctions. A large fraction of lateral cell surfaces is occupied by septate junctions, while the area of close membrane junctions appears to be very small. Consequently septate junctions have been considered as likely sites for intercellular coupling. There are however some indications that intercellular communication is provided by structures which seem to be unstable. As osmotic effects are among the factors which can disrupt cellular communications, we have tried to eliminate possible effects of the fixing solutions on the ultrastructure of intercellular connections by using isoosmotic fixatives. Under these conditions large regions of close membrane junctions of the nexus kind have been observed to occur between gland cells. They are of similar size as septate junctions. It seems to be possible that as in other communicating cell systems nexus could be the sites for intercellular coupling of salivary gland cells.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory tubercle ; Rat ; Degeneration ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory tubercle of the rat was studied by electron microscopy both in the normal and after ipsilateral olfactory bulb ablation at survival times of from 14 hours to seven days. Particular emphasis was placed on synaptic structures and their changes following the lesion. Normal synapses are similar to those described in previous studies and presynaptic profiles are of at least three types. Types-A and -B contain round vesicles and form asymmetrical contacts and type-C profiles contain flattened vesicles and form symmetrical contacts. There appear to be two major types of degenerative changes. The electron-lucent type predominates at early survival times and is seen first at 14 hours. These profiles show an early reduction in numbers of vesicles with mitochondrial swelling followed by shrinkage of the profile. These profiles become increasingly electron-dense at later survival times. The second major type of degenerating profile is initially electron-dense. The earliest changes in these profiles are an increased axoplasmic density and increased microtubular density and clumping without apparent loss of vesicles. These profiles also become progressively more electron-dense at longer survival times. The observations are discussed in relation to previous reports.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 42-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Pericytes ; Cerebral cortex (cat) ; Transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillaries, pericytes and microglial cells in layer I of the cerebral cortex of normal adult cats have been studied with electron microscopy. The data obtained in this study show that pericytes are cells which are able to transform themselves into microglial cells by virtue of an activation process in which the astrocytic neuroglia appears to play a decisive role. By virtue of its structure, its mesodermic origin and its function the microglia has to be distinguished clearly from the astrocytic neuroglia and the oligodendroglia.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 100-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Blasenzellen stellen ein typisches Zellelement im Bindegewebe der Gastropoden dar. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Cepaea nemoralis haben gezeigt, daß der größte Teil einer Blasenzelle mit einer veränderlichen Glykogenmenge angefüllt ist. Diese zentrale Glykogenansammlung verdrängt das Zytoplasma mit seinen Organellen auf den peripheren Bereich der Zelle einschließlich der Zellausläufer und einen schmalen Saum um den Zellkern. Das wichtigste Identifizierungs-merkmal der Blasenzelle ist eine sehr spezialisierte — hier als Spaltenapparat bezeichnete — Oberflächendifferenzierung. Die Auswertung von Serienschnitten hat gezeigt, daß diese Oberflächenstruktur durch eine zum Teil verzweigte Invagination des extrazellulären Raumes gebildet wird, die wiederum von der Blasenzelle durch eine mäanderförmig unterbrochene Platte abgedeckt ist. Zwischen dem Spaltenapparat der Blasenzellen und dem Reusenapparat der Podozyten der Niere scheint eine Ähnlichkeit zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary The globular cells are typical elements of the connective tissue of Gastropods. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that these cells are filled with variable contents of glycogen, accumulated in the centre of the cell. This crowds the cytoplasm and the cell organelles into the peripheral area, including the cell processes and a narrow band surrounding the nucleus. The typical element of the globular cell is a special differentiation of the cell surface, the so-called “Spaltenapparat”. The three-dimensional organisation of the “Spaltenapparat” has been analysed by serial ultrathin sections. The reconstruction shows, that the “Spaltenapparat” consists of numerous branched invaginations of the extracellular space covered by very small, winding cell processes; there are tiny clefts between them. There appears to be some similarity between the “Spaltenapparat” of the globular cells and the pedicels of the podocytes of the renal glomerulus.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Mouse ; Myelinated neuronal soma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Thorakalmark (Hinterhornbereich) einer Wildmaus wurde ein kleines Nervenzellperikaryon beobachtet, das vollständig von einer Markscheide umhüllt war. Die Zahl der Markscheidenlamellen variierte zwischen 7 und 12. An einer Stelle konnte ein sogenanntes inneres Mesoperikaryon nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung dieses zufällig erhobenen Befundes ist vorerst noch offen.
    Notes: Summary In the thoracic cord (posterior horn region) of a wild mouse, we have observed a small nerve cell soma completely enveloped by a myelin sheath. The number of myelin lamellae varied between 7 and 12. In one place, the existence of an inner ‘mesoperikaryon’ could also be shown. The significance of this fortuitous finding has not yet been explained.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Pars intercerebralis ; Locust ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection de cystéine S35, les cellules A, B, C et les neurones banaux de la pars intercerebralis chez Locusta (femelles immatures et mûres) sont radioactifs. Le taux d' incorporation de la cystéine S35 dans les cellules B est identique chez toutes les femelles et il est légèrement supérieur à celui des neurones banaux. Ces résultats confirment l'inactivité sécrétoire protéique des cellules B. Les cellules C incorporent 3 à 5 fois plus de cystéine S35 que les neurones banaux. Elles synthétisent donc une ou plusieurs protéines contenant de la cystéine ce qui réaffirme leur activité neurosécrétrice chez Locusta. Les cellules A possèdent le taux d'incorporation de cystéine S35 le plus élevé: 5 à 8 fois celui des neurones banaux. Chez toutes les femelles, les cellules A synthétisent plus de neurosécrétion et en éliminent proportionellement plus que les cellules C. La neurosécrétion A est élaborée sous sa forme figurée plus rapidement (30 min) que la neurosécrétion C (60 min). Le renouvellement de la neurosécrétion A est donc quantitativement plus important et plus rapide que celui de la neurosécrétion C. Chez les femelles immatures, les cellules A et C synthétisent plus de matériel et en éliminent proportionnellement plus que chez les femelles mûres. Le temps nécessaire à l'élaboration et à la vidange des grains de neurosécrétion A est identique chez toutes les femelles. Il en est de même pour le matériel C. Le renouvellement des neurosécrétions A et C est donc plus important chez les femelles immatures que chez les femelles mûres mais il n'est pas plus rapide. L'accumulation du matériel fuchsinophile dans les cellules A et C lors de la maturation ovarienne correspond à une réduction de leur fonction neurosécrétrice: elle résulte d'une diminution de l'activité d'élimination des cellules neurosécrétrices A et C supérieure à l'affaiblissement de leur activité de synthèse.
