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  • 1975-1979  (4,026)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,718)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (745)
  • Ultrastructure  (563)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular anatomy of five beavers (Castor canadensis) was studied by dissection and injection of arteries and veins with vinyl acetate. There is extensive countercurrent arrangement of arteries and veins distal to and including the common iliac artery and veins. Two types of countercurrent vessels occur (1) a venae comitantes type in which two or three veins surround a central artery, and (2) a modified rete type. The retia are located proximal to the large flat tail and the webbed hind feet. Two bypass veins are described for the feet and tail and the significance of these structures in temperature regulation is stressed.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The electron microscopical structure of the type “B” cells in the rectal pad epithelium of Locusta is described. The type “B” cells occur singly in the distal region of the rectal pad epithelium. They are characteristically goblet shaped and join with contiguous type “A” or rectal pad cells, near the apical surface by means of a restricted region of septate desmosomes. Type “B” cells possess a microvillate apical membrane, with the villi arranged as a rosette overlying the apical inaginations of adjacent type “A” cells.Large numbers of microtubules and vacuoles of various sizes containing an assortment of inclusions are present in the apical region of the type “B” cells. Many of the microtubules insert distally on hemidesmosomes located in the apical plasma membrane. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present but neither are abundant. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 299-321 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nematode amphids are a pair of lateral cephalic sense organs, each comprising a group of sensory endings terminating in a cuticle-lined pit. In Syngamus trachea, a parasite of birds, each amphid is surrounded by two non-nervous supporting elements, a large gland cell basally and a smaller supporting cell anteriorly. The amphidial glands display high levels of secretory activity from five to six days postinfection. Secretory material is discharged through the lumen of the sense organ onto host tissue. The ultrastructure of amphids and amphidial glands has been investigated in newly moulted, immature and mature adults to trace the development of glandular activity and its effect on amphid-amphidial gland relationships. In newly moulted adults, the glands have very low levels of secretory activity and appear to act only as supporting cells to the amphids. As secretory activity increases, the gland cell membrane surrounding the sensory endings is elaborated into a reticulum which probably forms the secretory surface. In mature adults the amphid pit is swollen and filled with secretion; the sensory endings are relegated to the periphery of the lumen. It is suggested that amphidial glands develop from typical supporting cells, but acquire a new role possibly associated with parasite attachment.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a part of a continuing study of unusual molluscan tissues, the “chondroid” tissue (Hyman, '67) associated with the anterior and posterior aortae of the slug (Limax maximus) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Unlike the odontophoral tissue of this species (Curtis and Cowden, '77), the “chondroid” tissue comprising the adventitial layer of the aorta consists of large, glycogen-filled cells with characteristic arrays of pores in their plasma membranes resembling those of the “globular” cells (Rogers, '69; Fernandez, '71); “fibrocytes” (Nicaise et al., '66; Baleydier et al., '69; Nicaise, '73); “Blasenzellen” or “Leydig” cells (Wondrak, '69; Stang-Voss, '70; Buchholz et al., '71; Stang-Voss and Staubesand, '71; Wolburg-Buchholz, '72); or “pore” cells (Sminia, '72; Beltz, '77) of other mollusks. The anterior and posterior aortae are very similar in organization, except that the anterior aorta is larger in diameter; its wall is thinner; and it lacks calcification. Both the anterior and posterior aortae possess a loosely organized (incomplete) endothelial layer surrounded by two layers of innervated smooth muscle. The smooth muscle cells possess fibrous surface specializations resembling hemidesmosomes as well as large numbers of tubular or rounded vesicles in association with their plasma membranes. Blood cells (amoebocytes) containing large glycogen deposits and distinctive membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic inclusions can be found occasionally in the walls of the vessels.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 33-73 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most complete account of the hind leg muscles of the kiwi was published a century ago by Sir Richard Owen, in his seventy-fifth year. This extensively-cited work has several omissions and errors, and while certain of these were corrected by subsequent authors, sufficient uncertainty remains to warrant a reinvestigation. In the present study a detailed description of the hind leg musculature is given, based upon dissections of two frozen specimens. An indication of the possible function of each muscle is given by assessing its size, action, and fiber-arrangement, together with tentative data on the relative abundance of twitch and tonus fibers.The correlation between surface features of bones and muscle attachments is investigated with a view to interpreting palaeontological material. Although the limb and pelvic bones are marked by numerous features which suggest muscle attachments, relatively few can be positively identified with specific muscles. Only 23% of the muscle origins and insertions can be identified, and, with three possible exceptions, no indication of relative size is given by the scars. The possibility of being able to reconstruct the musculature of the kiwi from its skeletal anatomy, much less that of its extinct relatives, is remote.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A biomechanical model of the jaw mechanism in some reptiles is presented. Symmetrical muscle activity that produces equal forces on both sides of the head is assumed. The model predicts the position of the most posterior bite point and offers a functional explanation for this prediction. Turtles are used to illustrate the idea.