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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Fetal microvasculature ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fetal microvascular architecture of the feline near-term placenta was investigated using scanning electron micrographs of partially fractured corrosion casts from plastic-filled vessels. The findings were compared with those on corresponding semithin histological sections. The branches of both umbilical arteries and veins roughly follow a course parallel to the zonary girdle on the allantochorionic side of the feline placenta in an acute-angled pattern of ramifications. They join the double-layered capilary networks in the chorionic lamellae of the labyrinth, which generally exhibit a chorio-uterine orientation and are partially twirled. On the allantochorionic side of the labyrinth, these fetal capillary networks are “suspended” on the maternal stem-artery-system of the placenta; on the uterine side, they have peduncular or tuft-like endings of capillary loops and are flattened by the uterine septa, which at this level converge into the maternal veins. The chorionic capillary lamellae have a variable breadth and length and therefore need shorter or longer arterioles and venules from the allantochorionic side to become irrigated at any level of the labyrinth. As a result, the feline placenta is characterized by a generally one-way crosscurrent type of materno-fetal blood flow.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Anterograde tracing ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Midbrain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of the fibers from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the midbrain has been investigated in the cat with the degeneration method, the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and autoradiography after 3H-leucine injections. The results show that the DCN project to several midbrain regions. The external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IX) receives the heaviest projection from both the gracile and cuneate nuclei. The DCN fibers form three joint terminal zones in IX. Each terminal zone contains clusters with dense aggregations of DCN fibers. Fairly dense terminal networks are found in the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the compact part of the anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc) as well. More scattered DCN fibers are present in the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the lateral part of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the red nucleus (NR), the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (B), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SI, SP). The projections to all regions are mainly contralateral. Most of the few ipsilateral fibers terminate in IX. A somatotopic organization was seen in IX and NR. The gracile fibers terminate preferentially in the caudal and lateral part of IX and the cuneate ones preferentially in its rostral and medial part. In the red nucleus the gracile fibers terminate ventral to the cuneate ones. In the pretectal region there was a predominance for gracile fibers. There also appeared to be quantitative differences in the projections from various levels of the gracile nucleus, with more midbrain projecting fibers originating in the rostral than in the middle and caudal parts of the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Cat ; Macroscopic anatomy ; Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of comparative anatomical studies on the ceca of various mammals the cat was chosen as representative of a “typical” carnivore. In the domestic cat, the cecum is conspicuously small and macroscopically relatively undifferentiated in comparison to most herbivores. Microscopically (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), however, it is characterized by an abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes rich in organelles, suggestive of functional activity. In addition to the morphological description, which also includes arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum, the discussion is focussed on 1) the possible functional significance of the numerous goblet cells 2) a general categorization of the different types of ileal-caeco-colical junctions and 3) speculations concerning the justification for considering the carnivore cecum as being rudimentary.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Midbrain ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Degeneration-HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superio colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellothalamic projections ; Pallidothalamic projections ; Ventral nuclei of thalamus ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of 3H-leucine were made in the entopeduncular nucleus or dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in eight cats. The terminal projection zones of both pathways in the thalamus were studied using the sagittal plane and their relationships to one another as well as to cytoarchitectural boundaries of thalamic nuclei were compared. The data indicate that the territories controlled by the two projection systems are almost entirely segregated. The segregation is mainly along the antero-posterior axis as the main pallidal projection zone occupies the medio-ventral VA while the main dentate projection zone lies posterior to it in the VL. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of the VA not occupied by pallidal projections receives dentate projections. In the VM, both afferent systems terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus with pallidal territory located anteriorly and dentate territory located posteriorly, again without overlap. As the delineations of nuclear subdivisions in the ventral thalamus of the cat have been a subject of some controversy, it is suggested that the boundaries of the VA, VL and VM in the cat thalamus be defined on the basis of basal ganglia and cerebellar projection zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticospinal collaterals ; Sensorimotor cortex ; Corticobulbar pathways ; Fluorescent tracers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescent retrograde double-labeling technique has been used to determine whether corticospinal neurons in the cat sensorimotor cortex distribute collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation. In this study the fluorescent tracers Nuclear Yellow and Diamidino Yellow 2HCl were used in combination with Fast Blue. One tracer was injected unilaterally in the spinal cord and the other was injected ipsilaterally in the bulbar medial reticular formation. The distribution of the retrogradely labeled neurons was studied in the contralateral hemisphere. In the sensorimotor cortex a large population of neurons was found which were labeled from the spinal cord and were double-labeled from the brain stem. These branching neurons were concentrated in the rostromedial part of area 4 and the adjoining lateral part of area 6. In this region the percentages of corticospinal neurons which were double-labeled from the brain stem ranged from 5% laterally to 30% medially. In two cats it was demonstrated by means of the anterograde transport of HRP that the corticobulbar fibers from this region which must include the corticospinal collaterals are distributed to the reticular formation of the lower brain stem. In view of the fact that the double-labeled neurons are concentrated in the anterior part of the motor cortex, those branching neurons are in all likelihood involved in the control of neck, back and shoulder movements. This control is probably exerted by way of two routes i.e. by way of the direct corticospinal connections to spinal interneurons, and by way of the indirect cortico-reticulospinal connections established by the cortical fibers to the bulbar reticular formation. The present findings suggest that this dual control may be exerted by one and the same cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Thalamocortical ; Corticocortical ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) Ipsilateral cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical projections to the cat motor cortex were determined from the locations of retrogradely labeled neurons following single small intracortical injections of HRP in area 4γ. These projections were also examined by studying the distribution of anterogradely transported axonal label following multiple injections of HRP or of tritiated amino acids in areas 1–2 of SI and in area 2pri (SII). (2) The number of retrogradely labeled cells in areas 1–2 and in area 2pri differed markedly between HRP injection sites located in the precruciate (anterior sigmoid gyrus) and postcruciate (posterior sigmoid gyrus) subregions of area 4γ. These associational projections from primary and secondary somatosensory cortices were dense to postcruciate subrogions but weak to the precruciate subregions. (3) The associational projections from areas 1–2 and from area 2pri to the postcruciate subregion of area 4γ were topographically organized, but no clear topographic organization could be demonstrated for the precruciate projection. (4) Anterograde terminal labeling following injection of either HRP or tritiated amino acids into areas 1–2 and area 2pri confirmed the preferential projection of somatosensory cortex to the postcruciate subregion of motor cortex. The projection from somatosensory areas 1–2 was uniform over its terminal field, but that from area 2pri was more patchy and complex. (5) HRP injections in area 4γ gave rise to lamellae of labeled neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus (VL). A topographic relationship was found between the site of injection and the location of the lamella of labeled neurons. (6) The percentage of retrogradely labeled neurons in the shell zone surrounding the border of the ventrolateral nucleus and the ventrobasal complex (VB) was greater following postcruciate than precruciate injections, whereas fewer retrogradely labeled neurons were found in central lateral nucleus (CL) after postcruciate injections than after precruciate injections. (7) These observations support the hypothesis that differential cortical and thalamic projections to different subregions of area 4γ may give rise to the different physiological properties of neurons observed in these subregions (Vicario et al. 1983; Martin et al. 1981).