    Notes: Summary After injection of 35S-cysteine, the A, B, C cells and the ordinary neurones of pars intercerebralis in Locusta — immature and mature females — are radioactive. The rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the B cells is the same for all the females, and it is slightly higher than the rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the ordinary neurones. These results demonstrate the proteinic secretory inactivity of the B cells. The C cells incorporate 3 to 5 times more 35S-cysteine than ordinary neurones. Thus, the C cells synthesize one protein or several proteins with cysteine; this observation confirms their neurosecretory activity in Locusta. The A cells have the highest rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine: 5 to 8 times the one of ordinary neurones. In all the females, the A cells produce and release proportionally more neurosecretion than the C cells. The production of granules is faster in A cells (30 min) than in C cells (60 min). The turnover of the A neurosecretion is consequently higher and quicker than the C neurosecretion. In immature females, the A and C cells synthesize and release proportionally more material than in mature females. The time necessary for production and release of the A neurosecretion is the same for all the females. It is so for the C material. The turnover of the A and C neurosecretions is thus more important in immature females than in mature females but it is not more rapid. The accumulation of stainable neurosecretory material in A and C cells at the time of ovarian maturation is associated with a reduction of their neurosecretory activity: it is due to a decrease of the rate of release of the A and C cells being more important than their rate of production.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 20-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Cilia ; Rhabdopleura ; Neurociliary synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tentacle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata) consists of two layers of cells surrounding a central coelomic cavity. The two layers of cells are separated by a cell free basement lamella. The tentacles on the arms of Rhabdopleura bear three longitudinal rows of cilia. The ciliated cells are closely associated with bundles of nerve fibres, and between some of the cells and nerve fibres there are synapses. The peripheral regions of the ciliated cells are joined to one another by desmosomes. Tonofibrils join some of these desmosomes to the kinetosomes of the cilia. The nerve fibres are confined to the ectodermal layer and the muscle cells to the layer of cells within the basement lamella. In the ectodermal layer besides ciliated cells there are mucus cells, densely pigmented cells, and green bodies. The function of these last two types of cells is secretory. Most of the epithelial cells have microvilli upon their free borders.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 92-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory granule ; Rat ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory granules (NSG) of rat posterior pituitary glands were prepared by differential centrifugation techniques mainly according to the procedure as described by Barer, Heller and Lederis (1963). As revealed by electron microscopy, the recovery of neurophysin and the contents of enzymes, purified NSG were obtained in a pellet at 30 000 g/60 min (0.44 M sucrose). Eighteen h after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus 60% of the recovered radioactivity in the neural lobe was found in the NSG, whereas 20% was found in the final supernatant (100 000 g/120 min). Sixteen days after injection the NSG and the final supernatant fraction contained fairly equal amount of (35S) cysteine (approximately 40%). It is suggested that after a period of intragranular maturation neurophysin is extruded into an extragranular pool of neurosecretory material. With the use of conventional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that the predominating proportion of radioactivity in the NSG after a hypothalamic injection of (35S) cysteine was located within the neurophysin fraction A and in fraction B. Fraction B is suggested to be partly bound to the NSG membranes. When the NSG soluble and NSG insoluble proteins, obtained after lysis of NSG, were separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, the highly radioactive soluble protein was shown to consist of two components with average molecular weights of 12 300 and 14 600. Most of the proteins in the lysate were found in the NSG membranes, though less radioactive. A component with a mol.wt. of 37 000 was enriched in the membrane fraction. At longer times after isotope injection the high mol.wt. proteins, particularly those of the NSG membranes, contained increased amounts of radioactivity.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 70-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Different types ; Dinophilus gyrociliatus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dinophilus gyrociliatus bildet zwei Oocytentypen, einen größeren, aus dem ♀♀ hervorgehen (♀-Oocyte) und einen kleineren, der sich zu ♂♂ entwickelt (♂-Oocyte). Diese beiden Oocytentypen sind von frühen Stadien der Vitellogenese an durch ihr unterschiedliches Größenwachstum zu unterscheiden. Da bei Oogonien und prävitellogenen Oocyten keine zwei unterschiedlichen Zelltypen festzustellen sind, muß man annehmen, daß die Differenzierung in ♂- und ♀-Oocyten in einem zwischen der Prävitellogenese- und der Vitellogenesephase gelegenen Übergangsstadium beginnt. Während der Prävitellogenesephase finden Zellverschmelzungen statt, aber es konnten keine Beziehungen zwischen der Fusion von Oocyten und der späteren Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die ♂-Oocyte beginnt schon auf einem frühen Stadium der Vitellogenese mit der Produktion von Mucopolysaccharid-Granula, die ♀-Oocyte erst später. Diese Granula bilden nach der Ablage der Eier die Ei- oder die Kokonhülle. Die ♀-Oocyte bildet größere Proteindottergranula als die kleinere ♂-Oocyte. Eine Trennung zweier Zellsorten nach Granulagrößen läßt sich schon auf dem Übergangsstadium durchführen. Der absolute RNS-Gehalt der reifen ♀-Oocyte liegt wesentlich über dem der ♂-Oocyte; dagegen ist die Konzentration der RNS in der ♂-Oocyte höher. Die RNS-Synthese verläuft in beiden Oocytentypen parallel zur Volumenzunahme und dauert bis zum Ende der Vitellogenesephase.
