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  • 1995-1999  (2,573)
  • 1999  (337)
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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,504)
  • Life Sciences  (486)
  • Children
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  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Mild head injury ; Fractured bone ; Late sequelae ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two years after an accident resulting in either a mild head injury or a fractured bone, two groups of 22 children each, aged 4–14 years, were examined for the existence of any neurobehavioural symptoms by means of a standardized questionnaire filled out by their caretakers. Selection of the children was based on reports of the Accident and Emergency Department in 1 year. Significantly more symptoms were reported after mild head injury. The main symptoms reported were headache, dizziness, fatigue and memory problems. The total number of symptoms in the children with mild head injury exceeded four times this in the group of children with a fractured bone. Conclusion Even 2 years after a mild head injury there are still residual symptoms in daily life.
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  • 102
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S117 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Coagulation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have shown a high percentage of venous thromboses in children to be associated with haematological disorders. However, studies assessing the influence of haemostaseological disorders on paediatric stroke are rare. We compared 26 children with cerebral infarction (median age 2 months, range 0–16.2 years) and 17 with venous thrombosis (median age 4.5 years, range 0–17 years) with regard to prothrombotic risk factors. Prothrombotic disorders were found in 8 out of 26 patients with cerebral infarction (FV Leiden mutation: n = 4; protein C deficiency: n = 1; FV Leiden mutation + protein C deficiency: n = 2; prothrombin mutation G20210A: n = 1) and in 13 out of 17 with venous thrombosis (FV Leiden mutation n = 3; protein C deficiency n = 5; elevated HRGP + PAI: n = 1; combined deficiency of AT, protein C and plasminogen: n = 1; F XII deficiency: n = 1; lupus anticoagulans n = 1; FV Leiden + F XII deficiency + lupus anticoagulans + PAI: n = 1). Comparison of these prevalences with those of 150 healthy paediatric controls showed in children with FV Leiden mutation and/or protein C deficiency an increased risk of cerebral infarction (patients vs. controls: 26.9% vs. 6%; OR 5.77; 95%-CI 1.92–17.3; P = 0.0031) as well as of venous thrombosis (53% vs. 5.3% 19.9; 95%-CI 6–65.6; P 〈 0.0001). This result is in contrast with reports on thrombophilia in cerebral infarction in adult patients. Conclusion Our results indicate that FV Leiden mutation and protein C deficiency may contribute to the multifactorial aetiology of stroke in early childhood.
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  • 103
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 362-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Type 1 diabetes ; Children ; Risk factors ; Case control ; Environmental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate environmental risk factors in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a population-based case-control study. Parents of all patients with manifestation of type 1 diabetes between 1989 and 1994 in Vienna were asked to complete a questionnaire (n = 114). Control children (n = 495), matched for age and sex, were randomly recruited from all schools in Vienna. Fathers of diabetic children were significantly older at the time their children were born than fathers of control children (P = 0.015). Children with diabetes were more likely to be second- or third-born children (P 〈 0.05) and fewer went to kindergarten than the control group children (P = 0.007). No significant difference in duration of gestation, percentage of delivery by caesarean section, birth weight or length was found. Neonatal jaundice was more often observed in the patient group (P = 0.038). Breast feeding was reported by 82.7% of mothers of diabetic children and by 81% of mothers of control children, and the duration of breast feeding was longer in patients than in controls (n.s.). Conclusion In our study, the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with higher paternal age and neonatal jaundice. No correlation could be found with dietary intake of cow's milk products in early infancy, vaccination and other environmental factors.
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  • 104
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 24-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Hashimoto thyroiditis ; Graves disease ; Children ; TSH function-blocking antibody ; Cytotoxic antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a cross-sectional study, 29 children aged between 1 month and 15.3 years (average age 6.8 years) born to mothers with Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis were examined clinically, biochemically, and by sonography of the thyroid gland. At the time of examination all children were clinically euthyroid. Tests of thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, TSH receptor antibody and free thyroxine (fT4) gave normal results. In 3 children subclinical hypothyroidism with elevated TSH and normal fT4 concentrations were found; one of these children had a minor decrease of total thyroxine. Three children with otherwise normal test results had marginally elevated tri-iodothyronine concentrations. Increased antibody titres were present in 8 out of 29 children. TSH function-blocking antibodies were elevated in 8 cases. In addition, cytotoxic antibodies were found in one of the children. The distribution pattern of antibodies was different in each child and unrelated to the type of maternal thyroid disease. Conclusion Children of mothers with auto-immune thyroid disease often have thyroid antibodies without signs of thyroid disease. Whether antibody-positive children have an increased risk of developing thyroid disorders later in life must be examined in a longitudinal study.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Gastro-intestinal bleeding ; Children ; Jejunal leiomyoma ; Neurofibromatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastro-intestinal bleeding is an uncommon presentation in children with neurofibromatosis. Gastro-intestinal involvement caused by jejunal leiomyoma has only been described in adults. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paediatric case of jejunal leiomyoma associated with neurofibromatosis. We present a 10-year-old girl with a 9-month history of anaemia and low gastro-intestinal bleeding. Abdominal sonography and small bowel series showed a submucosal mass in the proximal jejunum. On surgery, a submucosal tumour was excised and histological examination suggested a diagnosis of “smooth muscle tumour of undetermined malignant potential”. There were no recurrence of symptoms for 4 years after the operation. Conclusion Jejunal leiomyoma should be considered in a child with neurofibromatosis presenting with gastro-intestinal bleeding.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Respiratory chain ; Mitochondria ; Children ; Infancy ; Liver failure ; AbbreviationsMRCD mitochondrial respiratory chain disease ; OLT orthotopic ; liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial respiratory chain disease may lead to neonatal or late onset liver failure, requiring liver transplantation. In rare cases, the disease is restricted to the liver and the patient is cured after surgery. More frequently, other organs are simultaneously involved and neuromuscular or other extra-hepatic symptoms may pre-exist, or appear in the post-transplant follow up. Pre-transplant evaluation should aim to rule out neurological disease, which may be difficult to differentiate from signs accompanying liver insufficiency. Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels, compared to blood lactate, may be suggestive of central nervous system involvement. Of 11 cases with respiratory chain disorders who had liver transplantation in various centres, 4 are alive and well on follow up, and 6 died, three of them having developed neurological disease post orthotopic liver transplantation. All three patients with initial liver and gastro-intestinal disease died early after transplantation, indicating that these may be poor candidates for this procedure. Conclusion Liver transplantation is feasible in hepatic respiratory chain disorders, but extra-hepatic disease should be ruled out before transplantation. Extra-hepatic manifestations may, however, appear and cause patient death despite successful transplantation.
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  • 107
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S085 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key wordsα1-Antitrypsin ; Liver disease ; Liver transplantation ; Children ; AbbreviationsAATα1-antitrypsin deficiency ; OLT orthotopic liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Only a minority of infants born with α1-antitrypsin deficiency will develop serious liver disease during childhood, mostly but not always after neonatal cholestasis. Early prognosis is difficult and all children have to be followed up carefully. The liver disease progresses with varying speed and it lacks specific features. At the time of liver transplantation the young patients have no pulmonary disease induced by the deficiency and in those with renal involvement, the kidney problems can mostly be dealt with by conservative therapy. The peri- and postoperative care of the patients who undergo liver transplantation does not differ from the usual routines.
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  • 108
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 298-301 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Isolated ; Sphenoid ; Sinusitis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute isolated infectious sphenoiditis is an uncommon, potentially dangerous condition which is often misdiagnosed because of its nonspecific symptoms and paucity of clinical signs. We present eight children with isolated sphenoiditis who were managed in our medical centre during the last 2 years and review the literature. All the patients were adolescents or pre-adolescents and all experienced moderate to severe refractory oppressive headache. Four had a history of sinusitis or allergic rhinitis. None had fever or any other directing clinical sign. Diagnosis was made by cranial computer tomography. All were treated with antibiotics and recovered completely without infectious or neurological complications. Conclusion Acute isolated infectious sphenoiditis should be considered in adolescents and pre-adolescents who present with constant moderate to severe oppressive headache. Awareness of this entity will enable early diagnosis and initiation of antibiotic treatment which is essential to avoid complications and surgical intervention.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Heparin treatment ; Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ; HIT antibodies ; Children ; Catheter patency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunological form of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction of heparin medication. It is mediated by multimolecular complexes consisting of platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin-IgG which bind to platelets via platelet Fcγ receptors. Cross-linking of multiple Fcγ receptors results in platelet activation, platelet aggregation and enhanced thrombin generation with a increasing risk of developing new thrombosis. In children, data on HIT are sparse. This review of the literature reports on 8 children aged 3 months to 15 years and 14 newborns suffering from HIT. Additionally, we report one new case treated with danaparoid sodium. Thrombotic complications were venous (n = 12) and arterial (n = 15). The children received heparin either for a spontaneous thrombotic event, for severe cardiac diseases or to maintain patency of intravascular catheters which are used for nutrition, blood sampling, and for application of medication. After diagnosis of HIT they were further anticoagulated with aspirin, warfarin, danaparoid sodium, lepirudin or low molecular weight heparin. Conclusion Although HIT is less frequently reported in newborns and children, paediatricians should be aware of HIT in childhood as a potential complication of heparin application. The widespread practice of flushing catheters with heparin should also be debated in view of the risk of triggering the primary immune-response of HIT. In 1999, treatment options for further parenteral anticoagulation of HIT patients are danaparoid sodium (a low-molecular weight heparinoid) and lepirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor).
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Factor V G1691A ; Prothrombin G20210A ; Lipoprotein (a) ; Central venous lines ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of inherited thrombophilia in the development of central venous line (CVL)-related thrombosis, the following parameters were determined in 77 pediatric-oncologic patients with CVL: activated protein C (APC)-ratio, factor V (FV) G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutation, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, coagulation factor XII, lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine. An inherited prothrombotic risk factor was found in 17 patients (23%). Four out of 14 patients with a single defect (hyperlipoproteinemia, heterozygous FV G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutation, protein C deficiency type I) and all three patients with combined defects (heterozygous FV G1691A mutation combined with heterozygous prothrombin G20210A variant, protein S deficiency or hyperlipoproteinemia) suffered from CVL-related thrombosis. In 11 out of 77 patients (14%) a CVL-related thrombosis was detected. In 2 children thrombosis occurred a few days after asparaginase therapy and in another three thrombosis was associated with CVL-related septicemia caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. After removal of CVL, thrombosis was detected in 5 children, in 2 without clinical symptoms but in the presence of inherited prothrombotic risk factors. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the clinical importance of CVL in combination with inherited thrombophilia in the development of thrombosis in pediatric-oncologic patients. Before or shortly after insertion of CVL, patients should be tested for the presence of factor V G1691A mutation, prothrombin G20210A variant and increased lipoprotein (a) values.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Optic nerves ; Neuritis ; Children ; Central nervous system ; MR imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A 4-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis. Although precise neuro-ophthalmological evaluation was difficult, the diagnosis was made with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging using fat-suppression technique in the initial stage of the disease. Enhancement and enlargement of the intraorbital and intracanalicular optic nerve were demonstrated bilaterally as well as protrusion of the optic nerve head. The disease responded dramatically to intravenous steroid therapy. The etiologies in children usually differ from those in adolescent and adult patients.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Lumbar motoneurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Light microscopy ; GABA and glycine colocalization ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or glycine-immunoreactive (IR) terminal-like structures apposed to somatic and dendritic membrane of lumbar α-motoneurons in column 2 was examined in 1- and 3-week-old kittens and in the adult cat. This quantitative study was carried out using a postembedding technique on semithin sections and a stereological method, the disector. Analysis of immunoreactive terminals showed that the percentages of GABA-IR and glycine-IR terminals (these populations include terminals containing both GABA and glycine) apposed to somatic and proximal dendritic compartments of α-motoneurons are almost the same in kittens, while in the adult glycinergic innervation becomes predominant. This change results from: (1) the decrease in numbers of GABA-IR terminals contacting the somatic compartment between 3 weeks and adult stage, while the numbers of glycine-IR terminals show no significant changes after birth and the numbers of terminals containing both neurotransmitters (GABA-IR+glycine-IR) present transient changes and (2) the postnatal increase in the dendritic compartment, in numbers of GABA-IR, glycine-IR and GABA-IR+glycine-IR terminals; the increase being larger for glycine-IR terminals. Furthermore, using a postembedding immunogold technique, observations by electron microscopy showed that GABA-IR P boutons apposed to M boutons can already be identified at 1 week after birth.
