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  • 1985-1989  (636)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969
  • 1986  (636)
  • Engineering General  (497)
  • Life Sciences  (107)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional morphology and biochemistry in experimental brain abscesses (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain abscess ; Cat ; Energy state ; Substrate mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain abscesses were induced experimentally in six cats by stereotactic inoculation ofStaphylococcus aureus A8 into the white matter of the left cerebral hemisphere. Seven days later, the brains were frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen and subsequently sawn into coronal sections of 5 mm thickness, while being cooled with liquid nitrogen. Thin slices were taken from those sections containing the largest expanse of abscess: slices of 5 μm thickness were stained histologically, and in adjacent 20 μm slices the regional distribution of ATP and glucose was mapped using substrate-specific bioluminescence methods. Furthermore, the NADH fluorescence from the surface of the tissue section was recorded. Six layers could be distinguished histologically in the abscess capsule, five of which showed different substrate patterns. Only in two layers a low metabolic activity could be observed, as shown by slight ATP bioluminescence. The pattern of the biochemical substrates in the white matter surrounding the abscess indicated a reduction in the cellular oxygen availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687033
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topographic distribution of callosal neurons and terminals in the cerebral cortex of the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 323-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Anterior commissure ; Columns ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation had four goals: First, to study the general topography of the corpus callosum (CC) of the cat. Second, to study the columnar organization of CC terminals and map their banding pattern in the cortex. Third, to examine the relation between CC neuron density and the presence of CC terminal columns. Fourth, to determine whether CC and anterior commissure (AC) neuron distributions are intermixed. Eight adult cats were subjected to partial commissurotomies, and then to large injections of horseradish peroxidase to one cerebral hemisphere. Processing with tetramethyl benzidine revealed retrogradely labelled cells and anterogradely labelled terminals in the cortex of the uninjected hemisphere. The distributions of these cells and terminals were examined by light microscopy and analyzed by computer microscopic methods. The genu of the CC interconnects frontal portions of the cortex, the body interconnects mostly dorsal portions of the cortex, while the splenium interconnects the temporal and occipital cortices. Reconstructions of the CC terminal columns reveal intricate banding patterns in several non-primary areas of the cortex. CC cell density is greater within than outside the terminal columns. CC and AC neurons intermix in the infragranular lavers of the neocortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318916
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is motilin a cerebellar peptide in the rat? (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motilin-like immunoreactivity ; RIA ; HPLC ; Cat ; Intestine ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Dendrites ; Neocortex ; Pyramidal cells ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motilin was demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique in endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract using several specific antisera. Motilin-like immunoreactivity could only be demonstrated with one of these antisera and was observed in Purkinje cells and dendrites of the cerebellum, in pyramidal cells and dendrites of the cerebral cortex and in dendrites of the CA3 field of the hippocampus of the rat. Very low motilin-like immunoreactivity was found in cerebellum as well as in cerebral cortex using radioimmunoassay. However, using reverse phase liquid chromatography combined with UV-detection and radioimmunoassay, no peak of a peptide corresponding to synthetic motilin was detectable in rat cerebellar extracts, in contrast to findings in rat duodenum. The results do not suggest that motilin is an intrinsic neuroactive substance of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318921
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferents to the lateral reticular nucleus from the oculomotor region (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1986), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Edinger-Westphal nucleus ; Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of retrograde axonal transport of the wheat germ agglutinin — horseradish peroxidase complex, a projection from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the lateral reticular nucleus was demonstrated in the cat. Following small tracer ejections in the main part of the lateral reticular nucleus, a significant number of labelled neurons were found bilaterally throughout the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Most of the labelled cells were located on the ipsilateral side. The projecting neurons are spindle-shaped to round with a maximum diameter of the cell body between 15 and 30 μm. The findings are discussed in relation to other Edinger-Westphal efferent projections, and some comments are made concerning the cytoarchitecture and delineation of the feline Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389604
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescent double-labelling study of ascending and descending neurones in the feline lateral cervical nucleus (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Double labelling ; Fluorescent tracing ; Lateral cervical nucleus ; Ascending and descending neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of ascending and descending neurones of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) was investigated in 10 adult cats after injections of the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Nuclear Yellow. Injections into the thalamus and tectum resulted in up to 3000 labelled cell profiles within the contralateral LCN. This corresponded to a calculated number of 4500 labelled LCN neurones. The greatest diameter of the labelled cell profiles was about 30 μm. They were located throughout the nucleus, but were less numerous in its medial portion. Injections mainly into the dorsal horn of different pairs of cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord resulted in a calculated number of up to 305 labelled LCN cells. The diameter of these cell profiles was about 25 μm and they were mainly situated in the rostro-ventral and medial parts of the LCN. Doublelabelled cells with ascending and descending projections were not encountered after injections into the thalamus-tectum and spinal segments C5-6. About 15% of the descending LCN cells were doublelabelled by pairs of spinal injections separated by intervals of one segment. It is concluded that the neurones descending down the spinal cord and ascending to the thalamus-tectum constitute different subpopulations of cells within the LCN and that a minor proportion of the descending cells seem to project to at least three adjacent segments of the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236026
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short latency inputs to phrenic motoneurones from the sensorimotor cortex in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 280-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Phrenic nerve ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Medullary pyramids ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short latency responses were recorded from C5 phrenic roots and intracellularly from phrenic motoneurones following stimulation of the pericruciate cortex or medullary pyramids in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal or chloralose-urethane. Focal stimulation of the cortical surface (single pulses, 0.5–2 ms, 0.3–8 mA) during inspiration evoked EPSPs (latency 4.7 ± 1.7 ms, rise time 1.9 ± 1.1 ms, amplitude 0.22 to 3.94 mV) in 42% of motoneurones studied (n = 107). The EPSPs were absent, or on average 60% smaller, following stimulation during expiration. In all but two motoneurones, during both inspiration and expiration, hyperpolarizing potentials were observed either following the initial depolarization or alone. They could be reversed by hyperpolarizing current or chloride injection. Stimulation of the pyramidal tract at mid medullary level (1 to 3 pulses, 0.2 ms) evoked short latency excitation in phrenic motoneurones only with currents of more than 200 μA. Smaller stimuli applied to the medial reticular formation above the pyramidal tract evoked excitation (onset latency 1.5–3.2 ms) in which the earliest part was probably monosynaptic. These results show that the corticospinal responses in phrenic motoneurones are both excitatory and inhibitory. They are not transmitted through the pyramidal tract and are at least disynaptic. Excitation evoked from the medullary pyramidal tract can be explained by current spread beyond the pyramidal tract fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239518
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of horizontal intrinsic connections in cat striate cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Intrinsic connections ; Visual deprivation ; Development ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) reveal a characteristic patchy staining pattern within the superficial layers of cat striate cortex. The patches consist of a dense accumulation of labeled neurons and axonal arborizations. We have investigated the tangential organization and the development of these intrinsic cortical connections by using a flat-mount preparation of area 17. The diameter of the patches varied from 200 to 400 μm, the center-to-center distance ranged from 400 to 800 μm, and the spread of patches extended further in the anterior-posterior than in the medial-lateral direction. The expression of these horizontal patchy connections is age- and experience-dependent. From ten days to six weeks of age patches are exuberant and on occasion fuse to beaded bands extending radially from the injection site. From 6 weeks onwards the number and the tangential spread of the patches decreases to one or two rows of isolated clusters. Long-term binocular deprivation disrupts this pattern of intrinsic connections nearly completely. We infer from these results that there is an inborn pattern of discrete horizontal connections in striate cortex which is shaped by visual experience and requires contour vision for its maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236865
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitatory interactions between phrenic motoneurons in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneurons ; Interactions ; Cholinergic synapses ; Phrenic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Interactions between phrenic motoneurons have been analysed in anaesthetized, paralyzed cats after C3 to C7 deafferentation. Effects of electrical stimulation of the C5 phrenic axons have been studied on thin filaments dissected from the stimulated nerve. Repetitive stimulation could elicit, after the primary direct response of the stimulated axons, a secondary response named Recurrent Response, RR. 2. RRs have been obtained in 117/186 phrenic axons. They appear sporadically (mean occurrence: 3.75 RRs elicited by 100 shocks of stimulation) at a constant latency. They originate from a spinal mechanism since they persist after C2 transection and disappear after section of the ventral roots. 3. The mechanism responsible for RR shows spatial and temporal facilitation. The RR probability increases with the number of antidromically invaded motoneurons as revealed by changes either of stimulation intensity or of central respiratory drive. However, RR could be evoked in a motoneuron without an antidromic volley in its axon. 4. Systemic injections of nicotinic blocking drugs such as dihydro-β-erytroidin or mecamylamine decrease or suppress the occurrence of RR; therefore, cholinergic synapses are involved in the RR generating process. 5. RR are assumed to be due to direct excitatory interactions between homonymous motoneurons. Recurrent axon collaterals impinging directly on neighbouring motoneurons would link together the different motoneurons of the phrenic pool. The functional significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238846