    Notes: Summary Dinophilus gyrociliatus produces two types of oocytes, a big, female producing “♀-oocyte”, and a smaller, male-producing “♂-oocyte”. They may be distinguished by their different volume from the beginning of the vitellogenic phase. Neither oogonia nor previtellogenic oocytes show two types of cells, and the beginning of differentiation in ♀-oocytes and ♂-oocytes has to be located in a connecting stage after the previtellogenic and before the vitellogenic phase. On previtellogenic stages the cells fuse and form bigger ones, but there is no connection to be found with the differentiation of the egg cells. The ♂-oocyte starts the production of mucopolysaccharid granules at an early vitellogenic stage; the ♀-oocyte does so only at later stages. These granules form the egg capsule after the eggs have been laid. The ♀-oocyte contains bigger protein yolk granules than the smaller ♂-oocyte. Already on the connecting stage it is possible to distinguish two groups of cells by the size of their granules. The ribonucleic acid content in the ♀-oocyte exceeds greatly that of the ♂-oocyte. The RNA-concentration, however, is higher in the latter one. During the vitellogenic stages the rate of RNA-synthesis in either type of oocytes parallels the increase in cell volume, the synthesis lasting up to the end of the vitellogenic phase.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Releasing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exocytosis has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the external zone of the median eminence of the rat. Exocytotic profiles have been observed in nerve fibres characterized by the presence of granular vesicles with median diameters of 90–103 nm and agranular vesicles of about 50 nm. In addition to the small agranular vesicles, coated vesicles of the same size have been found in many nerve fibres, suggesting that at least part of the agranular vesicles in the median eminence originate by micro-pinocytosis. The nature of the fibres showing exocytosis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility of identifying types of fibres in the median eminence by the occurrence of exocytosis.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic vessels ; Lung ; Centrioles ; Filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the pulmonary lymphatic collecting channels and their valves in the rabbit revealed that the endothelial cells generally contain two centrioles which are almost invariably associated with one to several striated bundles of filaments. The structure of the centrioles corresponds well with that in other cell types. The filaments however were present only in endothelial cells and not in the perilymphatic connective tissue cells. The bundles consist of 2 to 6 filaments of about 40 Å diamenter and show a cross banding with a periodicity of 600 to 900 Å. They are attached at both ends or in the middle of the centriole. Their function is unknown, but they might be vestigial rootlets of rudimentary cilia of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 371-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Pleurodeles ; Neck region ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évolution des différents éléments de la région cervicale du spermatozoïde dePleurodeles waltlii a été suivie et décrite depuis le tout début de la spermiogenèse. Leur origine est parfois délicate à définir. Certains dictyosomes restent en relation constante avec les granules péricentriolaires et les deux anneaux différents, même lorsque ces derniers quittent la région acrosomienne. L'élaboration du cou enfoncé dans la profonde fossette nucléaire ne semble pas se faire à partir des centrioles. L'origine nucléaire de certaines protéines basiques qui le composent est envisagée en fonction de la concordance étroite entre sa formation et le remplacement des histones riches en lysine par les histones enrichies en arginine. Les différentes preuves morphologiques de passage au niveau de l'enveloppe nucléaire ont été recherchées. Les voies d'un éventuel transfert n'ont pu être clairement définies. La zone cervicale de la spermatide de pleurodèle est comparée à la région équivalente du spermatozoïde d'insecte et de mammifère. Certains éléments de la spermatide jeune présentent des caractères communs avec le corps chromatoïde des mammifères. Leur mode d'évolution est relativement semblable. Les spermatides d'urodèles semblent donc posséder un corps chromatoïde comme celles de la plupart des autres vertébrés.
    Notes: Summary The development of the different components of thePleurodeles spermatozoon neck region have been investigated and described from the early beginning spermiogenesis process. In some cases their origine is not well defined. Some dictyosomes remain in a constant relationship with the pericentriolar granule and the two different rings, even after they had left the acrosomal region. The development of the neck in a deep postnuclear niche, does not seem related with the centrioles. The nuclear origine of some basic proteins of the neck is discussed in relation to the close correspondence between their appearance and the substitution of the lysine rich histone by the arginine rich histone in the nuclear. The various morphologic signs of transit at the nuclear envelope level have been investigated. The ways along which some materials is eventually transferred out of the nucleus remained an open question. ThePleurodeles spermatid neck region is compared with the same region of the insect and mammalian sperm. Some components of thePleurodeles young spermatids display common characters with the mammalian chromatoid body. Their development are fairly similar. Thus the Urodele spermatid seems to posses a chromatoîd body like most other vertebrate spermatids.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Perivascular cells ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultrastructural features of perivascular cells as found in the neural lobe of the hypophysis. In particular, an inquiry was made into the nature of the relationship of such cells to neurosecretory fibers and endings. The latter, in fact, are often invaginated within the perivascular cells and enveloped by their processes; furthermore, they often reveal a certain number of empty granules as well as characteristics of degenerative nature. In the course of this study the localization of the perivascular cells has been investigated as well as that of their processes within the extensive interlobular network typical of the hypophysial neural lobe of rodents. Based on the data gathered, the hypothesis is put forward that the perivascular cells play an important role in the turnover of neurosecretory endings, both under physiological and experimental conditions, contributing thereby to the release of post-hypophysial hormones.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Albino rat ; Dehydration ; Cholinesterase activity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dehydration affected certain cytological features of the subcommissural organ in the albino rat suggesting a strong secretory stimulation of the ependymal and hypendymal cells of this organ in dehydrated animals. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the subcommissural organ in the dehydrated rats was filled with dilated and empty sacs and vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane system of the Golgi apparatus was also dilated, and more numerous vesicles and vacuoles of the Golgi complex were noticed after dehydration. In brains of the dehydrated animals, Reissner's fibre was not found in the lumen of the third ventricle, and only a few vesicles containing homogeneous secretory material were seen in the cytoplasm of the subcommissural secretory cells. In control animals, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were localized in the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes as well as in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After dehydration, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were strongly decreased.