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 121-141 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and Golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. They have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. Spicules, 1-2 μ long, and complex appendages, 5-20 μ long, are found with low density on many dendrites in Golgi-Kopsch material. A few cells have beaded dendritic processes. Three cytoarchitectural regions can be differentiated in nucleus rotundus: a shell, a cell-poor region and a core. The shell is a monolayer of somata forming the peripheral boundary of most of the nucleus. The cell-poor region forms a thin zone concentric with and internal to the shell. Shell cells send some of their dendrites concentrically within this zone and others radially into the core region. Core neurons are dispersed within the neuropil of the nucleus and usually have spherical dendritic fields. However, peripheral core neurons have asymmetrical fields, so their dendrites do not extend beyond the shell. Caudomedial and central subregions of the core can be defined on the basis of neuronal density and cytology. Somata in the caudomedial area of the core are densely packed and have slightly darker staining cytoplasm than those in the central subregion. However, their dendrites are similar to those of the central core neurons. There is extensive dendritic overlap between the two subregions.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycogen metabolism has been studied during the development of the early chick embryo, at the cytochemical and ultrastructural levels. Two waves of glycogen synthesis and breakdown have been found. In the first, free clusters of glycogen particles are synthesized at late oogenesis. These clusters are found later in invaginations of the membrane of vesicles containing a floc-cular material (FLOV). The glycogen clusters are degraded there during ovulation and the first hours in the oviduct. The second wave of glycogen synthesis begins before cleavage, reaching a maximum at mid-uterine age. This second wave occurs in another type of vesicle (GLYV), which eventually disintegrates releasing free clusters of glycogen granules. This glycogen is degraded in membranous structures containing a floccular material, as in the first wave of degradation. The degradation ends at the late uterine stages, and at the same time numerous ribosomes are formed. This period corresponds to area pellucida formation, which probably depends on the energy liberated during the second wave of glycogen degradation.
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  • 112
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 79-109 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hindgut of the semi-terrestrial tardigrade, Milnesium tardigradum was examined with light and electron microscopy. The hindgut consists of a cloaca and an anterior hindgut. It is delineated anteriorly by the pylorus into which four Malpighian tubules empty and posteriorly, by a broad cloacal slit. A single oviduct enters the hindgut at the junction between the cloaca and the anterior hindgut. Two pairs of muscles insert on the cloaca and anterior hindgut respectively. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that the anterior hindgut is a specialized transporting epithelium. The luminal surface is covered by a thin layer of cuticle which penetrates into channel-like invaginations. Numerous mitochondria are concentrated apically. The basal and lateral surfaces are also folded. The cells are joined apically by deep tight junctions and a simple basal lamina lines the entire hindgut. The cloaca which receives the contents of the gut and Malpighian tubules as well as gametes of the reproductive tract is a transitional organ that exhibits several characteristics of the hypodermis and anterior hindgut. The cuticle of the cloaca changes sequentially from the complex structure of the integument to a simple layer of the anterior hindgut. The function of the hindgut is discussed with emphasis on the possible response of the anterior hindgut to a hypoosmotic habitat, evaporative water loss during the induction of anhydrobiosis and low oxygen tension.
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  • 113
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 123-143 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood follicles of the earthworm Amynthas are hemoglobin-containing, sac-like dilatations of blood vessels which connect to the general circulation. Grape-like clusters of follicles are found posterior to the pharynx, among tufts of micronephridia, and single follicles are located among cells of the pharyngeal gland. In Lumbricus, follicles take the form of simple swellings and irregular-shaped diverticula of nephridial capillaries.The fundamental structure of the wall of follicles and of vessels in both genera is the same and consists of two layers: an extracellular vascular lamina and an outer (coelomic) covering of smooth muscle-like myoperithelial cells. Hemocytes may be free and circulating or they may facultatively attach to the vascular lamina as littoral cells, constituting an incomplete endothelium-like surface. Hemocytes that appear to be in the process of attaching or detaching are rounded, while adherent cells are flattened and elongate. Free and littoral hemocytes actively endocytose packets of circulating extracellular hemoglobin.Hemocytes within follicles possess radiating cell processes which also endocytose hemoglobin. Although these cells were presumed to secrete hemoglobin, staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine confirms the presence of hemoglobin only within pinosomes and not within protein-synthesizing or packaging organelles. The presence of hemosiderin-like bodies suggests that follicular hemocytes catabolize hemoglobin.Blood follicles apparently provide a means of significantly increasing cell-surface area for hemoglobin processing, without substantially increasing the volume and pumping load of the circulatory system.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 157-167 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mouthparts of female Corethrella brakeleyi and C. wirthi were studied using light and electron microscopy. Mandibles, hypopharynx and labium are highly sclerotized and are modified for obtaining blood meals. All structures were larger in C. brakeleyi than in C. wirthi except mandibular and hypopharyngeal teeth; these were smaller and more numerous in C. brakeleyi. The labium of both species terminates in peg-like structures which are similar to those reported from several genera of mosquitoes. Sensillae on the second segment of the maxillary palps appear to be identical to those described in both biting and nonbiting male and female blackflies.
