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  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (636)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1830-1839
  • 1974  (636)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (468)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (149)
  • pharmacokinetics
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Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (636)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1830-1839
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Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short term effects and urinary excretion of the new diuretic, indapamide, in normal subjects (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butylbiguanide concentration in plasma, liver, and intestine after intravenous and oral administration to man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 433-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560356
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of mestranol in man in relation to its oestrogenic activity (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560348
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic assessment of the reproducibility of phenazone plasma half-life in young healthy volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and14C-labelled pindolol in uraemia (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614386
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of the appetite stimulant pizotifen (BC 105) on the absorption of isonicotinylhydrazine (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614391
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of diphenylhydantoin in uraemic patients: Consequences of decreased plasma protein binding (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614387
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rifampicin in plasma and pleural fluid after single oral doses (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614390
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614385
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical significance of generic inequivalence of three different pharmaceutical preparations of phenytoin (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561325
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum concentration and half-life of rifampicin after simultaneous oral administration of aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560384
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of practolol in renal failure (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560339
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical estimations in pharmacokinetics (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 123-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; computer program ; NONLIN ; data weighting ; isoniazid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several important statistical aspects of pharmacokinetic analyses by digital computer are discussed. These include selection of appropriate equations, weighting of data, precision of parameter estimates, comparisons of parameters, analysis of weighted residuals, and criteria useful in the selection of particular models. Data obtained after administration of isoniazid and isonicotinuric acid to man are analyzed to illustrate the usefulness of the discussed methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061504
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of the hepatobiliary transport of bromphenol blue as a model of organic anionic compounds (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 495-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatobiliary transport ; rat ; bromphenol blue ; pharmacokinetics ; roles of liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z-binding proteins and T binder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new pharmacokinetic model is proposed to explain the hepatobiliary transport of a nonmetabolized sulfonic acid dye, bromphenol blue, which is actively transported from the bloodstream into bile. This model has the advantage of taking into account the roles of the liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z- binding proteins and T binder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070944
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of digoxin: Comparison of a two- and a three-compartment model in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: digoxin ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment model ; three-compartment model ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment has been carried out in man designed to compare the fit of a two- and a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model to experimentally determined serum digoxin concentration-time data following rapid intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of the drug. Digoxin was administered to five healthy male volunteers, blood samples were withdrawn repetitively over a period of 72 hr, and samples were assayed using a 125 I radioimmunoassay. Appropriate equations describing two- and three-compartment open models were fitted to the experimental data using weighted nonlinear least squares regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the three-compartment fit resulted in a statistically significant reduction in residual error, a marked improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental data about the serum digoxin-time curve, and better agreement of the predicted serum concentration-time curve with experimental serum digoxin concentrations. Thus the three-compartment open model is the simplest pharmacokinetic model consistent with the data observed in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061404
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic studies on the selectiveβ 1-receptor antagonist metoprolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 347-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: metoprolol ; β-receptor antagonist ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 3H-metoprolol, a new selective β 1-receptor antagonist, have been studied in healthy volunteers by following the plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of the unchanged compound and its total radioactive metabolites after oral and intravenous administration. The compound was rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration, and about 40% of the dose reached the systemic circulation. The estimated half-life of the absorption process was 10 min. Metoprolol was extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, with the half-life of the distribution phase close to 12 min. About 95% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, mainly in metabolized form. The elimination halflife of the compound was close to 3 hr as was also the half-life of the total metabolites after oral administration. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of the metabolites was raised to 5 hr, indicating that the route of administra tion might influence the metabolic pathways of the parent compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061407
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fine structure study of venom gland cells in globiferous pedicellariae from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 411-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate.Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association.Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances.Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420405
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of calcitonin on fibroblasts and collagen formation in rabbits: An ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopic studySupported in part by N.I.H. General Aid grant and in part by Medical School Institutional Funds. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 447-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation.Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420407
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    The vas deferens of the spider crab, Libinia emarginataThis study was supported in part by a grant (F-70-UM-6 and 6A) from the Florida Division of the American Cancer Society.Contribution 241, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles.Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores.The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
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    The auditory bulla in carnivora: An anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 21-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basicranial anatomy of mammalian carnivores is significant in the determination of carnivore evolution. One of the least understood yet most often studied features of the basicranium is the auditory bulla, a bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. Although previously believed to be formed by a tympanic bone alone, or by tympanic and entotympanic, it is shown here that the carnivore bulla is formed by three and in some cases four ontogenetic elements: tympanic, rostral entotympanic, caudal entotympanic(s). These elements in Carnivora appear to correspond to bulla elements discovered over 50 years ago by Van der Klaauw in representative species of several other orders of mammals.Increased auditory sensitivity appears to have been attained in various carnivore lineages by increase in the volume of the middle ear cavity, principally by hypertrophy of the caudal entotympanic, but also by different yet less common anatomical strategies such as invasion of the mastoid bone by the middle ear space. Five basic types of bulla among living Carnivora can be recognized, based largely on the relationship of the caudal entotympanic to the other bulla elements.Closely associated with the bulla in the auditory region are the median and promontory branches of the internal carotid artery. These branches exhibit a precise relationship to the bulla elements, particularly the rostral entotympanic. The promontory branch is much reduced or completely lacking in all living carnivores. Reduction or loss of the median branch is explained as the result of the development of arterial retia on the anastomotic artery in the orbital region. Reduction of the median branch is particularly characteristic of the aeluroid Carnivora, in which a greater proportion of the cerebral blood supply passes to the brain in the external carotid artery via the anastomotic branch, and is cooled in the orbital region by a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism formed by arterial retia closely associated with venous blood in surrounding sinuses. The arctoid and cynoid Carnivora are characterized by only rudimentary development of retia along the anastomotic artery, and the median branch is much better developed than in the aeluroids. Among arctoids, ursids parallel the aeluroids in the development of a countercurrent mechanism but employ the median branch of the internal carotid rather than the anastomotic branch of the external carotid artery.Bulla structure and nature of the carotid circulation in the auditory region can be determined from fossil Carnivora as well as for living forms. This study attempts to define basicranial anatomical patterns characteristic of living Carnivora which then can be used to trace the evolution of lineages in the fossil record.