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 415-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Hereditary diabetes insipidus mice ; Hypertrophied pars intermedia ; Cell type ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pars intermedia (PI) of the normal VII +/+ and hereditary nephrogenic diabetes inspidus DI Os/+ mice has been studied with particular reference to the morphology of the glandular cells and their innervation. Four types of cells were observed in both the genotypes of mice, 1) the light glandular cell, 2) the dark cell, 3) a type of cell similar to ependymal cells and 4) a small percentage of typical ACTH cells, observed mostly on the PI border of the cleft and rarely in the centre of PI. The predominant light glandular cells contain mainly two types of membrane bound granules: 1) electron dense core granules, which measure 1500–2500 Å and 2) electron lucent vesicles, which measure 3000–4000 Å in diameter. Granules of intermediate size with various density are also present in both types of mice. The electron dense core granules are predominant in DI Os/+ mice, whereas, electron lucent vesicles are predominant in the normal VII +/+ mice. Similar uniform size membrane bound electron dense granules have been observed in ACTH cells of PI and pars distalis. From earlier experimental evidences and the present observations, it is concluded that the dense core granules in PI may be synthesizing ACTH or ACTH-like substance. It is also discussed that these dense core granules may further mature and give rise to MSH in the form of electron lucent vesicles. If it is so, PI light glandular cells may have dual functions, of producing MSH and ACTH. One of the functions of ependymal-like cells, may be the transport of PI secretion. Three types of nerve endings are observed throughout the PI, making synaptic contact with the predominant cell type. The innervation is more in DI Os/+ mice than in normal mice. The classification of these nerves is according to Bargmann and co-workers 1) peptidergic neurosecretory fibers, contain mainly membrane bound dense core granules, measuring 1200 to 1800 Å, and are the classic neurosecretory granules; 2) adrenergic fibers, measuring 700–900 Å; 3) cholinergic fibers, measuring 300–400 Å. Adrenergic and cholinergic fibers are more towards the hypophysial cleft. The increased innervation, the synaptic contact, the extremely hypertrophied PI and the greater activity of its light glandular cells in the DI Os/+ mice show the PI is under the influence of the nervous system.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Rat ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Synthesis of hormones ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 399-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinula ; Astacus fluviatilis ; Basilar membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the eye of Astacus fluviatilis one retinula is made up by eight retinular cells. Its length is approximately 190 μm, its diameter about 40 μm at its distal, and 30 μm at its proximal pole. The nuclear regions of the retinular cells are situated distally and partly surround the end of the crystalline tract. Proximally the retinula is embedded in a tapetal layer of about 50 μm thickness made up by cells which contain gaseous vacuoles. The fused and banded rhabdome is slender and spindle-shaped and extends in the central axis of the retinula from the end of the crystalline tract down to the basilar membrane. The rhabdome consists of microvilli of the seven pigmented main retinular cells and is enveloped by their cell bodies throughout its length. An axon originates from the seven main retinular cells about 50 μm distally of the basilar membrane. It is continuously connected with the rhabdome-forming part of the cell by a thin cytoplasmic sheet. The eighth retinular cell devoid of pigment granules is in connection with the distal end of the rhabdome and sends forth a small axon taking its course with the axons of the other retinular cells. The basilar membrane is a complex system of cells which contact the retinular cells by gap junctions, other cells which synthetize fibrils, a fibrous layer and hemocyanine filled lacunas.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 435-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Monkey ; Radiation damage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes the effects of acute X-irradiation of the ovaries upon the structure of primordial follicles in mature rhesus monkeys. Doses of 1000 r to 12000 r, and post-irradiation intervals of 7 hours to 30 days were used. Oocytes in biopsies from irradiated ovaries were compared with those removed from the same ovaries prior to treatment or from contra-lateral controls. The results of the treatment were assessed using light and electron microscopy. The fine structural features of normal primordial oocytes are described, with particular reference to mitochondria and dense granular bodies. Some observations on spontaneous degenerative changes are included. Irradiated ovaries are classified into four arbitrary groups according to the severity of cellular damage visible in primordial follicles with the light microscope. Effects are more marked following higher doses and/or longer intervals; the most obvious changes are pyknosis of nuclei and accumulation of dense granules in the follicle cell cytoplasm. Early changes in oocytes are relatively difficult to detect, but lead to clumping of cytoplasmic and nuclear contents at more advanced stages of degeneration. Alterations in oocyte fine structure consist mainly in swelling and disruption of membrane-bound organelles, and condensation of nuclear and nucleolar chromatin. They thus resemble those occurring during spontaneous atresia, although the damage to follicle cells is evident much sooner after irradiation. These findings are compared with those made for species in which primordial follicles are known to be destroyed by much lower doses of X-rays than were used here. The contribution to the radiation-response made by the relative radiosensitivities of oocytes and follicle cells in different species is discussed.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Brain capillaries ; Chicken ; Intercellular junctions ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours du développement embryonnaire du Poulet, les cellules endothéliales des bourgeons vasculaires et des capillaires néo-formés du télencéphale sont unies par des jonctions transitoires au niveau desquelles les feuillets externes des membranes plasmiques n'ont pas fusionné et sont séparés par un espace intercellulaire mesurable. Des points de fusion de ces feuillets externes apparaissent peu à peu et au hasard dans la zone du contact intercellulaire. Entre ces points persistent des espaces intercellulaires qui assurent encore la communication entre la lumière du capillaire et l'espace extracellulaire du tissu nerveux. L'adjonction de nouveaux points de fusion, entre ceux existant déjà, conduit à la disparition progressive de l'espace intercellulaire et à la formation de véritables zonulae occludentes.
    Notes: Summary During the embryonic development of the chick, the endothelial cells of the vascular sprouts and of the newly-formed capillaries in the telencephalon are linked by transitory junctions at the level of which the external leaflets of the plasma membrane are not fused and are separated by a measurable intercellular space. Some points of fusion of these external leaflets gradually appear at random in the area of the intercellular contact. Between these points of fusion, some intercellular spaces persist which still allow the communication between the capillary lumen and the extracellular space in the nervous tissue. The adjunction of new points of fusion between the preexisting ones, leads progressively to the disappearance of these intercellular spaces and to the formation of true zonulae occludentes.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 483-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary body ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Intercellular junctions ; Bloodaqueous barrier ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sectors of anterior segments of vervet eyes were exposed to solutions of different osmolarities (Cercopithecus aethiops). After hypertonic incubation followed by isotonic fixation, as well as after fixation directly in hypertonic fixative, the ciliary epithelium showed constant changes. These changes consisted of a shrinkage pattern with dilations of intercellular clefts in the superficial region of the epithelium, whereas no dilations occurred in the basal layer. The basal junctional complex of the superficial cell layer was always intact. The detailed structure of this complex is described. The conclusion is drawn that it functions as a barrier to the molecules of the solutes in question, and that it may also have this function in vivo with regard to molecules of similar size.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 287-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Tissue culture ; NGF ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Phase-contrast microscopy, time-lapse cinematography, electron microscopy and fluorescence histochemistry were used to study neurons in cultured sympathetic ganglia of rat, guinea-pig and embryo chick. 