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  • 1975-1979  (951)
  • 1978  (951)
  • Organic Chemistry  (694)
  • Engineering General  (257)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1337-1342 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference perturbation scheme is developed which allows a simple solution to a wide class of non-linear difurcation problems. The analysis shows that in order to determine the inital post bucking behaviour accurately, it is not necessary to solve more than the linear eigenvalue difference equation with similar accuracy.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1346-1346 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1347-1358 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three algorithms are used to compute polynomial approximate solutions to initial value problems. One algorithm is based on the Roberts' minimal degree algorithm, whereas the other two algorithms utilize variants of the second algorithms of Remes. Our analysis indicates that the algorithm based on the Roberts' minimal degree algorithm is superior to the others considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1375-1382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An optimal steady-state control problem governed by an elliptic state equation is solved by several finite element methods. Finite element discretizations are applied to different variational formulations of the problem yielding accurate numerical results as compared with the given analytical solution. It is sated that, for minimum computational effort and high accuracy, ‘mixed’ finite elements requiring only C° continuity, and approximating the control and state functions simultaneously are better suited to similar ‘fourth order’ problems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1383-1397 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary-integral equation medthod is particularly well suited for solution of stress concentration and elastic fracture mechanics problems. The method was not previously applicable to anisotropic three dimensional problems because no efficient technique existed for calculation of the required point load solution for an infinite body. A technique has been developed to evaluate numerically the anisotropic point load soultions, and used to generate data bases for various materials. An intrpolation technique is used to evaluate the point load solutions efficiently within a higher order boundary-intgral equation code. The effectiveness of the technique is verified by solution of problems involving both uniaxial stress states and stress concentrations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1407-1413 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algoritm is presented for point relaxation of an elliptic partial diferential equation at a grid station where its coefficient are discontinuous. Such equations can arise from the use of skewed co-ordinate system based on discotinuous reference functions (lengths) to map a complicated physical geometry onto a simple computational domain. Efficary of the scheme is illustrated by examples involving potential flow in a sharply bent channel and in a conical diffuser.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1493-1506 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An iterative algorithm is presented: it builds a continuous stress and displacement solution starting from the solution of a classical displacement finite element analysis. The modified solution satisfies the virtual work principle, and is much better than the starting solution. The algorithm is very easily included in existing programs. A number of examples shows the efficiency of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical technique for solving unsteady gas dynamic equations is presented. The technique is based on least squares finite element concepts with elements that are constructed in both space and time. Both linear and quadratic interpolation is used on individual elements. The technique is tested against a problem whose solution is known so that numerical accuracy can be ascertained.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Formulation of a transition element is presented. Such an element makes it possible to match one element with two elements side-by-side. A modified quadrature formula is used to numerically integrate discontinuous functions in the expression of the stiffness matrix. Numerical examples show the applicability of the element.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1630-1630 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1635-1650 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A diagonal lumped mas formulation with non-zero inertia terms is presented for Ahmad's general shell element. The effect of co-ordinate transformation of the mas matrix is demonstrated. Due to arbitray co-ordinate transformation on nodal variables, the diagonal lumped mas matrix becomes a banded matrix of half bandwidth three. It is shown that with some approximations this matrix can be made diagnoal without effecting the results appreciably. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the formulation. Similar lumped mass matrix formulation is also given for axisymmetric shell elements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1651-1657 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Procedure is presented for generating a class of conformal mappings useful in the formulation of finite-difference problems involving curved boundaries. The method provides a systematic approach that is capable, in principle, of reducing the geometry to a nearly-rectangular domain for a wide variety of partical problems. The introduction of sheared co-ordinates in this computational domain then provides for solution of the problem in a nearly-orthogonal (in fact, nearly-conformal) co-ordinate system, with its boundaries corresponding to co-ordinate lines. The method is based upon the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation and is quite simple to apply. Several examples illustrating the types of geometries which can be treated in this manner are presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 13
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1677-1696 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a classification of mathematical commonly encountered in connection with solution of non-linear finite element problems. The principal methods for numerical solution of the non-linear equations are surveyed and discussed. Special emphasis is placed upon the description of an automatic load incrementation procedure with equilibrium iterations. It is shown how this algorithm can be adapted for solving problems involving instabilities, snap-through and snap-back. A simple scalar quantity denoted the current stiffness parameter is suggested; this parameter is used to characterize the overall behaviour of non-linear problems. It can also be used as a steering parameter in the solution process. The use of the present technique is illustrated by several examples.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 14
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1705-1715 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new and efficient method of dynamic condensation is presented. It reduces the order of dynamic matrices without intoroducing further approximation by representing the passive co-ordinates in terms of the active ones exactly. The resulting frequency dependent eigenvalue problem is solved by a combined technique of Sturm sequence and subspace iteration. Examples are given for a space frame and a substructure problem. Results are compared to the complete solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1743-1759 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A minimum-time, thermal-to-thermal sailplane trajectory optimization problem is formulated as a non-linear optimal control problem. Numerical solutions are obtained using a gradiaent projection algorithm which incorporates conjugate directions of search. Further insight into the nature of the solutions and the computational process is ontained through an analysis of the linearized sailplane dynamics and the necessary conditions for optimality. Numerical results are presented for two sailplane types and various values of thermal strength and distance between thermals. An additional problem is formulated and solved for the case of bounded control rate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1727-1742 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the 12-node quadrilateral isoparametric elements, it is shown that the inverse square root singularity of the strain field at the crack tip can be obtained by the simple technique of collapsing the quadrilateral elements into triangular elements around the crack tip and placing the two side nodes of each side of the triangles at 1/9 and 4/9 of the length of the side from the tip. This is analogous to placing the mid-side nodes at quarter points in the vicinity of the crack tip for the quadratic isoparametric elements. The advantages of this method are that the displacement compatibility is satisfied throughout the region and that there is no need of special crack tip elements. The stress intensity factors can be accurately obtained by using general purpose programs having isoparametric elements such as NASTRAN.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1764-1771 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Upwinded parabolic and cubic elements are derived on a uniform grid of size h for the finite element Galerkin method applied to the solution of the model conduction-convection problem εu″  -  Ku′ = 0, ε, K 〉 0, subject to the boundary conditions u(0) = 1, u (1) = 0. Extension of the results to more complicated problems is indicated. Finally numerical results are given comparing some of the methods derived for a range of L(=Kh/2ε), the grid Peclet number.
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  • 18
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1772-1773 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 19
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1799-1807 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the application of a particular class of computational methods, the alternating direction implicit methods applied to the solution of time dependent heat conduction problems in regions involving circular symmetry is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1819-1839 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a hybrid stress finite element formulation for geometrically non-linear analysis of thin shell structures. The element properties are derived from an incremental form of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle in which all quantities are referred to the current configuration of the shell. From this multi-field variational principle, a hybrid stress finite element model is derived using standard matrix notation. Very simple flat triangular and quadrilateral elements are employed in the present study. The resulting non-linear equations are solved by applying the load in finite increments and restoring equilibrium by Newton-Raphson iteratioin. Numerical examples presented in the paper include complete snap-through buckling of cylindrical and spherical shells. It turns out that the present procedure is computationally efficient and accurate for non-linear shell problems of high complexity.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 203-227 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Shell-like assumptions introduced in a three-dimensional isoparametric finite element provide a kinematic description of smooth thick shell structures. Elastoplastic solutions are obtained via the stationary response of an elastic/viscoplastic model. Special attention is devoted to the probem of numerical integration across the depth of the shell, as well as the applicability of the method to thin shell analysis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The approximation of normal derivatives along a curved boundary becomes a major difficulty in obtaining finite difference solutions for irregular regions. A number of authors (for-example, Allen,1 Fox,2 Greenspan3 and Parker and Ma4) have suggested various solutions to this problem. However, most of these suggested methods are fairly cumbersome to use since they require the use of different formulas for various combinations of mesh and boundary geometries. This note shows a different way to approximate a quite general boundary condition along curved boundaries. The method uses a uniformly spaced mesh, is simple, general, relatively easy to program and appears to give accurate results.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The various ‘universal’ matrices from which finite element matrices for triangular elements are assembled in many electromagnetics and acoustics problems, can all be derived from a basic set of three fundamental matrices. These represent, respectively, the metric of the linear manifold spanned by the triangle interpolation polynominals, the finite differentiation operator on that same manifold, and a product-embedding operator for the corresponding manifold for interpolation polynomials one order higher. Two of these have already been tabulated and published; the required method for computing the third is given in this paper, along with tables of low-order matrices.