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual mode of projections from the parietal to the motor cortex in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: PT cell ; Areas 4γ and 5 ; Intracortical microstimulation ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The cortico-cortical projection from area 5 to area 4 γ was studied in anesthetized cats. 2. Intracortical microstimulation of area 5 produced EPSPs in pyramidal tract (PT) cells in area 4 γ. Such EPSPs were analysed in a total of 54 fast PT cells. The rising phase of these EPSPs was often composed of fast and slow components. 3. Fast-rising EPSPs (fast component) were produced predominantly by stimulation within layer III of area 5 while slow-rising EPSPs (slow component) were evoked predominantly by stimulation within layer V of area 5. 4. The amplitudes of the fast and slow components of EPSPs produced during repetitive stimulation within layers III and V of area 5 decreased and increased, respectively, with an increase in the stimulus frequency without any appreciable changes in their latency and time-to-peak. The slow component was much less influenced by membrane hyperpolarization than the fast component. 5. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found not only in layer III but also in layer V of area 5 following HRP injection centered on superficial layers (I–III) of area 4γ. 6. It is suggested that there are two groups of cortico-cortical neurons in layers III and V of area 5, which may make monosynaptic contact with the proximal and distal sites of fast PT cells in area 4γ, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238847
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern of pyramidal tract collateralization to medial thalamus, lateral hypothalamus and red nucleus in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 585-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Chloralose ; Motor cortex ; PT collaterals ; Macro- and microstimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulating electrodes were placed in the red nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and medial thalamus in order to determine whether pyramidal tract (PT) neurons send collaterals to those sites. The red nucleus projections are well-known, but it was discovered that PT neurons also project into the other two sites. All of the fibers that sent collaterals to all three sites originated from fast PT neurons. Those that responded to stimulation of the skin and that sent collaterals to two or three sites were predominantly fast PT neurons. Those neurons that responded only to cerebral peduncle stimulation were predominantly slowly-conducting, when compared with the set of PT neurons in response to cerebral peduncle stimulation. The patterns of collateral branching to red nucleus and to lateral hypothalamus were similar, suggestimg a similar synaptic effect of the pyramidal system in the two sites. Measurement of the speed of conduction from three sites along the length of corticospinal fibers revealed large changes on some, but not all, fibers; there was no evident pattern to these changes that might be associated with collateral branching. A new hypothesis concerning the functional role of fast PT neurons in regulating movement is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237585
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electrophysiological investigation of propriospinal inspiratory neurons in the upper cervical cord of the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 625-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Respiratory neurons ; Cervical spinal cord ; Axonal projection ; Phrenic motoneurons ; Intercostal motoneurons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was performed in order to describe the location, axonal projection and possible synaptic action of the inspiratory neurons recently described in the upper cervical cord. In 26 cats anaesthetized with Nembutal, extracellular recordings were made from 224 cervical inspiratory units which were found near the lateral border of lamina VII and formed a column extending from the caudal end of the nucleus retroambigualis at the C1 segment to the rostral half of the C3 segment. Most of the units (approximately 85%) could be excited antidromically from the thoracic cord. Antidromic mapping showed collateral branches to the C5 segment in the vicinity of the phrenic nucleus, occasionally crossing the midline. No synaptic connections with phrenic motoneurones could be revealed either by cross-correlation of the activity of the cervical units with the discharge of C5 phrenic root, or by spike-triggered averaging (STA) of the post-synaptic noise recorded intracellularly from phrenic motoneurons. Extensive branching was found in the examined T3–T5 segments with arborizations near the ipsilateral intercostal motor nuclei and often extending across the midline. Cross-correlation experiments did not show clear monosynaptic connections to the inspiratory intercostal motoneurons. Intracellular recording from intercostal motoneurons and STA resulted in a few (2 out of 37) small, probably disynaptic, e.p.s.p.s. It is concluded that the upper cervical neurons are involved in the control of phrenic and intercostal motoneurons, probably through a disynaptic pathway involving segmental interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237589
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine antibodies: studies on their cross-reactivity in vitro and their immunohistochemical specificity (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 627-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Antibodies to serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Antibodies specificity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were obtained from 4 rabbits after injections of 5-HT coupled to bovine serum albumin by means of paraformaldehyde (PF). Two methods were used to monitor the developement of antibodies (AB): the one based on the “in vitro” competitive binding properties of the antibodies with3(H)5-HT, the other, on their “in situ” binding properties to endogenous 5-HT, using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique, applied to paraffin embedded sections of cat brainstem. No pharmacological processing, detergents or proteolytic enzymes were used. The specificity of the antiserum was tested by competitive procedures with 20 analogs using the “in vitro” and “in situ” techniques. “In vitro” studies were performed with 5-HT free analogs and with analogs previously coupled with PF to lysine. Radioimmunological tests showed that the antibodies recognize mainly the ethylamine (CH2-CH2-NH2)-cham of the free analogs and that the best specificity was obtained with the 5-HT conjugate (5-HT-lysine-PF). The results suggest that the hapten is coupled through the phenolic positions C4 or C5. The “in situ” immunohistochemical extinction assays also revealed a distinct specificity for 5-HT. Possible optical and ultrastructural applications are illustrated in the raphé nuclei of the cat. These results confirm the reliability of radioimmunological tests for studying the specificity of AB directed against haptens, provided that haptens and analogs tested were first chemically transformed to resemble the immunogen (herewith lysine-PF coupling) with regard to its antigenic structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237485
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liminal and supraliminal response characteristics of mechanoreceptive neurons in the cuneate nucleus of cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 486-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Thresholds ; Stimulus-response functions ; Cuneatus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response characteristics of mechanoreceptive neurons (RA, SA, and PC) innervating the foot pad of cat were determined in the cuneate nucleus. The mechanical stimuli were single sinusoidal pulses of varying frequency (20, 60, 150, and 240 Hz), and vibratory trains of varying frequency (80 and 240 Hz) and duration (50, 100, and 400 ms). Thresholds and stimulus-response functions were determined with single pulses. Absolute thresholds (1 impulse/train), tuning thresholds (1 impulse/cycle), and atonal intervals (the range between absolute and tuning thresholds) were determined with vibratory stimulus trains. When tested with single pulses the thresholds resembled those of primary afferents in all unit populations. The stimulus-response function of PC units but not of all RA units were comparable to those of primary afferents. Noxious conditioning stimulation did not influence the thresholds of cuneate mechanoreceptors in the tested sample (N = 6). Mostly PC units were tested with vibratory trains. Absolute thresholds were not dependent on stimulus duration, which is a consistent finding with peripheral units. In contrast to peripheral units, the tuning thresholds in most PC units were elevated with increasing stimulus duration. The variability in the range of atonal intervals was much larger than in the periphery. Thus, it seems that both the type of the tactile signal and the type of the studied mechanoreceptive neuron are critical parameters in determining whether the response characteristics of neurons in the cuneate and in the periphery are identical or not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236027
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory response properties of neurons in the claustrum and putamen of the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Claustrum ; Putamen ; Auditory response properties ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The auditory response properties of single neurons in claustrum and putamen were studied in response to simple dichotic stimuli (viz. noise- and tone-bursts) in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Neurons in claustrum were commonly weakly driven with long latency, were broadly tuned and were excited by stimulation of either ear (EE). Putamen neurons, in contrast, were securely driven with short latency, showed irregular tuning with a preference for low frequencies and were either EE or excited only by the contralateral ear (EO). The differences between claustrum and putamen responses can be related to differences in connections with the auditory cortical fields and with auditory thalamus. Some neurons were also tested for visual responsiveness: auditory and visual cells were intermingled in both nuclei and only a small percentage of cells were bimodal. In contrast to the visual and somatosensory input to claustrum, which are derived from primary cortical fields, the auditory input to claustrum is apparently derived from non-primary cortical regions, suggesting a fundamentally different role for processing of auditory information in claustrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239531
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye position signals in cat superior colliculus (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Single units ; Eye movements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit activity was studied in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus in two trained cats. Eye movements were recorded with a magnetic search coil, the head being fixed. Discharge rates which varied as a function of eye position were consistently observed in 7 of 67 (about 10%) of the sample of eye movement-related units. These units showed similar changes in firing rate as a function of eye position in total darkness and during task related fixation of visual targets and thus appear to convey an “eye position” signal. Their activity may originate either from proprioception or from corollary discharge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239534
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binocular suppression in cortical neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 581-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual neurons ; Contrast ; Binocular interactions ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dichoptic presentation of patterns similar in shape but of very different contrast results in the perception of only the high contrast pattern (binocular suppression). When recording from binocular neurons of the cat visual cortex, we have found an effect which is strikingly similar to this perceptual phenomenon. If a high and a low contrast grating are presented simultaneously, one to each eye, the cell's response to the low contrast stimulus is suppressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237480
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bulbar neurones with axonal projections to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 98-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Interneurones ; Motor control ; Jaw movements ; WGA-HRP ; Retrograde transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of bulbar neurones with axons projecting to the ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus were investigated in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in amounts of 5–24 nl. A volume-calibrated microelectrode was used for recording of evoked potentials and pressure injection of WGA-HRP. The injection site was guided by the position where a maximal antidromic response was evoked by electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve. The survival time was 19–22 h. In preparations with the depot located in the masseteric subnucleus retrogradely stained neurones were found bilaterally in the borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Dense populations of stained neurones were observed ipsi- and contralaterally in the dorsal division of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Clusters of WGA-HRP-neurones were observed bilaterally in the lateral tegmental field at the level of the subnucleus-β of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, bilaterally dorsal to the facial nucleus and contralaterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus. No stained neurones were found in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. A group of stained neurones was located in the marginal nucleus of brachium conjunctivum and some were found in the raphé nuclei near obex. Cell profiles were of two types: medium-sized neurones with a triangular profile and 30–40 μm diameter, and fusiform neurones 10×50–70 μm. Convergence of descending cortical and trigeminal afferent inputs on interneurones located in the lateral borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus, i.e. the intertrigeminal area, is reported in the preceding paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243833