2. There was considerable variation in the morphology and size of neurons in all three species. Many neurons migrated into the outgrowth; those that migrated freely in rat and guinea-pig differed sufficiently from non-migratory neurons to allow a classification into type I (migratory) and type II (non-migratory). Type II neurons appeared to correspond to those seen in situ, but whether type I neurons represent immature or retarded neurons, or are due to culture conditions, is not clear. In the chick, no classification on this basis was possible; instead both migratory and non-migratory neurons showed a large and similar variation in nuclear size. 3. In all three species both migratory and non-migratory neurons remained viable and noradrenaline was demonstrable histochemically for eight weeks (oldest cultures studied). Species differences were found in the extent of outgrowth of nerve fibers and accessory cells. 4. Ultrastructural studies showed processes with features characteristic of sympathetic nerves in situ and of regenerating nerves. Profiles with other ultrastructural features were described and their identity discussed. 5. The action of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) at 1 unit/ml on sympathetic nerve fibers showed that guinea-pig was the most susceptible and chick the least. In the rat and guinea-pig, NGF increased levels of noradrenaline. NGF did not alter the appearance or relative numbers of type I and II neurons in rat and guinea-pig, but did affect the size distribution of both chick migratory and non-migratory neurons; some chick neurons were insensitive to NGF.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibroblast ; Smooth muscle cell ; Contractility ; Small intestine (rat) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The stroma of duodenal villi of rats was studied by light- and electron microscopy. Fibroblasts are rather evenly distributed within the villus. Their branched processes embrace all blood vessels, the lacteal and the bundles of smooth muscle cells. They are connected to each other and to smooth muscle cells by “close contacts”. Unmyelinated axons are found close to the fibroblasts where they may show synapse-like formations. The fibroblasts within intestinal villi contain many dilated cisterns of rER similar to normal fibroblasts. In contrast to the latter, there are many aggregated, contractile filaments, being situated mainly below the plasma membrane and within the processes. It is suggested that fibroblasts representing a 3-dimensional contractile network may be activated by smooth muscle cells and/or by innervation. So, they seem to be involved in the diminution of the vascular and stromal spaces within the villus.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Centriole assembly ; Basal bodies ; Ciliogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of 16 to 18 day old chick tracheas revealed that procentrioles are present near the basal ends of the recently matured centrioles and basal bodies of both ciliating and ciliated cells. Cylinders 0.1 μ in outside diameter in which densely staining walls and a central axial filament can often be detected, are present between the mature centrioles and these procentrioles. These cylinders although somewhat shorter are morphologically similar to those found earlier in the same cells in the center of procentriole clusters. So far, only one procentriole has been found in association with each cylinder and only one cylinder in association with each mature centriole or basal body. Procentrioles up to 0.18 μ in length including some with singlet microtubules in their walls have been detected. Serial sectioning indicated that in some cells up to 8% of the mature centrioles and basal bodies were associated with a cylinder and a distinct procentriole. If these procentrioles were to mature they could provide additional basal bodies for cilia after the initial wave of centriole assembly and maturation has been completed.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Gonocytes ; Rat ; Mitotic activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gonocyten der Ratte können in 2 hintereinander geschaltete Keimzellarten gegliedert werden, die I-Gonocyten und II-Gonocyten. Die I-Gonocyten proliferieren bei der Wistarratte zwischen 15. und 18. Fetaltag, die Tochterzellen der I-Gonocyten, die II-Gonocyten treten nach einer Zeitdauer von 7–8 Tagen zwischen 4. und 6. Lebenstag in die Mitose. Auf Grund der gewonnenen Daten erschien es sinnvoll, die mitotische Aktivität der II-Gonocyten und die Bestimmung der Dauer ihrer S-Phase an 5 Tage alten Ratten durchzuführen. Untersuchungen von 50 Zentren mitotischer Aktivität in einem in Serie geschnittenen Hoden einer 5 Tage alten Ratte ergaben, daß 148 von 190 Mitosen, d.s. 78%, in Gruppen und 122, d.s. 64% der Mitosen in „Paaren“ vorkommen. Mit der Methode der markierten Mitosen (Quastler u. Sherman, 1959) und der Methode der Doppelmarkierung (Hilscher u. Maurer, 1962) wurde die Dauer der S-Phase der II-Gonocyten bei 5 Tage alten Ratten bestimmt. Es ergab sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden bestimmten Werte. Die S-Phasen-Dauer der II-Gonocyten dürfte danach am 5. Lebenstag bei 11,0–11,5 Std liegen.
    Notes: Summary The gonocytes of the rat are of two types: I-gonocytes and II-gonocytes. In Wistar rat I-gonocytes proliferate at the beginning of prespermatogenesis between the 15th and 18th day of gestation. Their multiplication stops between the 18th and 19th day. Starting on the 4th postnatal day, II-gonocytes, the daughter cells of I-gonocytes, begin to proliferate. The 5th postnatal day proved to be favourable for studying the mitotic activity and for determing the S-phase of II-gonocytes. In one serially sectioned testis of a 5 days old rat 25 sex cords were reconstructed. Till now 50 centres of mitotic activity of II-gonocytes with 190 mitoses were localized. Only 42 out of the 190 mitoses were isolated, 148 occur in groups. 122 out of the grouped mitoses are in “pairs”. That means that 78% of the grouped and 64% of all mitoses were to be found in pairs. By the method of labeled mitoses (Quastler and Sherman, 1959) and by the method of double labeling with C-14- and H-3-thymidine (Hilscher and Maurer, 1962) the duration of the S-phase of II-gonocytes were determined in 5 days old rats. The results of both methods show that the S-phase is 11.0 to 11.5 hours.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of rats subjected to severe acute haemorrhage under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia were examined electron microscopically and the ultrastructure compared with that in anaesthetised and unanaesthetised controls. Changes in the localisation and numerical distribution of elementary granules and small vesicles in the neurohypophysial nerve endings of bled rats were consistent with the occurrence of exocytosis. The occurrence of “exocytotic profiles” was observed more frequently in freeze-etched tissue samples as compared with the material fixed for conventional electron microscopy. The ratio of small vesicles: elementary granules was shown to be significantly increased (P〈0.005) in the nerve endings of neural lobes from bled rats. Equally, the numbers of exocytotic profiles related to 1000 μm2 of neurohypophysial tissue area were significantly greater (P〈0.005) in bled rats.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrodermal nerves ; Hydra pseudoligactis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of nerve cells, namely, neurosensory and neurosecretory cells have been identified and described in the gastrodermis of Hydra pseudoligactis. The morphological criteria used for the identification of gastrodermal nerves are based on those presented previously for epidermal nerves. The third type of nerve cell in the epidermis, ganglionic cells, was not observed in these studies. The distribution, function and origin of gastrodermal nerve cells are discussed briefly.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Neurohypophyse von Ratte und Forelle ergeben, daß sich eine Exocytose von Elementargranula an den Endigungen der neurosekretorischen Fasern nur selten abspielt. Es wird daher angenommen, daß die Abgabe von Hormonen in der Neurohypophyse in der Regel nach dem Muster des „membrane-release“ abläuft. 2. Die Exocytose wird nicht durch eine unmittelbare tangentiale Fusion der Membran des Elementargranulums mit dem Plasmalemm der Nervenendigung (Axolemm) eingeleitet. Vor allem bei Anwendung eines Goniometertisches wird erkennbar, daß vor der Exocytose zwischen Axolemm und Membran des Granulums eine Verbindung in Gestalt eines Stieles entsteht. Die Länge dieses Verbindungsstückes entspricht etwa 2 Axolemmdicken. An der Basis des Stiels im Axolemm tritt das Stoma auf, durch das der Inhalt des Granulums bzw. dieses selbst das Axonende verläßt. 3. Die Herkunft kleiner membrannaher Vesikel (Durchmesser 500 Å) in den Endigungen neurosekretorischer Nervenfasern in der Neurohypophyse konnte nicht geklärt werden. Anzeichen einer kompensatorischen Endocytose im Sinne von Nagasawa, Douglas und Schulz (1970) wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary 1. Electron microscopical investigations of the neurohypophysis in rat and trout reveal that exocytosis of neurosecretory elementary granules from the nerve endings occurs only rarely. The authors are of the opinion that hormone release in the neural lobe follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. 2. Exocytosis is not performed by tangential fusion of the elementary granule membrane and the plasmalemma of the nerve ending (axolemma). Administering the goniometer technique one can observe the appearance of a stalk-like structure connecting the two membranes. The basis of the stalk in the axolemma corresponds to the site of the stoma through which the core of the vesicle leaves the nerve ending. 3. The mechanism of the origin of small clear vesicles (diameter 500 Å approx.) near the axolemma of the neurosecretory terminal has not been elucidated. The authors did not observe equivalents of a compensatory endocytosis in the vicinity of granules released by exocytosis.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 217-229 