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  • 113
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    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Precision grip ; Motor development ; Motor control ; Children ; Object manipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent evidence has shown that the anticipatory control of grip and load force is not innate and develops over several years in childhood. The present study examined the development of grasping behavior by quantifying the relationship between grip force and the vertical acceleration of an object. Children and adults were requested to use a precision grip to lift an instrumented object which varied in size and weight. Grip force, grip force rate and the vertical position and acceleration profiles of the test object were measured or calculated. The results demonstrated the presence of distinct developmental milestones in the maturation of precision grip from 2 to 9 years of age. With 2-year-old children, the peak acceleration was negatively correlated (r=–0.51, n=34, P〈0.01) with peak grip force during lifting. By 3 years of age, peak acceleration and peak grip force during lifting became positively correlated (r=0.28, n=104, P〈0.01) and the correlation continued to strengthen up to 9 years of age. Variations in the temporal coupling of both peak grip force and peak acceleration also decreased with maturation. Furthermore, starting at 4-years-old, children clearly controlled the acceleration and deceleration of the object in a symmetrical pattern and used a single burst of grip force rate to grasp the object with some regularity, suggesting that the emergence of an anticipatory control strategy had already begun.
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  • 114
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    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Low back pain ; Children ; Clinical examination ; Questionnaire ; Prevalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to analyse the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and confounding factors in primary school children in the city of Antwerp. A total of 392 children aged 9 were included in the study. All children completed a validated three-page questionnaire and they all underwent a specific lumbar spine oriented medical examination during their annual routine medical school control. This examination was performed by the city school doctors. The questionnaire was composed of easy “yes/no” questions and visual analogue scales. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and chi-squared test at the significance level P 〈 0.05. The prevalence of LBP was high. No gender difference was found. A total of 142 children (36%) reported having suffered at least one episode of LBP in their lives. Of these, 33 (23%) had sought medical help for LBP from a doctor or physiotherapist. Sixty-four percent of children reporting LBP said that at least one of their parents suffered from or complained of LBP. This was significantly higher than for the children who did not report having suffered LBP. The way in which the school satchel was carried (in the hand, on the back) had no bearing on the incidence of LBP. There was significantly more LBP in children who reported playing video games for more than 2 h per day, but this was not so for television watchers. The visual analogue scales concerning general well-being were all very significantly correlated with self-reported LBP, with children who reported LBP being more tired, less happy, and worse sleepers. Of the 19 clinical parameters taken down during the medical examination, only one was significantly more prevalent in the group of children reporting LBP: pain on palpation at the insertion site on the iliac crest of the ilio-lumbar ligament. From this study we can establish that there are few clinical signs that can help to single out school children with LBP.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinderdermatologie ; Exanthem ; Kinder ; Key words Pediatric dermatology ; Exanthema ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Unilateral laterothoracic exanthem a (ULE) is a self-limited, probably infectious-allergic skin disease predominately affecting small children. We describe five such cases. The typical unilaterally located or at least unilaterally dominant exanthem usually starts in the axillary region and is characterized by red, partly confluent papules and fine scales. Two of the children presented with atypical manifestations of ULE. Due to its asymptomatic course, therapy is not necessary in the majority of cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 5 Kinder mit der Diagnose eines unilateralen laterothorakalen Exanthems (ULE) werden vorgestellt. Beim ULE handelt es sich um eine selbstlimitierende, vermutlich infektallergische Hauterkrankung, die hauptsächlich im Kleinkindesalter auftritt. Das typischerweise streng einseitig lokalisierte, immer jedoch einseitig dominierende Exanthem geht meist von der Axillarregion aus und zeigt erythematöse, teils konfluierende Papeln. Zwei der fünf Kinder zeigten auch atypische Hautveränderungen eines ULE. Eine Behandlung ist aufgrund seines überwiegend asymptomatischen Verlaufs in der Mehrzahl der Fälle nicht notwendig.
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  • 116
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 563-570 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Ependymoma ; Children ; Chemotherapy ; Phase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chemotherapy has been used extensively in the management of children with intracranial ependymoma. In this review, we discuss the results of phase II studies and clinical trials conducted in newly diagnosed and recurrent ependymomas. There is little evidence that chemotherapy is effective in this tumour. The response rate to single agents is 11%, with less than 5% complete responses, cisplatin being the most active agent in phase II studies. Combinations may be more effective, although the response rate with high-dose regimens is disappointing. Early results of protocols conducted in infants and young children do not suggest that chemotherapy is beneficial. A more rigorous assessment of chemotherapy is required in order to define its role in patients with intracranial ependymomas. Indeed, it is difficult to justify the use of chemotherapy outside such studies. More large studies, perhaps intergroup, limited to children with ependymomas would be of particular value.
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  • 117
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Severe neurological disabilities ; Managed and rationed care ; Children ; Questionnaire survey ; Pediatric neurosurgeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The attitudes of pediatric neurosurgeons to managed and rationed care for children with severe neurological disabilities were surveyed as reflected in responses from International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN) members to a questionnaire. Of 399 ISPN members, 156 (39.1%) responded to the questionnaire. There were 15 questions, which were designed to explore what care is medically indicated, whether all medically indicated care should always be provided, and how this care should be managed or rationed. Most respondents agreed that these patients should receive the same level of medical care as a normally developing child. However, respondents felt that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not indicated if a child is not retrievable. Most respondents also felt that provision of care should be influenced by cost. The responses to the questions from ISPN members were compared with those from Child Neurology Society (CNS) members.
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  • 118
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    Virchows Archiv 435 (1999), S. 574-579 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Melanoma ; Matrix metalloproteinases ; Collagenase ; Gelatinase ; Stromelysin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered to have an important role in connective tissue degradation and have been implicated in the mechanisms of tumour invasion and metastatic spread. We have used immunohistochemistry to examine and compare the tissue distributions of collagenase-1 (MMP-1), gelatinase A (MMP-2) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) in 18 specimens of malignant melanoma, viz. 10 superficial spreading and 8 nodular melanomas. MMPs-1, -2 and -3 were demonstrated within melanoma and host tissue cells, especially at the periphery of some tumours, but were usually restricted to less than 10% of total melanoma cells. The MMPs were absent from ’normal’ skin tissue distant from the tumour. MMP-2 was localised to discrete groups of cells and was especially evident at the epidermal:tumour interface, whereas MMP-3 was mainly confined to the deeper margins of melanoma. No regular pattern of MMP expression was observed for either the superficial spreading or the nodular melanomas. The variable distributions of the MMPs suggested that enzyme expression was subject to local microenvironmental regulation, possibly in response to matrix components and the cellular heterogeneity observed at the tumour margins. These in situ observations add weight to the concept that specific MMPs contribute to the mechanisms of tumour invasion.
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  • 119
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    Virchows Archiv 435 (1999), S. 580-589 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Abstract Adrenal cortex ; Adrenal tumour ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuronal markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The innervation of the human adrenal gland and of cortical lesions was studied in sections of cortical tissue (n=10), hyperplastic cortical tissue (n=3), and tissue from cortical adenomas (n=5) and carcinomas (n=6). The presence and distribution of nerve structures containing neuronal markers indicating sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation were studied by immunohistochemistry and the co-existence and co-localization patterns of the different markers by immunofluorescence. The cortex and hyperplastic cortical tissue had a moderate to rich supply of nerve structures containing the typical neuronal markers: protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), small vesicle synaptic protein type 2 (SV2), and nerves showing immunoreactivity to the adrenergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). All these immunoreactive nerves were located predominantly adjacent to blood vessels, but also among parenchymal cells. The cortex showed numerous nerve structures containing the neuropeptide substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal protein (VIP), but few nerves containing these peptides were seen in hyperplastic cortical tissue. Typical markers were occasionally observed in cortical adenomas but were not found in carcinomas, except in a few cases where PGP 9.5 and NSE were present, but only adjacent to necrotic areas. Nerves containing NPY and VIP occurred in varying numbers in both adenomas and carcinomas. NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve structures were seen mostly alongside blood vessels. There were several types of co-existence. For instance, NSE/VIP-, TH/VIP- and TH/NPY-immunoreactive nerve structures were often seen in the same trunk, but were only partly co-localized.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Sclerosing hepatic carcinoma ; Hypercalcaemia ; Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 69-year-old man had a hepatic tumour occupying the left and half of the right lobe, with portal vein thrombus. There were hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia with increased nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate; bone metastases were excluded. Serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was elevated, but no increase in intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D3 metabolites was found. At autopsy the histological features were typical of sclerosing hepatic carcinoma. By immunohistochemistry PTHrP was detected in cancer cell nests but not in the fibrous stroma. PTHrP transcripts were demonstrated by in situ hybridization using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-derived single-stranded DNA probe. Tumour cells expressed AE1 and CA19-9 (markers for cholangioepithelium) and CEA (for bile canaliculi). Electron microscopy revealed microvilli on the apical surface, and secretory granules 100 nm in diameter were observed. These findings indicate that this case is one of cholangiocellular sclerosing hepatic carcinoma. The interaction between cancer and stromal cells may be the cause of PTHrP overexpression.
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  • 121
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    Virchows Archiv 435 (1999), S. 428-433 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary adenomas ; Growth hormone- producing adenomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mitochondria ; Oncocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  An immunohistochemical study to demonstrate oncocytes in nongonadotrophic pituitary adenomas was performed. The adenomas were 10 prolactinomas, 2 ACTH-producing adenomas (ACTHomas), and 28 growth hormone-producing adenomas (GHomas); we also studied 5 pituitary oncocytomas. GHomas were divided into two groups: GHomas with (GHomas-1) and without (GHomas-2) fibrous bodies. A small number of solitary large cells showed intense cytoplasmic granular reactivity for mitochondrial protein and cytochrome oxidase, resembling oncocytes in oncocytomas. The proportions of the mitochondrial protein-positive cells ranged from zero to 2.1% (0.3±0.4%). They were more frequent in GHomas, GHomas-1 in particular, than other types of adenomas (P〈0.01), and were mostly negative in prolactinomas and ACTHomas. In multivariate analysis, the proportions showed positive correlation with age (P〈0.01) and the Ki-67 (MIB-1) labeling index (P〈0.01) and tended to increase in number with recurrence (P〈0.05). In GHomas, these cells were more common in cases with low basal GH level (P〈0.01) and large tumor volume (P〈0.01). We consider that these cells represent oncocytes existing in varying numbers in adenomas. We suggest that oncocytic change in nongonadotrophic adenomas indicates poor differentiation and/or some aggressiveness, which lead to a decrease in the endocrine activity of the tumor.
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  • 122
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 468-471 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Seizures ; Epilepsy ; Children ; EEG ; Computed tomography (CT) ; Saudi Arabia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical patterns, including history, examination, and electroencephalographic (EEG) and computed tomography (CT) findings were examined prospectively in 263 children (153 boys, 110 girls) with newly diagnosed recurrent seizures. The overall mean age was 4.2 years, with a range of 0.05–13 years. The age of onset was within the first year of life in 128 (48.7%) of the patients. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (14.8%), febrile seizures (9.1%) and developmental delay (4.6%) were the predominant signs in this age group. Consanguinity of the parents was present in 29.7% cases. The main EEG abnormalities were epileptiform activity, which was generalized in 133 (50.6%) and focal in 80 (30.4%). Other abnormalities included slow wave activity in 41 (15.6%) and hypsarrhythmia in 3 (1.1%). The main seizure types were generalized in 60.4% and partial in 32.7%. The types of epileptic syndromes included localization-related (28.1%), generalized (23.2%), undetermined (37.4%) and (special) syndromes 11.4%. The cranial CT findings were normal in 60.5%, and the predominant abnormality was cerebral atrophy in 25.3%. The pattern of seizure types and the peak presentation in early childhood are comparable to those in western reports.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Cerebrospinal fluid shunt ; Infection ; Colonization ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the efficiency of our management protocol, 33 pediatric cases of bacteria-infected cerebrospinal fluid shunt were reviewed. The causative organism was staphylococcus in 23 patients. In 23 patients, shunt infection was managed according to the protocol. The complexity of the shunt system did not prolong hospitalization. Unchanged but externalized tubings showed persistent colonization despite adequate antibiotics in 10 of 21 patients. Staphylococcal infection was oxacillin-resistant in 7 of 19. The efficiency of an `off-antibiotics' trial was minimal. Further modification of the protocol is expected to enhance efficiency of the management.