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Skin potential response ; Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Reticulospinal tracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyramidal command of Skin Potential Response (SPR) was investigated in 20 cats paralyzed by gallamine and under a halothane anaesthetic. For each animal, a transection of the medulla sparing only the pyramidal tract was carried out. The pyramidal tract and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) were stimulated before and after the transection. Results taken before transection show that the SPR can be elicited from stimulation of the pyramidal tract and the MRF. After transection, stereotaxic stimulations of the pyramidal tract still evoked the SPR even after aspiration of the medullary tissue posterior to the section and overlying the pyramids. Control reticular stimulations with higher stimulus intensities failed to evoke the SPR. These results show that stimulation of the pyramidal tract can elicit the SPR independently of reticulospinal neurons. It is hypothesized that a group of corticospinal fibers could transmit volleys having autonomic activity on preganglionic autonomic neurons of the intermediate zone of the grey matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pupillo-constrictor areas ; Afferents ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferents of the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas (PCAs) of the cat were studied using the horseradish peroxidase method. PCAs receive heavy cortical inputs from areas 7, 19, 21, the lateral suprasylvian area, the splenial visual area, and subcortically from the claustrum, the intralaminar nuclei, the pulvinar-lateral posterior nuclear complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Tracking ; Isometric ; Updating ; Delayed feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In cats trained to track a moving display by making rapid, isometric force adjustments, responses are characterized by extremely short reaction times (60–70 ms) and a stereotyped temporal configuration. The animal uses early derivatives of display movement to scale force responses to target stimuli of different sizes according to a learned relationship between initial display motion and required force (Ghez and Vicario 1978a, 1978b). In the present study we altered that relationship by using double stimulation and delayed feedback to assess the animals' ability to update their responses. 2. In experiments where a second target stimulus followed the first after a controlled interval (15–120 ms) on random trials, the animal modified its response in the appropriate direction with little or no increase in reaction time. When the second stimulus called for a return to baseline, the animal aborted the ongoing response. When the second stimulus called for a doubling of force, the animal increased its phasic force output; however, this increase was not sufficient to reach the new target level and late responses were emitted. 3. The control response which followed each experimental double stimulation trial showed consistent differences from other controls in the amplitude of both peak force and peak dF/dt. Control responses following trials calling for a return were reduced in size; those following stimuli requiring response doubling were increased. We concluded that the experimental trials not only elicited modification of ongoing responses but also caused the animal to alter its internalized gain function relating initial display derivatives to required force. 4. In experiments where feedback was delayed after giving a first target stimulus such that the compensatory display failed to reflect the animal's initial response, the animal emitted a new updated response 70–80 ms after the first. The display trajectory which caused the cat to update its response on delayed feedback trial was identical to that of control trials with long reaction times. In this case, however, the information eliciting response updating had to be derived as a difference between the actual display trajectory and that expected by the animal, based on its experience with the tracking task. This suggests that the animal develops an internal model of display properties which is used to determine when a new response is required.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 152-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deafferentation ; Cross reinnervation ; Contractile properties ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-reinnervations were effected between the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the cat hind limb. At the same time dorsal root section or ganglionectomy was performed over segments L6-S1. Completeness of the deafferentation was subsequently confirmed either by dissection or by dorsal root recording. The isometric and forcevelocity properties of the muscles were measured. In animals with a unilateral cross plus deafferentation the conversion of the contractile properties of the normally slow-twitch soleus to those resembling a fast-twitch muscle was typical of that seen with an intact afferent supply. In cats with a bilateral cross-reinnervation and unilateral deafferentation there was no significant difference in the degree of transformation between the two sides. It is concluded that at least for the conversion of a slow-twitch to a fast-twitch muscle afferent feedback does not play a major role.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 462-466 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contralateral connections ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Sub-cortical commissures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contralateral corticofugal projections from visual cortical areas to thalamic nuclei were demonstrated in the cat using anterograde transport of tritiated proline. Thalamic nuclei receiving projections from contralateral visual cortex include both subdivisions of the lateral-posterior nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, and the posterior nuclear complex.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 458-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Postnatal development ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Intercostal motoneurones ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and morphology of spinal respiratory motoneurones (phrenic and intercostal) were studied in the cat by retrograde labelling using Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), at different stages of postnatal development. At birth, the distribution of the phrenic and intercostal motoneurones in the cervical and thoracic ventral horn, respectively, is similar to that observed in adult animals. At birth, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurone somata have respectively 60% and 40% of their adult volume, appearing much more developed than the motoneurones involved in the motor control of limbs. During postnatal development, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurones undergo a characteristic sagittal elongation without evident modification along their transverse axes. From birth, the ratio of the somatic volume to that of its corresponding motor column markedly decreases inside of the phrenic column compared to the data obtained in the limb's muscle motor columns by other authors. Similar determinations in intercostal motor columns give intermediate values between those obtained from the phrenic column and from the motor system. These results indicate that the motoneurones innervating the respiratory muscles have some specific features of development.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Parabigeminal nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascending connections from the brainstem to the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells were identified in a variety of structures, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the superior colliculus (SC), the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN), the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), locus coeruleus and nucleus sub-coeruleus, the substantia nigra (SN), and parts of the raphe complex. The projections from NOT, NPP, MRF, LC and PBN were all bilateral in origin. The most intense labelling was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus. Colliculo-geniculate cells were located primarily in the superficial gray lamina II1 and II2 of Kaneseki and Sprague (1974), but sparse labelling was also observed in lamina II3 and in statum opticum (lamina III). Consistent with the report of Harrell et al. (1982), these cells represent a morphologically diverse population, which includes stellate cells, granule cells, and both vertical and horizontal fusiform cells. A similarly diverse population of cell types contributes to the geniculate projection arising from NOT. These results confirm and extend earlier descriptions of the brainstem projections to the cat LGNd, and serve to emphasize the diversity of brainstem influences over the geniculate.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Neck muscle afferents ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from spinocerebellar tract neurones of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in C1–C3 segments of the anaesthetized cat. These neurones were identified by antidromic activation from the cerebellar peduncle. Stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root elicited extracellular spikes or EPSPs with a monosynaptic latency in almost all CCN neurones in the same segment (segmental input). Late excitatory effects were also observed in about one third of CCN neurones. The monosynaptic EPSP was occasionally followed by an IPSP. The excitatory input from the dorsal root to CCN neurones was extended over several segments for some CCN neurons (extrasegmental input). Monosynaptic excitation was evoked in CCN neurones after stimulation of dorsal neck muscle nerves as well; i.e. splenius (SPL), biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC), rectus capitus dorsalis, and obliquus capitus caudalis. Thresholds for this excitation were near the threshold of the nerve, suggesting that it originated from group I fibres. The component of excitation added after strong stimulation of neck muscle nerves would be attributed to group II fibres. When a CCN neurone received excitatory input from the nerve of one muscle, it was generally not affected by stimulation of other nerves in the same segment. Such muscle specificity of segmental input was the principal pattern of connexion of neck muscle afferents with CCN neurones. In some cases, however, excitatory convergence from SPL and BCC nerves onto single CCN neurones or excitation from the SPL nerve and inhibition from the BCC nerve were also observed. Nearly half of the CCN neurones received input from one muscle nerve of the same segment and not from the afferent of the same muscle of different segments, indicating a segment specificity of input. In the remaining CCN neurones, weaker excitatory effects were induced from afferents of different segments as well. In such extrasegmental effects, inputs to CCN neurones from caudal segments predominated in frequency over those from rostral segments. The origin of extrasegmental input was generally confined to the same muscle. Low threshold muscle afferents from the SPL and BCC were intraaxonally stained with HRP. The collaterals of the stained fibre distributed branchlets and terminals to the CCN, laminae VII, VIII, and motor nuclei. Two fibres responding to local muscle prodding or stretch showed a similar morphology. The findings indicated that muscle spindle afferents from primary endings projected to the CCN.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Cerebellum ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in and around the central cervical nucleus (CCN) were physiologically identified by antidromic activation of these cells on stimulation of the cerebellum. Among the Spinocerebellar tract cells thus identified, those ascending the contralateral spinal funiculi were found in the CCN and ventralwards, whereas those ascending the ipsilateral funiculi existed mostly dorsal to the CCN partly overlapping with crossed cells in the nucleus. Mapping sites from which CCN cells were antidromically activated showed that axons of the CCN-SCT cross at the same segment, ascend the ventral funiculus initially, the lateral funiculus at rostral C1 and the lateral border of the medulla to reach the cerebellar peduncle, enter the cerebellum mainly via the restiform body but possibly also via the superior peduncle. Systematic mapping of stimulation within the cerebellum indicated that the CCNSCT projects to the medial part of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe bilaterally. Projection to lobules I–II was found in almost all CCN-SCT cells examined. Three fourths of CCN-SCT cells projected to the posterior lobe, as revealed by less extensive mapping. Mapping of axonal regions of the same single CCN-SCT cells showed that they project multifocally in the cerebellum, where projection to lobules I–II was common and that to other areas varied with individual cells. Conduction velocites decreased within the cerebellum probably as the result of repeated branching. Mossy fibre responses evoked on stimulation of the C2 dorsal root in cats with the transected dorsal funiculi were shown to be mediated mostly via the CCN-SCT. Mapping the field potential showed that the response was by far the largest in lobules I–II. This suggested that the terminals provided by the CCN-SCT are the densest in these lobules.