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 245-266 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid element method developed recently for two-dimensional problems of water waves in an infinite fluid is extended to three dimensions. In this method only a limited fluid domain close to irregular bodies is discretized into conventional finite elements, while the remaining infinite domain is treated as one element with analytical representations of high accuracy. Continuity at the junction surface is treated as natural boundary conditions in a variational principle. Computation experience and numerical results for several ocean structures are presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic mass matrix for a vibrating ship is evaluated using a three-dimensional finite element discretization of the surrounding water. For the important case of vertical vibrations of the ship, values of the added masses obtained in this way are compared with those given by the conventional semi-empirical formulas currently in use in the shipbuilding industry. A numerical example is presented. It is concluded that conventional two-dimensional methods, the usefulness of which is confirmed when the first few modes of the hull girder only are sought, do not apply to higher modes, for which significant deformation of the cross-section may occur. On the other hand, a finite element approach has the advantage of its generality as well as flexibility. Suggestions for future research are given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Shape functions are given for a six node triangular element in which the √r displacement filed varies quadratically in the circumferential direction. Using a convenient co-ordinate system the stiffness development is sketched and the integrations re done exactly in the radial co-ordinate direction. Brief numerical results are presented. Shape functions for a 15 node three-dimensional element are given explicitly. The shape functions provide both constant strain capability and conformability with quadratic isoparametric elements.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A variational principle in terms of displacements in the fluid and the structure with a penalty for irrotationality of displacement in the fluid is developed for the analysis of harmonic vibrations of ideal compressible fluid and elastic structure systems. Its Discretization by the finite element method leads to an algebraic eigenvalue problem with a positive definite symmetric banded matrix. Numerical examples obtained for pure acoustic cases and coupled cases show the efficiency of the method.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 181-196 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The seismic behaviour of an offshore pipeline, which may be totally or partially in contact with the sea-bed, is characterized by the confluence of structural dynamics, hydrodynamics and soil mechanics and also the possible dynamic interactions between these aspects. This paper contains a study dealing with the seismic response analysis of such a pipeline including pressure drag effects. A numerical analysis basesd on the assumption that the pipe behaves linearly elastically and that pipe deffection is elastoplastically related, without loss, to sea-bed resistance shows that pipe response in significantly attenuated by contact, as aspected, the amount of attenuation depending upon contact length and the parameters defining idealized sea-bed behaviour.
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 203-228 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A brief review of the structural optimization literature and a description of the present status of optimization methods are presented. The scope of the review is limited and does not profess to cover the entire literature.Results of the optimization of two structures (by the optimality criteria approach) are presented. There are some conclusions and recommendations for future developments in structural optimization.
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 977-999 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional C° finite elements of arbitrary polynomial order are developed for a general functional which includes a least squares or potential energy functional as special cases. The elements are ‘hierarchal’ in the sense that the nodal variables for polynomial order p constitute a subset of the nodal variables for order p+1. It is shown that the elemental arrays for high polynomial order may be efficiently computed by using hierarchal elements together with precomputed arrays - i.e., arrays which are computed once, stored on permanent file, and then re-used in all subsequent applications of the program. A number of example problems are solved. Comparisons are made of the relative efficiency of finite element convergergence with mesh refinement (polynomial order held fixed) and with increasing polynomial order (mesh held fixed). The latter approach is found superior.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1001-1024 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a simplified finite element method for high temperature creep problems involving cyclic load and temperature. The principal assumptions, that the cycle time is small compared with characteristic material time scales, is appropriate for the moderate load levels which occur when structures are designed for life times measured in years and decades. Because of the simplicity of the method, thermal loading problems may be studied in some detail. A parametric study of a plane stress problem is presented. Characteristic deformation rates are related to reference stress and timperature quantities, thereby reducing the main features of the solution to a few important structural and material parameters.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1025-1030 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper proposes a procedure for the extension of a widely used numerical method1-4 for the solution of systems of singular integral equations, from mixed boundary value problems with two or three parts to those having many parts. The procedure is applied to three previously solved mixed boundary value problems and the result are presented in graphical form. The effectiveness of the given procedure is observed through the results for some limiting and special cases found in the literature.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 387-404 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the last decade or so finite element techniques have been applied with increased frequency to contaminant transport problems. Whereas most of the attention has focused on finite element approximations of spatial derivatives, standard finite difference techniques are generally used for approximation of the time derivative. Such an approach yields a scheme which is at best second order correct in time. In this study several higher order approximations of the time derivative are developed and analyzed using a finite difference approximation, and Galerkin-type finite element approximations in conjunction with several sets of basis functions. Results obtained with the different schemes exhibit significant improvements in the numerical solution of the convective-dispersive equation.
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  • 35
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Finite Element Method using rectangular elements is applied to solve Burgers' non-linear equation in one space dimension. The non-linear algebraic equations thus obtained are solved by an iteration which is equivalent to the generalized Newton method. Numerical experiments indicate that the order of accuracy is equal to 2. In two space dimensions, the method is more efficient than other methods we have tested.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 429-435 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of cold rolling of a composite sheet which consists of alternate layers of viscoelastic and elastic materials is studied by the finite element method. Results computed and presented graphically include the pressure distribution at the contact surface, the normal stress distribution at the middle surface and the asymmetric deformation of the surface of the sheet in contact with the roller.
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 437-451 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 453-469 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A least squares method is presented for computing approximate solutions of indefinite partial differential equations of the mixed type such as those that arise in connection with transonic flutter analysis. The mehod retains the advantages of finite difference schemes namely simplicity and sparsity of the resulting matrix system. However, it offers some great advantages over finite difference schemes. First, the method is insensitive to the value of the forcing frequency i.e., the resulting matrix system is always symmetric and positive definite,. As a result, iterative methods may be successfully employed to solve the matrix system, thus taking full advantage of the sparsity. Furthermore, the method is insensitive to the type of the partial differential equation, i.e., the computational algorithm is the same in elliptic and hyperbolic regions. In this work the method is formulated and numerical results for model problems are presented. Some theoretical aspects of least squares approximations are also discussed.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1151-1160 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the numerical solution of linear differential equations of fourth order by finite differences. It points out significant (but usually overlooked) errors which result from the conventional method of imposing the boundary conditions in such problems. Revised finite difference formulas are derived which apply near the boundaries and which eliminate the above errors. Three commonly encountered boundary conditions ar econsidered. These correspond, in the terminology of beam analysis, to a clamped end, to a simply supported end and to a free end. The improvement in accuracy that can be achieved with the revised formulas is illustrated by two representative examples. The revised formulas are shown to reduce the overall error of the numerical solution by a factor of about five in a typical case.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An explicit formulation for the dynamic analysis of rivers is presented. The model is based on the finite element method but works like an explicit finite difference scheme. It includes the advantages of both methods: high flexibility and low computer costs.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1171-1184 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conventional dynamic variational approach and finite element base functions lead to non-diagonal consistent mass matrics which are inappropriate for use with an explicit time integration scheme. In this work, it is shown that if orthogonal base function are used with a mixed variational formulation, then consistant diagonal mass matrices and corresponding sets of spatially discretized field equations are obtained. Although the approach is quite general, the theory is purposely illustrated by a detailed development for one set of base functions. Central difference time integration is incorporated for applications to one-dimensional wave propagation and to Euler-Bernoulli beams. Numerical examples are provided for elastic and elastic-plastic materials.