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortically and lingually induced postsynaptic potentials in trigeminal motoneurons after axotomy (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 272-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Membrane property ; Postsynaptic potentials ; Axotomized trigeminal motoneuron ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane properties and the efficacy of excitatory and inhibitory synapses were studied in cat masseteric motoneurons (Mass Mns) after axotomy. In axotomized Mass Mns the slope of the primary range in the frequency-current relationship showed a higher gain than that of normal Mass Mns. The safety of antidromic invasion was increased and the initial segment component of antidromic action potentials could not be separated from the somadendritic component. In normal Mass Mns a single shock delivered to the orbital gyrus or the lingual nerve induced long-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). In two-thirds of Mass Mns explored 30 days after axotomy, a single shock delivered to the orbital gyrus or the lingual nerve evoked a mixture of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials. In Mass Mns 50 days after axotomy, we have demonstrated that the major fraction of the total sample of explored Mass Mns showed long-lasting excitatory postsynaptic potentials followed by IPSPs. The results suggest that in Mass Mns, axotomy is followed by the decline of synaptic efficacy of inhibitory rather than of excitatory synapses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239517
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyramidal tract of the cat: axon size and morphology (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract axons ; Cat ; Size and morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to determine the number and morphology of pyramidal tract (PT) axons in the cat, using electron microscopy, modern methods of fixation, and computer-assisted morphometric analysis. Sections taken at the level of the medullary pyramids in three animals were fixed and magnified up to 10,000 x to produce photomicrographs. Morphological data were entered into computer files for analysis by tracing axon perimeters on micrographs mounted on a digitizer tablet. The number of axons per PT averaged 415,000, of which 88% were myelinated and 12% were unmyelinated. 90% of the myelinated axons fell in the diameter range 0.5–4.5 μm. Axons larger than 9 μm diameter accounted for 1% of the total; the largest were 20–23 μm. Myelinated axon mean diameter was 1.98 μm; because of the skewed distribution, with many small axons and a few very large axons, median diameter was 1.60 μm. Size distribution was relatively uniform throughout the PT cross section, with all sizes represented in all regions. However, the more medial regions had a higher proportion of small fibers than the more lateral regions: mean medial diameter was 1.85 μm while mean lateral diameter was 2.09 μm. Myelin sheath thickness averaged 7.9% of fiber diameter for axons up to 11 μm, but was constant at 0.9 μm for larger fibers. Myelinated fibers were distorted from the circular shape in cross section, with a mean circularity index (or form factor) of 0.85, which implies that the fibers could swell about 15% without rupture of the cell membrane. Unmyelinated fibers averaged 0.18 μm diameter (range 0.05–0.6 μm); the largest unmyelinated axons were larger than the smallest myelinated axons. It is concluded that previous work greatly underestimated the number of axons in the cat pyramidal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239520
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of vertical canal related second order vestibular neurons in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 35-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Semicircular canals ; Three-neuron arc ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of vertical canal related second order vestibular neurons in the cat was studied with the intracellular horseradish peroxidase method. Neurons were identified by their monosynaptic potentials following electrical stimulation via bipolar electrodes implanted into individual semicircular canal ampullae. Anterior and posterior canal neurons projected primarily to contralateral or ipsilateral motoneuron pools (excitatory and inhibitory pathways, respectively). The axons of contralaterally projecting neurons crossed the midline at the level of the abducens nucleus and bifurcated into an ascending and a descending main branch which travelled in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Two types of anterior canal neurons were observed, one with unilateral and one with bilateral oculomotor projection sites. For both neuron classes, the major termination sites were in the. contralateral superior rectus and inferior oblique subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus. In neurons which terminated bilaterally, major collaterals recrossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus to reach the ipsilateral superior rectus motoneuron pool. Other, less extensive, termination sites of both neuron classes were in the contralateral vestibular nuclear complex, the facial nucleus, the medullary and pontine reticular formation, midline areas within and neighboring the raphé nuclei, and the trochlear nucleus. The ascending main axons continued further rostrally to reach the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and areas around the fasciculus retroflexus. The descending branches proceeded further caudal in the medial vestibulo-spinal tract but were not followed to their spinal target areas. In addition to two previously described posterior canal related neuron types (Graf et al. 1983), we found neurons with bilateral oculomotor terminals and a spinal collateral. Typical for posterior canal neurons, the major termination sites were in the trochlear nucleus (superior oblique motoneurons) and in the inferior rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus. Axon collaterals recrossed the midline to reach ipsilateral inferior rectus motoneurons. The axons of ipsilaterally projecting neurons ascended through the reticular formation to join the MLF caudal to the trochlear nucleus. The main target sites of anterior canal related neurons were in the trochlear nucleus and the inferior rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus. Minor collaterals reached the pontine reticular formation and areas in between the fiber bundles of the ipsilateral MLF. In some cases, small collaterals crossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus to terminate in the inferior rectus subdivision on the contralateral side. The axon proceeded further rostral to project to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and beyond. The main termination sites of posterior canal neurons were in the superior rectus and inferior oblique subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus. Minor collaterals were also observed to reach the midline area within the oculomotor nucleus, however, prospective contralateral termination sites could not be identified. More rostral projections were found in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. The described axonal arborization of second order vestibular neurons reflects the organization of intrinsic coordinate systems as exemplified by the geometry of the semicircular canal and the extraocular muscle planes. These neurons are interpreted to provide a matrix for coordinate system transformation, i.e. from vestibular into oculomotor reference frames, and to play a role in gaze control and related reflexes by distributing their signals to multiple termination sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235644
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological evidence for a projection from medial prefrontal and anterior limbic cortex toward the medial preoptic area in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Prefrontal cortex ; Limbic cortex ; Medial preoptic area ; Axonal branching ; Electrophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in cat medial prefrontal cortex, anterior limbic cortex and possibly the indusium griseum were identified by antidromic invasion as having axonal projections towards the medial preoptic region, using both macro- and microstimulation techniques. These projecting axons were found to be of slow conduction velocity (0.2–4.8 m/s) and to in some cases also send branches towards the anteromedial thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, ventromedial tegmentum, basolateral amygdala or medial forebrain bundle. Threshold-depth curves for axons excited by microstimulation in the medial preoptic region were very steep, with proportionality constants of 0.3–7.1 μm/μA. Calculations based on the threshold-depth curves confirmed that microstimulation was most probably only activating axons within the MPO, and current spread to lateral fibers of passage following macrostimulation in the MPO was not detected in the branching studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235665
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences of visual field representation in the medial and lateral banks of the suprasylvian cortex (PMLS/PLLS) of the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 77-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral suprasylvian cortex ; Posterior lateral suprasylvian area ; Topography ; Visual field representation ; Scatter of receptive fields ; Cat ; PMLS ; PLLS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the orderliness of representation of visual space in the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus. Penetrations were made either parallel to the sulcus, in one bank or the other, or vertical, thus crossing the sulcus between the postero-medial (PMLS) and posterolateral (PLLS) divisions of this area. In some cases we found clear evidence for topographical order in the representation of the visual field with a tendency (greater in PMLS than in PLLS) for the receptive fields of cells recorded deeper in the walls of the sulcus to lie closer to the area centralis, but along many penetrations the receptive fields were so large and so scattered that no retinotopic arrangement could be discerned. In PMLS the receptive fields of the majority of units we studied were centred below and close to the horizontal meridian, whereas in PLLS they were distributed over both the upper and lower visual fields with an over-representation of the upper field. Receptive fields were significantly larger in PLLS (mean field area = 442.2 deg2) than in PMLS (mean area = 154.4 deg2); there was also less clear correlation between receptive field size and eccentricity in PLLS (correlation coefficient = +0.25) than in PMLS (corr. coeff. = +0.72). Analysis of the distance between the receptive field centres of consecutively recorded units demonstrated that the mean scatter in both PMLS and PLLS amounts to about half the average receptive field diameter. In summary the topographical representation of visual space is less orderly in PLLS, and may involve a wider area of the visual field. These findings may relate to the segregated visual cortical and extrageniculate thalamic connections that the medial and lateral banks of the LS receive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238203
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of rhythmic inhibitory synaptic influences in hindlimb motoneurons during fictive locomotion in the thalamic cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locomotion ; Cat ; Hindlimb motoneurons ; Inhibition ; Excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recordings of various motoneurons of proximal hindlimb muscles were performed on thalamic paralyzed cats, during fictive locomotion that was either spontaneous or evoked by stimulation of the subthalamic region. 2. In motoneurons innervating sartorius (medialis and lateralis), vasti (intermedius, medialis and lateralis) and anterior biceps-semimembranous, one depolarization occurred in each locomotor cycle, alternating with a phase of repolarization that was synchronous with the activation of the antagonistic muscle nerve. This latter phase could be decreased or reversed by intracellular injection of chloride ions or current, revealing the presence of inhibitory inputs onto motoneurons. 3. The pattern of membrane potential variations was more complex in motoneurons of rectus femoris and posterior biceps-semitendinosus muscles, but phases of chloride dependent inhibition were nevertheless identified, mainly during the sartorius nerve activation in the case of rectus femoris, and during the vasti and anterior biceps-semimembranosus nerve activations in the case of posterior biceps-semitendinosus. These inhibitory influences were shown to be controlled by the level of activity in exteroceptive afferents. 4. The characteristics of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the hindlimb motoneurons identified here are discussed in relation with the organization of the central pattern generator for locomotion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238216