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Endogenous peroxidase ; Light and electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endogenous peroxidase-like activity was investigated with a combined light and electron microscopical technique in 15 cats. The lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and segments C6 and L5 of the spinal cord were incubated with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After histochemical reaction with DAB a considerable amount of activity was found in nerve cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The neuronal labelling was mainly located in mitochondria of axon terminals and in dendrites whereas the astrocytic and pericytic activity was found in cytoplasmic dense bodies. The quantity of stained structures differed considerably between the animals. In TMB reacted tissue endogenous peroxidase-like activity was only sparsely seen. It was found mainly in frozen sections, in which the neuropil and perivascular structures sometimes contained granules and irregular filaments. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to observations in tracer studies using horseradish peroxidase.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Vestibulo ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied before and after lesions within the accessory optic system (AOS) in the cat. Post-lesion retinal input to the AOS was evaluated using the autoradiographic technique. Unilateral lesion of the lateral terminal nucleus of the AOS (LTN) and the resulting retinal deafferentation of the medial terminal nucleus of the AOS (MTN) induced a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark whose slow phase was directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. VOR gain was reduced for both directions with a maximal decrease for stimulation directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. OKN gain obtained for both directions of binocular stimulation was decreased, mainly when the stimulus was directed contralaterally to the lesion. After two postoperative weeks, spontaneous nystagmus disappeared and the VOR symmetry recovered simultaneously. A symmetrical OKN was only observed after one month. In spite of the known visual selectivity for vertical direction in LTN-MTN cells, the results of this study support a functional involvement of these nuclei in horizontal VOR and OKN.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 162-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nerve afferents ; Semicircular canal biophysics ; Semicircular canal time constants ; Vestibular neurophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response properties of cat horizontal canal afferents (N = 81) were characterized by three parameters: their long time constants (τ), low frequency gain constants (G1), and middle frequency gain constants (Gm). An average value of each of these parameters was calculated for each of eight animals and comparisons were made across animals. There were significant differences between individual animals in their average values of τ and Gm. There was also a significant negative correlation between τ's and Gm's. An animal with a larger average τ tended to have a smaller average Gm. We also used anatomic data on membranous canal duct diameter from the literature to independently estimate the potential effect of interanimal anatomic variability on the predicted range of τ and Gm values in a population. We then compared the data from our 81 afferents with the predictions from the anatomic data.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones ; Inspiratory on-switch ; Stimulation ; Mesencephalic structures ; Patterned response ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats (chloralose-urethan) the effects of brief tetanic electrical stimulation (50 to 100 ms) of the mesencephalic central gray matter and reticular formation on the inspiratory on-switch were studied during the expiratory (E) phase on the gross and unitary activities of phrenic, laryngeal inspiratory and laryngeal expiratory nerves. On the inspiratory laryngeal and phrenic nerves, stimulation elicited a short latency gross response concomitant with the train: the inspiratory Primary Response (Prim.R.) which is followed by an inspiratory Patterned Response (Patt.R.) of longer duration which corresponded to the inspiratory on-switch. The Patt.R. generally appeared from the Prim.R. within a latent period (Silent Phase: Sil.P.) as long as 100 ms. On the expiratory laryngeal nerve, stimulation elicited a brief activation (expiratory Prim.R.) concomitant with the beginning of the inspiratory laryngeal Prim.R. and which rapidly stopped as the latter continued during the stimulus train. The inspiratory Prim.R. corresponded to a simultaneous activation of both early and late (so defined during their spontaneous discharge) inspiratory motoneurones. The laryngeal motoneurones were more strongly activated than the phrenic ones. During the inspiratory Patt.R. all the phrenic motoneurones presented a recruitment delay earlier, compared with the spontaneous one, whereas the recruitment drastically changed from an inspiratory laryngeal motoneurone to another. Thus, the two pools of motoneurones presented different properties of activation. During the inspiratory Sil.P. no concomitant expiratory laryngeal activation was observed when most of the inspiratory motoneurones were inactive. As some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones did not stop firing, the existence of some central respiratory neurones exhibiting a similar persistent activity and subserving the inspiratory on-switch mechanisms may be hypothesized.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ascending auditory pathway ; Inferior colliculus ; Medial geniculate body ; Cat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (NBIC) in the cat were studied by the autoradiographic tracing method. Many fibers from the NBIC ascend ipsilaterally in the lateral tegmentum along the medial border of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. At midbrain levels, fibers from the NBIC end in the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the central gray and the peripeduncular tegmental region bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. NBIC fibers to the superior colliculus are distributed densely to laminae VI an III throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In the pretectum, NBIC fibers terminate in the anterior and medial nuclei and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. NBIC fibers to the dorsal thalamus are distributed largely ipsilaterally. Many NBIC fibers end in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate body, but few in the ventral division. The NBIC also sends fibers to the suprageniculate, limitans and lateralis posterior nuclei and the lateral portion of the posterior nuclear complex; these regions of termination of NBIC fibers constitute, as a whole, a single NBIC recipient sector. Additionally, the NBIC sends fibers to the centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, paraventricular and subparafascicular nuclei of the thalamus.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neonatal ; Bilabyrinthectomy ; Recovery ; Locomotion ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cats labyrinthectomized shortly after birth (DELAB) exhibited the classical vestibular syndrome and recovery, while their motor development was otherwise unimpaired. As adults, they were tested for visual vestibular substitution in a locomotor task with either orientation requirements (tilted platforms) or balance requirements (narrow platforms). Visual motion cues or static visual cues were controlled using normal or stroboscopic lighting, or darkness. Measurements of the average speed of locomotion showed that: Although all cats increase their speed when more visual cues become available, a marked deficit occurs in darkness only in the DELAB cats. With either vestibular cues alone or static visual cues alone, cats are able to reach the same level of performance in the tilted platform test, which suggests a total visual-vestibular interchangeability in orientation. DELAB cats perform very poorly in the narrow rail test. When continuous vision is allowed in the narrow rail test the DELABs' performance rises but does not match that of the control group. A specific deficit in balance for the DELAB group is thus reduced by normal continuous vision as compared to stroboscopic vision, suggesting a significant, though imperfect, substitution of motion visual cues for the missing dynamic vestibular cues. Dynamic visual cues play only a minor role in most situations, when locomotory speed is high. This results support the view that both the vestibular and the visual system can subserve two distinct functions: dynamic information may stabilize the stance in narrow unstable situations, during slow locomotion. and static orientation cues may mainly control the direction for displacement. Possible interactions between head positioning and body orientation in the DELAB cats are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 470-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Congenital microstrabismus ; Cat ; Visual cortex ; Binocularity ; Visual axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-nine pigmented offspring of an innately esotropic female cat exhibited varying deficits in the number of binocular cells recorded in area 17 of the visual cortex as compared to 12 normal cats. Misalignment of the two eyes in these cats was found in the awake as well as in the paralysed state. Pupillography combined with measurements of visual disparity yielded abnormal esotropia of up to 8.4° under paralysis, which corresponds to an abnormal convergence of the freely moving eyes of up to 14° (average 7.4°). In the majority of animals cortical binocularity was found reduced by the two eyes controlling independent sets of separate units (U-shaped ocular dominance distribution) whereas in 7 cats the reduction was due to a partial loss of one eye's influence. The proportion of monocular units correlated with the degree of crossover of the visual axes (r = 0.73). Anatomical investigation of the retinofugal projections revealed normal appearance in three previously recorded cats in which more than 50% of cortical units had been monocularly driven. The small angles of esotropia and the “normal” appearance of eye position judged by the pupillary positions in the orbit of these cats, might suggest that we found an animal model for microstrabismus.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic nerve section ; Cat ; Pattern ERG ; Retinal morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have shown that the ERG response to alternating gratings vanishes gradually within 4 months after transection of the optic nerve, changes begin after 2–3 weeks. The response to gratings of low spatial frequencies deteriorates earlier than the response to gratings of high spatial frequencies (Maffei and Fiorentini 1981). Quantitative analysis of ganglion cell sizes in retinal wholemounts shows that ganglion cell shrinkage and ganglion cell loss begin at three weeks in the periphery of the retina, particularly in the temporal retina. The same morphological alteration subsequently becomes apparent also in the area centralis and the nasal retina, respectively. The main and early cell loss occurs among medium sized ganglion cells, supposedly the beta-cells. Among the alpha-cells only shrinkage is observed up to two months postoperatively. Light- and electron microscopic examination of cross sections through the retina show that pathological changes are restricted to the innermost layers.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamatergic synapses ; Vestibular nerve lesion ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence that glutamate acts as a neuro-transmitter in vestibular nerve fibers was sought (1) by electron microscope radioautographic identification of the uptake sites of [3H]-glutamic acid after incubation of slices of cat vestibular nuclei, and (2) by measuring changes in sodium-dependent high affinity glutamate uptake in nerve endings containing homogenates from normal and deafferented vestibular nuclei 8 to 11 days after unilateral vestibular nerve lesion. Electron microscopic radioautography revealed that glutamate had been taken up by numerous nerve endings projecting over the whole vestibular nuclear complex. The biochemical approach indicated that after section of the vestibular nerve, a significant decrease in high affinity glutamate uptake occurred in the vestibular nuclei, which lost their exclusively ipsilateral projection. This decrease varied from one area of the deafferented vestibular nuclei to another, reaching −58% in the lateral area of the central part corresponding to the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus and the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that glutamate (or aspartate) is used by the vestibular nerve fibers as a neurotransmitter in the vestibular nuclei.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Scratch reflex ; Ventral spino-cerebellar tract ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway ; Cerebellum ; Cooling the nervous tissue ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The “fictitious” scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spinoreticulo-cerebellar pathway (SRCP) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. (2) Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. (3) A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. (4) From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticocortical connections ; Motor cortex ; Areas 4, 5a, 5b, 7 ; Posterior parietal lobe ; Retrograde transport of HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4γ) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Rat ; Spinal tract neurons ; Retrograde HRP transport ; Procedure and evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications have been made in Mesulam's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically.