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1185-1190 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 573-576 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 17-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The fluid forces acting on a uniform cylinder with an infinitely long axis, heaving in the free surface or an infinite ideal fluid, are described in terms of its ‘added mass’ and ‘damping coefficient’. The techniques of multipole expansion and multiparameter conformal transformation are adopted for such calculations and applied to shapes which cannot be adequately represented by the conventional, and more rudimentary, ‘Lewis form fit’. The shapes referred to are both relevant to ship bows, one being a ‘fine section’ and the other a ‘bulbous section’. The parameters which influence the accuracy of the solution are examined. Results for these two sections are computed and compared with results based on (a) the ‘Lewis form approximation’ and (b) the ‘Frank's close fit method’ which employs a singularity representation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 73-92 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of transfer functions for the dynamic response of multidegree-of-freedom offshore structures, excited by sinusoidal waves. The problem is formulated in terms of the principal modes of the structure vibrating freely in vacuo. The hydrodynamic analysis is performed through use of a distribution of wave sources on the submerged surface of the structure, which leads to an approximate solution satisfying the boundary condition on the fluid-structure interface at a discrete set of points. Generalized forces are obtained corresponding both to excitation by waves and to the hydrodynamic reactions induced by motions of the structure: the latter are expressed in terms of added mass and damping matrices. Results are given for simple geometries to illustrate the approach.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical technique for the linear dynamic analysis of a finite elastic structure immersed in an infinite homogeneous acoustic medium. It is required to determine the vibrational motion of the structure and also the associated acoustic field in the fluid, when the structure is either subjected to internal applied forces or is acting as a scatterer of an incident acoustic wave. A finite element analysis of the structure is matched at the structure-fluid interface with an integral equation representation of the exterior acoustic field, leading to a coupled system of equations which may be cast in either acoustic or structural from. The former approach is preferred here for which numerical results are presented when the method is applied to plane wave scattering by thick and thin elastic spherical shells.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 151-164 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A theory is developed whereby acoustic and structural modes are coupled by means of geometrical distortions in a circular cylindrical shell filled with liqued.The prediction is that a circularly symmetric discrete frequency acoustic wave in the liquid will excite in the shell not only a circular symmetric ‘breathing mode’ (which would be the only one present in an undistorted shell) but also short wavelength flexural waves at the excitation frequency. It is possible, even for quite small distortions, for the displacement amplitude of some of these flexural waves to exceed that of the ‘breathing mode’.The results of calculations for a particular shell are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 229-246 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Prestressed concrete members, because of the use of high strength materials and the efficient disposition of tensile forces, need considerably less material. This and other advantages, however, are offset by the high unit costs of materials and the associated specialized labour. Thus, it is important to make the most of the savings in materials through the application of optimum design procedure. Among the available optimization techniques, generalized geometric progamming (GGP) is ideally suited because the design equations of prestressed concrete members are expressible in the form of polynomials. Using the GGP, in this study, a set of minimum prestress force designs are obtained for various depths of one-way slab. From the data thus obtained a minimum cost design procedure is explained. Moreover, the need for supplementary non-prestressed reinforcement to obtain economical designs for depths of slab beyond a certain depth is also shown.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of the axial vibration of a cantilever beam is investigated both analytically and numerically. The mass distribution that minimizes the total mass for a given value of the frequency parameter β is determined using both the sequential ordinary gradient-restoration algorithm (SOGRA) and the modified quasilinearization algorithm (MQA). Concerning the minimum value of the mass, SOGRA leads to a solution precise to at least 4 significant digits and MQA leads to a solution precise to at least 6 significant digits.Comparison of the optimal beam (a variable-section beam) with a reference beam (a constant-section beam) shows that the weight reduction depends strongly on the frequency parameter β. This weight reduction is negligible for β → 0, is 11.3 per cent for β = 1, is 55.3 per cent for β = 1.4, and approaches 100 per cent for β → π/2.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Structural optimization problems with constraints imposed on natural frequencies are studied, giving special attention to the inherent non-linearity of natural frequency constraints. Assuming that the system mass and stifiness matrices are expressed as linear functions of the design variables, it is shown that there are two sources of non-linearity for natural frequencies in such a design space. Furthermore, simple variable transformation does not alleviate these non-linearities as it does in the static response case. Recognizing the inherent non-linear characteristics of natural frequency constraints, a second order Taylor series approximation for each eigenvalue of the equations of motion is derived and applied successfully to improve stability and overall efficiency of the automated synthesis process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 385-404 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown how existing methods based on optimality criteria can be generalized using a first order approximation for all the constraints. In this case, these methods can be presented as a particular case of mathematical programming methods that use a linear approximation of constraints expressed in the space of the inverse of the design variables. A mixed method is proposed that can present the main advantages of both classical methods.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1344-1344 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1457-1459 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1415-1427 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The advantages and disadvantages of a variety of axisymmetric elements are examined by comparing various elements from accuracy, computer time, and stress interpretation viewpoints. In addition, various techniques of stress averaging and/or smoothing are discussed from an acuracy and a computational effort standpoint. Numerical results are presented for three problems having classical solutions.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1841-1851 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A common method for numerically approximating two-point parabolic boundary value problems of the form ut = L[u]+f(u) defined of the semi-infinite strip S = [0, 1]×[0, ∞] is to first discretize the spatial operator in the differential equation and then solve for the time evolution. Such an approach typically involves solving a system of algebriaic equations at a sequence of time steps. In this paper we take a different approach and subdivide S into a collection of semi-infinite substrips Si = [xi, xi+1]×[0, ∞], and use blending function techniques to derive finite parameter functions ei(x, t) defined on Si. Spectral matching methods are used in deriving ei to ensure that (u - ei) can be made small on Si. Galerkin's method, with associated integration sover the entire space-time domain S, is then used to generate approximations to u(x, t) based upon the so defined infinite element (ei, Si). Approximations are hence found for all (x, t) in S by solving one well structed system of algebraic equations. We apply the method to several linear and non-linear problms.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a finite element method for minimum weight design of structures with lower-bound constraints on the natural frequencies, and upper and lower bounds on the design variables.The design algorithm is essentially an iterative solution of the Kuhn-Tucker optimatility criterion. The three most important features of the algorithm are: (i) a-small number of design iterations are needed to reach optimal or near-optimal design, (ii) structural elements with a wide variety of size-stiffness may be used. The only significant restriction is the exclusion of curved beam and shell elements, (iii) the algorithm will for multiple as well as single frequency constraints.The design procedure is illustrated with three simple problems.
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 297-309 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the problem of solving the optimality criteria equations for a truss structure. A unique Newton-Raphson method for optimizing redundant structures subject to multiple constrainsts on displacement and member sizes is presented. Both equality and inequality constraints are considered. The characteristics of this approach along with least squares and recursive techniques for the solution of the non-linear optimality criteria equations are examined numerically for several sample problems. This new formulation offers the advantages of a reduction in the number of dependent variables, ease of incorporation of various types of constraints, and very rapid convergence.
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  • 61
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 353-371 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of optimality criterion and recursion precedure is employed for the design of braced and unbraced structural systems subject to various static and dynamic forces. The dynamic excitations can be applied forces, ground motions, or the equivalent seismic forces of the Uniform building Code (UBC). By using a sophisticated computer program developed, it has been found that: (1) for a set of given loads and constraints, the optimum braced system is lighter than an unbraced system, (2) the use of the natural period recommended by the code in the design yields lighter structure than that based on the period of eigensolution, (3) for seismic structural design, three to five fundamental modes are needed for adequate accuracy, and the P-Δ effect, due to vertical ground motion and the gravity load, must be considerded because it demands heavier structural design, (4) the code does not provide an adequate structural design as the actual earthquake response spectrum requires, and (5) the interaction of three-dimensional earthquake motions can significantly influence an optimum design and is currently under investigation.