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  • 124
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 695-710 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniosynostosis ; Blood salvage ; Blood conservation ; Allogeneic blood transfusion ; Children ; History
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the history of surgery, every single step forward in the development of complex surgical techniques has been sustained by the acquisition of more reliable and effective methods for controlling hemostasis. For many years, in fact, uncontrolled hemorrhages, together with infections, represented the most deadly hazard of surgical procedures. In the last century, technical advances in surgical hardware and homologous blood transfusions have been utilized to counteract operative and postoperative anemia and hypovolemia. At the end of this millennium, however, new revelations about the infective and noninfective risks of allogeneic blood transfusions have led to a new acceleration in patients’ and physicians’ demands for autologous transfusions and more efficient blood conservation techniques. Specific surgical protocols, based on the preoperative administration of r-HuEPO, preoperative autologous blood donation, acute preoperative normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative blood salvage techniques, have been designed by pediatric neurosurgeons to minimize the exposure of patients affected by craniosynostoses to allogeneic blood and blood components even when the surgical procedure is to be realized at an early age. In spite of the evolution expected in this area in the immediate future, the implementation of these blood concentration methodologies may prove to be highly effective only when associated with a concerned attitude of the surgeon toward blood-sparing intraoperative strategies.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Head injury ; Children ; Traumatic intracerebral haematoma ; Coma scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to the case of extracerebral haematomas, the criteria for operative treatment of traumatic intracerebral haematoma (TIH) are not clear. The purpose of this study was to find factors that would be helpful in reaching a decision for surgical or conservative treatment of TIH. We performed a retrospective analysis of 31 consecutive cases of TIH treated in our department. The following factors were estimated: age, mechanism of injury, initial GCS or CCS score, neurological deficits, coexistence of arterial hypotension and respiratory disturbances, and localisation and size of the haematoma. The outcome was evaluated according to a modified GOS. Treatment was surgical for 20 patients and conservative for 11. Patients with GCS or CCS scores of 3–8 were treated surgically significantly more often than those with higher scores. The other factors did not correlate with type of treatment. It seems, then, that the clinical status of the patient, especially the level of consciousness according to the GCS or CCS score, is the most important predictor of the need for surgery in children with TIH.
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  • 126
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 467-471 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fremdkörper ; Aspiration ; Diagnostik ; Kinder ; Atemwege ; Key words Foreign body ; Aspiration ; Diagnostic imaging ; Children ; Respiratory tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aspiration of foreign bodies is a common cause of respiratory distress in children between the age of 6 months and 3 years. The diagnosis of radiopaque foreign bodies is easy when the whole respiratory tract is depicted. Nonopaque foreign bodies need a more differentiated diagnostic approach. The first step should be plain films in inspiration and expiration. The performance of additional chest radiographs, fluoroscopy and if need be CT or nuclear scans depends on the result of the plain films. The chest radiograph may reveal a variety of findings, the commonest of which is unilateral air trapping. Rarely, atelectasis, recurrent pneumonia at the same localisation and inspiratory obstruction are found. Combinations of the above-mentioned findings are possible. Moreover, the absence of positive radiological findings does not exclude the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fremdkörperaspiration stellt eine häufige Ursache für Atemnot und respiratorische Insuffizienz bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern zwischen 6 Monaten und 3 Jahren dar. Röntgendichte Fremdkörper bereiten bei Abbildung des gesamten Respirationstraktes keine diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten. Nicht röntgendichte Fremdkörper erfordern ein differenzierteres Vorgehen, wobei der erste radiologische Schritt in einer konventionellen Thoraxaufnahme in In- und Exspiration bestehen sollte. Zusätzliche Aufnahmen, Durchleuchtungsuntersuchung und gegebenenfalls die Durchführung einer computertomographischen oder szintigraphischen Untersuchung hängen vom Ergebnis der Thoraxaufnahme ab. Häufigstes radiologisches Erscheinungsbild ist die einseitige exspiratorische Ventilstenose mit Überblähung des betroffenen Lungenabschnittes. Seltener finden sich Atelektasen, rezidivierende Pneumonien an identischer Lokalisation und inspiratorische Ventilstenosen. Kombinationsbilder sind möglich, selbst ein unauffälliges Untersuchungsergebnis kann eine Aspiration nicht ausschließen.
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  • 127
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    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 243-245 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Patella ; Fracture ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Fractures of the patella are relatively rare injuries for children. Fourteen patients with patellar fractures were reviewed. There were 12 boys and two girls with the age ranging between 9 and 15 years and an average of 11.4 years. Sleeve fractures were the most common type of patellar fractures observed (eight cases), followed by transverse fractures (four cases) and comminuted fractures (two cases). All the fractures were treated with open reduction and followed up for 2 to 20 years. Overall results were good in 13 patients, and flexion limitation of the knee was seen in one. Fractures of the patella in children are characterised by sleeve fractures. The prognosis of the patients treated with open reduction is generally good.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Programmed cell death ; Ductular proliferation ; Biliary decompression ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A complex molecular network controls cell homeostasis by inducing apoptosis or proliferation. The balance of Bcl-2 and Bax, members of a protein family, determines whether a cell will become immortal (Bcl-2) or will undergo apoptosis (Bax). To determine the role of Bcl-2 and Bax during proliferation of biliary epithelial cells (BEC) after bile duct ligation (BDL) and their regression after biliary decompression we induced hyperplasia of BEC by BDL in male rats. Regression of hyperplastic BEC by way of apoptosis was induced by biliary decompression through a Roux-en-Y biliodigestive anastomosis. To quantify apoptosis a modified TUNEL assay was used. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was visualized by immunohistochemistry and quantified stereologically. BEC increased from 〈1% to 〉20% after BDL; this increase was associated with overexpression of Bcl-2 in up to 30% of hyperplastic BEC. After biliodigestive anastomosis, apoptotic BEC increased from 〈0.1% to a peak of 5.4% after 1 day to reach baseline again 1 week after decompression. This was associated with de novo appearance of Bax. The interaction between Bcl-2 and Bax triggers apoptosis in BEC and acts as a cell rheostat in BEC hyperplasia and its involution after biliary decompression.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Aorta ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an intimal sarcoma presenting as an aortic aneurysm. A 68-year-old man suffered from chest pain and speech disturbance. Computed tomography showed a sacciform aneurysm of the aorta, which was resected, revealing a polypoid tumour measuring 1.5×2×2.5 cm projecting into the lumen. This proved to be a poorly differentiated high-grade sarcoma having morphological, immunophenotypic and ultrastructural features consistent with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Primary sarcomas of the aorta are extremely rare. Many cases have been diagnosed as ”intimal” on the basis of their site of origin, and they are not easy to classify from their histological pattern. Electron microscopy and the use of a more comprehensive panel of immunohistochemical markers should be applied in the histological classification of ”intimal” sarcoma.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Human ; Cytochrome P450 2C ; Cytochrome P450 3A ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Organ and cellular distribution and expression constancy of microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C and 3A in humans were studied with new polyclonal antibodies to CYP2C (MP-1) and 3A (NF-2) active in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Antibodies were raised against purified human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. On western blotting, MP-1 reacted with 2C8, 2C9, 2C18 and 2C19, and NF-2 with 3A4. In both frozen and paraffin sections, hepatocytes showed diffuse immunoreactivity with MP-1 and centrilobular staining with NF-2. Inparaffin sections of 40 kinds of nonneoplastic tissues, epithelium of the small and large intestine, bile duct, nasal mucosa, kidney and adrenal cortex stained positively with both MP-1 and NF-2 antibodies. Epithelium of gastric fundic glands, salivary glands, tracheobronchial glands, Brunner’s glands, the prostate, uterine cervix and nasopharynx showed definite reactivity with MP-1. Epithelium of the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, duodenum, gallbladder and intercalated ducts of the pancreas and chief cells of the parathyroid and the corpus luteum of the ovary reacted with NF-2. Among the neoplastic tissues, MP-1 reacted with pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland and carcinomas of six different organs, and NF-2 with those of 7 different organs. These results indicate that CYP2C and CYP3A are distributed widely and organ specifically, as well as being variably expressed in neoplastic and normal states.
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  • 131
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 433-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Crocodylus porosus (Crocodilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve cells in the gastrointestinal tract of a reptile and to compare it with the pattern in other vertebrate classes. In the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, NOS-positive nerve cell bodies and fibres were found in all regions of the gut examined. Most myenteric microganglia contained one or several NOS-immunoreactive neurons together with unlabelled neurons. The majority of the neurons were multipolar, ranging from 10 to 25 µm in diameter. Both the circular and the longitudinal muscle layers were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres, which mostly ran parallel to the muscle fibres. In addition, small blood vessels in the submucosa and on the serosal surface of the gut were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive fibres. Double labelling with antisera to NOS and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) revealed three neuronal subpopulations. A small proportion of the NOS-immunoreactive cells also contained immunoreactivity to VIP while a majority of the VIP-immunoreactive cells were NOS immunoreactive. There were more nerve fibres showing VIP immunoreactivity than fibres with NOS immunoreactivity, although most of the latter also contained immunoreactivity to VIP. VIP-immunoreactive fibres often surrounded the NOS-immunoreactive nerve cells. These results suggest that neuronally released nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in the crocodile as in most other vertebrate species.
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  • 132
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 587-597 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Hyaluronic acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor ; Localization ; Mouse (CD-1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The direct interaction of hyaluronic acid (HA) and heavy chain (HC) of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family plays a critical role in the organization and stabilization of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the distribution of the IαI HC and HA in adult mouse tissues. An immunohistochemical method using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against mouse IαI heavy-chain peptide and a specific probe for HA (biotinylated HA-binding protein) was used to demonstrate an immunolocalization of IαI HC and HA. Distribution and localization of HA was of three types, namely, colocalization with IαI HC itself (cartilaginous tissue and ovary), localization around IαI HC immunostaining (lung, intestine and skeletal muscle), and localization at a small distance from IαI HC or a different distribution pattern (brain, liver, skin and kidney). These results indicate that IαI HC could function as an HA-rich matrix stabilizer on the cells of cartilage and maturing ovary, in which IαI HC shows colocalization with its predominant ligand, HA.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Avian pineal organ ; Pinopsin ; Cell differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quail embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The avian pineal organ contains several types of photoreceptors with different photopigments: rhodopsin, iodopsin, and pinopsin. We have previously examined the differentiation of both rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactive cells during pineal development in quail embryos to determine the onset of synthesis of specific proteins and their cellular localization. In the present study, we have performed pinopsin immunohistochemistry on in-vivo developing and in-vitro cultured pineal organs of quail embryos. The results were compared with those obtained with rhodopsin and iodopsin immunohistochemistry. In the developing pineal organs, pinopsin immunoreactivity was detected at embryonic day 8, i.e. five days earlier than rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities. It was localized exclusively in the protrusions extending into the lumen throughout development, whereas rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities were usually found both in cell bodies and processes. These differences were also observed under two different types of culture conditions (dissociated cell culture and organ culture) indicating that, in the avian pineal organ, the expression pattern of the pinopsin gene is basically different from those of the other two pineal photopigments. The present study suggests that pineal cells have a mechanism for the polarized transport of pinopsin molecules.
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  • 134
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 607-617 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal tract ; Respiratory tract ; Urogenital tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; mRNA ; Pig (Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The antisecretory factor, AF, is a 41-kDa protein, cloned and sequenced from a human pituitary library. AF is a potent inhibitor of experimental intestinal hypersecretion in rats and pigs. An antiserum against the C-terminal of the truncated, recombinantly produced AF protein was raised in rabbits. The affinity-purified antiserum was used to study the expression of AF in mucosal membranes and in the pituitary gland of the pig; distinctly stained cells were found in lymphoid cells in the connective tissue of all parts of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. Cytoplasmic AF was demonstrated in endocrine and epithelial cells in the pituitary gland. In situ hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled mRNA probe also demonstrated specific cytoplasmic staining in epithelial and lymphoid cells in all of these tissues. The cells stained by either method were similarly distributed topographically within the tissues. The results suggest that a specific defined cell population in these various tissues possesses the capability of both synthesising and storing the AF protein within the cellular cytoplasmic compartment.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vascular endothelial growth factor ; flt-1 ; flk-1 ; Embryonic implantation ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction ; Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and its receptors (flt-1 and flk-1) during the peri-implantation period (days 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post coitus) in the golden hamster was investigated by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and the reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Three days after mating, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining revealed weak VEGF expression only in the uterine epithelium; this expression was similar to that seen at oestrus. Flt-1 but no flk-1 immunoreactivity was observed. At day 4, the subepithelial stroma and embryo displayed immunoreactivity for VEGF and flt-1, whereas endothelial cells expressed both flt-1 and flk-1. At day 5, immunoreactivity for both VEGF and its receptors was detected in decidual cells and vascular endothelial cells. Only a few embryonic cells expressed VEGF mRNA but strong signals were noted in decidual cells. The patterns of VEGF and VEGF receptor expression were the same in the day-6 and day-7 embryos and decidua, except for an increase in intensity as development progressed. Based on these findings, we conclude that, in addition to its known actions on endometrial angiogenesis and tissue swelling, VEGF may also facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium and help to sustain the avascular embryo during this early stage of development.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Basal lamina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Cochlea ; Mongolian gerbil ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bridging structures between discrete capillaries in the stria vascularis of the cochlea were studied morphologically in gerbils and rats. Serial thin sections for transmission electron microscopy revealed (1) that elongated cells surrounded by the basal lamina provided the structural basis for the bridging structure, (2) that the basal lamina surrounding the elongated cell extended to the basal lamina around the capillary endothelial cell, (3) that the electron density of the cytoplasm was similar to that of the pericytes around the capillaries, and (4) that the cell was attached to the capillaries at both ends only. Visualization of the basal lamina by immunofluorescent methods revealed (1) that capillaries were often bent at the site of attachment of the bridging cell, (2) that the bridging cell bifurcated occasionally, and (3) that the density of the bridging cell was much higher in the stria vascularis than in the underlying spiral ligament. Filamentous actin visualized by fluorescent phalloidin was not apparent in the bridging cell. We propose that the bridging cell provides mechanical strength to the tortuous capillary network in the stria vascularis and participates in the specific function of the stria vascularis in cooperation with other types of cells.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Harderian gland ; Tryptophan hydroxylase ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar) ; Syrian hamster ; Mesocricetus auratus ; Djungarian hamster ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Harderian gland is considered as being an extrapineal source of melatonin. In most rodents, the Harderian gland contains two epithelial cell types (I and II). The aim of this study has been to define which cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The presence and localization of serotonin (melatonin precursor) and tryptophan hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis) have been investigated by immunohistochemistry in male Wistar rats, Syrian hamsters and Djungarian hamsters. The results of the present study show that immunoreactivity for tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin is confined to the type I cell, suggesting that this cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis in the rodent Harderian gland.