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 425-451 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the canary's incubation patch and the ventral apterium from which it arises are described. The apterium is vascularized by pectoral, external mammary, incubation, and prepubic arteries. It is innervated by cutaneous branches of spinal nerves. It has a surface area of 6 cm2.Its epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium with basal, intermediate, transitional and cornified layers. Cells in the stratum germinativum contain a normal array of organelles, but are characterized by tonofilaments, desmosomes and interdigitating surfaces. Cellular organelles disappear in the stratum transitivum and are replaced by large vacuoles and keratohyalin bands. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers are abundant in the stratum germinativum.The dermis consists of (1) an avascular layer of dense collagen subjacent to the epidermis and containing many nonmyelinated nerves, and (2) an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels, lamellar corpuscles and nerves. A layer of coarse elastic fibers, reinforced by collagen and smooth muscle, separates the dermis from subcutaneous tissue.In contrast to the ventral apterium, the incubation patch is featherless and visibly hypervascular and edematous. Its epidermis is both hypertrophic and hyperplastic. Large spaces separate cells in the stratum germinativum. The visible hypervascularity is due to hyperemia and increased number and size of blood vessels in the dermis. Visible edema is due to the accumulation of fluid interstitially. Although no histological differences exist among various regions of the ventral apterium, such differences are present in the incubation patch.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Exocrine dermal glands, comparable to the class 3 glandular units of insects, are found in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. The dermal glands are composed of three cells: secretory cell, hillock cell and canal cell. Originating as a complex invagination of the apical cytoplasm of the granular secretory cell, a duct ascends through the hillock and canal cells to the cuticular surface. The duct is divisible into four regions: the secretory apparatus in the granular secretory cell, the locular complex, the hillock region within the hillock cell and the canal within the canal cell. A tubular ductule is contained within the latter two regions. As the ductule ascends to the cuticular surface, its constitution gradually changes from one of a fibrous material to one which possesses layers of epicuticle. During the proecdysial period, the ductule is extruded into the ecdysial space and this is followed by the secretion of a new ductule. Temporary ciliary structures, located near the secretory apparatus of the secretory cell, are associated with the extrusion and reformation of the ductule. Characterized only by a basal body and rootlets throughout most of the intermolt cycle, the ciliary organelles give rise to temporary axonemic processes which ascend through the ductule toward the ecdysial space at the onset of proecdysis. Subsequently, the old ductule is sloughed off and a new ductule is reformed around the ciliary axonemes. Following this reformation, the ciliary axonemes degenerate. The function of cytoplasmic processes, derived from the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell, is also discussed.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rhabdomeric microvilli of the housefly were freeze-fractured (FF) and thin sectioned (TS) for ultrastructural examination. Ordered files of closely packed membrane particles (82 Å wide, 250 Å long) were seen (FF) on the microvillar membrane (usually E face). The long axis of each particle was canted about 45° to that of the microvillus. Occasionally particles in this array appeared on the P face. It is hypothesized that ordered particles may represent either a photopigment precursor stock, a second photolabile pigment, or the newly discovered sensitizing, UV-absorbing, photostable visual pigment. In the underlying membrane leaflet (P face) were found spherical (85 Å diameter) unoriented particles in a concentration of about 6,000/μm2. The size, shape and density of these structures are compatible with those of rhodopsin particles. These particles also covered the basal area of each microvillus. The findings from TS material were difficult to correlate with those from FF replicas. At high magnification the former showed that the plasma membrane of the transected microvillus is composed of spherical, hollow subunits (averaging 43 Å diameter), sometimes fused to form double, 86 Å units. These substructures were closely packed and continuous around the microvillus. This beaded plasma membrane, in rare cases, was doubled around the microvillus. In other instances the plasma membranes were continuous between neighboring microvilli. The physiological implications of these ultrastructural features are discussed.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 17-36 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The optic tectum is a major subdivision of the visual system in reptiles. Previous studies have characterized the laminar pattern, the neuronal populations, and the afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in a variety of reptiles. However, little is known about the interactions that occur between neurons within the tectum. This study describes two kinds of interactions that occur between one major class of neurons, the radial cells, in the optic tectum of Pseudemys using Nissl, Golgi and electron microscopic preparations.Radial cells have somata which bear long, radially oriented apical dendrites from their upper poles and short, basal dendrites from their lower poles. They are divided into two populations on the basis of the distribution of their somata in the tectum. Deep radial cells have somata densely packed in the stratum griseum periventriculare. Their plasma membranes form casual appositions. Middle radial cells have somata scattered throughout the stratum griseum centrale and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and do not contact each other. The apical dendrites of both populations of radial cells participate in vertically oriented, dendritic bundles. The plasma membranes of the dendrites in these bundles form casual appositions in the deeper tectal layers and chemical, dendrodenritic synapses within the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The synapses have clear, round synaptic vesicles and slightly asymmetric membrane densities. Thus, radial cells interact via both casual appositions and chemical synapses.These interactions suggest that radial cells may form a basic framework in the tectum. Because both populations of radial cells extend into the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, they may receive input from some of the same tectal afferent systems. Because the deep radial cells alone have somata and dendrites in the deep tectal layers, they may receive additional inputs that the middle radial cells do not. Neurons in the two populations interact via chemical dendrodendritic synapses, thereby forming vertically oriented modules in the tectum.