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    Keywords: Sensory axons ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Rat ; Ribosomes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, ribosomes were found not only in the initial segment, but they were also observed in the axoplasm of intraganglionar myelinated fibres and in the sensory portion of spinal nerves. Axons of seven-days-old rats contained more ribosomes than those of adult animals. The amount of particles decreased gradually from the initial segment trough intraganglionar internodes to the axons of spinal nerves. No ribosomes were found in axons of dorsal roots. In intraganglionar fibres, ribosomal particles were usually observed near the nodes of Ranvier, in the vicinity of Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and in axons near the Schwann cell nuclei. They were arranged in tetrads, pentads or in larger polysomes, and they were often observed adjacent to a group of mitochondria. The particles had invariably a stable size, their average diameters measuring 234 ± 2 × 197 ± 3 Å, which is practically equal to the diameters of 232 ± 2 × 203 ± 3 Å of ribosomes in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These values fall within the range of diameters of ribosomes isolated from various cells of eukaryotic organisms as given in the literature. Since no other granular component of the cytoplasm has similarly stable dimensions, the measurements are considered to prove that the axonal particles described here are ribosomes.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 433-444 
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    Keywords: Insect ; Fat body ; Development ; Protein body ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Lipoprotein ; Cytology ; Lipid globule ; Silkworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A developmental study at the electron microscopic level was conducted of the fat body cells of Hyalophora cecropia (L.). During the last larval instar the fat body increases in volume and the cells exhibit a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and protein bodies of diverse sizes. In the pupal fat body, the protein bodies appear to be enclosed by a double membrane and contain glycogen granules, ribosomes and mitochondrion-like structures. In addition, there are large lipid globules, cytolysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the protein bodies suggests the development of large bodies by fusion of smaller protein bodies. Changes in fat body cell ultrastructure were followed during adult development and cytological evidence was obtained for the depletion of protein, glycogen and lipid in the female during this period. The female adult fat body cell contains free ribosomes, protein bodies, many mitochondria, a few lipid globules and glycogen granules. The male moth fat body cells have many mitochondria, a few glycogen granules, essentially no protein bodies, but an abundance of large lipid globules. Studies on the influence of egg maturation on the morphology of the fat body of Hyalophora gloveri (L.) revealed that ovariectomy of pupae yielded adults having more fat body than normal females, and that the fat body cells of the ovariectomized animals contained more glycogen, lipid and protein. Male pupae receiving ovarian implants developed into adults containing eggs and possessed more fat body than normal females but less than normal males. Very few glycogen granules were found in the fat body cells of normal males or males with implanted ovaries.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 479-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Drosophila ; Testis ; Fertility ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphogenetic process that transforms spermatids from a syncytial state to a state in which each spermatid is invested in its own membrane, is initiated at the head region of the spermatid bundle and traverses through the entire length of the bundle in the testis of Drosophila melanogaster. This process not only eliminates the syncytial bridges between spermatids but also removes unneeded organelles and the excess parts of the nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. It also brings about structural modifications to flagellar elements. The propagation of this process is seen as the caudal movement of a fusiform swelling of the spermatid bundle, 100 μ or more in length. Spermatids are individualized in the basal half of the swelling, whereas they remain syncytial in the apical half. The swelling increases its volume as it accumulates cytoplasmic debris while traversing the sperm bundle, from about 15 μ in maximum diameter in the basal testicular region to as large as 30 μ at the apical end where it becomes a bag of wastes. A variation of the process in a mutant stock which is known to inactivate up to half of the products of meiosis is briefly described. The morphological change of interspermatid bridges prior to the individualization is also reported.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurones ; Lumbricus ; Monoamines ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris have been studied with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: In the neuropile small granular vesicles (300 to 500 Å) occur in some varicose nerve fibres after fixation with potassium permanganate. This indicates the presence of noradrenaline. Sometimes only a few of the vesicles produce a positive reaction. After incubation with α-methyl-noradrenaline the numbers of nerve terminals with small granular vesicles greatly increase, indicating the presence of dopamine and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In this case the reaction is now complete. The number of small granular vesicles is largest in the terminal swellings. These findings are consistent with histofluorescence, chemical, and microspectrofluorometric analyses, which have demonstrated noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurones in the central nervous system. Large granular vesicles (600 to 900 Å) are to be found in some perikarya, not identical with neurosecretory cell bodies. In this case the granular vesicles in the axon are smaller and fewer. This indicates a simultaneous proximo-distal transport and gradual decrease in size of the granular vesicles. The intraneuronal distribution of the vesicles is in agreement with the distribution of the fluorophores in the fluorescent neurones. Neurosecretory neurones are found most likely not to contain monoamines.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Granular endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous morphological continuities between the cisternae of the convex face of the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) were observed in post-division amebae that had divided following enucleation and renucleation. Electron microscopic radioautography with the use of 3H-uridine as a tracer indicated that perhaps the Golgi apparatus is derived from the GER. The possibility of the connections between GER and Golgi apparatus facilitating transport of materials between the two is also discussed.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 149-174 