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  • 29
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    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 178-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cat ; Phospholipids ; Acrylamide ; Neuropathy ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of cats with acrylamide, either 7.5 or 15 mg/kg IM, once a day for 10 days, resulted in increases of 31 and 47% in the phospholipid content of sciatic nerve, respectively, from a control level of 41.1±2.7 mg/kg wet weight. Determination of the distribution of individual phospholipids indicated no significant differences between control cats and those receiving a cumulative dose of 150 mg/kg acrylamide. In a separate experiment, cats were treated with the 150 mg/kg dose of acrylamide and the sciatic nerve was divided into proximal and distal portions at the level of the triceps surae nerve. Significant increases in phospholipid content were observed in both the proximal and distal portions of peripheral nerve of the acrylamide-intoxicated cats. This effect was present even when the phospholipid content was expressed in terms of total protein, dry weight or total lipid. Total weight of nerve segments, however, was significantly decreased in the neuropathic animals. The data are consistent with a focal degeneration of axons with relative sparing of phospholipids.
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  • 30
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    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 304-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contrast/response function ; Orientation and direction sensitivity ; Ocularity ; Binocular responses ; Feature specific responses ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The responses of neurons in area 17 were tested as a function of various stimulus parameters. The thresholds of individual cortical neurons were at contrasts between 0.01 and 0.1 (increment of 0.5×10−1 cd/m−2 on a background of 3 cd/m−2), the dynamic ranges were 1.0–2.0 log units of increment, and all cells showed a response decrease at increments above a certain maximum (supersaturation response). The averaged contrast/response curve for all neurons was S-shaped in the logarithmic plot, had a dynamic range of 2.5 log units, reached its maximum at a contrast of 0.75 and supersaturated above this level. The contrast/ sensitivity curves changed their slope under different stimulus conditions. They became flatter when the non-dominant eye was stimuated as compared to dominant eye stimulation or when the stimulation was done at a non-optimal orientation or direction, and they became steeper when both eyes were stimulated. But the maximum was reached at the same contrast and supersaturation was seen above maximum contrast no matter whether a cell was stronlgy (e.g. binocular stimulation at optimal orientation) or weakly excited (non-dominant or non-optimal orientation stimulation). After normalization, the averaged population contrast/response curves were virtually identical at all stimulus conditions. It was concluded, that range as well as maximum and supersaturation of cortical contrast/response curves are determined before the input reaches the cortex, and that the cortical cells summate, essentially, linearly. The findings furthermore demonstrate that the supersaturation of the cortical input must be due to subtractive inhibition, and that the same is true for the orientation sensitive inhibition in the cortex itself. Both, the peripheral contrast and the cortical orientation dependant inhibition cannot be explained by multiplicative inhibition. The fact, that the responses of neurons depend on many variables relativates their significance for feature representation.
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Angioarchitecture ; Cat ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of scanningand transmission electron microscopy, the possible sources of errors in interpretation of the microcirculation of the pancreas can be reduced in comparison to the classical India-ink injection method. Sphincter-like structures in the capillary wall of the cat pancreas are established by pericytes. These sphincters encircle the junctional zones between the endocrine and exocrine capillaries. They are assumed to be regulatory structures of blood flow and to regulate indirectly hormone secretion according to demand.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletofusimotor innervation ; Muscle spindles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endings of four β skeletofusimotor axons in a spindle of the cat tenuissimus muscle were examined in semithin (1-μm thick) and ultrathin transverse serial sections. Two (dynamic) β axons terminated on the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber and on extrafusal fibers of the dark type. Two (static) β axons terminated on the nuclear chain intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers of the intermediate type. The degree of indentation of axon terminals into the muscle surface, thickness of the sole plate and extent of folding of subjunctional membranes differed among intrafusal and extrafusal terminations of the same axon. Endings of β axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were also morphologically dissimilar. Motor axons may not determine ending morphology. Rather the form and structure of a β bag1 or chain ending may be determined by the type of intrafusal fiber on which the ending lies and the ending's distance from the primary sensory axon.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Cat ; area 18 ; classification criteria ; receptive field types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario È noto che non tutti i campi recettivi dei neuroni corticali visivi rientrano nelle due grandi categorie delle cellule semplici e delle cellule complesse. Pertanto, quei campi recettivi che non presentano proprietà ben definite o solo intermedie a quelle delle cellule semplici e complesse da alcuni autori vengono considerati semplici e da altri complessi. Queste incertezze classificatorie dipendono dal fatto che non esiste un unico schema di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi, poiché i due schemi attualmente più seguiti, quello di Hubel e Wiesel e quello di Bishop, vengono considerati non comparabili essendo il primo uno schema qualitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi stazionari ed il seconda uno schema quantitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi in movimento. Campi recettivi che non posseggono le proprietà tipiche delle cellule semplici e complesse sono stati osservati nel gatto oltre che nell'area 17 anche nell'area 18. I vari campi recettivi registrati in quest'ultima area sono stati analizzati sia qualitativamente che quantitativamente usando i criteri di classificazione dei due schemi attualmente esistenti. È stato osservato che, almeno per quanto riguarda le cellule semplici, tali schemi di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi non sono antitetici ma equivalenti.