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  • 121
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 37-65 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sialis flavilatera L. (Sialidae, Megaloptera) has telotrophic-meroistic ovarioles. The germ cells of the tropharium are organized into two distinct tissues, the central syncytium and the germ cell tapetum. The central syncytium consists of nurse cell nuclei embedded in a common cytoplasm which is rich in ribosomes and mitochondria. Cell membranes are totally absent. The germ cell tapetum surrounds the syncytium and consists of a monolayer of cells, each of which is connected with the central syncytium by an intercellular bridge. The oocytes differentiate from basal tapetum cells by previtellogenic growth. Their nutritive cords remain connected to the central syncytium by the intercellular bridge.Ovariole development starts soon after hatching with the immigration of germ cells into the ovariole-anlagen and is finished during pupal stages 23 months later. In apical regions of each tropharium, mitoses occur throughout larval life. The descendants enter the prophase of meiosis which lasts until pre-vitellogenesis; thus, a differential gradient of position and time is established. About 12 months after hatching, the central syncytium arises at the base of the tropharium from a membrane labyrinth in which intercellular bridges are entangled. Evidence is presented that endopolyploidization does not occur during germ cell differentiation.Finally, the results are compared with those found in Hemiptera and polyphage Coleoptera. The great diversities are interpreted as an indication for a polyphyletic origin of the telotrophic ovary.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 163-173 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five different types of sense organs were found on the antennal flagellum of Homadaula anisocentra. These were (1) tactile hairs; (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors; (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors of several kinds; (4) styloconic chemoreceptors and (5) small chemoreceptor pegs in shallow depressions. No coeloconic sense organs were seen.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four differentiated Malpighian tubules (primary tubules) extend from the junction of the midgut and hindgut in newly hatched Periplaneta americana. Secondary tubules begin to develop near the base of the primary tubules before hatching and successive nymphal molts. The newly initiated tubules undergo cell division and extensive elongation through the middle of the following intermolt period. During this time, the cells of the distal, middle, and lower middle tubule regions are surrounded by a cellular sheath, have few cytoplasmic processes extending along their basal surfaces, have a small or nonexistent lumen, and contain extremely dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The cellular sheath differentiates into the muscle which coils around the mature tubule. Tubules which begin development toward the end of one intermolt period begin to undergo cytodifferentiation toward the end of the next intermolt period. By the middle of an additional intermolt period, the basal infoldings and microvilli of cells in the distal, middle, and lower middle regions have the conformations typical for those regions in differentiated tubules; granular concretions and stellate cells are present within the middle region of the tubule.
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  • 124
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 125
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fully mature adult Eisenia foetida sensory buds are abundant on the prostomium and the first segment. In subsequent segments they are restricted to the anterior half where they form a single row aligned with the setae and encircling the worm. In the more posterior regions of the worm the buds are widely separated and fewer. The surface of each bud is a raised circular or oval area from which 15 to 100 so-called sensory hairs arise, being cylindrical and apparently flexible. The number of these projections decreases toward the posterior end of the worm.In worms newly emerged from egg cocoons, the general pattern of distribution and external form of sensory buds resembles that of adults, but the buds are much fewer and smaller than in adults. Although these worms emerge with their definitive adult number of segments, new buds and additional sensory projections are formed during post hatching development.