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 373-384 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Derivation of an optimality criterion for finite element structural representations using constant-moment plate-bending triangular elements ispresented. Numerical examples of minimum-mass design of both simply-supported and clamped elastic plates for concentrated and distributed loading conditions under a single displacement constraint serve to illustrate the suggested procedure. Interpretation of the solution obtained and difficulties involved are discussed in the light of recent application of optimal control theory to structural optimization.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von phosphylierten Amidoximen in alkalischer LösungAmidoxime reagieren rasch mit Phosphorylverbindungen in neutraler Lösung unter Bildung der entsprechenden O-phosphorylierten Produkte 1-3. In verdünnter alkalischer Lösung zeigen diese Produkte mehrere Zersetzungswege, die durch die Substituenten am Phosphor bestimmt werden (Tabellen 1 und 2). Die Di-O-alkylphosphate 3 erleiden eine 1,2-Umlagerung, die zum Cyanamid führt, das wie bei der Lossen- und der Tiemann-Umlagerung weiter-reagiert. O-Alkyl(phenyl)phosphonate lagern sich auf etwas kompliziertere Wiese um. Der entsprechende Alkohol wird rasch gebildet und das cyclische Phosphonamidat zum N-phosphorylierten Amidoxim hydrolysiert, das sich dann langsam zum O-phosphonylierten Isomeren umlagert. Die Bedeutung dieser Umlagerung wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt moderner Ansichten der Pseudorotation cyclischer Phosphorverbindungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Amide oximes react rapidly with phosphoryl compounds in neutral solution to give the corresponding O-phosphorylated products 1-3. These decompose in dilute alkaline solution by several routes depending on the substituents at phosphorus (Tables 1 and 2).  -  The di-O-alkyl phosphates 3 undergo a 1,2 rearrangement to give the cyanamide which reacts further as in the Lossen and Tiemann rearrangements. O-Alkyl phenylphosphonates however rearrange in a more complex manner with the rapid release of the corresponding alcohol. The cyclic phosphonoamidate then rapidly hydrolyses to give the N-phosphorylated amide oxime which then rearranges slowly to the O-phosphonylated isomer. The significance of this rearrangement is discussed in terms of current views of pseudorotation of cyclic phosphorus compounds.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 214-226 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanism of Pyrolytic Formation of 10-Aryl-9-arsaanthracenesA cross-over experiment with 5b and 5c has proved the novel, synthetically useful pyrolytic formation of 10-aryl-9-arsaanthracenes 8 from 9-aryl-10-benzyl-9,10-dihydro-9-arsaanthracenes 5 to proceed by a radical mechanism involving intramolecular 1,4-migration of the aryl group (Scheme 2, pathway A). Radicals 6 and 9 are intermediates. When generated at lower temperature in solution, radicals of type 6 dimerize to yield tetraarylethanes (Scheme 6).
    Notes: Durch einen Kreuzungsversuch mit 5b und 5c wird bewiesen, daß die neuartige, synthetisch brauchbare pyrolytische Bildung von 10-Aryl-9-arsaanthracenen 8 aus 9-Aryl-10-benzyl-9, 10-dihydro-9-arsaanthracenen 5 radikalisch unter intramolekularer 1,4-Wanderung der Arylgruppe verläuft (Schema 2, Weg A). Zwischenstufen sind die Radikale 6 und 9. Wenn Radikale vom Typ 6 bei niedriger Temperatur in Lösung erzeugt werden, dimerisieren sie zu Tetraarylethanen (Schema 6).
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Vinylogous Acyl Isothiocyanates and Their Transformation into 2-ThiohydantoinsIsomerisation of thiocyanatofumaric esters 2a - c in admixture with thiocyanatomaleic esters 3a - c affords a mixture of the corresponding isothiocyanato esters 4a - c and 5a - c. These products react with primary amines to give 2-thiohydantoins 8. The structure of the 2-thiohydantoins is confirmed by X-ray structure analysis und discussed in relation to the isomeric thioorotic acid derivatives 11.
    Notes: Die Isomerisierung von Thiocyanatofumarsäureestern 2a - c im Gemisch mit Thiocyanatomaleinsäureestern 3a - c führt zu den entsprechenden Isothiocyanatoestern 4a - c und 5a - c. Diese können mit primären Aminen zu 2-Thiohydantoinen 8 umgesetzt werden. Die Struktur der 2-Thiohydantoine wird durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gesichert und von den isomeren Thioorotsäurederivaten 11 abgegrenzt.
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  • 66
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    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Simple Synthesis of Annelated Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepinesA preparative simple method has been found for the synthesis of novel 2,3-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]imidazo[1,2-d][1,4]thiazepienes 4 and 3,4-dihydro-2H-dibenzo[b,f]pyrimido[1,2-d][1,4]-thiazepines 5. Base-catalyzed reaction of the bifunctional 2-(1,3-diaza-2-cycloalken-2-yl)-thiophenols 1, 2 and 3 with variously activated o-halonitrobenzenes leads via a Smiles rearrangement to the products.
    Notes: In der basenkatalysierten Umsetzung der bifunktionellen 2-(1,3-Diaza-2-cycloalken-2-yl)-thiophenole 1, 2 und 3 mit verschiedenen aktivierten o-Halogennitrobenzolen wurde ein präparativ einfacher Weg zur Synthese neuer 2,3-Dihydrodibenzo[b,f]imidazo[1,2-d][1,4]-thiazepine 4 und 3,4-Dihydro-2H-dibenzo[b,f]pyrimido[1,2-d][1,4]thiazepine 5 gefunden. Die Umsetzung führt unter Smiles-Umlagerung zu den Produkten.
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  • 67
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 280-282 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of 1-(Arylmethylenamino)isatins with Amines1-(Arylmethyleneamino)isatins 1 react with amines to afford 2-(arylmethylenehydrazino)-α-oxophenylacetamides 2.
    Notes: 1-(Arylmethylenamino)isatine 1 liefern mit Aminen 2-(Arylmethylenhydrazino)-α-oxophenylacetamide 2.
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  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Linkages between the Chromophore and Protein in Biliproteins, V1).  -  Stereochemistry of Model Imides1H-NMR spectra and elimination reactions resulting in 1a and 1b reveal the succinimides 2a and 3b, respectively, formerly5) regarded as cis compounds to be trans compounds. Determination of the elimination products provides information about the steric course of thiol addition to the ethylidene linkage of 1a and 1b. Chromic acid oxidation and elimination with ammonia (CrO3/NH3 degradation„) applied to C-phycocyanin and C-phycoerythrin as a semimicro method is described. The elimination reaction shows the C-phycocyanin chromophore to be linked at C-31 with the protein by a thioether bond. The steric course of elimination together with experimental data11, 23) show the absolute configuration of the chromophores of C-phycocyanin and C-phycoerythrin to be 2R, 3R, 31R.
    Notes: Aufgrund der 1H-NMR-Spektren und der Eliminierung zu 1a und 1b werden die früher5) als cis-Verbindungen angesehenen Succinimide 2a bzw. 3b als trans-Verbindungen erkannt. Die Bestimmung der Eliminierungsprodukte erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf den sterischen Verlauf der Thioladdition an die Ethylidenbindung von 1a und 1b. Die Anwendung von Chromsäureoxidation und Eliminierung mit Ammoniak (,CrO3/NH3-Abbau') auf C-Phycocyanin und C-Phycoerythrin als Halbmikromethode wird beschrieben. Nach der Eliminierung ist der Chromophor von C-Phycocyanin an C-31 über eine Thioetherbindung mit dem Protein verknüpft. Der sterische Ablauf der Eliminierung erlaubt zusammen mit beschriebenen Daten 11,23) die Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration der Chromophore von C-Phycocyanin und C-Phycoerythrin als 2R, 3R, 31R.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 741-744 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3H-1,5-Benzodiazepines from Ethynyl Ketones and o-PhenylenediaminesEthynyl ketones 2a-c and substituted o-phenylenediamines 1a-g lead to 1,5-benzodiazepines 3a-m. In the case of 3j the noncyclic intermediate 4 could be isolated, supporting the postulated reaction mechanism.
    Notes: Die Ethinylketone 2a-c reagieren mit den substituierten o-Phenylendiaminen 1a-g zu den 1,5-Benzodiazepinen 3a-m. Im Falle von 3j läßt sich das ringoffene Zwischenprodukt 4 isolieren, was den postulierten Reaktionsmechanismus stützt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 726-740 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Diethylstilbestrol Derivatives with Functional Groups in the Side ChainsIntroduction of a C4 side chain into one of the aromatic rings of diethylstilbestrol (1, DES) via Friedel-Crafts reaction yielded 6. Reduction and cleavage of the methyl ethers gave 10. Products 14-16 with branched side chains in the aliphatic region of 1 were obtained via Michael addition of 12 to crotonic esters. Alkylation of 12 with 24 produced 17, and the reaction of α-ethyldeoxy-anisoin (13) with 4-pentenylmagnesium bromide gave the alcohol 23. Both compounds could be transformed into the DES derivative 29 with a straight side chain.