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The orientation bias of LGN neurons shows topographic relation to area centralis in the cat retina (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Orientation bias ; Receptive field ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation sensitivity of LGN cells to flickering square-wave gratings was measured in urethane-anaesthetized paralyzed cats. The mean ratio of the amplitude of peak responses to optimally oriented gratings to that elicited by gratings of the least effective orientation was 3.0 ± 0.3 (S.E.). 58% of the recorded neurons responded best to orientations within 30° of the meridional line joining their receptive field center with the fixation points (area centralis), implying that they were more sensitive to visual contours pointing to the center of the retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238218
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of exogenous dopamine on the hypercapnic ventilatory response in cats during normoxia (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. 504-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Peripheral chemoreceptors ; Central chemoreceptors ; Control of respiration ; Dopamine ; Cat ; Hypercapnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of exogenous dopamine on the normoxic hypercapnic ventilatory response were assessed in nine chloralose-urethane anesthetized cats using the technique of dynamic end-tidal forcing. The ventilatory responses to step changes in end-tidalP CO 2 (PETCO 2) were measured before (control), during and after intravenous infusion of dopamine (420 μg·kg−1·h−1). Each response was separated into a slow central and a fast peripheral chemoreflex loop by fitting two exponential functions to the measured ventilation. Both loops were described by a CO2 sensitivity, time constant, time delay and a single off-set B (extrapolated PETCO 2, of the steady-state response curve at zero ventilation). Dopamine infusion only caused a significant increase of B (mean 0.3 kPa,P〈0.0001) compared to control; the other model parameters were not significantly affected. After dopamine infusion B returned to significantly lower values (mean 0.2 kPa,P=0.006) than in control. In two additional cats the dopamine administered to the blood which was artificially perfusing the brainstem, did not affect ventilation. We conclude that in normoxic cats the effect of exogenous dopamine on the ventilatory response to CO2 is due to a CO2 independent inhibition of the ventilatory drive which originates outside the brainstem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657508
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemoreceptor response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in catecholamine depleted rabbit and cat carotid bodies in vitro (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 406 (1986), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Cat ; Chemoreceptor ; Reserpine ; α-Methyl-p-tyrosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The response of single chemoafferent fibres to hypoxic and hypercapnic stimulation was studied in vitro under different experimental conditions: 1. control, 2. 24 h after reserpinization (5 mg/kg iv) and 3. 18 h after iv injection of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg in the rabbit, and 1. control and 2. 24 h after reserpinization (5 mg/kg ip) in the cat. The spontaneous activity was decreased by monoamine depletion. The amplitude of the response to hypoxia and to hypercapnia was decreased by reserpinization in the rabbit and in the cat, the change being less marked in the latter species. Similarly, treatment with·α-methyl-p-tyrosine decreased the ability of chemoreceptors to respond to hypoxia and hypercapnia and, in a few instances, these receptors could only be excited by superfusion of nitrogencquilibrated medium. These results emphasize to possible role of monoamine, and particularly dopamine, in modifying the sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors to their natural stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00590946
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional characteristics of lumbar visceral afferent fibres from the urinary bladder and the urethra in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. 510-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lumbar visceral afferents ; Urinary bladder ; Urethra ; Functional properties ; Visceral nociception ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neural activity of lumbar visceral afferents supplying the urinary bladder and urethra was analyzed systematically in the cat. The afferent fibres were isolated either from the white rami L3 and L4 in a preparation with closed peritoneal cavity, or from the lumbar splanchnic nerves in a preparation with open peritoneal cavity and investigated for various functional parameters. Seventy five single units and 9 multiunit bundles were analyzed. 1) About 50% of the afferent units had some ongoing activity (0.2 to 1 imp/s). Two thirds of the afferent axons were thin myelinated (conduction velocity 3–15 m/s), the rest were presumably unmyelinated (conduction velocity below 2 m/s). 2) The receptive fields of the afferent units consisted —with one exception — of single mechanosensitive sites on the surface of the bladder and urethra. Most receptive fields were situated on the dorsal side of the bladder. 3) Afferents with receptive fields on or in the bladder wall responded in a graded manner to passive distension and isovolumetric contraction at intravesical pressures ranging from about 10 to 70 mm Hg. The thresholds for exciting the afferent units ranged from less than 10 mm Hg to about 30 mm Hg intravesical pressure, most of them being less than 20 mm Hg. Generally, the discharge rate of the afferent units gave a reliable representation of the intravesical pressure to the lumbar spinal cord. 4) Urethral units exhibited either no responses to the graded distensions and contractions of the urinary bladder, or responded with low discharge rates at higher intravesical pressures. 5) The results do not support the notion that noxious events in the urinary bladder are encoded by “specific” nociceptive visceral afferents to the lumbar spinal cord but possibly by some other mechanism of encoding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657509
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributional pattern of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat, cat and monkey (Macaca fuscata) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cat ; Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat, cat, and monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an antiserum against serotonin. In all three species, the pattern of fibers was denser in the ventral portion of the LGN (LGNv) than in the dorsal nuclear portion (LGNd). In the LGNd of rat, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were evenly distributed in the form of a dense network, but in cat and monkey there were marked regional differences. Serotonin-immunoreactive elements were most numerous in the C complex and medial interlaminal nucleus of cat, and in the S layer and interlaminar zones of Macaca fuscata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251038
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the primary sensory ending of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory innervation ; Mechanosensory transduction ; Morphogenesis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arrangement of preterminal and terminal axon branches in the primary sensory endings of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles was studied using whole-mount and serial-section techniques. Although in every case one firstorder preterminal branch was supplied exclusively to the bag1 type of intrafusal muscle fibre, the preterminal branching patterns differed considerably in detail. Terminals varied widely in size and location. Their precise form varied according to their position on the intrafusal muscle fibres rather than their relationship to preterminal branches. Terminals derived from separate preterminal branches remained separate and did not fuse with themselves or each other. Individually bag1 fibres had most terminals, chain fibres least. The surface of the muscle fibres were differentially indented by the terminals, least in bag1 fibres and most in chain fibres. The results are discussed in relation to mechanosensory transduction and to the factors involved in determining the form of the primary ending.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215893
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographic localization of transported neutral amino acids in epithelia of cat submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amino acid uptake ; Autoradiography ; Salivary gland ; Serine ; Phenylalanine ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic autoradiography was used to localize the cellular sites for neutral amino acid uptake in submandibular and sublingual salivary gland epithelia. The vasculature of isolated glands was perfused for 3–5 min with either L-(3-3H)serine or L-(4-3H)phenylalanine and then fixed by perfusion with buffered glutaraldehyde. In the submandibular gland the small neutral amino acid L-serine and the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine were localized to central acinar cells, demilunar cells and ductal cells. In the sublingual gland silver grains associated with each of these tritiated amino acids were localized to central acinar and ductal cells. Perfusion of both submandibular and sublingual glands with unlabelled L-serine (25 mM) or L-phenylalanine (30 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in the silver grain density associated with each labelled amino acid. The absence of silver grains in the lumina of acinar and ductal cells and the presence of tight junctions near the apical surface of the epithelium strongly suggest that the initial uptake of these amino acids was mediated by basolateral plasma membrane carriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215897
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transverse tubular system of cat intrafusal muscle fibres (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transverse tubular system ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Triads ; Intrafusal muscle fibre ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modified staining technique for transverse tubular and sarcoplasmic reticular systems was used to investigate their occurrence in different types of intrafusal muscle fibres in cat tail spindles. Intrafusal muscle fibres can be divided into three basic regions, namely, the periaxial space (A-region), intracapsular area (B-region) and the extracapsular area (C-region); the components of these systems were seen to vary in structure and distribution. The occurrence of these systems also varied among the different types of intrafusal muscle fibres, namely, the bag1, bag2 and chain fibres. In bag1 fibres components were sparse in the A-region, increased slightly in the B-region, but were most developed in the C-region; triads were consistently located at the border between A- and I-bands. In bag2 fibres membrane components were noted in the A-region but were more abundant in the B-region where some tubular components showed transverse and longitudinal branches linked together in the form of a network; membrane systems diminished towards the C-region. The majority of triads were located within the A-bands. In chain fibres the membrane systems occurred more commonly in the A-region, while in the B- and C-regions, the transverse tubular system possessed numerous transverse and longitudinal branches forming irregularly distributed tubular networks. Some tubular branches were dilated, while other branches terminated as sacs among arrays of the sarcoplasmic reticular system in I-bands. Some transverse tubules bifurcated into two branches with numbers of dilated sarcoplasmic reticular cisternae lying on either side, or between, the branches. Triads sometimes occurred between A- and I-bands, but, generally, were situated well within A-bands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218399
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Weight-lifting exercise ; Cat ; Flexor carpi radialis muscle ; Nitric acid digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of weight-lifting, which induced muscular enlargement, on fiber number was tested in the flexor carpi radialis muscle by operantly conditioning 6 cats to flex their right wrist against increasing resistance for an average of 101 weeks. The left was used as a control. At the end of training, the cats were performing “one-arm“ lifts with an average of 57% of their body weight. There was an 11% greater muscle weight (P〈0.01) and 9% (P〈0.02) more fibers in the exercised muscles from the right limb than in the left. This study using a different method, supports our earlier observations that prolonged weight-lifting exercise significantly increases the total number of muscle fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714995
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A different view of the assumed stress hybrid method (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A somewhat unconventional, yet simple, derivation of the assumed stress hybrid formulation is presented in which its relationship with displacement and stress-based finite element models is demonstrated. This gives insight into the hybrid method and shows that it represents a least energy fit of an equilibrium stress field to a displacement model strain field. By this means the attributes of both fields may be exploited in extending the analysis scope of hybrid models.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220103