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    Keywords: Ependyma ; Tanycytes ; Subependyma ; Rodents ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic data confirm the results gained with rapid Golgi preparations of adult rodent brains that tanycytes occur in clusters along the lateral wall of the third ventricle. The cytoplasmic matrix of these cells is considerably denser than that of typical ependymal cells. They have filaments and microtubules throughout their cytoplasm along with mitochondria and polysomes. At the surface is a compact group of microvilli which suggest that tanycytes might selectively absorb material from the ventricle. The tanycytes are segregated from neuropil by other tanycyte processes, by neighboring ependymal cells and by astrocytes. Yet there are gaps in this sheath. At these points tanycytes either abut upon or surround nonglial components of the neural fabric. Their cytological features and relations with the neuropil suggest that tanycytes selectively absorb material from the ventricle and release it along the basal process, primarily affecting those segments of neurons immediately adjacent to the tanycyte.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 492-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Drosophila ; Testis ; Fertility ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, the cyst cell that surrounds the head region of sperm bundle becomes spheroidal or ellipsoidal and is trapped by the terminal epithelium of the testicular wall during the synchronous coiling of sperm. Extensions of this cyst cell are projected caudally into the interspaces between sperm heads probably to anchor the heads. Coiling of sperm tails is initiated at the head region and proceeds by the progressive retraction of the linear portion from the apical testicular region into the coiled portion at the base. The addition of one turn of coil is accompanied by one full rotation of the sperm bundle. When coiled, normal tails are tightly packed into a hexagonal lattice, and minute tubular structures of about 150 Å in diameter occupy the space between them. Sperm with abnormal tails are separated from those with normal ones and isolated into a separate part of the cyst lumen. Acid phosphatase is involved in the dissolution of the minute tubules for the liberation of sperm from the cyst. Sperm are released leaving the major portion of the cyst cells intact. This portion contains degenerating abnormal tails and the waste products of the individualization process. This detritus is ingested by the terminal epithelium and eventually degenerates.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 50-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila, larval ; Differentiation ; Involution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung bzw. Differenzierung der larvalen Speicheldrüse vonDrosophila melanogaster wurde an genau datierten Altersstadien aus dem III. Larvenstadium, der Vorpuppe und der Puppe mit lichtmikroskopischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Zur Vermeidung großer Streuung im physiologischen Alter der Tiere wurde eine Kulturmethode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, die Häutungen zu beobachten und zur Altersbestimmung heranzuziehen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. Die Speicheldrüse besteht bis zur Mitte des III. Larvenstadiums morphologisch aus einem einheitlichen Zelltypus, der sehr kleine Sekretgrana (∅ 0,3 μm) bildet. Diese sammeln sich am Zellapex. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß es sich um ein Verdauungssekret handelt.In der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums differenzieren sich drei Zelltypen, die hier Corpuszellen, Übergangszellen und Halszellen genannt werden. Dabei ist ein Differenzierungsgradient von distal nach proximal zu beobachten. Die distal gelegenenCorpuszellen stellen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums ein und bilden stattdessen ein Klebesekret. Dieses Sekret wird in Form großer Grana (∅ bis zu 10 μm) zunächst in den Zellen gespeichert und kurz vor der Pupariumbildung ins Lumen der Drüse abgegeben. Kurz nach der Pupariumbildung wird das Klebesekret aus dem Körper entlassen und dient dazu, die Tönnchenpuppe an einem trockenen Substrat anzuheften. Das Klebesekret ist PAS-positiv. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um ein Mucoproteid. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Corpuszellen große Vakuolen, die auf Grund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde als Ausdruck einer weiteren Sekretionsphase und nicht als beginnende Degeneration gedeutet werden. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieses Sekretes wird diskutiert. DieÜbergangszellen liegen zwischen den Corpuszellen und den Halszellen. Sie bilden ebenfalls Klebesekret, jedoch mit zeitlicher Verzögerung. Kurz vor der Pupariumbildung sind sie wie die Corpuszellen mit ausgereiften Klebesekretgrana beladen und von diesen nicht mehr zu unterscheiden. Die proximal gelegenenHalszellen bilden kein Klebesekret, sondern setzen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums fort. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Halszellen nicht die großen Vakuolen wie in den Corpuszellen. 2. Die Involution der larvalen Speicheldrüse erfolgt nach der Puppenhäutung durch Autolyseprozesse, die am distalen Ende der Drüse beginnen und innerhalb 1 Std alle Zellen mit Ausnahme der Imaginalanlage erfassen. 3. Die in dieser Untersuchung erhobenen entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Befunde anDrosophila melanogaster werden mit Beobachtungen anDrosophila virilis, D. robusta undD. hydei verglichen. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, daß die Entwicklung der larvalen Speicheldrüsen von verschiedenenDrosophila-Arten enge Parallelen aufweist. Die bisher bekannten Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselaktivitäten im Zytoplasma und Genaktivitäten (Puffmuster) an den Riesenchromosomen dieser Zellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The development and differentiation of the larval salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster have been investigated with light and electron microscopical methods. The organ has been dissected out of exactly dated stages of the III. instar larva, the prepupa and the early pupa. In order to avoid great variations in the physiological age of the animals a culture method has been developed, enabling the larval molts to be observed and used for identification of the age. The results are as follows: 1. The salivary gland of the early larva up to the middle of the III. instar period is a homogenous sack consisting of one sort of cells, in which very small secretion granules (∅ 0,3 μm) are synthesized. These secretion granules concentrate near the cellular apex. They are supposed to contain digestion enzymes. 2. In the second half of the III. larval instar period three cell types are differentiated, which are called corpus cells, transitional cells and collum cells. A gradient of differentiation from distal to proximal can be observed. 3. Thecorpus cells, located at the distal part of the gland, stop the production of digestion enzymes in the second half of the III. larval instar period and begin to synthesize a cement substance. This cement first is stored in grana (∅ up to 10 μm) inside the corpus cells. Shortly before puparium formation it is extruded into the lumen of the gland. Shortly after puparium formation it is expectorated out of the mouth, runs along the body wall and affixes the puparium to the substrate. The cement is PAS-positive, probably being a mucoproteid. In the corpus cells large vacuoles are formed during the prepupal instar period. On the basis of these electron microscopical results the vacuoles are interpreted to represent another form of a secretory product and not an equivalent of beginning degeneration. The possible function of this substance is discussed. 4. Thetransitional cells are located between the corpus cells and the collum cells. They also synthesize cement at a delayed rate, through shortly before puparium formation they are filled with cement like the corpus cells and cannot be distinguished from the latter. Thecollum cells form the most proximal part of the salivary gland. They do not produce cement but continue to synthesize digestion enzyme granules in the second half of the III. instar period. The large secretion vacuoles, found in the corpus cells during the prepupal instar period, are not synthesized in the collum cells. 5. The involution of the larval salivary gland begins after pupation and is indicated by autolytic processes, which begin at the distal end of the gland. One hour later all cells exept the imaginalanlage show signs of degeneration. 6. The course of development of the salivary glands investigated in the present study inDrosophila melanogaster is compared with similar investigations onDrosophila virilis, robusta andhydei. It is pointed out that the development of the larval salivary gland in different species ofDrosophila shows close parallels. The relationships between metabolic activities in the cytoplasm and gene physiological activities (pattern of puffs) on the giant chromosomes, as known so far, are discussed.