    Notes: Ausgehend von Diethylstilböstrol (1, DES) wurde über eine Friedel-Crafts-Reaktion eine C4-Seitenkette an einen der aromatischen Ringe zu 6 eingeführt. Nach Reduktion und Spaltung der Methylether erhielt man 10. Die Produkte 14-16 mit verzweigter Seitenkette im aliphatischen Teil von 1 waren über Michael-Additionen von 12 mit Crotonsäureestern zugänglich. Durch Alkylierung von 12 mit 24 wurde der Ester 17 und durch Reaktion von α-Ethyldesoxyanisoin (13) mit 4-Pentenylmagnesiumbromid der Alkohol 23 hergestellt. Beide Verbindungen ließen sich in das DES-Derivat 29 mit geradliniger Seitenkette überführen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Cyclic Peptides from Glycine Partially Labeled with Deuterium and/or 13C and Two Pairs of ProlineFour cyclic peptides partially labeled with D and/or 13C (2a, 2b, 3a and 3b) have been synthesized for 1H-and 13C-NMR studies. In contrast to the syntheses of the unlabeled compounds the benzyloxycarbonyl group (Z) served for temporary protection of the imino function of proline. The deuterium content has been determined by mass spectroscopy and 1H-NMR analysis.
    Notes: Für 1H und 13 C-NMR spektroskopische Untersuchungen wurden vier partiell mit Deuterium und/oder 13 C-Isotopen markierte Cyclopeptide (2a, 2b, 3a und 3b) synthetisiert. Zum Unterschied zu den früheren Synthesen der nichtmarkierten Verbindungen diente die Benzyloxycarbonyl gruppe (Z) zur vorübergehenden Blockierung der Imino-Funktion des Prolins. Der Deuteriumgehalt wurde durch Massenpektrometrie und 1H-NMR-Analyse bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 72
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 789-795 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of CH-Active Compounds with Azides, XXIX1).  -  Synthesis and Reactions of a Cyclic α-Diazo-β-oxophosphine OxideDiazo group transfer onto the cyclic α-oxophosphine oxide 2 in methanol is followed by solvolysis and yields the α-diazoketone 3, whereas the same reaction in acetonitrile leads to the cyclic α-diazo-β-oxophosphine oxide 1. Compound 1 was characterized by addition of triphenylphosphine to 4 and azo-coupling with dimedone to 5, and by photolytic decomposition reactions in alkaline or neutral methanol (formation of 6 or 2, 6 and 7, respectively), aniline or benzene (formation of 11 or 12, respectively).
    Notes: Diazogruppen-Übertragung auf das cyclische β-Oxophosphinoxid 2 in Methanol liefert unter Solvolyse das α-Diazoketon 3, Während die gleiche Umsetzung in Acetonitril zum cyclischen α-Diazo-β-oxophosphinoxid 1 führt. Addition von Triphenylphosphin zu 4 und Azokupplung mit Dimedon zu 5 charakterisieren die Diazoverbindung 1 ebenso wie Photolysereaktionen in basischem oder neutralem Methanol (Bildung von 6 bzw. 2,6 und 7), Anilin oder Benzol (Bildung von 11 bzw. 12).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 73
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 804-812 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Valence Isomerization of Perhalogenated 4-Methylene-bicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-dienes to HeptafulvenesSynthesis of mixed bromo- and chloro- substitued 4-methylene-bicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-dienes 6b,c starting from hexachlorocyclopentadiene and corresponding trihalogenated ethylenes is described. Valence isomerization 6a → 7 is reversible. Thermally (340 °C) 7 is formed from 6a but it rearranges further to the more stable aromatic products 8 and 9. Photochemically 6a and 8 obtained from 7. Short time thermolysis of 6b at 460°C is connected with bromine/chlorine exchange and leads to a mixture of heptafulvenes 7, 10, and 11. From 6c under the same conditions the pure heptafulvene 12 could be received.
    Notes: Die Synthese gemischter brom- und chlorsubstituierter 4-Methylen-bicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-diene 6b, c aus Hexachlorcyclopentadien und entsprechenden Trihalogenethylenen wird beschrieben. Die Valenzisomerisierung 6a → 7 ist reversibel. Thermisch (bei 340 °C) entsteht 7 aus 6a. doch lagert es sich weiter in die stabileren aromatischen Produkte 8 und 9 um. Photochemisch wird 7 sowohl zu 6a als auch zu 8 isomerisiert. Die Kurzzeitthermolyse von 6b bei 460°C ist mit einem Brom/Chlor-Austausch verbunden und liefert ein Gemisch der Heptafulvene 7, 10 und 11, während aus 6c unter den gleichen Bedingungen das reine Heptafulven 12 erhalten werden konnte.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Incorporation of [4'-(E)-13C]4-(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)tryptophan into Clavine Alkaloids and Lysergic AcidThe 13C-enriched C-atom of the 4'(E)-methyl groups of 4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)tryptophan (3) appears during the biosynthesis at the C-methyl group of chanoclavine (4) and at C-17 of agroclavine (5), elymoclavien (6) and lysergic acid (7).
    Notes: Das 13C-angereicherte C-Atom der 4'-(E)-Methylgruppe im 4-(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)tryptophan (3) erscheint bei der Biosynthese in der C-Methylgruppe des Chanoclavins (4) und im C-17 von Agroclavin (5), Elymoclavin (6) und Lysergsäure (7).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Furanoid Norditerpenes from Dioscoreaceae Plants, V1,2). - Structures of the Diosbulbins-D, -E, -F, -G, and -HFive new furanoid norditerpenes, designated as diosbulbin-D (4), -E (5), -F (6), -G (7), and -H (8), are isolated from the fresh root tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (forma spontanea Makino et Nemoto). The structures are established on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences. The compounds are the first reported furanoid 18-norclerodane derivatives having an A/B-trans ring system and a δ-lactone group at C17 → C12.
    Notes: Fünf neue Furanoid-norditerpene, die als Diosbulbin-D (4), -E (5), -F (6), -G (7), und -H (8) bezeichnet werden, sind aus den frischen Wurzelknollen von Dioscorea bulbifera L. (forma spontanea Makino et Nemeto) isoliert worden. Ihre Strukturen wurden auf Grund der chemischen und spektroskopischen Untersuchungen ermittelt. Es sind die ersten Furanoid-18-norclerodanderivate, die das trans-verknüpfte A/B-Ringsystem und die δ-Lactongruppe in 17 → 12-Stellung besitzen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 971-981 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a Structural Gene for the Peptide Hormone Angiotensin II, Part 71). - Synthesis of the Sequence d(T-A-A-A-T-G)The chemical synthesis of the hexanucleotide d(T-A-A-A-T-G) representing the nucleotide sequence 34 to 39 of the angiotensin II DNA is described. (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad was condensed with pbz6Ad-bz6Ad(Ac) to give the tetranucleotide (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-bz6Ad and with pTd-ib2Gd(iB,Ac) to give the fully protected hexanucleotide (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-Td-ib2Gd(iB,Ac).
    Notes: Es wird die chemische Synthese des Hexanucleotids d(T-A-A-A-T-G), das der Nucleotidsequenz 34 bis 39 der Angiotensin-II-DNS entspricht, beschrieben. (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad wurde mit pbz6Ad-bz6Ad(Ac) zum Tetranucleotid (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-bz6Ad und dieses mit pTd-ib2Gd(iB,Ac) zum vollgeschützten Hexanucleotid (MeOTr)Td-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-bz6Ad-Td-ib2Gd(iB,Ac) kondensiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a Structural Gene for the Peptide Hormone Angiotensin II, Part 81) - Sequence Analysis of the Segments with a Small High-Voltage Electrophoresis ApparatusThis paper reports the sequence analysis of all partial sequences, whose syntheses have been described in parts 1 - 7 of this series1 - 7). For this purpose a simple small high-voltage electrophoresis apparatus was developed which was inexpensive to build and has a good separation performance.