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    The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 77-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000-4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell.Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm.Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole.The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430201
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430301
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  • 25
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    The lizard ear: Gekkonidae (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 121-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gecko ear was studied in 36 species belonging to 24 genera. This receptor has attained an advanced level of structure and performance in this group of lizards, but there are many variations among species. To a large extent these variations follow subfamily lines as represented in Kluge's system of classification.Brief consideration is given to features of the outer and middle ear, but chief concern is with inner ear structures and their relations to auditory sensitivity as represented by the cochlear potentials.The auditory papilla is segmented, with a dorsal portion whose hair cells have their ciliary tufts attached to a tectorial membrane, and a ventral portion in which these cells form tow assemblages, one with tectorial connections and the other with connections to a line of sallets.The dorsal segment varies greatly in length and in the form of ciliary orientation. In Eublepharinae and most Gekkoninae the ciliary orientation is unidirectional, and the degree of sensitivity relates to the length of this segment. In Diplodactylinae and Sphaerodactylinae the orientation is bidirectional, and this segment functionally hardly differs from the ventral segment.Auditory sensitivity as measured in terms of the cochlear potentials shows close relations with subfamily groupings, except for the Gekkoninae in which considerable diversity is found.The evidence from structural differentiation, along with that derived from the forms of the cochlear potential functions, leads to the suggestion that these ears possess a high degree of pitch discrimination and capability for the analysis of complex sounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430202
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    Myelin movements in mature mammalian peripheral nerve fibersSupported by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the National Institutes of Health. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 167-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon.Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals.The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
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    The spermatozoon of arthropoda. XXIV. Sperm metamorphosis in the diplopod Polyxenus (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 187-245 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors describe the spermiogenesis of Polyxenus lagurus, a diplopod, in the male genital ducts and the transformations the spermatozoon successively undergoes in the spermatheca.The spermatozoon in the male genital ducts looks like a little barrel devoid of centriole and of any kind of rudimentary flagellum whatever. The organelles are markedly modified; cross sections present an elongated, flattened nucleus, an X-shaped body running parallel to it on the opposite side and two longitudinal mitochondrial strips interposed between them. The rest of this barrel-shaped spermatozoon is filled with peculiar Golgi formations, the spongy chambers, which open outwards through little vents.In the spermatheca the spermatozoon is quite different: it is shaped like a long ribbon. The basic structure of the spermatozoon is formed by the double folding of part of the cortical layer of the barrel-shaped spermatozoon. On the central part of this endo-skeleton are longitudinally ranged the nucleus and the acrosome flanked on both sides by a thread of mitochondria. Even in this phase the sperm has no flagellum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430204
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    Localization of some enzymes in the main venom glands of viperid snakes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several secretory and nonsecretory enzymes were localized histochemically in the main venom gland of 13 viperid snakes. All secretory cells show the intracellular oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. The granular reactions obtained for both enzymes resemble mitochondria in distribution. Distinctive cells with a very high succinate dehydrogenase activity are dispersed among the secretory cells of all species except Atractaspis.Nonspecific acid phosphatase activity is found in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in species that do not secrete this enzyme and throughout the cytoplasm in snakes that secrete the enzyme. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity occurs in the secretory cells of those snakes whose venom shows this activity. Leucine amino peptidase (aryl amidase) activity is found in the venom and in the secretory cells of all the species.In Vipera palaestinae both the venom and the secretory cells of the main venom gland contain nonspecific esterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities. The localization of phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase do not show major differences between glands at different intervals from an initial milking.Adenosine-monophosphate phosphatase activity is localized in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in the glands of Vipera palaestinae and Aspis cerastes. Its activity is found in the venom of Aspis only.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal ocellus of the worker honeybee (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 285-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three dorsal ocelli of worker honeybees have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Each ocellus has a single flattened spheroidal lens and about 800 elongated retinular cells. Retinular cells are paired and form a two-part plate-like rhabdom between their distal processes. Each rhabdomere comprises parallel microvilli projecting laterally from the apposed retinular cells. Primary receptor cell axons synapse within the ocellus with ocellar nerve fibers of two different calibers. Each ocellus has eight thick fibers ca 10 m̈m in diameter and several thinner ones less than 3 m̈m in diameter. Fine structural evidence suggests that retinular axons end presynaptically on both types of ocellar nerve fibers. Since all retinular cells apparently synapse repeatedly with the thick fibers this involves a convergence of about 100:1. Thick fibers always terminate postsynaptically within the ocellus while thin fibers terminate presynaptically on other thin fibers, thick fibers or retinular axons. Structural evidence for synaptic polarization indicates that retinular cells and thick fibers are afferent, thin fibers efferent. Thus complex processing of the ocellar visual input can occur before the secondary neurons of the three ocelli converge to form the single short ocellar nerve which runs to the posterior forebrain.
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    The functional anatomy of the forelimb of some african viverridae (Carnivora) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 307-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional morphology of the forelimbs of the following African Viverridae was studied, Atilax paludinosus, Bdeogale crassicauda, Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta, G. tigrina, Helogale parvula, Herpestes ichneumon, H. sanguineus, Ichneumia albicauda, Mungos mungo, Nandinia binotata. Their locomotory behaviour has been previously studied and described and is related to morphological differences. The osteology of all the species and the myology of three species is described. The species have been assigned to primary locomotor categories on the basis of their locomotion. These are 1, climbing, arboreal walking; 2, arboreal and terrestrial walking and jumping; 3, general terrestrial walking and scrambling; and 4, trotting. In the climbing arboreal walking category the most distinctive morphological adaptations are powerful flexors and extensors as well as a flexible plantigrade manus with retractile claws. In the arboreal and terrestrial walking category the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are flexible and the manus has retractile claws, though the flexor and extensor musculature is insufficiently developed for controlled climbing. The trotting category is characterised by a high humero-radial index and a rigid antibrachium. The foot is digitigrade with the claws short and stout. Species in the general walking and scrambling category show many differences in the morphology of their feet, even though the proximal parts of the forelimb appear similar. Due to the restricted nature of the adaptations, these species have been assigned to secondary locomotor categories. Morphological characters typical of the locomotor categories are summarized in the discussion.