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  • 138
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide synthase isoforms I ; III ; Neurosphere ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nestin ; Embryonic brain striatum ; Mouse (Balb/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, radical molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes in the nervous system such as learning and hippocampal plasticity. It is generated from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which come in three isoforms depending on the tissue of origin, namely inducible-NOS (iNOS in macrophages), endothelial-NOS (eNOS in endothelial cells) and neural-NOS (nNOS in neural cells). We used epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive nestin-positive neural precursor cells originating from the mouse E16 embryonic striatum, and studied the relative expression of NOS isoforms probed with isoform-specific antibody using the avidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Our data revealed both nNOS and eNOS to be expressed in both neurospheres and desegregated neural precursor cells. However, iNOS signals were virtually undetectable in both cell categories. When the neural precursor cells were carried in the presence of poly-l-ornithine (PLO), there was a strong induction of the expression of iNOS proteins, indicating the possibility that this isoform is amenable to modulation by extracellular cues. These preliminary results suggest both nNOS and eNOS to be important in the physiology of neural precursor cells, and that iNOS might also play a role at certain stages in the life of these cells.
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  • 139
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    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words P2X receptor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Duodenum ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunohistochemical techniques were performed on freshly frozen sections of the duodenum of the rat using specific polyclonal antibodies to unique peptide sequences of P2X1–7 receptors. Of the antibodies to the seven known P2X receptor subtypes that mediate extracellular signalling by nucleotides, three reacted with discrete structures in the duodenal villus of the rat. Anti-P2X1 reacted with the capillary plexus in the intestinal villus, which did not extend to the crypt region, suggesting that nucleotides may be involved in the uptake and transport of metabolites. Anti-P2X5 immunostained the membranes of the narrow ”stem” of villus goblet cells, where the nucleus and cell organelles reside, possibly influencing synthesis and release of mucins. P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity was only seen in the membranes of enterocytes and goblet cells at the tip of the villus, where cells are exfoliated into the lumen, consistent with earlier findings that P2X7 is involved in apoptotic events. Thus, in complex structures such as the intestinal villus, purinoceptors appear to participate in several and diverse signalling functions.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
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  • 141
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    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Acid release ; Stomach ; Antibody ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF) has an inhibitory action on acid secretion in the stomach. It has been suggested that somatostatin may act directly on parietal cells as well as indirectly via histamine-producing cells. A family of high affinity membrane-bound receptors, which are termed sst1–sst5 receptors, mediates the physiological effects of somatostatin. On the basis of functional studies it has been suggested that somatostatin may mediate its actions in the stomach by activation of a somatostatin sst2 receptor type. Two splice variants of the rat sst2 receptor exist, sst2(a) and sst2(b), which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy termini. To date, little information is available on the distribution of the somatostatin sst2(b) receptor in any peripheral tissue. Here we show for the first time the localisation of this receptor isoform in the rat oxyntic mucosa, where the receptor protein was found to be present in parietal cells. This is in contrast to sst2(a) receptor, which was localised to enterochromaffin-like cells and nerve fibres. The differential localisation of the receptor isoforms to two key cell types, parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, may explain how somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by more than one mechanism.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calbindin ; Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath ; Epithelial rest of Malassez ; Preodontoblast ; Periodontal fibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study was undertaken to examine the localization of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) during the root formation of the rat molar. In the adult rat, CB-LI was detected in some of the cells of the epithelial rest of Malassez at the bifurcational region and in certain cells between the root dentin and cementum at the apical region. These cells had indented nuclei and many tonofilaments, and cementocytes lacked CB-LI. Moreover, CB-LI was observed in the periodontal fibroblasts in the alveolar half of the apical region. During root formation, the cells in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) lacked CB-LI, but most fragmented cells along the root surface began to express CB-LI when HERS was disrupted. Preodontoblasts and odontoblasts at the apical portion of the root also showed CB-LI. After the formation of cellular cementum, the CB-immunoreactive (-IR) cells were entrapped between the root dentin and cementum in the apical portion of the root. The number of CB-IR cells at the root surface decreased gradually, while that between the root dentin and cementum increased. The fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament began to express CB-LI after commencement of the occlusion, and the number and the staining intensity of CB-IR fibroblasts increased gradually with the passage of time. The present results suggest that CB may play an important role in the survival of the epithelial cells, in the cellular responses of periodontal fibroblasts against mechanical forces caused by the occlusion, and in the initial mineralization by the odontoblasts through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Galanin ; Striated muscle ; Esophagus ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and galanin-immunoreactive nerve terminals and the origin of NOS-immunoreactive nerve terminals on the motor endplates in the striated muscles of the rat esophagus was investigated. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed a dual innervation of motor endplates by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive axons and by axons that were immunoreactive for both NOS and galanin. On average, 91% of NOS terminals were galanin immunoreactive. NOS-immunoreactive fibers were revealed at 67% of endplates, identified by the presence of CGRP terminals. The left vagus and superior laryngeal nerve were cut and 15 days allowed for terminals to degenerate. This caused a significant loss of CGRP fibers, but did not affect the density of innervation of the striated muscle by NOS-immunoreactive fibers. Thus the NOS/galanin fibers are deduced to originate from ganglia in the esophageal wall. This is supported by our observation of numerous NOS-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia of the esophagus, 74% of which were galanin immunoreactive. There were no CGRP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the wall of the esophagus.
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 537-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Decapod ; Invertebrate ; Monoamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Procambarus clarkii ; Pacifastacusleniusculus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used whole-mount immunocytochemistry to characterize the distribution of serotonin in the stomatogastric nervous systems of seven species of crayfish representing three genera from the family Cambaridae (Orconectes, Cambarus, and Procambarus) and one from the family Astacidae (Pacifastacus). In all species, we observed serotonin-like immunoreactivity in four gastropyloric receptor (GPR) neurons located in the lateral ventricular nerves, with one pair of neurons in each nerve. As in other crustaceans, the GPR axons project to the stomatogastric ganglion and to the bilateral commissural ganglia. In three crayfishes, we observed the GPR axons crossing the commissural ganglia, and extending toward the thoracic nervous system. This feature was most clearly and consistently seen in Pacifastacus leniusculus. The number of stained somata in the commissural ganglia varied among crayfish species from two (in Procambarus clarkii) to five (in Pacifastacus leniusculus). The largest soma (the L cell) displayed both serotonin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in all species, suggesting that serotonin and dopamine are cotransmitters in this cell. The inferior esophageal nerve and a branch of this nerve (the inner labral nerve) contained several axons with serotonin-like immunoreactivity. These axons were clearly present in only one species (Procambarus clarkii). Serotonin acts as a neuromodulator of rhythms produced by circuits in the crab and lobster stomatogastric ganglion, and is likely to play a similar role in crayfish. Differences are apparent in the distribution of serotonin among crayfish species and between crayfish and other crustaceans, and could result in differences in the physiological action of this modulator.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Proopiomelanocortin ; Post-translational processing ; Novel neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC analysis ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several vertebrate species which underwent duplication of their genome, such as trout, salmon and Xenopus, possess two proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes. In the trout, one of the POMC molecules, called POMC-A, exhibits a unique C-terminal extension of 25 amino acids which has no equivalent in other POMCs characterized so far. This C-terminal peptide contains three pairs of basic residues, suggesting that it may be the source of novel regulatory peptides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of these peptides in the brain of the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by using specific antibodies raised against two epitopes derived from the C-terminal extension of POMC-A, i.e., EQWGREEGEE and YHFQ-NH2. Immunohistochemical labeling of brain sections revealed the presence of EQWGREEGEE- and YHFQ-NH2-immunoreactive cell bodies in the anterior part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the dorsal hypothalamus, the thalamus, the telencephalon, the optic tectum and the medulla oblongata. In contrast, no labeling was detected using antibodies against the non-amidated peptide YHFQG. Biochemical characterization was performed by combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA) quantification. Two peptides exhibiting the same retention time as synthetic EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2 were resolved. However, no peptide co-eluting with YHFQ-NH2 or YHFQG could be detected. These results demonstrate that, in the trout brain, post-translational processing of POMC-A generates the two decapeptides EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2. The wide distribution of immunoreactive fibers in the diencephalon, telencephalon, optic tectum and medulla oblongata suggests that these peptides may exert neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator activities.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Central nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Leech excitatory peptide ; Neuropeptide ; Whitmania pigra (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have recently isolated a myoactive peptide, called leech excitatory peptide, belonging to the GGNG peptide family from two species of leeches, Hirudo nipponia and Whitmania pigra. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were employed to localize leech excitatory peptide-like peptide(s) and its gene expression in the central nervous system of W. pigra. A pair of neuronal somata were stained by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the supraesophageal, subesophageal, and segmental ganglia. In addition, several other neurons showed positive signals by either immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization in these ganglia. An immunoreactive fiber was observed to run in the anterior root of segmental ganglion 6, which is known to send axons to the sexual organs, though we failed to detect immunoreactivity in possible target tissues. Antiserum specificity was established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different leech excitatory peptide-related peptides. Leech excitatory peptide elicited muscular contraction of isolated preparations of penis and intestine at concentrations of 10–8 M. These results suggest that leech excitatory peptide is a neuropeptide modulating neuromuscular transmission in multiple systems, including regulation of reproductive behavior.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Pituitary ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By means of double immunohistochemical techniques and a nonradioisotopic in situ hybridization method, we determined the colocalization pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and pituitary hormones and the GR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the pituitaries of Wistar adult male rats. Immunoreactivity for GR was detected in the nuclei of cells in the anterior and posterior pituitary. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the colocaliza- tion of GR and anterior pituitary hormones occurred in almost 99% of the growth hormone (GH)-producing cells and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing cells, and in 67% of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells. Almost all of the folliculostellate cells (93%), marginal layer cells (94%) in the anterior pituitary, and pituicytes (96%) in the posterior pituitary immunostained for S100 protein antibody were also immunostained with GR. GR mRNA was abundant in the cytoplasm of anterior and intermediate pituitary cells but scattered sparsely in that of the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that glucocorticoids directly influence certain pituitary cells in order to regulate cell function, including the synthesis and/or secretion of hormones.
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  • 148
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    Personal and ubiquitous computing 3 (1999), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1617-4917
    Keywords: Child-centred participatory design ; Children ; Collaboration ; Education ; Handheld computing ; Learning environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computers are becoming an important tool in learning environments; however, children's access to computer technology is often limited. Computers are commonly placed at the back of the classroom or in a separate computer room. At home, if computers are available, they are often found in a home-office or another communal area. In both cases, the physical location of the computers is separate from many places where children's activities and learning occur. Flexible access to technology will provide tools to help children construct knowledge throughout their daily activities. The growth of handheld computers provides the potential to integrate computer technology into the many facers of children's lives. This paper investigates issues surrounding the design of handheld computers for children's use in learning environments. It focuses on child-centred design, engaging children as active participants in the design of handheld technologies. Two central issues are addressed: mobility and sharability.