    Notes: Es wird über die Sequenzanalyse aller in den Teilen 1 - 7 dieser Reihe1 - 7 beschriebenen, synthetisierten Teilsequenzen berichtet. Dafür wurde eine einfache kleine Hochspannungselektrophoreseapparatur entwickelt, die sich durch geringe Baukosten und gute Trennleistungen auszeichnet.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a Structural Gene for the Peptide Hormone Angiotensin II, Part 91) - Ligation of the Partial Sequences to the Complete DuplexLigation of the seven partial sequences by T4 polynucleotide ligase to give the total duplex of an angiotensin II DNA with 33 base pairs is described. The ligation reaction was monitored by a modified Norit assay combined with the degradation of [γ-32P]ATP by inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast. This new analytical technique makes it unnecessary to purify the segments after phosphorylation with T4 polynucleotide kinase and [γ-32P]ATP by time-consuming and yield-decreasing methods. Moreover, this technique permits the synthesis of double helical DNA in a multiple step reaction without any intermediate purification.
    Notes: Die Ligation der sieben Teilsequenzen zum kompletten 33 Basenpaare umfassenden Doppelstrang einer Angiotensin-II-DNS mit Hilfe von T4 Polynucleotidligase wird beschrieben. Die Ligationsreaktion wird durch einen modifizierten Norittest verbunden mit einem Abbau von [γ-32P]ATP mit Anorganischer Pyrophosphatase aus Bäckerhefe verfolgt. Diese neue Analysentechnik macht eine zeitraubende und verlustreiche Reinigung der mit T4 Polynucleotidkinase und [γ-32P]ATP phosphorylierten Teilsequenzen überflüssig und erlaubt es, die DNS-Synthese mehrstufig und ohne Zwischenreinigung durchzuführen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemical Studies on 4-Benzylidene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinones and their Hydrogenated DerivativesThe structures of 4-benzylidene-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinone 1E, its photoisomer 1Z, and of the products 3a, b obtained by catalytic hydrogenation were determined using 1H-, LIS-1H-, 13C-NMR, and NOE measurements. The catalytic hydrogenation of the benzylidene derivatives 1E and 1Z was proven to be stereoselective.
    Notes: Die Strukturen von 4-Benzyliden-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isochinolinon 1E, seinem Photoisomeren 1Z sowie der durch katalytische Hydrierung gewonnenen Verbindungen 3a und 3b wurden mittels 1H-, LIS-1H-, 13C-NMR- und NOE-Messungen bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daβ die katalytische Hydrierung der Benzylidenderivate 1E und 1Z stereoselektiv verläuft.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 81
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    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1111-1117 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition of Heterocumulenes to N-Benzylidenealuminium AmidesThe reaction of diphenylketene (3), phenyl isocyanate (8), and dicyclohexyl- or diphenylcarbodiimide (12 and 15, respectively) with N-benzylidenealuminium amides has been investigated. Acetylated β-lactams 6 are obtained from diphenylketene, and triazinedione 11 from phenyl isocyanate. Carbodiimides, R'' - N =C =N-R'', give the (2:1)-cycloadduct 14 when R'' =cyclo-C6H5 (12) and the (1:1)-cycloadduct 18 when R'' =C6H5 (15). It is shown that cycloaddition only occurs when the C =N group of the aluminium amide is “free”, i. e. not associated.
    Notes: Das Verhalten von Diphenylketen (3), Phenylisocyanat (8) und Dicyclohexyl- sowie Diphenylcarbodiimid (12 bzw. 15) gegenüber N-Benzylidenaluminiumamiden wird untersucht. Mit Diphenylketen erhält man acetylierte β-Lactame 6, mit Phenylisocyanat das Triazindion 11 und mit Carbodiimiden, R'' - N =C =N-R'', erhält man mit R'' =cyclo-C6H11 (12) das (2:1)-Cycloaddukt 14 und mit R'' =C6H5 (15) das (1:1)-Cycloaddukt 18. Es wird gezeigt, daβ in allen Fällen die Cycloaddition nur dann erfolgt, wenn die C =N-Gruppe des Aluminiumamids “frei”, d. h. nicht assoziiert, vorliegt.
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  • 82
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1118-1122 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiazole Derivatives, IV.  -  Reactions of Cyanimidodithiocarbonates and Salts of Cyanothioureas with Derivatives of γ-Bromocrotonic AcidThe Cyanimidodithiocarbonates 1, 6, and the salt 7 of the cyanothiourea react with derivatives of γ-bromocrotonic acid to give the 4-aminothiazoles 5a-k and 8a-b, respectively. In contrast, the salts 9 of the cyanothioureas 9 yield the thiazolidines 10a-e.
    Notes: Die Cyanimidodithiocarbonate 1 und 6 sowie das Cyanthioharnstoffsalz 7 reagieren mit γ-Bromcrotonsäurederivaten 4 zu den 4-Aminothiazolen 5a-k bzw. 8a-b. Dagegen ergeben die Cyanthioharnstoffsalze 9 die Thiazolidine 10a-e.
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1327-1332 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anti-Markovnikov Addition in the Oxymercuration of 19-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-3β-yl AcetateOxymercuration of 19-hydroxy-5-cholesten-3β-yl acetate (1a) gives the anti-Markovnikov product 2. Reduction of 2 with sodium tetrahydroborate yields the C-5-epimers 3b and 6b.
    Notes: 19-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-3β-ylacetat (1a) reagiert mit Quecksilber(II)-trifluoracetat zum Anti-Markownikow-Produkt 2. Reduktion von 2 mit Natriumtetrahydroborat führt zu den 5-Epimeren 3b und 6b.
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1353-1356 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Base-Catalyzed Thermal Decomposition of Aryl Urethanes; Synthesis of 4-NitrodiphenylaminesUrethanes decompose at temperatures of about 200°C with evolution of carbon dioxide to give a series of decomposition products, which in turn catalyze the decomposition. Investigation of the reaction led to a new base-catalyzed synthesis of 4-nitrodiphenylamine derivatives from substituted 4-nitrophenols and phenyl isocyanate.
    Notes: Urethane zersetzen sich bei Temperaturen um 200°C unter CO2-Entwicklung zu einer Reihe von Spaltprodukten, die ihrerseits die Zersetzung katalysieren. Das Studium der Zersetzungsreaktion führte zu einer neuen basenkatalysierten Synthese von 4-Nitrodiphenylamin-Derivaten aus substituierten 4-Nitrophenolen und Phenylisocyanat.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Steroidal 1,3-Oxathioianes; Determination of Configuration by a New General CD Sector Rule, and Their Reduction with Lithium TetrahydridoaluminateThe configuration of the diasteriomeric 2,2-dialkyl-1,3-oxathiolanes prepared from the steroid ketones 1, 6, and 10 was determined using a new and general CD sector rule.  -  Oxathiolanes of this type are decomposed by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate in dioxane at elevated temperatures. The corresponding alcohols, ethene, and S2- have been identified as decomposition products.