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    The gastric mucosa of two monotremes: The Duck-billed platypus and echidna (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastric mucosa of both the echidna and platypus is aglandular and the lining epithelium is stratified squamous. The latter exhibits three principle layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum. The cytoplasm of cells composing the first two strata of both species shows bundles of tonofibrils and numerous free ribosomes. Cells of the stratum spinosum in the platypus also show numerous dense granules limited to the peripheral cytoplasm. The stratum spinosum of both species is comprised of fusiform-shaped cells whose adjacent cell membranes show extensive interlocking. The stratum spinosum of the echidna in addition shows numerous intercellular bridges. Cells of the stratum corneum become flattened and elongate and in the echidna nuclei near the surface appear to degenerate. Cells comprising the stratum corneum of the platypus exhibit well preserved nuclei and contain scattered large granules of varying electron density. Prior to sloughing, cells near the surface of both species show a separation of adjacent cell membranes. True keratinization is not found in the gastric lining epithelium of either species and the epithelium lining of the stomach of the echidna more closely represents a form of parakeratosis. Delicate papillae containing capillaries extend considerable distances into the overlying epithelium of both species and are thought to contribute to its nutrition.
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    An ultrastructural analysis of the cuticle, epidermis and esophageal epithelium of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 301-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of Eisenia is covered by a cuticle and rests on a basement lamella. The cuticle, which is resistant to a variety of enzymes, is composed of non-striated, bundles of probable collagen fibers that are orthogonally oriented and are embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The basement lamella consists of striated collagen fibers with a 560 Å major periodicity. Proximity and morphology suggest that the epidermis may contribute to both the cuticle and the basement lamella  -  that is, the single tissue may synthesize at least two types of collagen. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium containing three major cell types (columnar, basal and gland) and a rare fourth type with apical cilia. The esophagus is lined by a simple cuticulated epithelium composed predominantly of a single cell type, which resembles the epidermal columnar cell. Rare gland cells occur in the esophageal epithelium, but basal cells are lacking.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420401
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    Comparative ultrastructural study on tris 1-aziridinyl phosphine oxide prefixed cuticles of some oligochaetes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 143-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticle of five species of Oligochaeta, chosen to represent differences in size and a variety of biotopes, was studied electron microscopically after fixation with the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method. Five distinct layers in the cuticle of all studied species were found. Staining with lead and uranyl ions or with silver proteinate visualized basically the same structural components of the cuticle, but the degree of electron opacity and the distribution of the electron-opaque stain in these components differed according to the staining method used. Since the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method visualized the cuticular zones preferentially stained by Thiéry's silver proteinate method, it was concluded that the TAPO method may be considered suitable for the visualization of polysaccharides. Staining with phosphotungstic acid provided some information on the composition of the cuticle of Oligochaeta not obtained by staining ultrathin sections with lead and uranyl ions nor with silver proteinate. The conclusion is that phosphotungstic acid binds to polysaccharides which do not contain vicglycol groups nor active sites responsible for the positive reaction with lead and uranyl salts. Structural components in the cuticle of the oligochaetes studied were characteristic for each species. The taxonomic value of such components, however, must be confirmed by examination of a larger number of species of oligochaetes.
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    Histology and histochemistry of developing outgrowths of Corvomeyenia carolinensis harrison (Porifera: Spongillidae)Part of this investigation is based upon portions of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of South Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Laboratory-reared outgrowths of the freshwater sponge Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison were examined using histological and histochemical techniques, supplemented by phase contrast observations of cellular behavior. The tissue and cellular components of the spongillid outgrowth region were defined in terms of function and morphogenic state. Archeocytes differ considderably, in both histochemical and morphological characteristics, from other cell types of the adult sponge, being histochemically similar to stem cells reported from a variety of developmental series. Archeocytes exhibit cytological characteristics of unspecialized cells capable of high levels of synthetic activity while other cell types of C. carolinensis, for the most part, can be characterized as fully differentiated cells displaying more restricted synthetic capabilities but often accumulating neutral mucoproteins. The presence of aggregates of amebocytes, not identifiable as archeocytes and possibly engaged in gemmule formation, is discussed in terms of current concepts of gemmulation and cellular developmental capabilities in sponges.
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    Announcement (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430308
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    Evaluation of some morphological characteristics of spores of two species of microsporida by scanning electron microscope and freeze-etching techniques (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy revealed spores of Nosema apis and Thelohania fibrata to be egg-shaped, but only the mature spore of T. fibrata was shown to possess a horseshoe-like concavity at the posterior pole. Freezeetched preparations indicated that this concavity was due to a thin area of the spore coat. Freeze-etching studies also show spores of N. apis do possess an umbrella-shaped polaroplast, and a polar filament which is arranged in a double layer with over 30 coils. The spore of T. fibrata contains a pear-shaped arrangement of the polaroplast membrane, and a polar filament arranged in a single layer of 22 coils.