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  • 149
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    Personal and ubiquitous computing 3 (1999), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1617-4917
    Keywords: Children ; Product concept design ; Social aspects of fun ; User study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes two explorative user studies conducted in a research project called Maypole. The purpose of the first user study was to understand how children thought communication with personal technologies could be fun. The second study focused on what children thought was fun in taking and editing digital images. In both studies, children aged 7–12 were given existing personal technologies to use in their own environment for one week. After that, a focus group was held with the children in order to discuss what they thought was fun in using the technologies. The results of the two user studies illustrate how fun in using personal technologies could relate to a user's social behaviour, and not only to human-computer interaction. Therefore, designers are encouraged to explore further the social aspects of fun in their creations. Moreover, the two studies illustrate some methodological problems in studying a user's experience of fun, which refer to a need for more public research on methods.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Endomyocardial biopsy ; Dilated cardiomyopathy ; Children ; Ultrastructure ; Basal lamina layering of capillary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We analyzed the electron-microscopic features of endomyocardial biopsy from pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The specimens examined were taken from the right ventricle of ten patients aged from 2 to 15 years (mean 9.7 years). Biopsy specimens from eight patients with congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot), aged from 3 to 12 (mean 7.3 years), and ten adult patients with DCM, aged from 32 to 60 (mean 45 years), were also examined. Patients considered to have endocardial fibroelastosis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, specific cardiomyopathy, or coronary heart disease were excluded from this study. Specimens from pediatric patients with DCM showed various degrees of ultrastructural abnormalities of myocytes, including myofibrillar fragmentation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and intracellular edema. The ultrastructurally determined contractility failure index based on the severity of myocardial degeneration at the electronmicroscopic level was 4.9 ± 1.1. This value was significantly higher than that in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (0.9 ± 0.6,P 〈 0.001) but was not significantly different from that in adult patients with DCM (6.1 ± 2.6). The index of pediatric patients with DCM who died within 3 years was high (6.0 ± 0.8). Basal lamina layering of a capillary (BLL) in the myocardium was revealed in 1 of the 10 (10%) pediatric patients with DCM and in 6 of the 10 (60%) adult patients with DCM (P 〈 0.05). No BLL was noted in the patients with tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of DCM in children and adults.
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  • 151
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    European journal of trauma 25 (1999), S. 254-266 
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Unterarmfraktur ; Kind ; Konservative/operative Therapie ; Forearm fractures ; Children ; Conservative/operative treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Forearm fractures rank among the most frequent injuries of children and adolescents. At our department, during a 5-year's period a total of 783 forearm fractures have been treated. The patient's age ranged between 1 and 17 years, with an average of 10.2 years. The vast majority were isolated forearm lesions without concomitant injuries, and the gender ratio of males to females was nearly 3 : 2. With 58.1% the left extremity was involved more frequently than the right one (40.4%), in 12 children (1.5%) fractures of both forearms were diagnosed simultaneously. Predominantly isolated radius fractures (59.1%) were seen, followed by complete forearm fractures (36.7%). Greenstick fractures occurred as frequent as 38.2%. With 78.7% the distal forearm was the most common location, followed by the middle and proximal shaft with 14.3% and 7.0%, respectively. Treatment was predominantly non-operative, only in 2.6% open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) became necessary. Therefore, majority treatment was outpatient and complications occurred very rarely. The data presented confirm the outstanding spontaneous correction capacity of the distal forearm in children in contrast to fractures located more proximally. Therefore, patients suffering from shaft fractures of the middle third have been invited to follow-up examinations revealing 44.4% excellent and good results, respectively. Fair and unsatisfying results have been found in 5.6% each. It could be demonstrated, that residual angulations of the middle third often overtax the organism's spontaneous correction capacity, at least as far as children aged 10 years and older are concerned. Therefore, in middle shaft forearm fractures in children generally should be reduced anatomically. If anatomical reposition and redression cannot be achieved conservatively, operative stabilization is indicated. We consider closed reduction and elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) the treatment of choice. In cases of higher degree open fractures or nerve lesions, revision with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) using plates or external fixation are recommended, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unterarmfrakturen gehören zu den häufigsten Verletzungen im Kindes- and Jugendalter. In einem Zeitraum von fünf Jahren wurden insgesamt 783 Kinder and Jugendliche im Alter von einem bis zu 17 Jahren mit Unterarmfrakturen behandelt. Der Altersdurchschnitt lag bei 10,2 Jahren. Es handelte sich vorwiegend um isolierte Verletzungen, and das Verhältnis von Jungen zu Mädchen lag bei 3 : 2. Der linke Arm war mit 58,1% häufiger betroffen als der rechte (40,4%), zwölf Kinder (1,5%) hatten doppelseitige Frakturen. Zum größten Ted (59,1%) handelte es sich um isolierte Radiusfrakturen, gefolgt von den kompletten Unterarmfrakturen (36,7%). In 38,2% der Fälle lagen Grünholzfrakturen vor. Die Frakturen des distalen Schaftdrittels wurden mit 78,7% am haufigsten gesehen, gefolgt von Brüchen des mittleren (14,3%) and proximalen (7,0%) Drittels. Die Therapie erfolgte vorwiegend konservativ, die osteosynthetische Versorgung wurde nur in 2,6% der Fälle erforderlich. Somit konnte die Behandlung meist ambulant erfolgen, and Komplikationen waren außerordentlich selten. Das gute Spontankorrekturpotential kindlicher Unterarmfrakturen des distalen Drittels gegenüber weiter proximal gelegenen Frakturen bestätigte sich in der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Daher wurden die Patienten mit Frakturen des mittleren Drittels — soweit erreichbar - embestellt and eingehend nachuntersucht. Hierbei fanden sich in jeweils 44,4% der Fälle sehr gute and gute funktionelle Ergebnisse. Befriedigende and schlechte Behandlungsresultate wiesen je 5,6% der Patienten auf. Es zeigte sich, daß belassene Achsfehlstellungen im mittleren Drittel vor allem nach Erreichen des zehnten Lebensjahres die spontane Korrekturfähigkeit im Rahmen des weiteren Wachstums häufig überfordern and mit einem Ausgleich der Fehlstellung daher nicht regelhaft gerechnet werden darf. Daher sollten Unterarmfrakturen des mittleren Schaftdrittels bei Kindern anatomiegerecht reponiert werden. Gelingen Reposition oder Retention auf konservativem Wege nicht, ist die Indikation zur osteosynthetischen Versorgung gegeben. Hier empfiehlt sich, außer bei höhergradig offenen Frakturen oder Nervenschäden, als Therapie der ersten Wahl die geschlossene Reposition in Narkose mit elastisch-stabiler Markraumschienung (ESM). Dieses Osteosyntheseverfahren birgt gleichzeitig die Vorteile des kleineren operativen Traumas mit Verkürzung von Ruhigstellung (Gipsbehandlung) and Krankenhausaufenthalt. Schlüsselwörter: Unterarmfraktur - Kind - Konservative/operative Therapie
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cell ; Heterogeneity ; Coronary artery ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arterial media is composed of a heterogeneous population of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Recently, the properties of SMCs were observed to be heterogeneous not only among individual cells but also among arteries of the same vascular bed. To test the hypothesis that a site-specific heterogeneity exists in the SMCs of human coronary arteries, we examined the expression of desmin, vimentin, calponin, and high-molecular-weight (h-) caldesmon in arteries of various sizes. Specimens of arteries were obtained at autopsy from 12 patients: 6 adults (67 ± 4 years old); 3 younger adults (26 ± 2 years old); and 3 neonates. The size of the arteries was estimated by the number of SMC layers of the media. The expression was compared in SMCs of large arteries (〉10 layers in adults, 〉5 layers in neonates), medium-sized arteries (5–10 layers in adults, 3–5 SMC layers in neonates), and small arteries (〈3 layers). In adults, the percentage of arteries positive for desmin was lower in the small (17% ± 3%) and medium-sized arteries (44% ± 12%) than in the large arteries (94% ± 6%) (P 〈 0.01). The percentage of arteries positive for calponin was also lower in the small (18% ± 2%) and medium-sized arteries (66% ± 5%) than in the large arteries (100%) (P 〈 0.01). The percentage for vimentin and h-caldesmon did not differ among large, medium-sized, and small arteries. These observations in adults were similar to those in younger adults or neonates. The phenotypes of medial SMCs are vessel sizedependent in human coronary arteries. This finding should be important for understanding the site-specific characteristics of vascular function in the regulation of myocardial perfusion or those of vascular responses to environmental changes.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words:Helicobacter pylori ; Carbon-14 urea breath test ; Biokinetics ; Dosimetry ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The long-term biokinetics and dosimetry of carbon-14 were studied in nine adults and eight children undergoing carbon-14 urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. The elimination of 14C via exhaled air and urine was measured with the liquid scintillation counting technique and with accelerator mass spectrometry. After the subjects had been given 110 kBq 14C-urea (children: 55 kBq) orally, samples of exhaled air were taken up to 180 days after administration and samples of urine were collected up to 40 days. Sixteen of the subjects were found to be HP-negative. In these subjects a total of 91.1%±3.9% (mean of adults and children ± standard error of the mean) of the administered 14C activity was recovered. The majority of the administered activity, 88.3%±6.2% in adults and 87.7%±5.0% in children, was excreted via the urine within 72 h after administration. A smaller fraction was exhaled. In adults 4.6%±0.6% of the activity was exhaled within 20 days and in children 2.6%±0.3%. Uncertainties in the biokinetic results are mainly due to assumptions concerning endogenous CO2 production and urinary excretion rate and are estimated to be less than 30%. The absorbed dose to various organs and the effective dose were calculated using the ICRP model for urea and CO2. The urinary bladder received the highest absorbed dose: in adults, 0.15±0.01 mGy/MBq and in children of various ages (7–14 years), 0.14–0.36 mGy/MBq. The findings indicate that an investigation with 14C-urea gives an effective dose to adults of 2.1±0.1 µSv (for 110 kBq) and to children of 0.9–2.5 µSv (for 55 kBq). From a radiation protection point of view, there is thus no reason for restrictions on even repeated screening investigations with 14C-urea in whole families, including children.
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  • 154
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    International journal of anthropology 14 (1999), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Ascaris ; Nutrition ; I.Q. ; Children ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was estimated that about 1.3 billion persons all over the world were infected with Ascaris Lumbricoides (A.L.), Especially children in tropical and subtropical countries. AIM To investigate the effects of A.L. infection on the nutritional status and the intellectual level in a sample of Egyptian primary school children from rural Giza province. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A sample of 637 children (329 boys and 308 girls) aged 6–12 years, have been subjected to some anthropometric measurements including body weight, body height, arm circumference, head circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. In addition, the I.Q. was determined using “Draw-a-man” test. Blood hemoglobin concentration was also determined using a spectrophotometric method. All the children were then subjected to stools and urine examinations, and peri-anal swab. Only 242 children were included for further study, of whom 45 boys and 38 girls were found infected with A.L. solely, and 81 boys and 78 girls of about the same age free of parasitic infections were taken as control. RESULTS Children infected with A.L. has significantly lower body weight, height, and arm circumference but insignificantly lower skinfold thickness and head circumference as comparedto the control group. Infected children had significantly lower hemoglobin concentration and I.Q. than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Selected anthropometric measurements, biochemical and intellectual tests from a useful complementary battery for reliable and informative investigation of the effects of parasitic infection on child nutrition and health. A.L. was found to have a significant effect on the physical and intellectual status of the rural Egyptian children of age 6–12 years.
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  • 155
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    European journal of nuclear medicine 26 (1999), S. S43 
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Sentinel lymph node ; Frozen section ; Imprint cytology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The sentinel lymph-node procedure enables selective targeting of the first draining lymph node, where the initial metastases will form. A negative sentinel node (SN) predicts the absence of tumour metastases in the other regional lymph nodes with high accuracy. This means that in the case of a negative SN, regional lymph-node dissection is no longer necessary. Besides saving costs, this will prevent many side-effects as a result of lymph-node dissection. The task of the pathologist is to screen SNs for metastases. To this end, several techniques are available such as standard histo- and cytopathological techniques, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular biological techniques. These methods are explained and their sensitivity for detecting SN metastases is discussed. Some of these techniques also appear to be useful for intra-operative evaluation of SNs. The standard protocol for detection of SN metastases consists of extensive histopathological investigation including step H&E stained sections and immunohistochemistry. Intra-operative frozen-section analysis of SNs has been shown to be reliable for breast-cancer axillary lymph nodes. In the intra-operative setting, imprint cytology can also be used but its additional value to frozen section analysis is not yet clear. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of sophisticated molecular biological techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in detecting SN metastases. The sensitivity of flow cytometry is too low for this purpose.