    Notes: Abstract There is in vision research a general unwillingness to classify or define visual cortical cell types, particularly new cell types, outside the classical simple/ complex dichotomy. Cells lacking clear-cut characteristics are, therefore, considered simple by some authors and complex by others. The present unsatisfactory state has largely arisen because of the absence of any rigorous, generally accepted, classification scheme of visual cortical neurons. Actually the present two classification schemes of visual cortical neurons, that is the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop schemes, are generally considered to be not comparable since the former is based on the cell qualitative static-field properties as revealed by hand-held stationary flashing stimuli, whereas the latter is based on the cell quantitative dynamic-field plotting properties as revealed by moving light stimuli. Since receptive fields lacking clear-cut characteristics of simple and complex cells have been observed in area 18 of the cat as well, all the receptive field types of this area have been classified either qualitatively or quantitatively using both the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop classifying procedures. It has been observed, at least as far as simple cells are concerned, that the two schemes are not antithetic but, on the contrary, equivalent if averaging procedures are taken into consideration.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model was devised for the hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose and isomaltose by two glucoamylases from Rhizopus niveus and Aspergillus niger, and the validity of the model was verified experimentally at 313 K and pH 5.0. For both enzymes, the formations of maltose and isomaltose from glucose were parallel reversible reactions, and glucosyl transfer between maltose and isomaltose was not observed. The enzymes catalyzed rapid hydrolysis and synthesis of maltose. Isomaltose was hydrolyzed and synthesized more slowly, but the level produced from glucose was much higher than that of maltose. These hydrolysis and condensation reactions were expressed well by the model.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 142-147 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass autoflocculation in outdoor algal cultures was found to be associated with increases of culture pH levels, due to CO2 consumption by the algal photosynthetic activity. Under these alkaline conditions, some medium chemical ions precipitated together with the algal biomass. The chemical substances involved with the process and its dependence on pH value were studied by simulation of autoflocculation in laboratory experiments. Proper concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate ions in the medium are important for autoflocculation and, in order to attain it within the pH range 8.5-9.0, the culture should contain 0.1mM-0.2mM orthophosphate and 1.5mM-2.5mM calcium prior to raising the pH level. Calcium phosphate precipitates are considered as the flocculating agent which reacts with the negatively charged surface of the algae and promotes aggregation and flocculation.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 194-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for sugar production offers advantages of higher conversion, minimal by-product formation, low energy requirements, and mild operating conditions over other chemical conversions. The development of a kinetic model, based on observable, macroscopic properties of the overall system, is helpful in design and economic evaluation of processes for sugar conversion and ethanol production. A kinetic model is presented, incorporating enzyme adsorption, product inhibition, and considers a multiple enzyme and substrate system. This model was capable of simulating saccharification of a lignocellulosic material, rice straw, at high substrate (up to 333 g/L) and enzyme concentrations (up to 9.2 FPU/mL) that are common to proposed process designs.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dialysate-feed, immobilized-cell dialysis continuous fermentation system was investigated as a method of relieving product inhibition in the conversion of glucose to ethanol by cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. The substrate was fed into a continuous dialysate circuit and then into a batch fermentor circuit via diffusion through the microporous membranes of an intermediate dialyzer. Simultaneously, product was withdrawn from the fermentor circuit through the dialyzer membranes into the dialysate circuit and out in the effluent. Since the fermentor was operated without an effluent, the cells essentially were immobilized and converted substrate to product by maintenance metabolism. Contrary to prior results with this novel system for the continuous fermentation of lactose to lactate by lactobacillus cells, a steady state of yeast cells in the fermentor did not occur initially but was obtained by the depletion of medium nitrogen and the prevention of cell breakage, although the substrate and product concentrations then became unsteady. The inherent advantages of the system was offset in the ethanol fermentation by relatively low productivity, which appeared to be limited by membrane permeability.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model that describes substrate utilization and cell growth in terms of two potentially rate-limiting enzyme systems has been developed. Consideration of substrate inhibition and enzyme repression have been incorporated. The model provides a rational approach for characterizing non-steady-state phenomena. The model has been used to analyze batch test data to illustrate the effects of inhibition, repression, and concurrent substrate utilization. Its utility lies in the fact that it provides a quantitative framework for describing changes in the activity levels of cells that result from changes in substrate concentration and/or substrate type. The lag phase resulting from exposure to a new substrate can be modeled.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 347-351 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase immobilized onto corn grits was utilized in the hydrolysis of highly concentrated sucrose solutions producting liquid sugar solutions containing glucose and fructose. Comparisons of conversion efficiencies of this immobilized invertase in a continuous stirredtank reactor and a plug-flow reactor indicated that the plug-flow reactor has an higher efficiency. Continuous sucrose hydrolysis was then performed in 0.1- and 1-L tubular reactors. This tenforld scaling-up was achieved without any noticeable loss in efficiency. This process thus was scaled-up to a 17.6-L pilot reactor set in a cane sugar refinery. This reactor was fed with highly concentrated sucrose solutions [71% (w/w)] to produce invert sugar syrup with the desired inversion degree. It allows a productivity equal to 9.1 kg sucrose hydrolyzed/h in the case of a 69% (w/w) sucrose initial concentration with a 72% conversion rate.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 389-389 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 386-388 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 403-405 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 434-441 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fungi of the Aspergillus sp. can hydroxyate biphenyl to 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, a chemical intermediate used in the plastics industry. The authors studied various batch culture conditions for the production of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, by Aspergillus toxicarius, in 25-mL shake flasks and 2-L fermenter cultures. Conditions investigated included temperature, aeration, carbon and nitrogen sources, biomass content, and time of substrate addition. Under optimum conditions we observed a rate of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl production of 15-20 mg/day/g dry wt mycelia. Such a production rate is probably too low to support a commercial process and possible reasons for the low productivity are discussed.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 468-476 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic analysis of a continuous, aerobic, fixed-film bioreactor has been performed. Rigorous mathematical models have been developed for a fluidized-bed fermentor with biofilm growth. The transient performance of the reactor is appraised in terms of outlet penicillin concentration for constant, as well as variable carbon substrate feed rates. The effect of the reactor oxygen transfer capacity is elucidated for those cases employing substrate feeding strategies. The results show that penicillin production in a continuous, fixed-film bioreactor reaches a maximum with processing time, but subsequently decreases as cell mass accumulates and substrate deficiencies occur. The maximum production level can be maintained for increased operating times if the substrate supply is continuously increased. The duration of this prolonged production is a direct function of the rate of increase and the operating time at which the increase is initiated. The oxygen transfer capacity of the reactor was found to be important to the effectiveness of a feeding strategy.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 488-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some studies on the adsorption of cellulase on cellulose revealed part of the mechanisms involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and provided some clues to the synergistic mechanism of cellulase complex. The adsorption of cellulase was significantly affected by the reaction conditions and physical chemical characteristics of cellulose. Endoglucanase consisted of adsorbable and nonadsorbable components. Cellobiohydrolase had the strongest adsorption affinity. Each cellulase component is postulated to have distinctly different adsorption sites on cellulose, corresponding to the active sites in the hydrolysis reaction. Competitive adsorption kinetics between cellulase components were also observed during the adsorption process. The degree of competitive adsorption was most remarkable when the composition of cellulase components was nearly the same as that in the crude cellulase complex. This seems to show the optimal relative composition of cellulase components. The synergism between cellobiohydrolase and endoglucananse could be elucidated more clearly by this competitive adsorption model of the reaction mechanism.