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  • 38
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430401
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    The development of gill arches and gill blood vessels of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A comparative ultrastructural and behavioral study of the antennal sensory sensilla of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps (hymenoptera:Braconidae)Approved for publication as TA 10689 by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the U.S.D.A. Supported in part by a grant-in-aid of research of the Society of the Sigma Xi and Cotton Incorporated CI-71-599. The authors wish to thank Dr. E. L. Thurston, coordinator of the Electron Microscopy Center at Texas A&M University for his advice and use of the facilities during this study. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 329-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted on the antennal sensory sensilla of the hymenopteran parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, of the family Braconidae. Distinct morphological differences were found between the chemoreceptors of the male and female. Curved, non-fluted, thin-walled sensilla were found to be very abundant on the male and restricted in location and number on the female. Trichoid, placoid and fluted basiconic sensilla were numerous on the antennal flagella of both sexes. Smooth basiconic sensilla were restricted in number to one per flagellar segment in both sexes. Behavioral data suggest that bent-tipped, thick-walled sensilla unique to the female are involved in detecting a chemical(s) emitted from the host, Heliothis virescens (Fab.).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420308
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    Horny cell formation in the epidermis of Rana pipiensThis investigation was supported by grant 14693, National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 365-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Well preserved transitional cells were found between differentiated cells and horny cells of the frog epidermis, thus facilitating the study of the sequential events involved in horny cell formation. Autolysosomes appear to play an important role in the formation of horny cells. These structures preferentially digest those cytoplasmic components which are not necessary constituents of the terminal horny cell. The release of the contents of the small mucous granules into the intercellular spaces is one of the initial events in horny cell formation. Filaments and large mucous granules seem to be resistant to the lytic digestion and contribute to the bulk of the horny cell. Loss of fluids through the plasma membrane and consolidation of the remaining constituents, results in a flattened horny cell. The appearance of a thickened membrane around the horny cell signifies the completion of the transformation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420402
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420101
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    Comparative cardiac anatomy of the reptilia. II. A critique of the literature on the Squamata and RhynchocephaliaWe are indebted to a Commonwealth Scholarship (to G. J. W. Webb) and to the National Heart Foundation of Australia (grant No. G838) for financial aid, to Louise Wissman and Alex Stock for assisting in the translation of foreign literature, to J. P. Kennedy and W. E. Adams for providing papers not otherwise available, to Harry Wadleigh and Harry Spencer for technical aid, to Pam O'Hara, Elizabeth Cherry and Audry Heatwole for typing and to Malcolm Mackinnon for suggestions and criticism. E. T. B. Francis drew our attention to the significance of Acolat's ('35) paper. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420102
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    Neuronal connections and the function of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)Based on portions of a dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology, The University of Michigan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Weiss, '70). (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 21-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fiber constituents and connections of the calyces  -  the input-receiving regions  -  of the corpora pedunculata (“mushroom bodies”) were studied in reduced silver preparations from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In the outer synaptic layer of the calyces five fiber classes were distinguished, the first three of which arise outside the mushroom body. (1) Four highly similar neurons with somata near the optic lobe branch into different parts of the ipsiateral protocerebrum, including both calyces. Their fibers are highly constant in arrangement and position and contain small nucleus-like bodies. (2) The tractus olfactorio-globularis (sensu lato) emits fiber groups which course along the calycal walls as “calycal tracts” before ultimately dissipating into the synaptic layer. Variability within these tracts is described. (3) Fibers of undertermined origin outside the mushroom body radiate from the calycal center outwards through the synaptic layer. (4) From the inner calycal layer of neurites belonging to intrinsic mushroom-body neurons, perpendicular collaterals enter the synaptic layer. (5) Intrinsic-neuron somata near the calycal rim emit fibers which course tangentially within the synaptic layer from calycal rim to center. These fibers form a special peripheral zone in the pedunculus.The predominant presumably afferent calycal fiber class is that derived from the tractus olfactorio-globularis. No evidence was found for tracts from optic lobe to calyces. On this basis, and in light of the experimental and comparative anatomical literature, it is suggested that the corpora pedunculata of P. americana and other pterygotes are fundamentally second-order antennal sensory processing centers.Conflicting observations in earlier reports are critically discussed.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160101
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  • 46
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    Flow kinetics of L-asparaginase attached to nylon tubing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: L-Asparaginase has been attached by chemical means to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been carried out of the flow kinetics for such a system, asparagine solutions at various concentrations being passed through two lengths of tubing at various flow rates. Measurements were made of the concentration of the product ammonia at the tube exit, and of the rate of formation of ammonia, under the various conditions. Apparent Michaelis constants, Km(app), were some three orders of magnitude higher than the Km for the enzyme in free solution (∼13 × 10-6JM). The results were analyzed with respect to the theoretical treatment described in the preceding paper (Kobayashi and Laidler), three different methods being employed. It is concluded that at lower substrate concentrations and flow rates the reactions are largely diffusion-controlled, the enhanced Km(app) values being largely if not entirely due to the diffusion control; ionic strength studies showed electrostatic repulsion effects to be unimportant. At high concentrations and high flow rates (when the diffusion layer is of negligible thickness) the diffusional effects are minimized, and Km(app) approaches the true Km value for the immobilized enzyme.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160109
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  • 47
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    Degradation of lignin by combined chemical and biological treatment (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 789-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that ozone dosages of 0.06 lb and 0.78 lb per pound of lignin can reduce the optical density (in the visible range) of the latter by 82% and 92%, respectively. The reduction in color is accompanied by a shift in the molecular weight distribution of lignin from a broad peak of between 20,000 and 70,000 to lower molecular weight, species including substantial amounts possessing a molecular weight of 1000 or less. The cost of decolorizing a typical kraft paper bleach effluent is estimated to be under 50¢/1000 gal which compares favorably with competitive decolorizing processes. Lignin ozonation results in the production of a series of decolorized products which can serve as the sole source of carbon for a variety of microorganisms. Feasibility studies indicated that at least 40% of the ozonated material can be transferred into microbial biomass (protein) as well as other products of commercial interest such as fumaric acid and penicillin.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160608
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    Development of gelatin/urease films (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 859-862 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160613
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  • 49
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    Hydrolysis of starch by a mixture of enzymes in a membrane reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 545-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160411
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  • 50
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160501
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    Immobilization of enzymes by radiopolymerization of acrylamidePart 1 in a series of studies on the preparation of immobilized enzymes by radiopolymerization. An outline of the work described here was presented at the annual meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, April 1973, Tokyo. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 609-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new and simple method for immobilization of enzymes by the aerobic radio-polymerization of acrylamide was developed. Irradiation treatment of acrylamide in the frozen state produces a spongy immobilized enzyme membrane without the addition of carriers. Aerobic polymerization yields of acrylamide in the frozen state were increased by the addition of starch and also by lyophilization.Glucose oxidase (activity recovery was 12.3-33.7%), invertase (69.2%), D-amono acid oxidase (25.0-70.5%), aminoacylase (39.2-43.7%), mold α-amylase (18.0%), malt β-amylase (4.1%), glucoamylase (6.5%), alkaline protease (5.3%), and neutral protease (10.5%) were immobilized by this method. Invertase entrapped by this method had a wider optium pH range and was active at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160505