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  • 156
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    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 504-511 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Co-activation ; Children ; Knee ; Electromyography ; Isokinetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Determining the mechanisms of co-activation around the knee joint with respect to age and sex is important in terms of our greater understanding of strength development. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, sex and muscle action on moment of force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the agonist and antagonist muscle groups during isokinetic eccentric and concentric knee extension and flexion. The study comprised nine pubertal boys [mean age 12.6 (SD 0.5) years], nine girls [12.7 (SD 0.5) years] nine adult men [23.1 (SD 2.1) years] and nine adult women [23.7 (SD 3.1) years] who performed maximal isometric eccentric and concentric efforts of knee extensors and flexors on a dynamometer at 30° · s−1. The moment of force and surface EMG activity of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles were recorded. The moment of force:agonist averaged EMG (aEMG) ratios were calculated. The antagonist aEMG values were expressed as a percentage of the aEMG activity of the same muscle, at the same angle, angular velocity and muscle action when the muscle was acting as agonist. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs indicated no significant effects of age or sex on moment:aEMG ratios. Eccentric ratios were significantly higher than the corresponding concentric ones (P 〈 0.05). The results also indicated no significant effect of age and sex on the aEMG of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles when acting as antagonists. The antagonist aEMG was significantly greater during concentric agonist efforts compared with the corresponding eccentric ones (P 〈 0.05). These findings would suggest that the moment exerted per unit of agonist EMG and the antagonist activity are similar in children compared with adults and are not sex dependent. Future comparisons between eccentric and concentric moments of force and agonist ENG should take into consideration the antagonist effects, irrespective of age or sex.
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  • 157
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    European journal of applied physiology 80 (1999), S. 118-124 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Exercise ; Children ; Ventilation ; Gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purposes of this investigation were to quantify the noise component of child breath-by-breath data, investigate the major determinants of the breath-to-breath noise, and to characterise the noise statistically. Twenty-four healthy children (12 males and 12 females) of mean (SD) age 13.1 (0.3) years completed 25 min of steady-state cycle ergometry at an exercise intensity of 50 W. Ventilatory and gas exchange variables were computed breath-by-breath. The mean (SD) oxygen consumption (V˙O2) ranged from 0.72 (0.16) to 0.92 (0.26) l · min−1; mean (SD) carbon dioxide production (V˙CO2) ranged from 0.67 (0.20) l · min−1 to 0.85 (0.16) l · min−1; and mean (SD) minute ventilation ranged from 17.81 (3.54) l · min−1 to 24.97 (5.63) l · min−1. The majority of the breath-to-breath noise distributions differed significantly from Gaussian distributions with equivalent mean and SD parameters. The values of the normalised autocorrelation functions indicated a negligible breath-to-breath correlation. Tidal volume accounted for the majority of the V˙O2 (43%) and V˙CO2 (49%) variance. The breath-to-breath noise can be explained in terms of variations in the breathing pattern, although the large noise magnitude, together with the relatively small attainable response amplitudes in children reduces the certainty with which ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics can be measured.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Asthma ; Atopic diseases ; Children ; Epidemiology ; Socio-economic status ; Tobacco smoke
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cross-sectional survey of a cohort study was carried out between June and December 1994 in Valencia, Spain (population in 1994: 764,293 inhabitants). Two hundred sixty public and private schools randomly selected from the total of schools in Valencia were invited to participate; 3948 children aged 6–7 years cooperated in our study after informed consent was obtained from parents and school director. The survey in Valencia is part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Prevalences for asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were determined and contrasted with socioeconomic status (SES) among children. No statistically significant associations were established between the prevalences of asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, and SES. However, atopic dermatitis was found to be common among upper class children (21.5 per 100 children). Likewise, significant associations were observed between the severity of atopy (2 or 3 atopic manifestations) and SES (p=0.000), being greater for lower strata (4.5 per 100 children); for the three SES level significant differences were established (p = 0.008) regarding passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the home.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Children ; Clinical characteristics ; Lower respiratory tract infections ; Nosocomial infections ; Respiratory syncytial virus ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper has analyzed respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in 201 hospitalized children. In children with wheezing, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly higher in those with pneumonia than with syndroma pertussis, while the white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly lower in patients with bronchitis than in those with bronchiolitis and syndroma pertussis. Bronchodilatators were applied in 75.6% and corticosteroids in 20% of patients. Ten patients were ventilated. Fatal disease outcome was observed in one infant. Twelve consecutive-year study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections showed that 27.3% of these diseases were bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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  • 160
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    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Adenoidectomy ; Children ; Day‐case surgery ; Home care ; Pain medication ; Postoperative pain ; Tonsillectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to describe how parents manage their child's postoperative pain at home following day‐case surgery. The incidence of pain, different analgesics used and problems related to administering medications were the main interests of the study. A postal questionnaire was sent to the parents of 275 children who were under 8 years of age and had undergone an ear, nose and throat (ENT) day‐case operation. The questionnaire was sent to the parents a week after discharge from hospital. Altogether, the parents of 227 children answered the questionnaire (response rate 83%). The study was divided into two phases (preintervention and postintervention), and incorporated a training program for doctors and nurses between these two phases. The training program aimed to improve the treatment practices of postoperative pain in children. Seventy‐eight per cent of the children in the preintervention study and 75% in the postintervention study experienced at least mild pain after discharge. The training program for doctors and nurses affected the home treatment practices of postoperative pain. The proportion of parents treating their children increased from 68% to 80% after the training program (p=0.028). Many parents faced problems while treating their children; for example, 19% (n=30) of the children refused to take their medicine, and suppositories were regarded to be an especially unpleasant dosage form. However, no serious adverse effects were reported. We conclude that due to the pain experienced at home by the great majority of children following day‐case ENT operations, parents need information on how to manage their child's pain. A training program for doctors and nurses can improve the treatment of children's pain even at home. Since some children dislike suppositories, it would be worth considering the use of small tablets or mixtures instead.
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  • 161
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    Child psychiatry & human development 29 (1999), S. 261-276 
    ISSN: 1573-3327
    Keywords: Children ; Obsessive-Compulsive ; Rituals ; Fear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the relationship between ritualistic, compulsive-like behaviors and normative fears and phobias in 61 children ranging from 1 to 7 years of age. Parents reported on their children's ritualistic habits, and perfectionistic behaviors that reflect what we have previously called “compulsive-like” behaviors. Parents also reported on their children's fears and phobias. Results indicated that various aspects of children's ritualistic and compulsive-like behaviors are correlated with children's fears and phobias. Developmental differences existed such that younger children's (〈 4 years) repetitive, compulsive-like behaviors were related to “prepotent” fears such as stranger and separation anxieties, whereas the compulsive-like behaviors of older children (〉 4 years) were correlated with more specific, “contextual” fears such as fears of contamination, death, and fears often associated with concerns of the inner city such as burglars, assault, etc. These findings are discussed in terms of the phenomenologic and possible neurobiological continuities between normative and pathologic rituals, fears and phobias.
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  • 162
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    Child psychiatry & human development 30 (1999), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1573-3327
    Keywords: In-School Intervention ; Suspensions ; Reading ; Consistency ; Parents ; Schools ; Children ; Bullies ; Victims ; Anti-social Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study developed a method of in-school intervention that dramatically reduced the suspension rate and violence in elementary schools. It suggests that children who were not read to by their parents often become bullies and/or victims of bullies. Other parental practices, including inconsistent discipline in the home, also may be contributing factors.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Hernia repair ; Children ; Laparoscopy ; Patient selection. ; Schlüsselwörter: Kinderchirurgie ; Leistenhernie ; intraoperative Laparoskopie ; Diagnostik ; Patientenselektion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Aus epidemiologischen Untersuchungen ist bekannt, daß bei ca. 50 % der Kinder mit einseitiger Leistenhernie auf der Gegenseite ebenfalls ein offener Processus vaginalis vorliegt. 10–25 % dieser Kinder entwickeln in der Folge eine kontralaterale Hernie. Seit 1996 wird in unserer Klinik bei Säuglingen und Kindern mit klinisch unilateraler Leistenhernie mittels intraoperativer Laparoskopie durch den eröffneten Bruchsack der kontralaterale innere Leistenring inspiziert. Vorgehen: Bisher wurden 112 Kinder untersucht (Alter: 6 Monate bis 7 Jahre; 78 Jungen, 34 Mädchen). Nach Freipräparation des Bruchsacks wurde dieser eröffnet und ein 5,5-mm-Trokar durch den inneren Leistenring eingebracht. Nach Anlage des Pneumoperitoneums erfolgte mit einer 5-mm-(30 °)-Optik zunächst die orientierende Laparoskopie, anschließend mit der 70 °-Optik die Inspektion des kontralateralen inneren Leistenrings. Ergaben sich Hinweise für einen breit offenen Processus vaginalis (Typ III nach Chin), wurde in gleicher Narkose diese Seite ebenfalls offen chirurgisch exploriert. Ergebnisse: Laparoskopisch fand sich bei 19 Patienten (17 %) ein nach oben genannten Kriterien pathologischer Befund (6 Mädchen, 13 Jungen). Diese wurden auf der Gegenseite operiert und die laparoskopische Diagnose in allen Fällen bestätigt. Verfahrensbedingte Komplikationen traten nicht auf. Die Eingriffe erfolgten im Rahmen der Eintageschirurgie. Die Operationsdauer erhöhte sich durch die intraoperative Laparoskopie um im Median 6 min (3–11 min). Deutlich häufiger fanden sich pathologische Befunde bei Patienten unter 2 Jahren (14 von 19 Patienten). Schlußfolgerungen: Das beschriebene Verfahren erlaubt ohne nennenswerten zusätzlichen Zeitbedarf, Patienten zu selektionieren, die von einer einzeitigen offenen Exploration der gegenseitigen Leistenregion profitieren. Somit können Zweitoperationen mit erneuter Narkose und Hospitalisierung vermieden werden. Zusätzlich erlaubt die intraoperative Laparoskopie die allgemeine Beurteilung der Abdominalorgane sowie Klärung spezieller Fragen wie, z. B. die Vitalität reponierter Darmschlingen.
    Notes: Summary. Background: Approximately 50 % of children with a clinical unilateral inguinal hernia display a patent processus vaginalis on the contralateral side; half of these children subsequently develop an inguinal hernia.The management of this problem is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative laparoscopy in a no-puncture technique through the opened hernia sack. Method: In 112 children (age 6 months to 7 years ) with clinical unilateral hernia laparoscopy (5 mm laparoscope, 30 ° and 70 °). In cases of a wide-open contralateral internal inguinal ring (type III) open surgical exploration was performed. Results: Nineteen patients (17 %) fulfilled the laparoscopic criteria of a type III ring; the diagnose was confirmed during open contralateral exploration. Fourteen of these patients were younger than two years. The median time for laparoscopy was 6 min (3–11 min). No complications associated with the laparoscopy were observed. Conclusions: Intraoperative laparoscopy during unilateral hernia repair allows the identification of patients who profit from bilateral open surgery during the same operation with little additional operating time and so far with no resulting complications. Application of this method may avoid a second hospitalization and operation, as well as an unnecessary routine bilateral open exploration. As an additional source of information through excellent visualization of the abdominal cavity, this method proved helpful to examine incarcerated bowel after repositioning.
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  • 164
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    European journal of epidemiology 15 (1999), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Children ; Emergency room charge ; Hospitalisation ; Injuries ; Socio-economic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although many studies have shown an association between socio- economic environment and childhood injury mortality rates, little research has focused on the association between injuries which require hospitalisation and the child's socio-economic environment. All municipal emergency care was free of charge before the beginning of 1991, from then on a moderate patient charge was introduced by the City of Helsinki. An earlier report from a completely different social environment suggest that even a moderate user charge might create systematic discrimination against indigent families. We studied the childhood injury hospitalisation rates during 1989–1994 in Helsinki and analysed the association between rates of hospitalisation and local socio-economic and demographic factors. We also examined the effect of introduction of emergency room user charges on the rate of hospitalisation. Data from 1607 injuries from Helsinki City Hospital and 769 injuries from Helsinki University Central Hospital from years 1989 through 1994 were used. Annual rates of child hospitalisation were calculated at city level. Local socio-economic and demographic variables were derived from the Helsinki Bureau of Statistics. The possible association between the explanatory variables and hospitalisation rates at Helsinki City Hospital was calculated using annual data from the 33 health districts in Helsinki. The overall rate of hospitalisation for injuries declined but not statistically significantly. No association between socio-economic and demographic variables and hospitalisation rates was found. The moderate user charge had no effect on hospitalisation rates, proving that, in this setting, the demand for care was rather inelastic in paediatric injuries severe enough to require hospitalisation.
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  • 165
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    European journal of epidemiology 15 (1999), S. 907-912 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Bedouin ; Children ; Diarrhea ; Environment ; Knowledge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diarrhea is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. As it is due to multiple causative agents including viruses, bacteria and parasites, biological interventions are not currently available to markedly reduce incidence and severity. We examined maternal knowledge and reported behavior during diarrheal episodes, as well as environmental factors to determine their association with diarrhea. The children and mothers were from a Bedouin township in southern Israel, which has developed preventive and curative health care facilities. The Bedouin population in Israel is in transition from a nomadic to a settled life style. While almost all mothers exhibited good knowledge regarding food storage and prevention of diarrhea episodes in the children, the rate of illness in the children remained relatively high (two episodes per child year of observation). In a multivariate analysis, cessation of breastfeeding during diarrhea, child sleeping with siblings and lack knowledge about risk factors, were the major risk factors for illness with odds ratios (OR): 4.6, p = 0.02, 5.6, p = 0.03 and 1.7, p = 0.06, respectively. These data indicate that even in this population with free access to preventive medical care, greater efforts should be made to educate mothers regarding risk factor for diarrheal disease identification and the benefits of maintaining breastfeeding during diarrhea episodes.