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new nine node degenerated shell element with enhanced membrane and shear interpolation (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 73-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new nine node degenerated shell element is presented in this paper. In the formulation of the new element, an enhanced interpolation of the transverse shear strains in the natural co-ordinate system is used to overcome the shear locking problem, and an enhanced interpolation of the membrane strains in the local Cartesian co-ordinate system is applied to avoid membrane locking behaviour. It is shown that the resulting element has the requisite number of zero eigenvalues and associated rigid body modes. The element does not exhibit membrane or shear locking for large span/thickness ratios. To illustrate the good performance of the new element some examples are presented including comparisons with the behaviour of the selectively integrated Lagrangian degenerated shell elements.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220107
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    A study on the linear elastic stability of Mindlin plates (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The debate on the performance of Lagrangian and Serendipity elements in Mindlin's plate theory has been going on for quite some time. Limited published results for static and vibration analysis based on exact integration demonstrated a drastic deterioration in accuracy as the thickness of the plate decreases, and reduced/selective integration schemes have been suggested to improve their performance. Appreciable improvement for Lagrangian elements has been recorded, but it is only marginal for the Serendipity elements. On the strength of such observations one would then be tempted to rule out the exact integration schemes and Serendipity elements.In this paper, the above problem is reviewed for stability analysis of plates. Two elements are chosen from each family, one representing the higher order and the other the lower order element. Contrary to published results, all elements can attain very accurate solutions independent of the integration schemes for a sufficiently restrained plate, although in general the Serendipity elements will require a more refined mesh than the Lagrangian ones. However, for loosely restrained plates, the solution failed when integration is performed by reduced/selective schemes. The failure marks the limitation of the reduced/selective schemes which have somehow introduced spurious modes into the system, but on the other hand it is ironical that these spurious modes in fact contribute to the improvement of performance of the restrained cases. Therefore, one can equally improve the Serendipity elements by a selective scheme which can introduce additional zero modes. A scheme based on (5 × 5) integration points for flexural stiffness and (3 × 3) integration points for shear stiffness improved the 17SE (Serendipity elements) remarkably. However, because of the lack of bounds in most cases, the use of reduced/selected schemes is still not recommended. Finally, this paper also proposed an approximate formulation of the geometric stiffness matrices to replace the full formulation. Such an approximate formulation reduces the number of variables considerably in the eigenvalue search and can still give reasonably accurate results for thin plates with a/t 〉 15.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220109
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  • 36
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    Ultimate load behaviour of reinforced concrete plates and shells under dynamic transient loading (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 189-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers a layered thick shell finite element procedure for determining the dynamic transient nonlinear response of plates and shells. The degenerated three-dimensional isoparametric shell element with independent rotational and translational degrees-of-freedom is employed and a layered formulation is adopted to represent the steel reinforcement and to simulate progressive concrete cracking through the thickness. The dynamic yielding function is assumed to be a function of the current strain rate, in addition to being total plastic strain or work dependent. The concrete model also simulates both compressive crushing and tensile cracking behaviours and an implicit Newmark algorithm is employed for time integration of the equations of motion. Several numerical examples are presented for both slab and shell structures and the results obtained compared with those from other sources wherever available.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220114
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    Program structure and architecture for a finite element machine (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Superproblems in finite elements require either general-purpose or special-purpose computing machines whose capabilities are very much greater than those currently existing. The advantage of the latter type of machine is that it can be highly optimized for the particular class of problem for which it is designed and can, in principle, for a given generation of hardware, be designed to operate at a higher speed than a corresponding general-purpose computer. The Parallel Finite Element Machine (PARFEM) investigated at the University of Calgary has an architecture based on the finite element computational algorithms and employs a combination of parallel and vector processing. The overall architecture and program structure is described and the major design considerations outlined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220118
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    Preface (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220202
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    An inverse method for the design of axisymmetric optimal diffusers (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 377-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An inverse inviscid-boundary-layer interaction scheme is presented for the optimal design of axisymmetric ducts for subsonic, rotational flows. Distribution of the shape factor H on the duct wall, giving minimum total pressure loss and maximum static pressure rise, is used as boundary condition for the inverse integral boundary-layer solution, to obtain the velocity and displacement thickness distributions on the wall. Vector addition of the inviscid core radius, derived from the solution of the inverse inviscid flow equations, and the displacement thickness produces the desired duct shape.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220207
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    A natural formulation for the solution of two-dimensional or axisymmetric inverse problems (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 451-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220211
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    Computer simulation of crash phenomena (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 497-519 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper summarizes preliminary work on crash analysis25-27 performed on an extended finite element model as provided by the nonlinear LARSTRAN program package at ICA. The essential methodology is evolved along the natural finite element approach. Also overviewed are solution techniques for the nonlinear equations of motion. The application of a simple folding mechanism is indicated and crashworthiness computations of car structures are described.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220303
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    Shallow water problems: A general explicit formulation (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 547-574 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present in this paper a general formulation for shallow water equations which is capable of solving problems of induced harbour oscillation, tidal flow, tsunami propagation, dispersion of pollutant, etc.The shallow water equations are written in a novel fully conservative form. The solution algorithm is based on an explicit time integration procedure which exploits the conservative properties of the governing equations and incorporates accurate treatment of convective terms without introduction of artificial damping. Its accuracy and low cost of computation make it attractive vis-à-vis existing procedures.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220305
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    Thickness effects of CCT specimens (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 623-635 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: First, the three-dimensional elasto-plastic analyses of 1CT and 18 mm thick CCT specimens are carried out by using the finite element method, and the thickness effects of both specimens are studied. In elastic states, there is no significant difference between the CT and CCT specimen in the distribution of the J-integral along the straight or curved crack front. However, in elasto-plastic states, quite the contrary tendency is obtained in the distributions of J x and COD along the curved crack front for both specimens. Secondly, elasto-plastic analyses are carried out for CCT specimens of four kinds of thickness (B = 200, 18, 6 and 4 mm). The distributions of the J-integral along the crack front are obtained and compared. Finally, the availability of the JR value is examined, which is evaluated from the load versus displacement curve by using Rice's formula.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220308
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    The patch test - a condition for assessing FEM convergence (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 39-62 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses various forms of the Irons patch test and shows again that its satisfaction is a necessary convergence condition being equivalent to consistency, Further, it is shown that the test can be applied for verification of stability requirements, thus providing also a sufficient condition of convergence. The patch test is useful in testing the order of asymptotic convergence and the satisfaction of the test gives a guide for development of certain incompatible element forms.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220105
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    TRUNC for shells - an element possibly to the taste of Bruce Irons (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 93-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In his delightful and original textbook,18 Bruce Irons introduces the chapter of plate bending with the remark ‘History of disasters, but the pioneering days are past’. This is certainly true. On the other hand, we learn in the same context from Irons: ‘We believe that the world has not yet exhausted the older formulations.’ In this paper we present a review of theoretical aspects of the plate-bending triangle TRUNC (Reference 4), together with extensive tests in linear statics, dynamics, buckling and nonlinear large deformations both for plates and shells. The unconventional TRUNC model is based on the patch test, which was originated by Irons.1 In spite of its limited theoretical foundation, the performance of this element on a fairly broad field of applications appears at least from the practical point of view very satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220108
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    Relations between incompatible displacement model and hybrid stress model (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 173-181 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An examination of the variational formulations confirms the similarity between the incompatible displacement model and the assumed stress hybrid model that was pointed out by Irons in 1972. But the basic differences between the two are also identified. For 8-node solid elements the assumed stress terms obtained through a rational procedure also agree with those deduced by Irons purely from his physical insight.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220112
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    A study of the efficiency of iterative methods for linear problems in structural mechanics (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of iterative methods in linear structural mechanics is studied. The efficiency concerns the calculation time, the numerical accuracy and the core storage needed. We state that iterative methods are effective in connection with hierarchical improvement of a primary approximation. Three iterative methods are studied: the conjugate gradient method preconditioned by a modified incomplete factorization matrix, the same method preconditioned by a matrix obtained from natural factors on elemental level, and a Jacobi integration preconditioned by viscous relaxation split in an element-by-element way. We make comparisons with direct methods, Gaussian elimination and factorization by use of natural factors.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220115