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  • 126
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansions. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the fine structure of the macronucleus in Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate protozoon, during various stages of the cell division cycle has yielded new information about intranuclear helices. They are frequently observed at the periphery of chromatin bodies or next to the nuclear envelope, and they appear to be a constituent of nucleoli. The fibril that forms a helix is about 11-15 nm thick, and torus profiles of helices cut in cross section are about 35 nm in diameter. In substructure the helix is composed of a thin strand 3-5 nm thick which is coiled to form the 11-15 nm fibril; so the helix is a super-coiled structure. The intranuclear helices are present in the macronucleus throughout the cell cycle. They do not show obvious changes of relative abundance nor changes of relative localization in the nucleus, with one exception: they were never observed in the diffuse zone of replication bands. Evidence is presented indicating that nuclear helices migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Although the chemical composition of the Euplotes intranuclear helices is unknown, information in the literature on similar helices in Amoeba indicates that they contain RNA and not DNA. The observations on Euplotes helices are consistent with a concept of “packaged” RNA for transport to the cytoplasm.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish peroxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.
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  • 130
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 331-341 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of tooth crowns is variable inter-specifically among caecilians. Cusp number and shape, crown dimensions, and crown curvature characterize various species and have both functional and phylogenetic implications. Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus, Hypogeophis, and Geotrypetes have bicuspid teeth; Dermophis, Gymnopis, Caecilia, and Typhlonectes monocuspid. Crown morphology as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is associated with prey grasping and, in one case, possible specialization of prey type.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 132
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of contact chemoreceptors in the cibariopharyngeal pump of the moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is described. Two types of receptors designated A and B are located on the floor of the pump. Two groups of 9-12 A receptors are located in the anterior part of the pump, and two groups of two B receptors are in the posterior part of the pump. Five sensory dendrites extend to the tip of each A receptor and four to each B receptors. Available evidence indicates that these receptors are contact chemoreceptors and do not serve as mechanoreceptors. The receptors are compared to those of other insects.
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  • 133
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 134
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: When Aedes aegypti females first emerge as adults, their oocytes possess no yolk. The abdominal fat body cells contain large quantities of lipid, protein, and glycogen, and possess many free ribosomes, but have very little rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). When the females are starved for four days, their oocytes form fine lipid and protein yolk endogenously, the latter being located mainly around the nucleus. The adipocytes in these fasted mosquitoes have greatly reduced amounts of lipid, protein and glycogen and contain many cytolysosomes. Seven hours after 4-day-starved females had fed on blood, their oocytes begin filling with exogenous protein yolk at the oolemma, and lipid arises endogenously throughout the ooplasm. At this hour, the fat cells have synthesized more RER than is seen in unfed controls. Twenty-four hours post blood meal, the follicle cells have secreted discrete endochorionic plaques onto the oolemma. At this period, the adipocytes are densely filled with RER, and show for the first time many Golgi bodies and protein inclusions. They have noticeably less glycogen than at seven hours. Within 48 hours after mosquitoes have fed on blood, the endochorion forms a continuous layer around the steadily enlarging egg which is synthesizing additional protein and lipid yolk. Concurrently, the adipocytes show a greatly increased amount of glycogen and a significant reduction of RER. By the sixtieth hour after the blood meal, the follicle cells are attenuated, and the fat cells have less RER and more glycogen than at 48 hours. The nurse cells steadily decrease in size during vitellogenesis and release material onto the micropyle.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 453-463 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification.An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid:the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses.These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.
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  • 136
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Somatic portions of gonads in two phanerozonian sea-stars, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Hippasteria phrygiana, were similar in all aspects of gross structure and histology seen previously in both forcipulate and spinulosan asteroids. For the first time, detailed ultrastructural observations have been made of cells and tissues that reveal several features believed to be of universal occurrence in the gonads of asteroids. These include flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and other coelomically derived epithelia, muscular-flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and genital coelomic (perihaemal) sinus, the digestion of collagen fibers by cells in the connective tissue layer, and the intimate relationship of the genital haemal sinus and the entire germinal epithelium.Structural and functional compartmentalization are discussed in relation to major activities of the gonad throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The distinctive ultrastructure and current generation of flagellated-collar cells found in the visceral peritoneum are analyzed relative to their role in nutrient transport to gonadal tissues. The single flagellum of each flagellated-collar cell beats in coordination with those on neighboring cells to produce extremely rapid, oriented currents of coelomic fluid. The form of beating in an individual flagellum is planar, and the resulting synchronized activity of many adjacent flagella is non-metachronal; both of these characteristic aspects of current production have, thus far, been encountered together only in the Echinodermata. Flagellated-collar cells are efficient in generating currents which mix contents of the coelomic fluid, and they can presumably supply themselves with nutrients. It is concluded that nutrients so obtained are generally not passed through the wall of the gonad to the germinal epithelium and, as a result, have little to do with nutrition of somatic and germinal cells of the germinal epithelium. Alternatively, well-developed genital portions of the haemal system of the sea-star are advanced as the major channels supplying nutrients to germinal epithelia during gametogenesis.