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two strains of human foreskin fibroblast cells were incapable of sustained growth in a matrix perfusion culture system, possibly because of their inability to attach to the fiber surfaces. Addition of microcarrier beads to the extracapillary space allowed attaining high cell densities in excess of 107 cells per culture unit. Microcarrier beads were tested in hollow fiber culture devices containing membranes of 104 or 105 D nominal porosities. Best results were obtained when initial cell densities of at least (2-3) × 106 cells were used in units with 105 D pore size membranes and DEAE-Sephadex or polyacryl-amide microcarrier beads in the extracapillary space. This extension of the matrix perfusion system should be useful for growing other anchorage dependent cells while retaining the advantages of perfusion culture.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 518-527 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2.) thermal deactivation at pH 3.77 has been investigated by monitoring the enzyme activity as a function of time in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The experimental curves obtained show a two-slope behavior in a log (activity)versus-time plot, which indicates that deactivation occurs via a complex mechanism. From the dependence of the kinetic parameters on both deactivation and hydrolysis temperatures, it is inferred that the deactivation mechanism involves intermediate, temperature-dependent, less-active forms of the enzyme. This interpretation is confirmed by the results of additional tests in which the temperature was suddenly changed during the deactivation process.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 528-536 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plasmid gene product accumulation in a cell population depends on the fraction of plasmid-containing cells and the distribution of single-cell plasmid content. These important population properties have been related to plasmid replication regulation and kinetics and to plasmid segregation rules at the single-cell level using population balance mathematical models. Budding yeast populations are considered in detail because of the practical potential of yeast host-vector systems and because of the model complications introduced by the asymmetric division pattern observed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae at all but the largest growth rates. Solutions are presented for several different reasonable models of plasmid replication and segregation. The results offer potential for identification of important qualitative features of yeast plasmid replication and of model parameter values from average and segregated experimental data on yeast populations.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 557-559 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 560-563 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the oxygen limiting growth of Klebsiella oxytoca, the xylose metabolism may be considered as consisting of three components: conversion to 2,3-butanediol by “fermentation,” oxidation to carbon dioxide by respiration, and assimilation to cell mass. The amount of energy required for the assimilation of cell mass is assumed to determine the extent to which the two energy producing reactions occur. The activity of each energy producing pathway is also determined by the availability of oxygen and by the energy yield of each pathway. These relationships can be quantified by equating the ATP required for growth and maintenance to the ATP produced by the energy producing reactions. The resulting equation for butanediol production appears similar to the Luedeking and Piret model where the parameters α and β are related to the maximum cell yield from ATP and the maintenance energy requirement. These parameters were estimated from 14 batch fermentations, and the resulting simulation was used to describe the effects of the oxygen transfer rate and the initial xylose concentration on the yields and rates of the 2,3-butanediol fermentation.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 565-572 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interaction of a number of arbitrarily chosen proteins with Triton X-100-substituted Sepharose 4B has been investigated. Of the proteins examined, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and pepsin were found immobilized on the adsorbent. Binding of these proteins occurred irrespective of pH and NaCl concentration. Cytochrome c, used as a model protein, was totally immobilized only at low pH. Adsorption of glutamate dehydrogenase and pepsin took place with retention of their catalytic activities. Moreover, glutamate dehydrogenase used as a model allosteric enzyme, was found to retain its native properties upon binding to the adsorbent in the forms of suspension or column. Results are discussed in terms of specific interactions involving the hydrophobic region of Triton X-100 and the apolar patches or crevices present on the surface of protein molecules. Possible potential of the matrix as a method for preparation of biologically active immobilized proteins and its application in continuous operations are also discussed.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 604-612 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model has been developed to describe microbial desulfurization of coal by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The model considers adsorption and desorption of cells on coal particles and microbial oxidation of pyritic sulfur on particle surfaces. The influence of certain parameters, such as microbial growth rate constants, adsorption-descrption constants, pulp density, coal particle size, initial cell and solid phase substrate concentration on the maximum rate of pyritic sulfur removal, have been elucidated. The maximum rate of pyritic sulfur removal was strongly dependent upon the number of attached cells per coal particle. At sufficiently high initial cell concentrations, the surfaces of coal particles are nearly saturated by the cells and the maximum leaching rate is limited either by total external surface area of coal particles or by the concentration of pyritic sulfur in the coal phase. The maximum volumetric rate of pyritic sulfur removal (mg S/h cm3 mixture) increases with the pulp density of coal and reaches a saturation level at high pulp densities (e.g. 45%). The maximum rate also increases with decreasing particle diameter in a hyperbolic form. Increases in adsorption coefficient or decreases in the desorption coefficient also result in considerable improvements in this rate. The model can be applied to other systems consisting of suspended solid substrate particles in liquid medium with microbial oxidation occurring on the particle surfaces (e.g., bacterial ore leaching). The results obtained from this model are in good agreement with published experimental data on microbial desulfurization of coal and bacterial ore leaching.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 627-627 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 642-645 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 647-653 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ultrafiltration membrane reactor was used to investigate the recovery of biocatalysts during enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sallow. Product inhibition could be eliminated by continuous removal of products through the ultrafiltration membrane, thus retaining the macromolecular substrate and enzymes. In this way, the degree of conversion was improved from 40% in a batch hydrolysis to 95% (within 20 h), and the initial hydrolysis rate was increased up to seven times. The recovery studies were focused on mechanical deactivation and irreversible adsorption on to the nonconvertible fraction of the substrate. Cellulase deactivation during mechanical agitation was not significant, and the loss of activity was attributed mainly to strong adsorption of the enzymes onto undigested material. This process was studied in semicontinuous hydrolyses, where fresh substrate was added intermittently. The amount of reducing sugars produced in this experiment was 25.7 g/g enzyme, compared to 4.7 g/g enzyme in a batch hydrolysis.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 748-752 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown on a pineapple cannery effluent as the sole carbon and energy source in a chemostat at dilution rates between 0.10 and 0.62 h-1 to determine the growth kinetics. The principal sugars in the effluent were sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The cell yield coefficient on carbohydrate varied with dilution rate and a maximum value of 0.63 was observed at a dilution rate of 0.33 h-1. The steady-state concentrations of carbohydrate, reducing sugar, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) appeared to follow Monod saturation kinetics with increasing dilution rate, although none of the measured parameters represented a pure substrate. The maximum specific growth rate and reducing sugar saturation constant were 0.64 h-1 and 0.060 g/L, respectively. A maximum cell mass productivity of 2.3 g/L h was observed at a dilution rate of 0.51 h-1. At this dilution rate, only 68% of the COD was removed. A 95% COD removal was attained at a dilution rate of 0.10 h-1. Optimal yeast productivity and COD reduction occurred at a dilution rate of 0.33 h-1.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 775-780 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solka Floc BW200 was enzymatically hydrolyzed in a batch reactor using a commercial cellulase preparation. A total of 50 different hydrolysis conditions were run within a 10-fold range in enzyme concentration and a 30-fold range in cellulose concentration. The data were evaluated in three ways using five different models. Previous literature models were not as successful in correlating the data as the HCH-1 Model derived in this work.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 800-802 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 803-804 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 814-819 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 824-825 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 844-847 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents several characteristics of a state-of-the-art fermentation air filter. The filter medium is composed solely of PTFE and has an absolute pore size rating of 0.2 μm. Quantitative bacteria and bacteriophage retention is shown based on live organism challenge tests. A nondestructive filter test, correlated to the microorganism challenge tests and called the Forward Flow Integrity Test, is described. This test has a sensitivity of one part in 1012 and can be performed in situ.