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    Symposium on kinetics of waste treatmentThis symposium, presented before the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society on August 30, 1973, in Chicago, Illinois, was organized by the Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology and jointly sponsored with the Environmental Chemistry Division. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 701-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160602
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  • 53
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    Mixing in anaerobic digestion (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 757-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of the anaerobic digester contents significantly influences the efficiency of this operation; in particular, hydraulic dead zones are extremely detrimental to the reaction kinetics involved in anaerobic digestion. An analysis of the relative importance of thermal fluid movement in the digester to those caused by fluid inflow and outflow is presented. As an example, these principles are applied to a digester at the South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant. Experimental measurements, which have general applicability for the measurement of digester mixing volume, confirm the theoretical conjectures. Various types of optimizations can be attempted on this mixing operation. One such optimization applied to gas lift mixers, as employed in the South Bend Treatment Plant, is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160606
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  • 54
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    Cost optimization of activated sludge systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 807-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activated sludge is a widely used aerobic biological waste-water treatment process. A rational approach to least cost design of an integrated system is described which includes the following processes: activated sludge reactor, final settling tanks, gravity thickening, and aerobic sludge digestion. Both capital and operation and maintenance costs are considered. Biological reactor design is based on microbial kinetic concepts and continuous culture of microorganisms theory. Biological solids retention time (θc) is utilized as the primary independent design variable to which system performance is related, e.g., effluent quality, ammonia oxidation, and excess sludge production. Liquid-biomass separation is based on the batch flux technique, a rational approach to design of gravity separators (final settling tanks). Trade-offs among reactor volume, clarifier size, recycle pumping capacity, thickener capacity, digester volume, air requirements, and sludge production are discussed. The optimum design is taken as the combination of these parameters within the acceptable design domain, determined by effluent quality criteria, that results in minimum cost. While the method described is general, design of a given treatment system depends on availability, from lab or pilot studies, of system specific numerical values for biological growth coefficients and biomass setting characteristics. A design example illustrates the approach.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160609
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 863-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160614
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    Simultaneously immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase in controlled-pore titania (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 897-908 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The immobilization of glucose oxidase and catalase by adsorption within the pores of controlled-pore titania has yielded a remarkably stable enzyme system. Catalase apparently acts as both a stabilizer and an activator for glucose oxidase within the pores of this material. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations and flow rates have a marked effect upon the apparent activity of the immobilized enzyme system. The carrier parameters were varied to obtain optimum loading and stability information.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160704
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  • 57
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    Gel entrapped enzymes: Kinetic studies of immobilized β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 943-963 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-galactosidase from E. coli (β-D-galactose galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gel with a 35% retention of activity. The kinetic behavior of the gel-entrapped enzyme has been studied in a recirculation reactor system, the substrate being o-nitrophenyl-βhyphen;D- galactopyranoside. Kinetic constants were determined for particle sizes ranging from 69 to 231 μm in diameter and compared to those of the free enzyme. External diffusion effects were eliminated by operating at high recirculation flow rates. A fourfold increase in Km(app) was observed for the 231 μm particles, consistent with existing theoretical treatments for internal diffusion effects.An Arrhenius plot of rate data showed significant curvature at higher temperatures, which was attributed to the effects of internal diffusion. The pH-activity profile of the gel-entrapped enzyme was bell-shaped at high substrate concentration and, in contrast to the free enzyme, could be fitted to the titration curve of two ionizable groups, a basic group having a pK of 8.6. The gel-entrapped enzyme had a higher pH optimum and retained a larger percentage of its maximal activity at alkaline pH than the free enzyme; its pH stability at high pH was also much better.The thermal stability of the gel-entrapped enzyme was studied and found to be 14 days at 22°C and 65 min at 45°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160708
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    Development and application of the thin channel rectangular air lift mass transfer reactor to fermentation and waste-water treatment systemsPresented at the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 26-31, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1179-1195 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The consideration of fermentation principles in the treatment of industrial and sanitary waste waters leads to substantial process improvements. In particular, the rate of reaction can be improved by several fold by establishing the proper environmental conditions for microbial growth in a fermentation system. Recent work on the concentric cylinder air lift has shown it to be an economical fermentor with many advantages over conventional fermentors. An attempt to improve the economical performance of this system led to the development of the thin channel rectangular air lift fermentor. This was based upon a theoretical analysis of performance parameters. The analysis indicates decreased bubble coalescence, increased bubble entrainment, decreased power costs, increased mass transfer coefficients, and decrease capital costs. Experience using a prototype thin channel rectangular air lift system with sanitary and industrial waste-water treatment systems has demonstrated exceptionally high rates of BOD removal at low operating and capital costs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160904
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  • 59
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    Effect of aeration intensity on the biochemical composition of baker's yeast. II. Activities of the oxidative enzymes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1213-1225 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When the effect of catabolite repression is eliminated Saccharomyces cerevisiae prefers an aerobic metabolism. The potential for completely aerobic catabolism exists even in circumstances where its action is limited by the oxygen available. When the oxygen absorption in the medium is adequate, yeast uses a solely oxidative metabolism for energy-yielding reactions. The changes observed in the activity of malate dehydrogenase can be described as a function of two isoenzymes, both of which are affected by oxygen; the isoenzyme participating in the glyoxylate cycle shows variations in activity similar to that observed in isocitrate lyase. NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity roughly follows that of malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase; in cultivations with the same growth rate the NADP-linked dehydrogenase is insensitive to the oxygen level. The cytochromes aa3, b, and c have a clear maximum at low oxygen tension, the most sensitive being cytochrome aa3. The imbalance between cytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase activity and the amount of cytochrome aa3, and the correlation observed between respiration rate and the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and NADH2:cytochroine c oxidoreductase are discussed. Methods used for estimation of cytochromes are compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160906