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 221-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells.Three basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photo-receptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine though a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found within nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface coats are important in adhesion and other cellular activities. The lamprey egg possesses a surface coat that has been divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct regions. The amorphous apical tuft forms a cap over the animal pole, while the elaborately-textured adhesive coat covers the ventral two-thirds of the egg. This latter area is composed of saccules that form rosettes over the egg surface and is derived from the remains of specialized follicular cells which break down during ovulation. The adhesive qualities of these coats may be inhibited or abolished by various proteins and sulphydryl-blocking agents, thereby implicating, as a possible source of this adhesion, classes of acid and sulphated glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans which occur on the egg surface.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of germanium on the secretion of siliceous spicules by the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris was investigated by exposing germinating and hatching gemmules to varying concentrations of germanium (Ge) in the presence of silicon (Si). Results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and demonstrate that a [Ge]/[Si] (= molar ratio) of 1.0 completely inhibits silicon deposition. Intermediate ratios (0.5, 0.1, 0.01) which are permissive to spicule appearance result in fewer, shorter, and thinner spicules, in proportionately fewer microscleres, and in short bulbous megascleres. The size of the bulb increases with increasing [Ge]/[Si], while the length of the bulbous megascleres decreases with increasing [Ge]/[Si]. Microscleres do not demonstrate these graded responses suggesting that they are secreted in an all or none manner. Swellings produced in pond water and bulbs produced in germanium appear to decrease in size with time indicating a spreading of the accumulated silica. The effect of germanium on spicule secretion can be partially explained by its ability to uncouple the growth in length of the axial filament from the growth of the surrounding silicalemma. Under these conditions excess silicalemma is produced in which silica accumulates as bulbs in short spicules. Continuous exposure to Ge is necessary to produce this altered morphology. It is conjectured that the bulbs may be retained due to an inhibition of spreading. which in turn may be caused by the incorporation of germanium into the silica.
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  • 141
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Although a number of recent studies describe the facilitation of limb regeneration by electrical and other forms of stimulation, little is known of innate regenerative capacity in the mammalian limb. The present report describes spontaneous regenerative responses following subtotal forelimb amputation in the young white rat. In one group of animals the forelimb was amputated through the lower humerus and the skin sutured closed. In a second group, adjacent muscle tissue still attached to bone at its origin(s) was interposed between the cut surface of the humerus and the skin. Among animals of the first group (skin closure only) bone growth and limb regenerative responses were generally not observed. Animals of the second group displayed significant elaborations of cartilage and bone at the limb terminus. The appearance and subsequent modification of these tissues suggest that some capacity for limb regeneration exists innately in the young rat and can be more readily evoked than has been recognized heretofore. It is concluded that extant and forthcoming reports of electrically stimulated skeletal tissue growth, repair and regeneration among eutherial mammals should be examined to determine whether reported responses to stimulation represent advances beyond what might be expected from innate replacement processes alone.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid follicular cells ; Basal lamina, biosynthesis ; Cellular interaction ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Porcine thyroid cells were cultured alone or in mixed cultures with mesenchymal cells. The formation of a basal lamina in vitro was investigated ultrastructurally. Follicular reassociation of thyroid cells occurred in both types of culture; however, it was followed by formation of the basal lamina only when mesenchymal cells were present. The present findings suggest an epithelial origin of the basal lamina resulting from an interaction with mesenchymal cells.
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  • 143
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeus muscle ; Innervation ; P-type nerves ; Purinergic nerves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle has been investigated ultrastructurally following fixation with a modified chromaffin reaction for the demonstration of biogenic amines (Tranzer and Richards, 1976). Three types of nerve profiles were revealed: (1) 60–70 % of the profiles are adrenergic; (2) less than 5% of the profiles appear to be cholinergic; (3) up to 40% of the profiles are distinguished by the presence of a characteristically high proportion of electron-opaque, chromaffin-negative vesicles, 85–110nm in diameter. This third type of profile was not affected by 6-OHDA, and is considered to represent the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of this tissue. Because of the morphological similarity of this nerve type, apart from the smaller vesicle size, to classical peptidergic nerve endings, they have been termed “small p-type” (sp-type). These results are discussed in relation to a previous report describing only two types of nerve profiles in this tissue (Gillespie and Lüllmann-Rauch, 1974).
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ-free mice ; Inflammation ; Macrophages ; Peritoneum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peritoneal macrophage ultrastructure was analysed stereologically in germ-free mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of sterile, pyrogen-free saline. Thus the stimulant was non-particulate, non-antigenic and inorganic, and effects of immune reactions were minimal. Macrophages were recovered 1, 6, 24 and 72 h after stimulation. A sequence of structural alterations is reported which may be fundamental to macrophage activation. The plasma membrane and nuclear envelope increased in area within only 1 h of saline injection. During the next 5 h loss of plasma membrane, probably by pinocytosis, caused cellular “rounding” and clear-cut alteration in surface configuration. At the same time lysosome-like granules enlarged but decreased in number. By 24 h most cellular structures and compartments (including the plasma membrane) were enlarged. Morphological evidence of nuclear activation accompanied a rather modest enlargement of the nucleus at this stage. The RER hypertrophied last and must, therefore, be judged sufficient in resident macrophages to support the initial growth response which results after stimulation. Thus hypertrophy was observed eventually in every structure examined. Even the minimally activated macrophages resident in the peritoneum of germ-free mice respond readily to stimulation.