    Notes: Die Konfigurationsbestimmung der aus den Steroidketonen 1, 6 und 10 hergestellten diastereomeren 2,2-Dialkyl-1,3-oxathiolane gelang mit einer neuen und allgemeinen CD-Sektorregel.  -  Oxathiolane dieses Types sind bei erhöhter Temperatur gegenüber Lithiumtetrahydridoaluminat in Dioxan nicht stabil. Als Zersetzungsprodukte wurden die entsprechenden Alkohole, Ethen und S2- identifiziert.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Occurrence of Hydrogen Transfer, 54.  -  Mechanism and Limitation of the Clemmensen Reduction with Acetophenone and Related CompoundsThe Clemmensen reduction of acetophenone to ethylbenzene (1; four-electron transfer) is accompanied by formation of the hydrodimerization product 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol (2; one-electron transfer), and its rearrangement products 3 and 4 in amounts dependent on the reaction conditions. No detectable quantities of 1-phenylethanol or styrene (two-electron transfer) were found. The product composition was determined by the temperature, acid concentration, the particular acid used, and the reducing agent (amalgamated zinc, zinc amalgam, cadmium, zinc-cadmium alloy, cadmium amalgam, magnesium amalgam, lead, zinc, lead alloy). 1-Phenylethanol and styrene can be partially converted into ethylbenzene under Clemmensen conditions. Competition experiments show that acetophenone is more rapidly reduced to ethylbenzene than is 1-phenylethanol. The Clemmensen reduction could not be simulated by an electrochemical process, either at constant voltage or constant current density. The rest potential of amalgamated zinc in 8 N HCl shifts to more positive values on addition of those ketones which can be reduced, while ketones subject to extensive steric hindrance near the carbonyl centre have no effect on the potential. Under constant current conditions, the products contained (apart from compounds 1  -  4) 1-phenylethanol and styrene. At constant voltage (potential established in 8 N HCl, and also more negative values) in 1 N HCl in H2O/CH3OH(1:1), using zinc and amalgamated zinc as electrode material, less than 5% ethylbenzene was formed, the main products being the hydrodimer 2 and its derivatives 3 and 4. A mechanism is proposed for the Clemmensen reduction, based on the observation that the best yields of ethylbenzene are obtained using zinc amalgam (Zn2Hg)n. The Zn2Hg-unit presumably also present at the surface of amalgamated zinc is considered to be responsible for the four-electron transfer. A process accounting for the uptake of electrons and protons by the carbonyl group is postulated.
    Notes: Bei der Reduktion von Acetophenon nach Clemmensen entstehen außer Ethylbenzol (1; Vier-Elektronen-Übergang) in von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängigen Mengen das Hydrodimerisierungsprodukt 2,3-Diphenyl-2,3-butandiol (2; Ein-Elektronen-Übergang) und dessen Umlagerungsverbindungen 3 und 4, aber weder 1-Phenylethanol noch Styrol (Zwei-Elektronen-Übergang). Temperatur, Säurekonzentration, Säureart, Reduktionsmittel (amalgamiertes Zink, Zinkamalgam, Cadmium, Zink-Cadmium-Legierung, Cadmiumamalgam, Magnesiumamalgam, Blei, Zink, Blei-Legierung) bestimmen die Anteile der gebildeten Reduktionsprodukte 1  -  4. 1-Phenylethanol und Styrol können unter Clemmensen-Bedingungen partiell in Ethylbenzol (1) übergeführt werden. Konkurrenzversuche mit einem Gemisch aus Acetophenon und 1-Phenylethanol zeigen, daß unter Clemmensen-Bedingungen Acetophenon schneller reduziert wird als 1-Phenylethanol. Weder galvanostatisch noch potentiostatisch kann elektrochemisch das Ergebnis der Clemmensen-Reduktion simuliert werden. Das Ruhepotential von amalgamiertem Zink in 8 N Salzsäure verschiebt sich durch Zugabe der zu reduzierenden Carbonylverbindungen zu positiveren Werten. Sterisch stark gehinderte Carbonylverbindungen verändern das Potential nicht. Bei der galvanostatischen Elektroreduktion entsteht außer 1  -  4 in wechselnden Mengen 1-Phenylethanol und Styrol. Bei potentiostatischer Arbeitsweise(1 N Salzsäure in Wasser/Methanol = 1:1, bei dem in 8 N Salzsäure sich einstellenden Potential und negativer) an Elektroden aus Zink und amalgamiertem Zink entstehen neben Ethylbenzol (Ausbeute 〈5%) das Hydrodimere 2 sowie dessen Umlagerungsverbindungen 3 und 4 als Hauptprodukte. Ein neuer Vorschlag für den Reaktionsmechanismus geht von der Beobachtung aus, daß mit Zinkamalgam (Zn2Hg)n unter Clemmensen-Bedingungen die besten Ausbeuten erzielt werden. Die Zn2Hg-Einheit, die wohl auch an amalgamiertem Zink an der Grenzfläche vorliegt, wird für den Vier-Elektronen-Übergang verantwortlich gemacht. Ein Vorschlag für den Einbau von Elektronen und Protonen in die Carbonylgruppe wird zur Diskussion gestellt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1655-1665 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mesoionic Six-membered Heterocycles, I.  -  Synthesis of 6-Oxo-6H-1,3-oxazin-3-ium-4-olatesThe synthesis of 6-oxo-6H-1,3-oxazin-3-ium-4-olates (7) from secondary amides and malonyl dichlorides is described. It is deduced from solvolysis experiments that there is not any significant delocalisation of the positive partial charge at C-2; CNDO/2 calculations are in agreement with this assumption.
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese von 6-Oxo-6H-1,3-oxazin-3-ium-4-olaten (7) aus sekundären Säureamiden und Malonyldichloriden beschrieben. Aufgrund von Solvolyseexperimenten ist anzunehmen, daß eine signifikante Delokalisierung der positiven Partialladung an C-2 nicht erfolgt; [CNDO/2]-Rechnungen stützen diese Ansicht.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1666-1669 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanistic Investigations with the Aid of Isotopic Labeling, III1).  -  Redox-Disproportionation of 2,2-Dihydroxyphenalene-1,3(2H)-dioneIt is shown by means of 14C-labeling that redox-disproportionation of 2,2-dihydroxyphenalene 1,3(2H)-dione (2) leads to elimination of C-2 as CO2. Formation of the ring-contracted product acenaphthenequinone (3) and the reductone 4 is suggested to proceed as a heterolytic fragmentation reaction with subsequent oxidation.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von 14C-Markierung wird gezeigt, daß bei der Redox-Disproportionierung des 2,2-Di-hydroxyphenalen-1,3(2H)-dions (2) das C-2 als CO2 abgespalten wird. Die Bildung von Acenaphthenchinon (3) als Ringverengungsprodukt neben dem Redukton 4 ist als intramolekulare heterolytische Fragmentierung mit nachfolgender Oxidation interpretierbar.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1670-1674 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanistic Investigations with the Aid of Isotopic Labeling, V1).  -  Mechanism of the Amination Reaction of 3-Hydroxyphenalenone with PhenylhydrazineAs shown by 15N-labeling, it is the NH2 group of phenylhydrazine which is transferred in the reaction of 3-hydroxy-1-phenalenone (1) and phenylhydrazine to give the 2-amino-3-hydroxy-1-phenalenone (2) and [15N]aniline. The synthesis of [1-15N]phenylhydrazine is described. A reaction mechanism corresponding to the Neber rearrangement is discussed.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von [1-15N]Phenylhydrazin ist der Einbau der NH2-Gruppe des Phenylhydrazins unter [15N]Anilin-Abspaltung bei der Aminierung von 3-Hydroxy-1-phenalenon (1) zu 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-phenalenon (2) beweisbar. Ein Reaktionsablauf im Sinne einer Neber-Umlagerung ist wahrscheinlich.  -  Die Synthese von [1-15N]Phenylhydrazin wird beschrieben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1704-1706 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Note on the Reaction of Alkyl Thiocyanate with OxalylchlorideAlkyl thiocyanates 1 react with oxalyl chloride in presence of BF3 to give N,N'-bis(methylthio-chloromethylene)oxamide (2) or N-(ethylthiochloromethylene)oxamoyl chloride (3). Interaction between 2 and aniline yields new derivatives 5 and 6 of triazepine and imidazoline, respectively.
    Notes: Alkylthiocyanate 1 reagieren mit Oxalyldichlorid in Gegenwart von BF3 zu N,N'-Bis(methylthio-chlormethylen)oxamid (2) oder zu N-(Ethylthiochlormethylen)oxamoylchlorid (3). Durch Umsetzung von 2 mit Anilin erhält man neue Triazepin- und Imidazolindrivate 5 bzw. 6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1707-1712 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Facile Synthesis of α, ω-Diamino Carboxylic Acids (Lysine, Ornithine)2,6-Diaminocaproic acid (lysine), essential in animal nutrition, and 2,5-diaminovaleric acid (ornithine), used for pharmaceutical purposes, can be prepared in an efficient synthesis, starting with readily available cyclic amines (piperidine, pyrrolidine). The four-step synthesis comprises an acylation step, an electrochemical methoxylation, a Strecker or a Strecker-Bucherer reaction, and subsequent acidic hydrolysis of the aminonitrile or the hydantoin, respectively.