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  • 166
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    European journal of epidemiology 15 (1999), S. 485-491 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Blood lead levels ; Children ; Modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The key problem in environmental health is to identify the potential health hazards at the lowest possible cost based upon available environmental data. Biokinetic models such as IEUBK Lead 0.99d are very promising in this respect. We attempted a comparison between epidemiological data and predictions of the model. As input, we used the existing exposure data for the Katowice Voivodship (administrative district, Poland). Epidemiological analysis was based on the results of the screening programme ‘Prevention of the Environmental Lead Intoxication in Children Living in Katowice Voivodship’. The simulations consisted of predicted distributions of blood lead levels in children. They have been compared with observed distributions. Sensitivity analysis of simulations with respect to lead concentration in air, soil, water and diet has also been performed. The agreement between predicted and observed mean blood lead levels was quite good (relative difference of about 40%) as for the coarse exposure assessment employed. At the level of risk (fraction of population having blood lead levels exceeding 10 μg/dl) the difference is much higher (about a factor of 2). In order to explain this discrepancy we checked the goodness of fit for the log-normal distribution function (usually taken as a template distribution for lead in the population) in the right tail of the distribution. We noticed a systematic effect depleting the right tail of the actual distribution as compared with the log-normal one. Therefore one can expect that using (as a template) another skewed distribution better fitted in the right tail would improve the accuracy of risk assessment.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Children ; ELISA ; Haemophilus influenzae type b ; Infants ; Natural immunity ; Vaccination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prior to possible introduction of large-scale vaccination programmes, an estimation and comparison of naturally acquired immunity against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was carried out in two populations of age-stratified infants and children (from birth to 14 years old) in Burkina-Faso (West Africa) (n = 206) and France (n = 206). Hib capsular polysaccharide antibodies were detected by an ELISA method. The difference in the percentages of minimum protective levels for the two populations were not significant (0.15 μg/ml) for newborns (0–1 month) but became significant as early as 2 to 3 months of age (p 〈 0.01) when lower levels were found among infants from Burkina-Faso. Subsequently, the percentages in both countries remained low until 11 months of age and showed no significant differences. For children between 12 and 35 months, the results ≥ 0.15 μg/ml were significantly higher in France (p ≤ 0.05). From 36 months, the percentage of minimum seropositivity increased in Burkina-Faso, so that the difference was no longer significant. In each country, the percentage of children with the minimum protective level varied significantly (p les; 0.05) according to age (0–47 months). None of the children from Burkina-Faso or France had antibody levels 〉 1.0 μg/ml before one year of age. Thereafter, only 9.51% of French children in the 12- to 17-month age stratum and 19.2% over 4 years of age had antibody levels 〉 1.0 μg/ml. There were no non-detectable results for children over 4 years of age, and the means for natural detectable Hib CP antibodies were 〉 0.15 μg/ml for both populations. Hib invasive infections depend on climate, socioeconomic status and ethnic and genetic factors. In Burkina-Faso, the large number of infants and children under 4 years of age susceptible to Hib infections suggests that large scale vaccination programmes are needed soon after birth. However, it would first be necessary to evaluate such factors as the frequency of Hib diseases in this population.
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  • 168
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    European journal of epidemiology 15 (1999), S. 685-687 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Children ; Epidemiology ; Hib meningitis ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1994, the Italian Ministry of Health implemented a National Surveillance System to obtain data on the incidence of bacterial meningitis and its causative agents, including Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). As a consequence, case reporting of Hib meningitis is increasing year by year; in 1996, there were 126 notifications, of which 73% were in children under 2 years of age. Although underreporting still exists, parallel prospective or retrospective epidemiological surveys conducted in some Italian Regions allowed for partial correction of the incidence of Hib meningitis (up to 18.5/100,000 population in 1994).
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  • 169
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    International journal of legal medicine 112 (1999), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words VCAM-1 ; Selectins ; Wound age ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract To estimate the age of skin wounds, the endothelial adhesion molecule VCAM-1 (CD 106) was detected in paraffin sections after autoclaving and using the ABC technique. The percentage of VCAM-1 positive blood vessels was determined after the blood vessels had been marked with PECAM-1 (CD 31). Low positive staining reactions were observed for VCAM-1 on endothelial cells of uninjured skin in 18% of the samples. In injured skin, 51% of the cases investigated showed a VCAM-1 expression. Strong positive staining reactions were observed 3 h at the earliest and 3.5 days at the latest after the time of injury. The immunohistochemical results for VCAM-1 differed significantly between the injured and uninjured skin (P 〈 0.01). In a few cases VCAM-1 was detected (n = 6) at low intensity in postmortem skin wounds and a moderate to strong expression of VCAM-1 is indicative of the vitality of the wound. The detection of VCAM-1 can be used for estimating the age of wounds in forensic applications if the degree of expression of further adhesion molecules, especially that of selectins, is taken into account.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (sMTC) ; Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN 2) ; RET mutation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs sporadically or as part of the inherited cancer syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2. The MEN2 gene has been identified as the RET proto-oncogene. Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with the pathogenesis of MTC. Approximately 23–40% of sporadic MTCs (sMTCs) have a somatic RET codon 918 mutation within the catalytic core of the tyrosine kinase, which is a mutation found in over 98% of all MEN 2B cases as a germline mutation. Methods: In order to elucidate the role of this mutation, we examined 40 sMTCs for the codon 918 mutation. Simultaneously, we looked for overexpression of the RET protein by means of immunohistochemistry with a newly developed RET antibody. Results: In 8 of 40 tumors (20%), we were able to find a RET codon 918 mutation. Nine of 40 tumors (22.5%) showed immunoreactivity with the RET antibody. Conclusion: The presence of the somatic RET codon 918 mutations did not correlate with the presence of positive RET immunostaining.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Key words Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ; Sudden cardiac death ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are the treatment of choice in adults with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or aborted sudden cardiac death. Treatment with implantable defibrillators is also possible in children, although experience in this patient group is scanty. A review of the literature on the subject of defibrillator therapy in combination with epicardial electrodes is provided. Endocardial electrodes, which have now become the gold standard in adult treatment, have only rarely been used in children. However, our own experience shows that endocardial electrodes can be implanted in most children, which generally obviates the need for thoracotomy.
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  • 172
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Cochlear implant ; Management of ; complications ; Children ; Postoperative care ; Infection ; Device failure ; Reimplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a retrospective analysis we evaluated the intra- and postoperative complications in children who underwent cochlear implantation between 1984 and 1993 at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. The data and records of 366 children were collected and analyzed. Relevant parameters were major complications such as significant infection, intraoperative bleeding, facial nerve injury, implant loss and device failure, as well as lesser complications, including delayed wound healing, chronic pain and vertigo. Late complications such as cholesteatoma or electrode dislocations were also registered. Cases of acute otitis media were managed with conservative treatment. Data presented indicate that cochlear implant surgery in children is a reliable and safe procedure with a low percentage of severe complications. Problems related to ear surgery can occur and should be manageable with standard procedures. Careful operative techniques and sufficient personal experience can help avoid severe postoperative problems.
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  • 173
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Solitary fibrous tumor ; Paranasal sinuses ; Immunohistochemistry ; CD34 antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although solitary fibrous tumors are well-recognized in the pleura, their occurrence in the paranasal sinuses is decidedly uncommon. We have encountered two cases of solitary fibrous tumors in the paranasal sinuses and report the clinicopathological findings including CD34 immunoreactivity. One tumor arose in a 55-year-old Japanese businessman and the other in a 53-year-old man who had been in the hospital for schizophrenia for 20 years. The tumors showed characteristic findings. Immunoperoxidase stains on paraffin sections showed staining of the cells for anti-vimentin, but there was no staining for anti-keratin, anti-S-100 protein, anti-desmin, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or anti-actin. Anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies also reacted with these tumors, as those of the pleura generally do, and were found to be useful in diagnosing these tumors.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Laryngeal cancer ; Tumor ; microenvironment ; Immunohistochemistry ; CD lymphocyte ; Infiltration intensity ; Prognostic value ; Lymph node metastases ; Survival time ; Differentiation grade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate semiquantitative and qualitative analysis of lymphocytic infiltrations in a neoplasm microenvironment in patients with laryngeal cancers and the correlation analysis between the intensitivity degree and composition of lymphocytic infiltration in foreseeing a survival time and probability of the appearance of lymph node metastases. Postoperative specimens from 43 patients (Upper Silesia region) operated on for laryngeal cancer in the 2nd ENT Department, Silesian Medical University in Zabrze between 1985 and 1995 all had unfavorable courses due to tumor recurrences. The patients’ ages ranged from 39 to 79 years (mean 57 years). Tissue specimens were subjected to routine processing. The degree of pathological changes was ascertained and immunohistochemical preparations of laryngeal tissue were prepared according to generally accepted methods. The following primary monoclonal antibodies were used: CD 3, CD 20, CD 43, CD 45 RO, CD 56. The distribution analysis of the intensity of the phenotype CD 43 evaluated the lymphocytic infiltration in relation to differentiation of the whole study group. The intensity of CD 43 cell infiltration increased in the group of patients with lymph node metastases. In patients with stage IV disease, a relationship was found between survival time and intensity of cell infiltrations with CD 43 and CD 45 RO lymphocytes. The influence of these two lymphocyte phenotypes in the patient subgroups – one after total laryngectomy with confirmed lymph node metastases and the other group without lymph node metastases – showed their prognostic value. Our analysis of lymphocytic infiltration, mostly of CD 43 cells, in the neoplasm microenvironment indicated a prognostic value for determining a shorter survival time and the possibility of lymph node metastases in patients with recurrences of cancer.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. S8 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Cholesteatoma ; Children ; Tympanoplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied retrospectively 28 cases of cholesteatoma in children whose ages were 3 to 13 years old. All had undergone surgery between 1989 and 1995. The intact canal wall technique was the predominant method used in the initial operation, with long term goals of an anatomically normal and infection-free ear. Cholesteatoma was found postoperatively in 15 cases and was considered to be residual in 6 cases and recurrent in 9. The residual cholesteatoma was relatively uncommon and usually removable in an exploratory second operation. Our findings showed that the intact canal wall technique was the best initial operation if two-stage surgery was planned. Avoidance of a retraction pocket, which tends to progress to a recurrent cholesteatoma, is important to successful treatment.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. S56 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words p53 nuclear marker ; Laryngeal ; hyperkeratosis ; Laryngeal carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the role of p53 nuclear protein mutations in the initiation and progression of laryngeal carcinoma, 111 premalignant and malignant laryngeal lesions (19 specimens with hyperkeratosis and 92 with carcinoma) were studied immunohistochemically. Overexpression of p53 was observed in 8 cases (42%) of laryngeal hyperkeratosis and 44 cases (47%) of laryngeal carcinoma. However, the expression of p53 showed no relationship to patients’ clinical courses. Our study confirms that p53 overexpression can be found in laryngeal carcinogenesis and is an early event but not a useful prognostic marker.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; Prognosis ; Tenascin ; Apoptosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medulloblastomas (MB) are the most common central nervous system malignancies in children. Numerous publications describe efforts to identify the predictive value of various patterns of MB pathology and immunohistochemistry, but received data appear to be controversial. Seventy-three patients with cerebellar MB were studied retrospectively. Tumor specimens were immunohistochemically examined with antibodies to various tumor-associated antigens. Also, apoptosis detection by the in situ end-labeling method was performed. Survival analysis was made using univariate and multivariate models. Tenascin immunoreactivity and apoptotic index (AI)〉or=1.5% were found to be closely associated with poor prognosis according to an univariate analysis (P=0.008 and 0.003, respectively). The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model exhibited independent prognostic value for the apoptotic rate only (P=0.023). Tumors with tenascin expression and AI〉or=1.5% significantly prevailed among MB with metastatic dissemination, whereas expression of c-erbB2 oncoprotein and epidermal growth factor receptor was found to be more typical for cases with local tumor recurrence. We came to the conclusion that tenascin immunoreactivity and AI were useful for individual MB prognosis.