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    Optimization in computer aided design, Ed. J. S. Gero, (Proceedings of I.F.I.P. Conference, Lyon, 1983), North Holland, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985 (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 169-169 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230113
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    Conference diary (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 170-171 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230115
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    Differentiating matrices for arbitrarily spaced grid points (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Differentiating matrices allow the numerical differentiation of functions defined at points of a discrete grid. Previous derivations of these matrices have been restricted to grids with uniformly spaced points, and the resulting derivative approximations have lacked precision, especially at endpoints. The present work derives differentiating matrices on grids with arbitrarily spaced points. It is shown that high accuracy can be achieved through use of differentiating matrices on non-uniform grids through the expedient of including ‘near- boundary’ points. Use of the differentiating matrix as an operator in the solution of problems involving ordinary differential equations is also considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230205
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    Conference diary (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 350-351 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230216
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    A total Lagrangian formulation for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of structures using finite elements. Part II: Arches, frames and axisymmetric shells (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 253-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230209
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    Structural optimization: A new dual method using mixed variables (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 409-428 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and powerful mathematical programming method is described, which is capable of solving a broad class of structural optimization problems. The method employs mixed direct/reciprocal design variables in order to get conservative, first-order approximations to the objective function and to the constraints. By this approach the primary optimization problem is replaced with a sequence of explicit subproblems. Each subproblem being convex and separable, it can be efficiently solved by using a dual formulation. An attractive feature of the new method lies in its inherent tendency to generate a sequence of steadily improving feasible designs. Examples of application to real-life aerospace structures are offered to demonstrate the power and generality of the approach presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230307
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    Conference diary (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 523-524 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230314
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    Masthead (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230401
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    Nozzle design using an iterative Dirichlet approach (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 481-494 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220213
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    Preface (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220302
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    Hydrostatic loading and stability analysis of structures with large displacements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 575-595 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for the computation of hydrostatic forces on cable, truss, beam, plate and shell type structures is presented. A general large displacement formulation is assumed which allows for displacements and rotations of unlimited size. Equilibrating forces for nodal points as well as incremental force-displacement relationships are given. Various ways of making the geometric load matrix symmetric for incremental analysis is discussed. Alternative strategies for the incremental-iterative solution is also treated. A method for the determination of the hydrostatic stability of floating structures is suggested. Metacentres and centres of buoyancy for rotations about principal axes in the water plane are automatically computed. The paper presents three examples of applications: a pipe which is partially submerged, a full overturning of a floating space frame and, finally, a hydrostatic stability analysis of a ship.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220306
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    A new triangular discrete Kirchhoff plate/shell element (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 453-470 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present a new 6-node triangular bending element (called DKTP) based on a discrete Kirchhoff model. A corresponding new flat-shell element, DLTP, having quadratic variation of in-plane displacement is also presented. This element has 6 degrees-of-freedom (u, v, w, θx, θy, θz) at each corner node and 3 degrees-of-freedom (u, v, w) at each mid-side node. Detailed numerical experimentation is presented to demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of these elements.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230310
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    Finite layer analysis of layered elastic materials using a flexibility approach. Part 2 - Circular and rectangular loadings (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 959-978 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite layer techniques introduced in Part 1 of this paper are extended to allow the analysis of circular or general loadings applied to horizontally layered anisotropic materials. The analysis is considerably simplified through the use of Hankel transforms (circular loadings) and double Fourier transformations (general loadings).Once again an exact flexibility matrix is found for each finite layer, and it is shown that this flexibility matrix has precisely the same form whether the loading is a strip, circular or general loading. The flexibility matrix has the advantage of not becoming singular for incompressible materials as is the case for the stiffness matrices used in a conventional finite strip analysis.Examples are given of the behaviour of circular and general (rectangular) loadings applied to multilayered anisotropic materials. It is also shown by means of an example, that the method is extremely useful for analysis of problems involving incompressible materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230515
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    Advanced boundary element analysis of two- and three-dimensional problems of elasto-plasticity (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 985-1002 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An advanced formulation of the boundary element method has been developed for inelastic analysis based on an initial stress approach. The iterative solution algorithm makes use of an accelerated initial stress approach in which the past history of initial stresses are used to obtain an initial estimate for the current increment. In the present analysis the geometry and functions are represented by higher order (quadratic) shape functions to model complex geometries and rapid functional variations accurately. The methods of numerical integration of the kernels, particularly the singular type, are substantially improved by devising suitable automatic sub-segmentation routines that incorporate the recent developments in mapping procedures. The formulations have been implemented for two-dimensional plane stress, plane strain and three-dimensional elasto-plasticity problems.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230602
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    Hybrid finite difference/finite element solution method development for non-linear superconducting magnet and electrical circuit breakdown transient analysis (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1003-1022 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of non-linear superconducting magnet and electrical protection circuit system transients is formulated. To enable studying the effects of coil normalization transients, coil distortion (due to imbalanced magnetic forces), internal coil arcs and shorts, and other normal and off-normal circuit element responses, the following capabilities are included: temporal, voltage and current-dependent voltage sources, current sources, resistors, capacitors and inductors. The concept of self-mutual inductance, and the form of the associated inductance matrix, is discussed for internally shorted coils. This is a Kirchhoff's voltage loop law and Kirchhoff's current node law formulation. The non-linear integrodifferential equation set is solved via a unique hybrid finite difference/integral finite element technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230603
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    Incomplete factorization for finite element methods (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1101-1109 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An incomplete factorization iterative scheme with ORTHOMIN acceleration is evaluated for three-dimensional finite element applications. Both heat conduction and combined heat and fluid flow are investigated. Computational efficiency is investigated for both linear (8 node) and quadratic (27 node) elements as well as for various degrees of LU Decomposition. The factorization schemes worked well with both types of elements, and a variable factorization scheme, which distributes the level of factorization, performed well on difficult heat and fluid flow problems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230608
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    Boundary value techniques for finite element solutions of the diffusion-convection equation (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1145-1159 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the formulation of six-point and nine-point finite element equations for the solution of the diffusion-convection equation is presented. The six-point equation requires the solution of a tridiagonal system of equations and the nine-point centred equation is treated as a solution of a boundary value problem which leads to a large linear system of equations.Some numerical experiments are presented and the comparison with existing methods is included.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230611
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    Developments in boundary element methods 3, P. K. Banerjee and S. Mukherjee (eds), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London and New York, 1984. No. of pages: 313 (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1195-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230614
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    A field-consistent two-noded curved axisymmetric shell element (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1245-1261 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of a field-consistent two-noded linear curved axisymmetric shear-flexible shell element is shown to be due to the removal of both shear and membrane locking. Typical applications illustrate how the field-consistent representation dramatically improves performance, and allows greater flexibility in tailoring element design to satisfy specific problem needs.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230705
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    Dynamic optimization of framed structures with variable layout (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1273-1294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a solution to the problem of dynamic optimization of framed structures for which the design variables are not only the sizes of the members but also the positions of the joints. The optimal design obtained is the least weight design which satisfies a specific frequency requirement plus upper and lower bounds on the design variables. The design algorithm is an iterative solution of the Kuhn-Tucker optimality criterion. The procedure is to modify an initial design to first obtain the desired fundamental frequency and then, while this frequency is held constant, to minimize the weight.The most important features of the algorithm are (a) a small number of design iterations is needed to reach an optimal or near-optimal design, (b) structural elements with a wide variety of size-stiffness may be used.The design procedure is illustrated with some numerical examples. The results show that the method is rapidly convergent and the optimized configurations are determined in a small number of redesign cycles. The procedure has been completely automated in a computer program on the HP 45 desk-top computer.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230707