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  • 145
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Midgut ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Morphometrische Untersuchungen des Magenepithels von A. aegypti weisen darauf hin, daß die Verdauung des ersten Blutmahls in eine Reihe von Phasen gegliedert werden kann, die sich mit physiologischen Daten aus der Literatur korrelieren lassen. In einer Phase Ia (0–10 h nach Blutmahl [BM]) entfalten sich die “whorls” des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums, die Golgi-Zonen werden größer, und das basale Labyrinth wird erweitert. Dies stimmt mit Synthese- und Sekretionsprozessen (z.B. peritrophische Membran, Esterasen, Lipasen) und mit Transportvorgängen durch das Magenepithel überein. In Phase Ib (10–20 h nach BM) nehmen die gemessenen zellulären Parameter weiter zu und weisen damit auf hohe Synthese- und Sekretionsaktivitäten (z.B. Verdauungsenzyme) hin. In Phase Ic (20–30 h nach BM) zeigen die an Synthese und Sekretion beteiligten Zellstrukturen, in Übereinstimmung mit der maximalen Proteasenaktivität im Darm, immer noch hohe Werte. Vergrößerte Mikrovillioberfläche, auffallende Lipideinschlüsse und Auftreten von Glykogendepots im Magenepithel deuten auf erhöhte Resorptions-, Speicher- und Transportfunktionen der Zellen hin. In Phase II (30–36 h nach BM) läßt sich anhand der strukturellen Veränderungen der Wechsel von Synthese- und Sekretionvorgängen zu Resorption, teilweiser Speicherung und Transport von Verdauungsprodukten erkennen. In Phase III (36–72 h nach BM) wird der Zellapparat in Übereinstimmung mit dem Ende der Verdauung reduziert. Lipid- und Glykogendepots werden mobilisiert und verschwinden fast vollständig aus den Magenepithelzellen.
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analysis of the epithelial lining of the stomach of A. aegypti suggests that digestion of the first blood meal in the stomach of this species can be viewed as a series of phases that can be correlated with physiological data from the literature. In phase Ia (0–10 h after blood meal [abm]) the whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum unfold, the Golgi zones increase, and the basal labyrinth is enlarged. This coincides with processes of synthesis and secretion (e.g., peritrophic membrane, esterases and lipases) and transport by the stomach epithelium. In phase Ib (10–20 habm) the cellular parameters measured further increase, indicating high synthetic and secretory activities (e.g., digestive enzymes). In phase Ic (20–30 habm) cell structures involved in synthesis and secretion still exhibit high values coinciding with maximal activity of proteases in the gut. Enhanced surface area of microvilli, prominent lipid inclusions, and appearance of glycogen deposits in the gut epithelium suggest increased absorption, storage, and transport functions of the stomach cells. In phase II (30–36 habm) structural alteration points to a gradual shift from synthesis and secretion to absorption, partial storage, and transport of nutrients. In phase III (36–72 habm) the cellular apparatus is reduced concomitant with the ending of the digestive cycle. Lipid inclusions and glycogen deposits disappear from the stomach epithelum.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Excitatory synapse ; Lateral line-canal organ ; Synaptic body ; Ultrastructure ; Lota lota (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences in chemical affinity to the fixatives and staining agents. It is proposed that the “intracleft substance”, the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.
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  • 147
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    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 73-83 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bivalve ; Fertilization ; Laternula limicola ; Sperm-egg interaction ; Temporary-acrosome ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on sperm-egg interaction at the time of fertilization inLaternula limicola were performed. The “temporary-acrosome” did not change morphologically while the sperm passed through the egg investments. At the onset of sperm entrance into the egg, however, the temporary-acrosome and mitochondria were eliminated from the sperm. Afterwards the sperm was engulfed by the egg surface without membrane fusion of the gametes. After entry the sperm nucleus was surrounded by four membranes: the plasma membranes of the egg and of the sperm, and the membranes of the sperm nuclear envelope. As the sperm nucleus differentiated into the male pronucleus, the plasma membranes of both the sperm and egg were initially vesiculated, then dispersed into the egg cytoplasm. Finally, the sperm nuclear envelope changed into the male pronuclear membrane accompanying sperm chromatin dispersion.