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    The concentration of protein solutions by normal freezing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 21-39 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described which is designed for preparative freeze concentration experiments by the technique of normal freezing. It has a capacity of approximately 22 liters distributed over twelve vessels. The influence of various geometrical and chemical parameters such as stirring speed, crystallization rate, and sample composition on the normal freezing of protein solutions are discussed. For dilute protein solutions (〈0.1%) the concentration factor generally was 8- to 10-fold with recoveries of 90-100 percent. With higher protein concentrations and at ionic strengths higher than approximately 0.05, the recovery was decreased. No loss of activity was detected when concentrating enzyme solutions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Maintaining perpetual synchrony in HeLa S3 culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa S3 cells in suspension culture are resynchronized in each successive generation by exposure to 0.25mM thymidine. The resynchronization approach appears to be superior to single- and double-block techniques because the period of effective inhibition of DNA synthesis is significantly shortened. Gram quantities of highly synchronous viable cells have been produced on a daily basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160111
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    pH control and the “shoulder” effect in parallel fermentation pathwaysPresented at the American Chemical Society 166th National Meeting, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, Chicago, Illinois, August 29, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 485-500 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an effort, to develop comprehensive mathematical models for use in optimizing fermentation processes, product rate data taken at constant pH's for the lactic acid fermentation (Lactobacillus delbrueckii) were analyzed. It was observed that the rate of acid synthesis-time trajectories exhibited a “shoulder” effect at pH's less than 5. That is, a nearly constant rate of synthesis for up to 10 hr in the late growth phase, out of a maximum total fermentation time of 70 hr. This effect was used as a clue from which to structure the proposed model with parallel pathways. Simulating shunting pathways does, in fact, demonstrate that, the notion of parallelism is consistent with the expression of a shoulder. It is postulated, therefore, that a differential pH effect between two parallel pathways can account for the presence of a shoulder when both routes prevail, and no shoulder when either pathway predominates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160405
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    Identification of dynamic zones in batch fermentations (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 555-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160413
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  • 64
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    Affinity chromatography purification of diphtheria toxin (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NAD was covalently linked to Sepharose-4B using a 6 carbon spacer. Sterile, dialyzed spent culture medium containing 100 Lf/ml of diphtheria toxin or material concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation containing 1500 Lf/ml, was chromatographed on a column of NAD-Sepharose. Ultraviolet absorbing material which did not flocculate with diphtheria antitoxin was eluted with 0.02M phosphate buffer. When the elation buffer was changed to one containing 0.5M NaCl, purified toxin was eluted off the column.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160706
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    The functional role of lipids in hydrocarbon assimilation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 965-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeast Candida tropicalis utilizes both glucose and hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. When grown on hydrocarbons, the cells contain twice as much lipid as when grown on glucose. In transient continuous culture experiments, following a substrate change from glucose to hexadecane, an adaption phase occurred. During this phase the lipid concentration per cell increased greatly. It is proposed that a high cellular lipid concentration is necessary for hydrocarbon assimilation, and this is not just a reflection of the lipophilic nature of the substrate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160709
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  • 66
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    Reduction of contamination in an industrial fermentation plant (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1005-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information is presented concerning revisions of the fermentation air system equipment which improved the sterility situation in the production of monosodium glutamate.Basically, the revision were a relocation and elevation of the intake to the air compressors and installation of a retention chamber after the compressors to take advantage of the heat of compression.The extended high temperature retention ensures sterile air to the final air filter before the fermentor. Contamination losses - mainly from phage - have been materially reduced relative to the level prevailing before the change.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160802
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  • 67
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    Recovery of erythropoietin from anemic sheep plasma (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1069-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for the large-scale preparation of erythropoietin from anemic sheep plasma. DEAE-cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography was used to prepare Step II erythropoietin. A total of 168 sheep yielded 499 liters of plasma from which 323,000 IU of Step II erythropoietin was obtained.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160807
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  • 68
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    Pilot scale affinity chromatography: Purification of β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1103-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase has been purified from an ammonium sulfate precipitate of E. coli strain ML308 by biospecific adsorption on a column of agarose gel substituted with p-aminophenyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The system described using a 1.8 liter column has a useful processing capacity of 3.8 × 106 units of β-galactosidase per 2 hr cycle. This corresponds to about 5 g of pure enzyme. An electromechanical timing device operates a set of six solenoid valves and carries out a preset program consisting of sample application, washing, and elation operations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160810
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  • 69
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    Kinetics studies in a continuous steady state hollow fiber membrane enzyme reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1113-1122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Porous hollow cellulose fibers have been used to separate a nonflowing enzyme solution of alkaline phosphatase from a continuous flow of substrate. The porosity of the hollow fiber membrane allows the substrate and product to diffuse freely through the membrane while restricting the permeation of the enzyme. The resulting “immobilized” enzyme system has been shown to behave as a continuous reactor - converting p-nitrophenylphosphate to p-nitrophenol. By varying the concentrations, flow rate, etc., either diffusion or enzyme kinetics can be studied. The continual influx of product and removal of substrate at steady state allows the study of kinetics of relatively short half-life enzymes and unstable systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160811
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  • 70
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    Preparation of immobilized enzymes by N-Vinylpyrrolidone and the general properties of the glucoamylase gel (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1517-1528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized glucoamylase, invertase, and β-galactosidase were prepared by using N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer (VP) under γ-ray irradiation. The enzyme-VP solutions were gelled by irradiation with 2.9 Mrad and the added enzymes were almost completely entrapped. Activity losses on entrapping were 55% for the VP-glucoamylase gel, and more than 90% in the case of VP-invertase and VP-β-galactosidase gels. No leakage of enzyme from these gels could be detected within 1 hr. The VP-glucoamylase gel was capable of hydrolyzing dextrin (mol wt 10,400) to glucose and the glucose equivalent was equal to that obtain able with native enzyme. The optimum temperature, heat stability, pH activity curve, and pH stability of VP-glucoamylase gel were slightly inferior to those of native enzyme, while Km was a little larger than that of native enzyme.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161108
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    Publisher's note (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160102
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  • 72
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    A study of the rheological properties of a non-Newtonian Fermentation broth (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 61-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polysaccharide was synthesized by Aureobasidium pullulans (or Pullularia pullulans) 2552 in a sucrose medium. The field apparent viscosity of the culture medium from shake flask experiments rose to 24,500 cP and then dropped toward its initial value as the fermentation progressed. The magnitude of the maximum apparent viscosity depended on the initial pH of the fermentation broth. The inoculum age influenced the cultivation period before which the maximum viscosity was reached. Rheograms of the fermentation broths showed a change in viscosity behavior from Newtonian to pseudoplastic, and then toward Newtonian characteristics during the fermentation. The calculated non-Newtonian index was found to be a sensitive factor for the indication of the non-Newtonian behavior. Such behavior could not be detected from rheograms. Viscosity profiles of polysaccharide isolated from various stages of the fermentation showed a change from Newtonian to pseudoplastic behavior depending on the concentration (0-2%) of polysaccharide.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160106
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  • 73