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    Reduction method for the non-linear analysis of symmetric anisotropic panels (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1329-1341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Reduction method and computational procedures are presented for reducing the size of the analysis model and the number of degrees of freedom used in predicting the non-linear response of symmetric anisotropic panels. The two key elements of the method are (a) operator splitting, or decomposition of the characteristic arrays of the finite element model into sums of orthotropic and non-orthotropic contributions, (b) application of a reduction method through the successive use of the finite element method and the classical Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The finite element method is first used to generate a small number of global approximation vectors (or modes). Then the amplitudes of these modes are computed by using the classical Rayleigh-Ritz technique.The global approximation vectors are selected to be those commonly used in single (or multiple) parameter perturbation techniques, namely a non-linear solution corresponding to zero non-orthotropic arrays and a number of its derivatives with respect to an anisotropic tracing parameter (and possibly, to a load or arc-length parameter in the solution space). The size of the analysis model used in generating the global approximation vectors is identical to that of the corresponding orthotropic structure.The effectiveness of the proposed reduction method is demonstrated by means of a numerical example, and its potential for solving quasi-symmetric non-linear problems of anisotropic panels is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230710
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    Spatial discretization of hyperbolic equations with periodic solutions (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1395-1406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We investigate the Cauchy problem for hyperbolic equations for which the frequencies of the main Fourier components in the solution are located in a given frequency interval. Difference formulae for the spatial derivatives are constructed that are tuned to the given intervals of frequencies. Numerical examples illustrating these special discretizations are given both for linear and non-linear problems.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230802
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    Numerical solution of constrained non-linear algebraic equations (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1455-1481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of n non-linear algebraic equations with n unknowns, when any or all of the variables are subjected to constraints, is discussed. Distinction is made between physical and absolute constraints. It is shown, using a set of test problems, that solution of constrained equations does require a special approach. It is found that the step length restricted Newton's method performs best for problems with absolute constraints. Physical constraints can be best handled using a continuation method or penalty functions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230805
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    A restricted hybrid stress formulation based on a direct finite element method (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1495-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct method, which uses stress and displacement modes obtained from the governing equations of a problem, is adopted for finite element formulation. It is shown that this method actually leads to a restricted hybrid stress formulation if the displacement modes are changed to ensure symmetry of the stiffness matrix. Through this direct method, however, the problem of selecting the appropriate number of stress modes in the regular hybrid stress model is bypassed. Only the minimum number of modes that are compatible with the number of nodal degrees-of-freedom of an element is needed in the formulation. Using more modes only leads to a combination of stress modes, and will not improve the order of performance of the element. It is shown through numerical examples that the restricted hybrid stress formulation leads to well-balanced elements.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230807
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    Dynamic response of rigid strip-foundations by a time-domain boundary element method (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1547-1565 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic response of rigid strip-foundations placed on or embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic half-space under conditions of plane strain to either external forces or obliquely incident seismic waves of arbitrary time variation is numerically obtained. The above mixed boundary-value problems are treated by the time domain boundary element method which is used in a step-by-step timewise fashion to provide the foundation response to a rectangular impulse. Numerical examples are presented in detail to demonstrate the use and importance of the proposed method. The method appears to be more advantageous than frequency domain techniques, because it provides the transient foundation response in a natural and direct way and can form the basis for extension to the non-linear case.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230810
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    Announcements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1582-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230814
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    A new efficient approach to the formulation of mixed finite element models for structural analysis (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1629-1641 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new mixed finite element formulation is developed based on the Hellinger-Reissner principle with independent strain. By dividing the assumed strain into its lower order and higher order parts, the new formulation can be made much more efficient than the conventional mixed formulation. In addition the present new approach provides an alternative way of introducing a stabilization matrix to suppress undesirable kinematic modes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230905
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    Minimum weight design of cylindrical water tanks (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1679-1691 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with the minimum weight design of cylindrical water tanks. The design is to conform to BS5337. The design procedure used is a combination of the finite element analysis of structures and a numerical method of optimization. In the design, the internal radius and the height of the tank are fixed and the variation of wall thickness is treated as the unknown of the design. Only piecewise linear variations of thickness are considered. Results of some examples are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230908
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    Finite element method for non-linear forced vibrations of circular plates (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1715-1726 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Geometric non-linearities for large amplitude free and forced vibrations of circular plates are investigated. In-plane displacement and in-plane inertia are included in the formulation. The finite element method is used. An harmonic force matrix for non-linear forced vibration analysis is introduced and derived. Various out-of-plane and in-plane boundary conditions are considered. The relations of amplitude and frequency ratio for different boundary conditions and various load conditions are presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230911
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    Conforming versus non-conforming boundary elements in three-dimensional elastostatics (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1885-1904 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this work, we present a critical comparison of two basic ways of implementing the boundary element method in three-dimensional elastostatics. The first way is by using non-conforming elements, i.e. elements which have the collocation nodes removed from their perimeter. The number of nodes used for the collocation of the boundary tractions and displacements need not coincide with the number of nodes placed along the perimeter of the element for the purpose of describing the geometry. The second way is by placing the collocation nodes along the perimeter of the element, usually in coincidence with the geometry nodes. Thus, interelement continuity of the displacements is obtained. The basic reasons for the use of non-conforming elements in the boundary element method are twofold. First, simplification in the assembly and solution of the system equations and, secondly, easy computation of the ‘free’ and Cauchy principal value terms appearing in the integral equations. The state of the art in the boundary element method, however, has advanced in the last decade to the point where both of the aforementioned reasons are no longer problematic. As will be shown in what follows, conforming elements are able to produce more accurate results than non-conforming ones with substantial economy in the final size of the system equations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620231008
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    Derivation of Lagrangian and Hermitian shape functions for quadrilateral elements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1939-1958 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces a general theory for the derivation of the shape functions for the quadrilateral family of finite elements. The first section deals with the Lagrangian shape functions for the cases of uniform and boundary-described elements. Two basic procedures are introduced; the first by linear combinations of side-interpolations and the second by superposition. The remainder of the paper introduces a theory for the general uniform Hermitian element of any order. Details for quadrilateral elements, with first order derivatives are explained. All of the shape functions presented here were derived in the interval [0,1].The shape functions, developed by such an engineering approach, have been used successfully in the ABSEA Finite Element System of Cranfield Institute of Technology.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620231011
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    Announcements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1971-1972 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620231014
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    Masthead (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620231201
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    Announcement (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. I 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620231202
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    Masthead (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220101
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    The patch test for elements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of convergence tests in general and the patch test in particular. Following a brief introduction, the patch test is described with examples. This, it is hoped, will help to remove any lingering misunderstanding of this very useful convergence test. Some positive contributions of the test in the formulation and improvement of elements are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220106
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    An assessment of the semiloof shell element (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 133-151 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The semiloof shell element is the final product of years of research by Professor Irons and his colleagues, during which period the three-dimensional quadratic displacement isoparametric elements were successively modified into Ahmad thick shells, then eventually, using discrete Kirchhoff hypotheses, into the thin semiloof shells. The retention of curved sides and midside nodes retains the familiar appearance of the two- and three-dimensional isoparametric families, which enables ease of use with existing pre- and post-processing facilities. The element has been widely adapted and used frequently for elastic analyses of wide-ranging structures. It has also been developed for nonlinear geometric and material behaviour. However, despite the unparalleled generality in performance of this element, some unresolved problem areas still exist, particularly with use of reduced integrating rules. Such problems are highlighted in the paper and rectified where possible. A variety of problems are described to illustrate the above points and other interesting features, such as the treatment of thermal loading, and to emphasize the importance of this contribution to finite element technology by Professor Irons.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220110
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    Bruce Irons: A non-conforming engineering scientist to be remembered and rediscovered (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220102