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  • 97
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Fat droplets ; Fat resorption ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbare Neutralfettpartikel kommen im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte vorwiegend in den mitochondrienreichen Fasern vom Typ C in der Nachbarschaft von Mitochondrien vor. Nach Glutaraldehyd-Osmium-Fixierung und Epon-Einbettung sind diese Partikel meist dielektronisch, seltener teilweise oder ganz adielektronisch. Auf 100 μm2 Schnittfläche durch C-Fasern findet man 3–4 Anschnitte von Fettpartikeln. Der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte (d) ist 0,69 μm, der mit der graphischen Methode von Hennig bestimmte mittlere Durchmesser der Fettpartikel (d′) 0,80 μm. 2 h Narkose mit Pentobarbital beeinflussen weder Anzahl noch Durchmesser der Anschnitte. Nach 2 h Resorption von Maiskeimöl ist die Zahl der Anschnitte unverändert, der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte bzw. der Partikel hat um etwa 20 % zugenommen (d=0,83 μm; d′=0,95 μm). Das entspricht einer Zunahme des morphologisch nachweisbaren Neutralfettes um 70 %. Da keine Pinocytose von Chylomikronen zu beobachten ist, wird angenommen, daß freie Fettsäuren durch das Plasmalemm in die Muskelfaser eindiffundieren und im Bereich vorhandener Fettpartikel als Triglyceride gespeichert werden.
    Notes: Summary In the anterior tibial muscle of rats triglyceride droplets predominantly appear within fibres rich in mitochondria (type C). In electron micrographs 3–4 of such droplets are present per 100 μm2 sectional area of C-fibres. The mean diameter of sections through fat droplets (d) is 0.69 μm, the mean diameter of the droplets (d′) as determined by Hennig's graphical method is 0.80 μm. Anaesthesia with pentobarbital (2 h) does affect neither number nor size of the particles. 2 h after application of corn oil into the stomach the number of fat droplets is unaltered, but the mean diameter has increased by 20 % (d=0.83 μm; d′=0.95 μm), corresponding to an increase of the volume of about 70 %. Pinocytosis of chylomicrones by muscle fibres has never been observed. Therefore it is supposed, that free fatty acids have passed the plasmalemma by diffusion and are incorporated into triglycerides and stored within pre-existing fat droplets.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 439-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prechiasmatic gland (Organon vasculosum laminae terminalis) ; Rat ; Nerve endings ; Dense-cored vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the present electron microscopic study of the rat median vascular prechiasmatic gland, the unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles may be classified in three categories. (1) Nerve endings containing isomorphic rounded dense-cored vesicles, 800–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 1100 and 1300 Å. These vesicles are synthesized in the nerve cell perikarya which are localized principally in the lamina profunda of the outer subpial layer and also in the neuropil of the inner glial covering layer. One or more “cholinergic” axon terminals are in contact with the surface of these nerve cell perikarya. The dense-cored vesicles travel in the axonal process which branches into an extensive terminal network characterized by the presence of small varicosities. They abut on the pericapillary spaces but never against another neuron or effector cell. A few nerve processes course between the ependymal cells and terminate in the preoptic recess of the third ventricle. The dense-cored vesicles may contain one of the primary monoamines. (2) Nerve endings containing pleomorphic dense-cored vesicles, 500–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 800 and 1100 Å. The latter granular vesicles are associated with small, clear-centered vesicles, 260–550 Å in diameter, which are often aggregated in the vicinity of thickenings of the plasma membrane and of cytoplasmic dense projections. The intercellular space and the cell plasma membrane, however, do not display any modification facing these structures. Synapse-like contacts are observed between these nerve endings and cells containing a great amount of microfilaments and glycogen particles in their cytoplasm. The latter cells possibly represent processes of ependymal cells. (3) Nerve endings containing a few large dense-cored vesicles in addition to a majority of synaptic vesicles.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 393-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Polyamines ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Autoradiographie von Semi- und Ultradünnschnitten wurde die Verteilung der Radioaktivität nach Applikation von 3H-Putrescin im intakten und im degenerierenden N. ischiadicus der Ratte sowie in Spinalganglien untersucht. Im intakten und im geschädigten Nerven war die Radioaktivität, die zum weit überwiegenden Anteil als Spermidin und Putrescin vorkam, in allen zellulären Bestandteilen des Nerven, im Cytoplasma, in den Kernen und sehr deutlich auch in den Markscheiden, lokalisiert. Im extrazellulären Raum und über den Kollagenfibrillen war demgegenüber nur eine sehr geringe Radioaktivität festzustellen. Die physiologische Funktion von Spermidin und Putrescin im Myelin und den anderen Zellbestandteilen wird in erster Linie im Zusammenhang mit der in diesen Strukturen ebenfalls lokalisierten RNA diskutiert, da zahlreiche Hinweise für eine Rolle der Polyamine in der RNA- und Proteinsynthese vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity from 3H-putrescine was studied in intact and degenerated sciatic nerves, and spinal ganglia of rats by means of high resolution autoradiography. During the first three days after the administration of the labeled putrescine, the main proportion of radioactive material in the nerves was represented by spermidine and putrescine. Both, in intact and degenerating nerves, developed silver grains were deposited in all cellular components of the nervous tissue, the myelin sheath being markedly tagged. Perineural tissue was also labeled considerably, however, there was no significant amount of label in the extracellular space and in the collagen fibrils. The possible physiological significance of putrescine and spermidine in myelin and in other cellular components of nerves is discussed.
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