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 857-859 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic leaks in fermenter cooling coils were identified as the source of chronic fermentation contaminations. Methods used to identify the problem in production fermenters are described. Recommendations for upgrading quality control criteria for new installations are presented.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 877-884 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model is described which models an asynchronous population of E. coli by using a large, but finite number of representative single cells. Asynchrony generation and maintenance occurs at the single cell level by modulating the activity of an enzyme responsible for septum formation. Such modulation introduces cycle time imprecision and does not require the introduction of any new parameters into the single-cell model. Based on comparisons to experiment, reasonable predictions are possible for changes of cellular dry weight during exponential growth and turbidostat washout, and overall chemostat cell yields and changes in cell number, glucose concentration, and cell size distribution for a chemostat subject to a step change in dilution rate. Additionally, a correlation between cell RNA content and size is predicted as is an inertial effect when chemostat residence time is decreased under conditions of initially high glucose concentrations. Limitations imposed by the model's finite nature and their solutions are discussed.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 901-904 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized β-galactosidase was obtained by crosslinking the enzyme with hen egg white using 2% glutaraldehyde. The gel obtained could be lyophilized to give a dry enzyme powder. The pH optimum of both the soluble and immobilized enzyme was found to be 6.8. The immobilized enzyme showed a higher Km for the substrates. The extent of enzyme inhibition by galactose was reduced upon immobilization. The stability towards inactivation by heat, urea, gamma irradiation, and protease treatment were enhanced. The bound enzyme as tested in a batch reactor could be used repeatedly for the hydrolysis of milk lactose. The possible application of this system for small-scale domestic use has been suggested.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 551-553 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1167-1175 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rheological behavior of cultures of Cellulomonas uda with shredded printed newspaper as the carbon source was studied. The initial substrate concentrations ranged from 23 to 60 g/L. The changes in apparent viscosity were followed on-line by applying a commercially available process viscometer and discretely using a rotational viscometer with an anchor impeller. During the time of highest cellulose degradation, the broths exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior which could be explained satisfactorily by the power-law model. At the end of cultivation when cellulose degradation slowed down, the broths became Newtonian in behavior. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 1,4-β-xylanase, β-glucosidase, and β-xylosidase activities were also determined during cultivation as well as cellulose degradation and cell mass production. The beginning of endoglucanase formation and the start of the final viscosity decrease of the bacterial paper pulp suspensions could be correlated.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1146-1154 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: α-Chymotrypsin was immobilized with a high coupling yield (up to 80%) to tresyl chloride activated Sepharose CL-4B.The immobilized enzyme was tested for its ability to synthesize soluble peptides from N-acetylated amino acid esters as acyl donors and amino acid amides as acceptor amines in water-water-miscible organic solvent mixtures. It was found that the yield of peptide increased with increasing concentration of organic cosolvent. Almost complete synthesis (97%) of Ac-Phe-Ala-NH2 was obtained from Ac-Phe-OMe using a sixfold excess of Ala-NH2. The rate of peptide formation in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures was good. Thus, 0.1M peptide was formed in less than 2 h in 50 vol% DMF with 0.1 mg immobilized chymotrypsin/mL reaction mixture. The immobilized enzyme distinguished between the L and D configurations of acceptor amino acid amides even in high concentration of nonaqueous component (90% 1,4-butanediol). The effect of temperature was studied. It was found that both the yield of peptide and the stability of immobilized enzyme increased when the temperature was lowered. Experiments could be performed at subzero temperatures in the aqueous-organic solvent mixtures resulting in very high yield of peptide. After three weeks continuous operation at 4°C in 50% DMF, the immobilized enzyme retained 66%of its original synthetic activity. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was better conserved with a preparation made from agarose with a higher tresyl group content compared to a preparation made from a lower activated agarose, indicating that multiple point of attachment has a favorable effect on the stability of the enzyme in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. The major advantage of using water-miscible instead of water-immiscible organic solvents to promote peptide syntheses appears to be the increased solubility of substrates and products, making continuous operation possible.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1209-1218 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships between the total rate of biomass growth and the rate of ammonia addition to a fermentor for pH control are presented. These equations make use of the concept of reaction invariants and provide the additional information needed for bioreactor identification. They are especially useful when the RQ measurement is not sufficient for this purpose, such as when sensitivities arise with the measured values of the respiratory quotient or when fermentation products are formed. The cases of batch, fed-batch and continuous fermentations, forming products with or without acidic/basic properties are considered. The derived relationships were successfully tested with nonbiological acid-base continuous flow reaction systems and subsequently applied to the identification of the continuous yeast fermentation of glucose to ethanol. Results of these experimental studies are also presented.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1227-1232 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dihydrofolate reductase, purified to homogeneity from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei, was immobilized by coupling to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose or carbodiimide-activated CH-Sepharose. Coupling yields were determined by amino acid analysis following the hydrolysis of the gel. Enzyme activity was measured by the conventional spectrophotometric procedure, thus permitting the facile characterization of the immobilized enzyme. The pH optimum of the immobilized enzyme was shifted to 5.8 compared with pH 5.5 for the soluble enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained greater than 90%of the initial activity over a six-month period and could be reused as many as ten times without loss of activity. As observed with the soluble enzyme, the activity of immobilized enzyme, which was lost on denaturation with 4M guanidine hydrochloride, was recovered rapidly and completely by washing the gel with buffer. The Kmapp values for dihydrofolate and NADPH for the immobilized enzyme were increased 15-164-fold over the Km values measured for soluble dihydrofolate reductase. Scatchard analysis of the interaction of amethopterin with the immobilized enzyme yielded linear plots and a Kdapp value of 0.56 ×10-8M, and revealed that all of the immobilized enzyme molecules were capable of binding the ligand.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1258-1260 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1272-1281 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The internal regulatory processes, which underlie a variety of behavior in microbial growth on multiple substrates, are viewed as a manifestation of an invariant strategy to optimize some goal of the cells. A goal-seeking or cybernetic model is proposed here, with the optimization obased on a short-term perspective of response to the environment. The model parameters are determined from the growth data on single substrates. The model predicts the entire range of microbial growth behavior on multiple substrates from simultaneous utilization of all sugars to sequential utilization with pronounced diauxic lags. It is shown to predict the many variations of the diauxic phenomenon in different growth conditions. The transients in continuous culture growth on mixed substrates caused by varying the feed strategies are easily simulated by this model. The framework of this model can be applied to batch or continuous culture growth of many bacteria on different combinations of substrates.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1294-1305 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oil residues arising from the Christos-Bitas spillage were found to contain 28% of oil extractable by carbon tetrachloride; the remainder comprised water and undefined solids. When incubated in 8-L rectangular tanks with a mixed population of mainly bacteria to which diammonium hydrogen phosphate was added, ca. 97% of the Christos-Bitas oil fraction was degraded. When the same substrate was degraded by only three isolated Pseudomonas strains in 1-L cylindrical tanks, degradation was only ca. 56%. Raising the temperature from 20 to 50°C brought about a visible loss in cell viability with only ca. 38% of the substrate degraded. Oil degradation proceeded in direct proportion to increases in cell attachment to the dispersed oil. The aliphatic fraction of Kuwait crude oil up to nC25 measured by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was oxidized within 48 h. Using this substrate the three pseudomonads together brought about a more complete degradation (87%) than a single Bacillus isolate. The Bacillusstrain was capable of deggrading between 50 and 65% of the crude, depending on whether diammonium hydrogen phosphate supplemented a peptone-based medium. The preferential biodgradability of fractions was the following aliphatics 〉 aromatics 〉 asphalts, as has been widely reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1330-1333 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mercury-resistant bacteria, which are able to reduce mercuric ion (Hg2+) to metallic mercury (Hg0), were examined for their ability to remove mercury from waste-water aerobically. Growth studies in artificial medium indicated that mercury increases the lag phase, but does not effect the growth rate of these bacteria. Further studies demonstrated that growth was minimal during a phase of rapid mercury removal, after which growth resumed. Small but significant amounts of carbohydrates are required for the mercuric ion reduction. Prolonged periods of bacterial growth under nonsterile conditions was accomplished without the loss of the mercuric reducing ability of the culture. A continuous culture of the resistant organism was maintained on raw sewage for two weeks, during which time relatively high concentrations of mercury (70 mg/L) were removed from the sewage at a rate of 2.5 mg/L h and at efficiencies exceeding 98%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proper design of fermentation facilities and equipment modification can control the risks associated with largescale production and purification of microbially produced cytotoxic agents and oncogenic viruses. The primary biohazard risks to operators and the environment are generation of aerosols and accidental spills. Fermentation and recovery facilities can be constructed to contain these agents by installing fermentation equipment within a HEPA-filter-exhausted biological barrier. Within this barrier system, large-scale processing that generates potentially hazaradous areosols (filtration, centrifugation of transformed cells or crystal slurries, and banding of viruses) should be isolated from other operations. Isolation of equipment is often required, with provision for both chemical and biological decontamination of process wastes. Failsafe fermentor over-pressure sensors, parallel exhaust gas filtration, welded transfer lines, and modified sampling systems for elimination of aerosols can be installed on most fermentation equipment. Aerosol and spill containment by proper equipment design, coupled with appropriate personnel protective equipment and medical monitoring, make possible safe production of experimental growth factors and viruses from large-scale culture of transformed mammalian cells and production of cytotoxic antitumor antibiotics.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 892-900 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proteins have been immobilized in porous support particles held in a fixed-bed reactor through which protein solution is continuously circulated. Changing the recirculation flow rate alters the observed immobilization kinetics and the maximum enzyme loading which can be achieved for glucose oxidase and glucoamylase on carbodiimide-treated activated carbon and for glucoamylase immobilized on CNBr-Sepharose 4B. Direct microscopic examination of FITC-labelled protein in sectioned Sepharose particles and indirect activity-loading studies with activated carbon-enzyme conjugates all indicate that immobilized enzyme is increasingly localized near the outer surface of the support particles at larger recirculation flow rates. Restricted diffusion of enzymes may be implicated in this phenomenon. These contacting effects may be significant considerations in the scaleup of processes for protein impregnation in porous supports, since apparent activity and stability of the final preparation depend on internal protein distribution.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 911-915 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzymatic method for the preparative resolution of racemic carnitine (whose L-isomer and its acyl-derivatives have numerous therapeutical applications) has been developed. It is based on our finding that electriceel acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes the D- but not the L-isomer of acetylcarnitine. (Another cholinesterase tested, horse serum butyrylcholinesterase, is also stereospecific and hydrolyzes only the L-isomer of butyrylcarnitine.) Acetylcholinesterase, covalently attached to alumina, was employed for the resolution of D,L-carnitine; the latter was first chemically acetylated, then stereoselectively hydrolyzed with the immobilized enzyme, and finally the acetyl-L-carnitine and D-carnitine produced were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Gram quantities of D,L-carnitine were thereby resolved.