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    The rheology of mycelial broths (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 181-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the rheology of penicillin broths was undertaken in order to obtain more understanding of this important aspect of the fermentation process. The measuring technique consisted in observation of the torque exerted upon a rotating turbine impeller. The experimental data were interpreted in terms of a model which basically is a synthesis of a known relationship for the rheological behavior of printing ink (Casson equation) and some considerations analogous to the rheological description of polymer solutions (excluded volume concept). One of the key variables in the model is a morphology factor, which can be used for a quantitative description of mycelial morphology. The value of the morphology factor can be determined experimentally by a simple viscosity measurement in combination with a mycelial dry weight determination. There are strong indications that the model may be applicable to mycelial broths other than those of penicillin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160204
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    Covalent bond between the enzyme amyloglucosidase and a porous glass carrier: The effect of shearing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The utility of an immobilized enzyme depends not only on initial loading but also on operational half-life. The loss of activity of an immobilized enzyme in a column reactor may occur in several ways. It is therefore of interest to determine whether the decay in activity is due to the rupture of any of the enzyme-carrier bonds in the composite. In order to do this, it is first necessary to establish whether the enzyme on the composite is in fact covalently bound or adsorbed. In this report we have shown that there are a number of covalent links per protein molecule. We have also shown that the bond energies are sufficient to prevent shearing of the enzyme itself from the composite under any stresses which may occur in a chromatography column or packed-bed reactor during continuous operation. The effect of the siloxane linkage on composite stability is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160203
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    A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter for continuously monitoring cell concentration during fermentation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter has been developed to automatically and continuously assay the cell concentration in a fermentor by measuring the turbidity of the solution as a function of the light scattered at 180° to the incident light. The output signal is nearly directly proportional to the cell concentration in a fermentor when the sample stream contains from 0 to more than 50 g of cells per liter (wet weight). The device consists of a bifurcated fiber-optics light pipe with its distal end inserted into a flow cell through which the material to be analyzed passes. A light source on one proximal branch of the light pipe illuminates the sample stream; light that is back-scattered from participates in the stream re-enters the light pipe and is returned to a photodetector on the other proximal branch of the light pipe. A signal conditioning system connected to the optical head by a cable provides gain and zero adjustment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160404
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    Reduction and separation of nitrate and nitrite by liquid membrane-encapsulated enzymes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 513-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified enzymes encapsulated in liquid surfactant membranes have been shown to retain their catalytic activity. In general, previous work on encapsulation has been confined to single enzymes. The system has now been extended to encapsulate a bacterial cell-free homogenate. Liquid membrane-encapsulated bacterial cell-free homogenate reduces effectively NO3- to NO2- and other nitrogen compounds of lower oxidation state. This technique of removing nitrates and nitrites may have application in waste-water treatment. Also, it has been shown that encapsulated cell-free homogenate does not leak and there is no absorption of the substrate onto the liquid surfactant membrane surfaces. The reduction in the reaction rates is discussed in terms of solubility of the substrate and the rate of permeation of the substrates through the liquid surfactant membrane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160407
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    Measurement of aerobic batch culture maximum specific growth rate and respiration coefficient using a dissolved oxygen probe (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160409
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    Enhanced enzymatic reaction rates with substrates in aerosol form (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160412
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    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. II. Cocoupling of the enzymes and use in a packed bed column (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 579-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.9) have been covalently bound in a two-enzyme system to a crosslinked copolymer of acrylarmide-acrylic acid by using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The coupling yields based on the amounts of added β-amylase and pullulanase were 40% and 38%, respectively, with residual enzymic activities of 22% and 32% of those of free enzymes. A markedly increased operational stability was observed for the immobilized two-enzyme system compared to the free enzymes in solution. In order to find optimal operational conditions the influence of different pH values and temperatures on the conversion process was investigated. The action of the immobilized β-amylase-pullulanase derivative on partially hydrolyzed starch (DE 3.4-10.7) in a packed bed column was studied. Analysis of the product was performed using gas-liquid chromatography.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160503
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    Continuous hydrocarbon fermentation with colloidal emulsion feed. A kinetic model for two-liquid phase culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 635-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida tropicalis was cultured in a chemostat-type fermentor with n-hexadecane, dispersed in water as submicron droplets, as the only carbon substrate. The emulsion as well as the aqueous medium were fed continuously into the fermentor. A Monod-type equation can correlate the specific group rate in the continuous fermentor with the concentration of submicron droplets. The same equation can also be fitted to the data for the conventional-type batch culture in the same fermentor in which an oil phase as well as an aqueous phase existed, if the hydrocarbon concentration in the aqueous phase excluding oil drops is employed as the substrate concentration. This demonstrates that Candida tropicalis takes up only submicron droplets of n-hexadecane as the carbon substrate.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160507
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  • 81
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    Preparation of immobilized lactase. Continued studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 689-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soluble fungal lactase (lactase-W) of greater activity that the previously available fungal lactase (lactase-M) has been covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass particles and 1 mm diameter porous TiO2 particles. The immobilized lactase-W appears to give results similar to the lactase-M except for the operational half-life. At 30°C the half-life of the lactase-M appears to exceed that of the lactase-W by approximately 100 days under operational conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160510
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    Kinetics of formation of humic substances in activated sludge systems and their effect on flocculation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 739-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Humic substances were isolated during batch aeration studies with activated sludge and a complex waste source, by using concentration and separation techniques that employ reverse osmosis, ultrafitration, and gel permeation chromatography. The study suggests that the formation of high molecular weight humic substances may occur after the removal of the readily available carbon source. The amount of refractory material finally present in the solution will depend on its adsorptive properties toward bacterial cells. The adsorptive characteristics may be determined by the magnitude of the carbohydrate fraction present in the humic substances. If the carbohydrate content decreases, adsorption onto the cells may decrease resulting in an impairment of both the floe formation and settleability of the sludge floes. Decreased adsorption will result in a higher total organic carbon content and an increase in color bearing materials in the effluent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160605
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  • 83
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    Experimental studies on a kinetic model for design and operation of activated sludge processes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 723-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous experimentation in our laboratory has shown that the classical theory developed for continuous growth of pure cultures in completely mixed aerobic systems in which the recycle cell concentration factor, c (where c = XR/X), is a selectable system constant, did not provide a suitable model for the heterogeneous (natural) populations of the activated sludge process. Another model was derived in which the recycle cell concentration, XR was employed as a system constant instead of c, and computational analysis was performed. Laboratory pilot plant experimentation was undertaken in order to determine whether a “steady state” in aerator biological solids concentration, X̄, and substrate concentration, S̄, could be approached under this mode of operation. Studies were performed at various organic feed concentrations holding dilution rate, D, at 0.125 hr-1, hydraulic recycle ratio, α, at 0.25, and XR at 10,000 mg/liter. Also, values of maximum specific growth rate, μmax, and saturation constant, Ks were determined. It was found that the model approached the steady state condition with heterogeneous populations more closely than did the classical model, and the high degree of treatment efficiency predicted by the model was demonstrated experimentally.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160701