    Notes: Die in der Tierernährung wichtige 2,6-Diaminocapronsäure (Lysin) und die für pharmazeutische Zwecke verwendete 2,5-Diaminovaleriansäure (Ornithin) lassen sich in guten Ausbeuten durch eine einfache Synthese, ausgehend von leicht zugänglichen cyclischen Aminen (Piperidin, Pyrrolidin), darstellen. Die vierstufige Synthese umfaßt eine Acylierung, eine elektrochemische Methoxylierung sowie eine Strecker- oder Strecker-Bucherer-Umsetzung mit anschließender saurer Hydrolyse des Aminonitrils bzw. des Hydantoins.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1713-1733 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Alkoxylation of N-AcylazacycloalkanesN-Acylazacycloalkanes are converted electrochemically into α-monoalkoxy derivatives 2, 4, 6, and 8 or into α,α'-dialkoxy derivatives 12 - 14, depending on the electric current employed. The monoadducts, which are produced in high yields, are versatile synthons due to the reactivity of the alkoxy group in the neighbourhood of the nitrogen atom.
    Notes: N-Acylazacycycloalkane werden auf elektrochemischem Wege (anodische Alkoxylierung) in Abhängigkeit von der aufgewendeten Strommenge zu den α-Monoalkoxyderivaten 2, 4, 6 und 8 bzw. zu den α,α'-Dialkoxyderivaten 12-14 umgesetzt. Die in hohen Ausbeuten gebildeten Monoaddukte sind wegen der Alkoxygruppe in Nachbarschaft zum Stickstoff vielseitige Synthone.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1734-1738 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a Model Compound for the Elucidation of the Microbial Degradation of 5-Amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinoneThe article describes the synthesis of isopropyl 2-acetoxy-6-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-pyrazolin-1-yl)-6-oxo-trans-2,trans-4-hexadienoate (11) via the intermediates 6, 8, 9, and 10. According to the hypothesis of the mechanism of the degradation of 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (1), the compound 11 is split into 9 and 12 by an enzyme (amidase) of 1-degrading bacteria1).
    Notes: Die Synthese von 2-Acetoxy-6-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-pyrazolin-1-yl)-6-oxo-trans-2,trans-4-hexadiensäure-isopropylester (11) über die Stufen 6, 8, 9 und 10 wird beschrieben. Die Verbindung 11 ist, entsprechend der Hypothese zum Mechanismus des mikrobiellen Abbaus von 5-Amino-4-chlor-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinon (1), durch ein Enzym (Amidase) aus 1-abbauenden Bakterien1) in 9 und 12 spaltbar.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1887-1887 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1887-1887 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1894-1904 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Solvolysis of Strained Cyclic Vinyl Trifluoromethanesulfonates1-Cyclopentenyl triflate (1-cyclopentenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 6), 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-hept-2-en-2-yl triflate (6,6-dimethyl-2-norpinen-2-yl triflate, 7a) and 1,3-cyclohexadien-2-yl triflate (12) were solvolysed in solvents of various ionizing strength and nucleophilicity. Cyclic vinyl cations were not formed as intermediates in the solvolyse of 6, 7 and 12; product formation occurred via an O-S bond cleavage of the triflate group in nucleophilic solvents.
    Notes: 1-Cyclopentenyltriflat (1-Cyclopentenyltrifluormethansulfonat, 6), 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-hept-2-en-2-yltriflat (6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinen-2-yltriflat, 7a) und 1,3-Cyclohexadien-2-yltriflat (12) wurden in Lösungsmitteln verschiedener Ionisierungsstärke und Nucleophilie solvolysiert. In keinem Fall entsteht dabei ein cyclisches Vinylkation als Zwischenstufe; die Produktbildung erfolgt in nucleophilen Lösungsmitteln durch Spaltung der O-S-Bindung der Triflatgruppe.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Constituents of Euphorbiaceae, IV1).  -  Constitution of the Isomeric O-(ß-Hydroxy-γ-hydroxycarbonyl-ß-methylbutanoyl)shikimic Acids from Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf.The composition and structure of the isomeric O-(ß-hydroxy-γ-hydroxycarbonyl-ß-methylbutanoyl)shikimic acids 7 and 8 isolated from Euphorbia biglandulosa have been determined (74% 5-O-, 26% 3-O-derivative) by comparative 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the shikimic acid derivatives methyl 3,4,5-tri-O-acetylshikimate (3), methyl 3,4-O-(phenylboranediyl)shikimate (4), and methyl 5-O-acetylshikimate (6). The conformation of the shikimic acid derivatives is discussed.
    Notes: Durch vergleichende Analyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren der Shikimisäurederivate 3,4,5-Tri-O-acetylshikimisäure-methylester (3), 3,4-O-(Phenylborandiyl)shikimisäure-methylester (4) und 5-O-Acetylshikimisäure-methylester (6) wurden die Zusammensetzung des Isomerengemisches und die Konstitution der aus Euphorbia biglandulosa gewonnenen O-(β-Hydroxy-γ-hydroxycarbonyl-β-methylbutanoyl)shikimisäuren 7 und 8 aufgeklärt (74% 5-O-, 26% 3-O-Derivat). Die Konformation der Shikimisäurederivate wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1916-1927 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidazoles and 1-Imidazolamines from α-Acylamino Ketimines and α-Acylamino HydrazonesCyclization of α-acylamino ketimines or α-acylamino hydrazones 7 with PCI5, POCI3 or PPh3/C2CI6/NEt311) yields imidazoles 8, which carry an alkyl(aryl), dialkylamino, arylamino, phthalimido or phenylsulfonylamino substituent in position 1. The starting compounds 7 are easily derived from α-amino acids via α-acylamino ketones 6.
    Notes: Cyclisierung von α-Acylaminoketiminen oder α-Acylaminohydrazonen 7 mit PCI5, POCI3 oder PPh3/C2Cl6/NEt311) ergibt Imidazole 8, die in 1-Stellung einen Alkyl(Aryl)-, Dialkylamino-, Arylamino-, Phthalimido- oder Phenylsulfonylamino-Substituenten tragen. Die Ausgangsverbindungen 7 sind aus α-Aminosäuren über α-Acylaminoketone 6 leicht zugänglich.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 1928-1936 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-(Diarylmethylene)alkylidenediaminesFrom reactions of diarylketimines with N,N-dialkylmethyleneammonium salts or via condensation with aldehydes and secondary amines the N1,N1-dialkyl-N2-(diarylmethylene)alkylidenediamines 3, 6 and 7 were obtained. For the analogous ring-substituted derivatives 10, 11 and 12 E-and Z-isomers have been assigned by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy.  -  Upon heating of equimolar amounts of diphenylketimine and paraformaldehyde N-(diphenylmethylene)aminomethanol (13) was formed. The N1,N2-bis(diphenylmethylene)methylenediamine (15) however, is prepared most conveniently by heating of N-(diphenylmethylene)methoxymethylamine (14) with diphenylketimine in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid. The synthesis of N1,N2-bis(diphenylmethylene)-benzylidenediamines 17 has been achieved by means of acid catalysed reaction of the corresponding acetals with diphenylketimine.
    Notes: Aus Diarylketiminen entstehen durch Umsetzung mit N,N-Dialkylmethylenammoniumsalzen oder durch Kondensation mit Aldehyden und sekundären Aminen N1,N1-Dialkyl-N2-(diarylmethylen)alkylidendiamine 3, 6 oder 7. Bei den entsprechenden kernsubstituierten Derivaten 10, 11 und 12 lassen sich E- und Z-Formen durch 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie nachweisen.  -  Während durch Erhitzen äquivalenter Mengen Diphenylketimin und Paraformaldehyd N-(Diphenylmethylen)aminomethanol (13) erhalten wird, ist das N1,N2-Bis(diphenylmethylen)methylendiamin (15) am besten durch Erhitzen von N-(Diphenylmethylen)methoxymethylamin (14) mit Diphenylketimin in Gegenwart von Tetrafluoroborsäure zu gewinnen. N1,N2-Bis(diphenylmethylen)benzylidendiamine 17 sind durch säurekatalysierte Umsetzung der Acetale 16 und Diphenylketimin zugänglich.
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