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1455-1464 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yield from glucose of ammonia-grown carbon-limited continuous cultures of Penicillium stipitatum was ca. 20% higher than that of nitrate-grown cultures at all growth rates examined. However, the yield from oxygen was similar during growth on both nitrogen sources. Under phosphate limitation the specific rate of gluconic acid and stipitatic acid production increased with growth rate, but the former product accounted for virtually 100% of the excreted carbon. Stipitatic acid was not produced under nitrogen limitation, and glucose supplied to the culture in excess of that required for growth was virtually quantatively converted into gluconic acid. Productivities of 11.4 g gluconic acid/L/h were stably maintained in continuous culture. Under conditions of glucose excess the enzyme glucose oxidase was excreted into the culture. The specific activity of this extracellular enzyme increased when the input glucose concentration to the culture was progressively increased. The excretion of a protein under nitrogen limitation suggests that this enzyme plays an important role under these conditions. Indeed, it was demonstrated that nitrogen-limited cultures did not overmetabolize gluconate at either pH 6.5 or 3.5, although up to 29 g/L gluconate was present in the culture. The Ygluconate and YO2 of C- and N-limited gluconate-grown cultures were similar indicating that the rapid conversion of glucose to gluconate probably affords a means of regulating carbon flow in this organism. Nitrogen-limited cultures of P. stipitatum overmetabolized glucose to a much greater extent than acetate, fructose, or gluconate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads were employed in fluidizedbed reactors for continuous ethanol fermentation from cane molasses and other sugar sources. Some improvements were made in order to avoid microbial contamination and keep cell viability for stable long run operations. Notably, entrapment of sterol and unsaturated fatty acid into immobilized gel beads enhanced ethanol productivity more than 50 g ethanol/L gel h and prolonged life stability for more than one-half year. Cell concentration in the carrier was estimated over 250 g dry cell/L gel. A pilot plant with a total column volume of 4 kL was constructed and has been operated since 1982. As a result, it was confirmed that 8-10%(v/v)ethanol-containing broth was continuously produced from nonsterilized diluted cane molasses for over one-half year. The productivity of ethanol was calculated as 0.6 kL ethanol/kL reactor volume day with a 95% conversion yield versus the maximum theoretical yield for the case of 8.5% (v/v) ethanol broth.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1032-1037 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process of enzyme immobilization under the diffusion-controlled regime (i.e., fast attachment of enzyme compared to its diffusion) is modeled and theoretically solved in this article. Simple and compact solutions for the penetration depth of immobilized enzyme and the bulk enzyme concentration versus time are presented. Furthermore, the conditions for the validity of our solutions are also given in this article so that researchers can discover when the theoretical solutions can be applied to their systems.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1026-1031 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After transforming host cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus CU21 with a recombinant plasmid pLP11 that harbored constitutive penicillinase genes of B. licheniformis CO1, both the stability of the plasmid and specific rate of penicillinase production were studied. The temperature at which the plasmid could be kept in a stable fashion in the transformant of B. stearothermophilus CU21 (pLP11) ranged nearly from 44 to 50°C, irrespective of batch and continuous cultures. Continuous and steady-state cultures of the transformant could only be realized within this narrower temperature range. Indeed, the approximate temperature ranges of growth for the host and transformant were from 40 to 70°C and from 40 to 63°C, respectively. Clearly, the upper limit for the growth temperature of host cells decreased when they were transformed. Kinetic patterns of penicillinase production in continuous culture of the transformant (with plasmid) from 44 to 50°C differed remarkably from that of B. licheniformis CO1 (without plasmid) at 37°C.
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1066-1070 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effectiveness of attaching flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) via a C bridge to Teflon-bonded carbon black (CB), and the subsequent immobilization of glucose oxidase on the FAD-modified electrodes has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. When FAD alone is bound to the electrode, it undergoes reduction and oxidation at -0.62 and -0.5 V, respectively - values similar to those obtained with free FAD. Compared to the free enzyme, the reduction of FAD as part of the immobilized enzyme is 200 mV more cathodic, while the oxidation potential remains the same in both cases.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1079-1084 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In search of hypercellulolytic microorganisms, ultraviolet irradiation carried out with Penicillium funiculosum has yielded a superior mutant. The investigations reported in this article are shake flask studies on some important nutritional requirements of the mutant, namely, nitrogen source, carbon source, and inducers. The mutant shows an ability to metabolize inorganic nitrogen sources like urea and sodium nitrate both for growth and enzyme production. A comparison of the long-term saccharification ability and the utilization efficiency of the mutant enzyme with those reported in the literature is also carried out, showing the superior performance of the mutant enzyme.
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1131-1133 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1136-1138 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1140-1140 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 95
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1189-1197 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The on-line bioreactor identification methodology of the preceding article (Part I) was tested with a series of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Results of these studies presented herein confirm the superior characteristics of the proposed estimator and its applicability to modelling studies, or on-line bioreactor control. The sensitivity of the estimation scheme with respect to the respiratory quotient measurement is discussed, and suggestions to bypass these problems are offered.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1223-1226 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After periodate oxidation of its glycosidic component, invertase was covalently bound onto three types of modified solid supports: glycidyl methacrylate, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, and bead cellulose. Direct reaction of the invertase aldehyde groups that were formed with amino groups of the support and use of the modified Ugi reaction have been employed as immobilization procedures. Apart from binding methods, the important effects of the buffer, support, conditions of periodate oxidation, and the length of the spacer on the activity of the enzyme conjugate have been investigated. Superior conjugate activity was obtained, via modified Ugi reaction, by the immobilization of a suitably oxidized invertase to a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer having free amino groups.
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  • 97
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1245-1251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The forces required to remove living, fully attached barnacles from the surface of a number of polymeric solids were measured. The forces were related to the surface energy components of the materials. The results indicate a positive correlation between polymer surface energy and force required for barnacle removal. The nonpolar component of the surface energy was more closely related to the removal force than the polar component, although the polar component is significant. Adherence to some composite materials was greater than was consistent with the correlation for noncomposites.
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  • 98
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1372-1382 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on known molecular interactions has been formulated to describe quantitatively regulation of expression of the lactose (lac) operon in the Escherichia coli chromosome and in multicopy plasmids. This model is genetically structured such that a nucleotide sequence change affecting transcription initiation at the lac promoter-operator influences one or very few directly corresponding model parameters. The model simulates chromosomal lac operon function in good agreement with previous experimental measurements for many lacl and lacO mutant systems as well as for diploid cells which carry F'lac episomes. Simulation results clearly show the loss of cloned lac operator regulation as the plasmid copy number increases, in agreement with experimental trends. The importance of this class of models in designing DNAs, organisms, and reactors for precise regulation of cloned gene expression is discussed.
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  • 99
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1398-1401 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1436-1444 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many anaerobic fermentation processes, high energy bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are produced when available electrons are converted from organic substrate into extracellular organic products such as ethanol. The true growth yield and maintenance parameters are directly related to the product formation kinetic parameters for these anaerobic processes. Methods are presented which allow all of the experimental measurements to be used simultaneously to estimate these parameters. Results are presented for several different anaerobic fermentations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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