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    Implicit modelling and mesh refinement for complex structures (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 17-38 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When analysing complex structures it is rarely feasible to represent explicitly all the structural features which may contribute significantly to local or global structural performance. This paper presents a variety of methods for representing features which are below the economic analysis scale. Two approaches are described - referred to as implicit stiffness calculation and implicit mesh refinement. The former is essentially approximate and uses relatively simple formulae and computations. The latter involves quite extensive subsidiary calculation, but can lead to numerically exact simulation of fine mesh behaviour in so far as it affects neighbouring structure. Stiffness equivalence principles are stated and a number of computation schemes are presented and illustrated with simple two-dimensional examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220104
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    A study of the influence of hierarchical nodes on the performance of selected parametric elements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 153-171 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A number of programs have been developed and tested to enable the routine addition of elements with internal nodes into most finite element packages. A subsequent examination was carried out to assess the effect of those nodes on (a) the accuracy of the displacements and stresses using parametric elements with varying formulation complexities, and (b) the possible additional cost in processing, owing to adequacy of representation. It was found in general that, by including the internal nodes, the representation of both the displacement and the stress fields improved dramatically. It was also found that having hierarchical nodes could lead to a reduction in the processing cost.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220111
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    Numerical control of the hourglass instability (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 219-228 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220116
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    Modifications to the interpretation of the stresses and strains determined using constant strain triangular elements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 249-266 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220119
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    Improved strain interpolation for curved C° elements (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 281-288 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The strain energy of straight beam members derived from the isoparametric shape functions is known to be invariant with respect to the number of integration points as long as they exceed a minimum number. However, this invariant property is generally lost for curved members. For example, the two-point integrated, membrane strain energy of curved beams by employing the quadratic shape functions is different from the three-point integrated one. This paper presents an invariant strain interpolation scheme for quadratic curved beam elements, which can lead to improved membrane representations in curved shell elements, thus resolving the perplexing membrane-bending coupling difficulties in thin shell analysis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220121
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    Analytical tools for systematic transonic design (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 309-326 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Analytical flow models in the near sonic domain of compressible flow are discussed as a supplementary background to elliptic continuation and fictitious gas design methods, to extend shock-free design into choked flow design, shock-wave construction, with the aim of developing new analysis programs and of developing experience for three-dimensional configuration design.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220203
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    Penalty-function iterative procedures for mixed finite element formulations (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 267-279 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Iterative methods for solving mixed finite element equations that correct displacement and stress unknowns in ‘staggered’ fashion are attracting increased attention. This paper looks at the problem from the standpoint of allowing fairly arbitrary approximations to be made on both the stiffness and compliance matrices used in solving for the corrections. The resulting iterative processes usually diverge unless stabilized with Courant penalty terms. An iterative procedure previously constructed for equality-constrained displacement models is recast to fit the mixed finite element formulation in which displacements play the role of Lagrange multipliers. The penalty function iteration is shown to reduce to an ordinary staggered stress-displacement iteration if the weight is set to zero. Convergence conditions for these procedures are stated and the potentially troublesome effect of prestress modes noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220120
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    Masthead (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220201
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  • 94
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    The design of transonic aerofoils by a well-posed inverse method (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 341-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a numerical method for designing closed aerofoils that correspond to given surface speed distributions including flows with shock waves. The prescribed surface speed distribution in general contains three parameters whose values are found as part of the solution. The inverse aerofoil design problem is not well posed unless the prescribed speed satisfies three constraints that can be used to fix the value of the three adjustable parameters. The computational method is based on the numerical solution of the full potential equation in conservation form by an approximate factorization-multigrid scheme. The nature of the constraints and several strategies for introducing the necessary freedom in the prescribed speed are discussed along with typical solutions illustrating the method.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220205
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of elliptic continuation method for transonic aerofoil design and experimental verification (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 395-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: With the aid of the elliptic continuation method, transonic aerofoils for two different purposes have been optimized. The design process is described and it is shown that the optimization is more difficult for higher design Mach numbers. The results of experimental investigations confirmed the good aerodynamic performances of the designed aerofoils, although no real shock-free pressure distributions could be achieved in the experiments and the highest aerodynamic efficiencies occurred always at higher lift coefficients, with pressure distributions already having shock waves.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620220208
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An implicit time integration scheme for inelastic constitutive equations with internal state variables (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 533-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a broad class of inelastic constitutive models for the deformation of metals the inelastic strain rates are functions of the current state of stress and internal state variables only. All known models are in some regions of application mathematically stiff and therefore difficult to integrate. The unconditionally stable implicit Euler rule is used for integration. It leads to a system of highly nonlinear algebraic equations which have to be solved by an iterative process. The general Newton-Raphson method, which converges under very broad conditions, requires repeated solution of the finite element system and is infeasible for large inelastic problems. But for the inelastic strains and internal state variables the Jacobian can be computed analytically and therefore the NRI can be used. For the stresses the Jacobian cannot be computed analytically and therefore the accelerated Jacobi iteration is used. A new method for computing the relaxation parameter is introduced which increases the rate of convergence significantly. The new algorithm is applied on Hart's model. A comparison with prior computations using an approximation is made.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230403
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for exact eigenvalue calculations for rotationally periodic structures (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 609-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An existing algorithm ensures that no eigenvalues are missed when using the stiffness matrix method of structural analysis, where the eigenvalues are the natural frequencies of undamped free vibration analyses or the critical load factors of buckling problems. The algorithm permits efficient multi-level substructuring and gives ‘exact’ results when the member equations used are those obtained by solving appropriate differential equations. The present paper extends this algorithm to cover rotationally periodic (i.e. cyclically symmetric) three-dimensional structures which are analysed by using complex arithmetic to obtain a stiffness matrix which involves only one of the rotationally repeating portions of the structure. Nodes and members are allowed to coincide with the axis of rotational periodicity and the resulting modes are classified. Rigid body freedoms are accounted for empirically, and the ‘exact’ member equations and efficient multi-level substructuring of the earlier algorithm can be used when assembling the stiffness matrix of the repeating portion.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230407
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact eigenvalue calculations for structures with rotationally periodic substructures (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 695-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory presented enables rotationally periodic (i.e. cyclically symmetric) three-dimensional substructures to be included when using existing algorithms to ensure that no eigenvalues are missed when the stiffness matrix method of structural analysis is used, where the eigenvalues are the natural frequencies of undamped free vibration analyses or the critical load factors of buckling problems. A substructure can be connected in any required way to a parent structure which shares its rotational periodicity, or can be connected by nodes at each end of its axis of periodicity to any parent structure, i.e. the parent structure need not be periodic. The theory uses complex arithmetic, involves only one of the rotationally repeating portions of the substructure, allows nodes and members to coincide with the axis of rotational periodicity, permits efficient multi-level use of rotationally periodic substructures, and gives ‘exact’ eigenvalues if the member equations used are those obtained by solving appropriate differential equations. The competitiveness of the method is illustrated by approximate predictions of computation times and savings for two structures which contain rotationally periodic substructures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230411
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference diary (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 732-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230417
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybrid stress reduced-Mindlin elements for thin multilayer plates (1986)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 555-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid-stress formulation of isoparametric elements for the analysis of thin multilayer laminated composite plates is presented. The element displacement behaviour is characterized by laminate reference surface inplane and transverse displacements and laminate non-normal cross-section rotations; as a result, simple Co interpolation of displacement and rotation can be used, and the number of degrees-of-freedom is independent of the number of layers. All components of stress are included and are related to a set of laminate stress parameters, the number of which is independent of the number of layers. Attention is restricted here to thin laminates, for which it is shown that the contributions of transverse shear stress and transverse normal stress to the internal complementary energy can be neglected. As a result of this reduction, a modified stiffness-formation algorithm can be used which provides a significant improvement in computational efficiency. The formulation presented is used to develop an 8-node isoparametric thin multilayer plate element. The resulting element is naturally invariant, of correct rank, and non-locking in the thin plate limit.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620230404
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