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  • 85
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    External and internal diffusion in heterogeneous enzymes systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 909-923 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intrusion of diffusion in heterogeneous enzyme reactions, which follow. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is quantitatively characterized by dimensionless parameters that are independent of the substrate concentration. The effects of these parameters on the overall rate of reaction is illustrated on plots commonly employed in enzyme kinetics. The departure from Michaelis-Menten kinetics due to diffusion limitations can be best assessed by using Hofstee plots which are also suitable to distinguish between internal and external transport effects. A graphical method is described for the evaluation of the reaction rate as a function of the surface concentration of the substrate from measured data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160705
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    Purification of enzymes using magnetic bio-affinity materials (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 987-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160710
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1004-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160713
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme catalysis in the presence of nonaqueous solvents using chloroperoxidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1045-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies exploring the effect of two nonaqueous solvents on enzyme activity were done using chloroperoxidase as a model system. Chloroperoxidase produced by Caldariomyces fumago is a bifunctional enzyme with halogenating activity at pH 3 and peroxidation activity at pH 5 to 6. Methanol affected both of these activities similarly. Furthermore, methanol and the halogen acceptor, monochlorodimedon, competitively inhibit the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action of methanol. At 10% methanol concentration, the enzyme retained up to 33% of its activity depending on the monochlorodimedon concentration. Dimethylsulfoxide at 10% concentration permitted up to 47% retention of activity. Its effects on the enzyme are more complex than methanol and are discussed in terms of a transitory inactivation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160805
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilized tannase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1095-1102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme tannase has been immobilized on an inorganic support by covalent attachment. This immobilized enzyme was characterized and half-lives determined. Since this enzyme has application in the treatment of tea cream, experiments were also carried out to determine the effect of tea on enzyme half-life.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160809
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between oxygen demand and extracellular fatty acids of yeasts grown on n-alkanes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1135-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160813
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160901
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161001
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An enzyme rate equation for the overall rate of reaction of gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles under buffered conditions. I. Pseudo-one substrate conditions (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1299-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overall rate of reaction of buffered gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles is described by means of an enzyme rate equation which relates the overall reaction rate of a particle to the free solution characteristics of the enzyme, the effective diffusivity of the limiting substrate in the gel, the characteristic particle size, and the limiting substrate concentration adjacent to the gel surface. This equation accounts quantitatively for the limitation of the overall rate of reaction by substrate diffusion, and it is used to illustrate the influence of the system parameters, i. e., particle size, enzyme concentration, and pH, on the extent of the diffusional resistance associated with gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles.The enzyme rate equation is generally applicable to those enzymes whose kinetics approximately follow Michaelis-Menten form when in free solution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161002
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Stability of commensalistic systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1373-1392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of two-species commensalistic systems in a chemostat has been investigated after perturbations in steady state conditions and after step changes in dilution rate. The system is inherently stable with not more than three overshoots and undershoots possible. More complicated commensalistic systems are less stable, with limit cycle response occurring after dilution rate changes when feedback inhibition and feedforward activation occurs. In general variation of feedback parameters is more effective in changing the behavior of the systems than variation of feedforward parameters. Limited agreement with the experimental data of Chao and Reilly was obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161006
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    An experimental fermenting apparatus designed for the automatic sampling of microbial cultures (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1407-1411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161009
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    A convenient new method of enzyme immobilization (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1425-1429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161012
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste cellulose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1471-1493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Waste cellulose was a suitable carbon source for cellulose production by Trichoderma viride. The enzyme can be produced in submerged fermentation using newspaper as a growth substrate. A variety of pure and complex cellulosic materials were hydrolyzed by culture filtrates. Saccharification of 5% slurries after 48 hr ranged from 2-92%. The rate and extent of hydrolysis was controlled by degree of crystallinity, particle size, and presence of impurities. Newspaper was used to evaluate methods for the pretreatment of substrate. The best pretreatment was ball milling which gave good size reduction, maximum bulk density, and maximum susceptibility. Hammer milling, fluid energy milling, colloid milling, or alkali treatments were less satisfactory. Dissolving cellulose in cuprammonium, or carbon disulfide (Viscose) and then reprecipitating gave a susceptible, but low bulk density product. However the susceptibility was lost if the substrate was dried. Because of costs, low bulk density, necessity of keep ing the substrate wet, and generation of chemical waste streams dissolving cellulose to increase reactivity does not seem a practical approach.Cellulose fractions separated from municipal trash or agricultural residues such as milled fibres from bovine manure are promising substrates for conversion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161105
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on aminoacylase immobilized on porous ceramic carriers (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1537-1544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aminoacylase was covalently coupled to several porous ceramic type carriers and studied for durability under operating conditions. These studies indicate that it should be possible to develop a commercially economic system based on ceramic carriers for the resolution of racemic mixtures of amino acids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161110
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble-insoluble enzyme catalysts (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1553-1556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161113
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. III. Process kinetic studies on continuous reactors (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1567-1587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the parameters influencing the potential industrial application of an immobilized two-enzyme system of β-amylase and pullulanase for conversion of starch to a product with high maltose content, have been performed. The apparent Michaelis constant, the apparent product inhibitor constant, and the activation energy have been determined for the immobilized preparation and compared to the values for the corresponding soluble enzyme system. The catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes was studied in a plug-flow reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for these reactors have been formulated and adapted to fit the experimental data. Comparisons of the reactor efficiencies were made and the conditions were found to be such as to favor the plug-flow reactor. Results on operational stability tests at different temperatures and substrate concentrations are given.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161202
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