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1573-3629
    Keywords: Children ; visual acuity ; sociodemographic factors ; Hispanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sociodemographic correlates of visual impairment were examined in 6- to 19-year-old Hispanic children and adolescents using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mexican American and Puerto Rican children whose parents had 0 to 6 years of education were more likely to remain visually impaired even when tested with their glasses or contact lenses, if any (i.e., with usual correction) than children whose parents reported 12 to 17 years of education. Mexican Americans residing below versus at or above the poverty line were more likely to remain visually impaired even with the usual correction. Mexican Americans enrolled in the Medicaid program or who were without health insurance were more likely to remain visually impaired than Mexican Americans with private health insurance. When tested without glasses or contact lenses, Cuban Americans and Mexican Americans born outside of the mainland United States had lower rates of visual impairment compared to those born in the United States; however, children in this latter group were more likely to remain visually impaired with usual correction than U.S.-born Mexican Americans. These findings suggest that Hispanic children from economically disadvantaged households and those born outside the United States may not be receiving optimal eye care that could improve visual function.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Endolymphatic sac tumor ; Adenoma ; Papillary structure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Long-term survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 72-year-old man developed left facial palsy at age 14 and left-sided hearing loss at age 20. At the age of 59, he presented with gait disturbance, and a large left cerebellopontine angle tumor was detected, which had markedly destroyed the pyramidal bone. The tumor was subtotally resected, but he required two more operations at the ages of 64 and 69 because of tumor regrowth. At the present time, recurrent tumor has destroyed the occipital bone and is invading the scalp. However, eventhough he has several cranial nerve palsies and cerebellar ataxia, he remains in stable condition and demonstrates long-term survival. The patient's surgical specimens revealed a papillary adenoma, which was recently thought to be of endolymphatic sac origin, although the origin of this kind of tumor, whether arising from the middle ear or from the endolymphatic sac, has not been established with certainty so far. In this paper, we provide further evidence that this tumor originates from the endolymphatic sac, based on anatomical, histopathological, and embryological evidence.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Intranuclear inclusion ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Intermediate filament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of meningothelial meningioma with a large number of intranuclear inclusions. Morphologically, these are divided into cytoplasmic inclusions and nuclear vacuoles. The cytoplasmic inclusion has a limiting membrane with cell organelles and filaments. Inclusions of this type are generally eosinophilic, like the cytoplasm. However, there are many inclusions that are more eosinophilic than the cytoplasm or that have a ground-glass appearance. Some of them may contain fine or coarse granules. On the other hand, the nuclear vacuole lacks a limiting membrane and appears empty. In most of the inclusions of this type, there is a faintly basophilic substance in the margin. Generally, the cytoplasmic inclusions are as immunopositive as cytoplasm with vimentin, but some of these cytoplasmic inclusions are more reactive. Under the electron microscope, abnormal aggregation of intermediate filaments is recognized in the cytoplasmic inclusions. It is considered that a strong reaction of cytoplasmic inclusions with vimentin immunostaining is due to abnormal aggregation of intermediate filaments. The present study distinctly demonstrates abnormal localization of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasmic inclusions, and it is suggested that the cytoskeleton participates in the evolution of the cytoplasmic inclusions.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Pineal parenchymal tumors ; Histological classification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Survival ; MIB-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the clinicopathologic features of 13 cases with pineal parenchymal tumors. Based on the histopathologic findings, especially the extent of atypia and pineocytic differentiation as determined by Bodian's staining, we classified these tumors into pineocytomas (4), pineocytomas with anaplasia (4) and pineoblastomas (5). All the cases with pineocytoma and pineocytoma with anaplasia were adults, and all the cases with pineoblastoma were younger children. One patient with pineocytoma died of other disease 7 months after initial treatment. One patient with pineocytoma with anaplasia died 168 months after initial treatment. The other patients with pineocytoma and pineocytoma with anaplasia survived between 9 and 179 months after surgery. However, all of the five pineoblastoma patients died within 14 months after initial treatment. The mean MIB-1 index in pineoblastomas was significantly higher than that in other types of pineal parenchymal tumors, but there were no differences between pineocytomas and pineocytomas with anaplasia with respect to the MIB-1 index. The mean MIB-1 index in neurofilament protein-immunopositive cases was significantly lower than that in immunonegative cases. With regard to the malignant potential, we emphasize that a clear distinction should be made between pineoblastomas in children and other types of pineal parenchymal tumors in adults.
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  • 182
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 4-4 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 183
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 6-11 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Irgendwie wird niemand mehr richtig glücklich mit der Wissenschaft, so erfolgreich sie auch ist und so sehr unsere alltäglichen Verrichtungen von ihren Ergebnissen und Lieferungen auch abhängen. Das Verständnis der öffentlichen Beobachter nimmt trotz aller Bemühungen nicht zu, sondern ab, und die professionellen Betreiber sehen sich unentwegt nach ihrer Verantwortung gefragt und in ethische Debatten verstrickt. Die ursprüngliche Idee, daß Wissenschaft nur gut sein kann, hat massiv an Überzseugungskraft verloren, und dieser Verlust tritt deshalb besonders deutlich hervor, weil man spürt, wie die alte Basis der Rationalität brüchig geworden ist, ohne einen neuen Grund zu erkennen, auf den man in Zukunft bauen kann. Dabei übersehen wir ein Fundament, auf dem Menschen immer schon gestanden haben und zu dem sie also auch zu jeder Zeit wieder zurückkommen können.
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  • 184
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 18-25 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gallmücken (Cecidomyiidae) sind unter den Insekten die häufigsten Verursacher von Vergallungen an Pflanzen. Diese morphologischen Veränderungen von Pflanzenteilen sind die Folge begrenzter Wachstumsreaktionen des Pflanzegewebes (Hypertrophien). Gallen sind nicht nur Lebensräume des Gallinsektes, sondern stellen Mikroökkosysteme dar, in denen sich Beziehungen zwischen dwen beteiligten Organismen abspielen können.Eine sowohl für Entomologen als auch für Mykologen besonders interessante Sonderform dieser Lebensgemeinschaften sind Pflanzengallen, in denen neben dem Gallerreger regelmäßig das Mycel bestimmter Pilze zu finden ist (Abbildungen 1a und b). Untersuchungen an der Fruchtgalle der Gallmücke Asphondylia melanopus an Wiesen-Hornklee (Lotus corniculatus) deuten darauf hin, daß das Zusam menleben von Insekt und Pilz alles andere als zufällig ist.
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  • 185
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 26-35 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Alle höheren Wirbeltiere besitzen ein ausgefeiltes Immunsystem, das im wesentlichen zwei Aufgaben hat: den Organismus vor Infektionen durch Krankheitserreger zu Schützenund den Organismus von entarteten Tumorzellen zu befreien.Um diese Aufgabe zu bewältigen, hält das Immunsystem die weißen Blutkörperchen oder Leukozyten parat: Makrophagen und Granulozyten vernichten eingedrungene Erreger. Lymphozyten produzieren Antikörper (B-Zellen), welche die Erreger neutralisieren; sie sezernieren Zytokine (T-Helferzellen), welche die Immunreaktion gergen den Erreger koordinieren, oder sie wirken als Killerzellen (T-Killerzellen), die in virusinfizierten Zellen und Tumorzellen den programmierten Zelltod (Apoptose) auslösen.Aus ihrem Aufenthaltsort - die Leukozyten zirkulieren passiv im Blutgefäßsystem - ergibt sich ein prinzipielles Problem. I nfektionen oder Zellentartungen entstehen in den meisten Fällen nicht in den Blutgefäßen, sondern in den Geweben des Organismus. Um den Ort der Infektion zu erreichen, müssen die Leukozyten die Blutgefäße verlassen und in das betroffene Gewebe einwandern. Gleichzeitig muß gewährleistet werden, daß nur diejenigen Leukozyten das Gewebe infiltrieren, die dort auch gebraucht werden; würden alle Leu kozytentypen unkontrolliert in ein bestimmtes Gewebe einwandern, käme es zu unerwünschten Nebeneffekten, wie Autoimmunreaktionen oder chronischen Entzündungen. Das Auswandern von Leukozyten muß also sehr genau reguliert werden.In der jüngsten Vergangenheit hat sich herausgestellt, daß den Leukozyten die notwendige Information von den Endothelzellen - den Zellen, welche die innere Oberfläche der Blutgefäße auskleiden - vermittelt wird. Über eine Kaskade von Zell-Zell-Interaktionen, vermittelt durch Zelladhäsionsmoleküle, werden die richtigen Leukozyten am richtigen Ort festgehalten und zum Auswandern in das Gewebe veranlaßt. Durch die Aufklärung der molekularen Mechanismen beginnt sich nun eine Antwort au f die Frage abzuzeichnen, wie verschiedene Leukozyten ihren Weg in die verschiedenen Kompartimente des Organismus finden. Die Kenntnis dieser molekularen Mechanismen bietet Ansatzpunkte für Therapien von Krankheiten, die durch eine fehlregulierte Entzündungsreaktion ausgelöst werden.
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  • 186
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 56-57 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 188
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 68-68 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 189
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
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  • 190
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 70-78 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die gezielte Veränderung von Genen, in der Fachsprache als “homologe Rekombination” bezeichnet, stellt heute eine der grundlegendsten Methoden dar, um Informationen über die Funktion dieser Gene zu erlangen. 1987 wurde das erste Gen ausgeschaltet [6]. Seit dieser Zeit steigt die Zahl der durch homologe Rekombination erzeugten “Knock-Out”-Mäuse mit mehreren hundert Stämmen pro Jahr Zunehmend an. Knock-Out-Mäuse tragen Genmutationen, die in einem Ausfall des betroffenen Gens resultieren. Mit den bisher durchgeführten Methoden werden diese Mutationen schon in die Zellen der Keimbahn der Maus eingeführt.Dies hat zur Auswirkung, daß der gesamte daraus entstehende Organismus, jede einzelne seiner Zellen, die Genveränderung aufweist. Handelt es sich bei dem veränderung aufweist. Handelt es sich bei dem veränderten Gen um ein lebensnotwendiges Gen, welches zum Beispiel in der Embryonalentwiclung eine tragende Rolle spielt, so kann sein Ausschalten zu schwerwiegenden Störungen in der Entwicklung des Embryos oder sogar zu seinem Absterben im Mutterleib führen. Obwohl diese Mutationen sehr dazu beigetragen haben, unser Verständnis über die Funktion dieser Gene in der frühen Entwicklung des Embryos zu verbessern, erlauben sie es nicht, ihre Funktion während späterer Stadien oder im erwachsenen Tier zu untersuchen. Gerade dies ist aber oft wünschenswert, um menschliche Erbkrankheiten oder die Entstehung von Krebs am Mausmodell studieren zu können. 1994 gelang es zum ersten Mal, gezielte Genmutationen auf einen bestimmten Zelltyp zu beschränken. Rajewsky und seine Mitarbeiter bedienten sich dabei der Eigenschaften des Cre/LoxP-Rekombinationssystems. Mäuse, welche das DNA-Polymerase β-Gen (polβ) auf herkömmlichem Weg verloren ahtten, erwiesen sich als nicht labensfähig, und Fragen betreffend der Funktion dieses Proteins blieben unbeantwortet.Unter Verwendung der Cre/LoxP-Technologie gelang es den Forschern, den polβ-Knock-Out auf ein einziges Gewebe zu beschränken. Der die Mutation tragende Organismus war labensfähig un d Funktionsanalysen konnten unternommen werden, zum Beispiel die Rolle der Polymerase bei der somatischen Rekombination ‘;4’. Inzwischen ist es mittels Cre/LoxP möglich, jedes beliebige Gen in jedem beliebigen Gewebe oder Zelltyp und zu jedem gewünschten Zeitpunkt zu verändern.
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  • 191
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
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  • 192
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
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  • 194
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
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  • 195
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Asbstract.
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  • 197
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 258-258 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 198
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 260-260 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 199
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 266-266 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 200
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 278-285 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eukaryotische Zellen sind hochorganisierte Strukturen, deren, Ordnung wesentlich von einem intakten Cytoskelett mitbestimmt wird. Mirotubuli, Aktin und Intermediärfilamente bilden komplexe Netzwerke in der Zelle, deren Organisation sehr dynamisch ist und sich kontinuierlich durch abbau vorhandener und Aufbau neurer Filamenta ändert. neben Strukturaufgabe erfüllen die Netzwerke wichtige Funktionen bei der intrazellulären Verteilung von Zellkomponenten beziehungsweise bei der Aufnahem oder Abgabe von Substanzen (Endo- und Exocytose). Prokaryoten hingegen besitzen kein vergleichbares Netzwerk, ihre Struktur wird weitgehend durch die als Exoskelett fungierends Zellwand gewährleistet, und Stoffaufnahme oder Sekretion erfolgen nicht organellvermitelt. Andere dynamische vorgänge wie die Chromosomenverteilung und die Zellteilung waren bisher nur sehr schlecht verstanden. Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen dieser beiden Vorgänge haben nun erste Hinweise ergeben, daß die prokaryotische Zelle wesentlich komplexer aufgebaut, ist, als bisher vermutet wurde und wahrscheinlich auch ein Cytoskelett besitzt.
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