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  • 148
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 39-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut (Collembola) ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Renewal ; Ageing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of Tomocerus minor (Insecta, Collembola) were examined with the electron microscope and cytochemically. The midgut epithelium consists of a series of cells characterised by numerous mineral concretions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are abundant; microvilli are well developed at the apical surface of the cell. A zonula continua (continuous junction) characterises the apical contact region of these cells. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins and carbohydrate components have been demonstrated on the surface of microvilli. Peritrophic membranes surround the food bolus and preserve midgut cells from mechanical abrasion. Lysosomes are present during the alimentary period and show strong acid phosphatase activity. During an intermoulting cycle, two stages can be observed: (1) the postexuvial feeding period during which cytoplasmic extrusions appear at the apical part of the cell: lysosomes increase in number and autophagic vacuoles appear. (2) The preexuvial fasting period; a new epithelium grows beneath the old one and pushes it into the lumen. Degeneration processes can be observed in the old epithelium. This excretory reactivity of the midgut epithelium has been compared to the cycle of the cuticle.
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  • 149
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    Keywords: Liver ; Goldfish ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A re-examination of goldfish liver was made through the use of SEM of fractured samples and TEM of ultrathin-sections and freeze-etch replicas. Several new hepatic fine structures described in the present study are morphologically similar to those reported previously in many higher vertebrates including mammals. Hepatic sinusoids of goldfish contain fenestrations which are arranged into sieve plates. Although the hepatic plates are made up of two layers of hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of goldfish liver are morphologically similar to mammalian hepatocytes, particularly with respect to the sinusoidal surfaces which are studded with numerous microvilli. The intercellular surfaces of hepatocytes have both nexus and desmosomal junctions, similar to those found in various epithelial cells of higher vertebrates, as cell attachments and communication foci. Tight junctions are found mainly between the openings of the intracellular bile canaliculi and the intralobular bile ductules which are situated in the center of the bicellular hepatic plate.
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  • 150
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 385-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Endometrium ; Smooth muscle ; Culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary cultures initiated from normal human uterine endometrium after total enzymatic dissociation contained epithelioid cells and smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells were subsequently isolated by differential trypsinization and grown in culture for 36 ± 4 generations. Ultrastructural examination of log and post-confluent cultures of cells at low and high population doubling levels revealed characteristics similar to those of published reports on other smooth muscle cells studied in vivo and in vitro. Among the common features present were: (a) abundant bundles of 60–70 Å myofilaments; (b) branched mitochondria; (c) stacks of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum; (d) caveolae intracellulares; (e) nexuses. Other features included ovoid nuclei, a well developed Golgi apparatus and abundant free ribosomes. The subcultured cells exhibited features of dedifferentiation in the log phase of growth and at post-confluency. However, the post-confluent cells showed characteristics indicating redifferentiation back towards their in vivo morphology. Smooth muscle cells isolated from endometrial curettings may provide a useful model for biochemical and pharmacological studies of a cell type derived from a hormonal target tissue as the cells “age” in culture.
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  • 151
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 449-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium (Rat) ; Phagocytosis ; Cell loss ; Aspirin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric surface epithelial cells (SEC) from fed rats, from rats fasted for 16 h and from mucosae exposed in an ex-vivo chamber to 16 mM aspirin for 5 min were examined by transmission electron microscopy. SEC have the capability to phagocytose adjacent epithelial cells and parietal cells. Phagocytosis is rare in mucosae from fasted animals but common in fed animals or after brief exposure to aspirin. Phagocytic capabilities are not restricted to the progenitor zone but exist throughout the surface epithelium. Phagocytosis may provide a mechanism for the removal of damaged or senescent cells from the surface epithelium.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interrenal tissue (birds) ; Ultrastructure ; Corticotropin ; Adenohypophysectomy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands from ACTH-treated intact ducks and chronically adenohypophysectomized ducks showed clear zonation into a subcapsular zone (SCZ) and an inner zone (IZ). Adenohypophysectomy caused ultrastructural changes in the IZ but not in the SCZ cells. These included increases in lipid droplets, changes in mitochondrial cristae from tubular to shelf-like, and changes in the shape of the nuclei from spherical to crenated. These changes were reversed by treatment with ACTH. Also, cells of the IZ, but not the SCZ, of adrenals from intact birds given ACTH showed more SER, more dense bodies, fewer lipid droplets and more prominent Golgi complexes. IZ cells incubated in buffer containing no ACTH developed mitochondria with shelf-like cristae and numerous opaque granules in the matrix. Exposure to buffer containing ACTH caused the mitochondrial cristae to become tubular and the matrix granules either decreased in number or disappeared. The granules could be extracted by incubating sections with chelating agents. The mitochondria in SCZ cells did not respond structurally to the presence of ACTH in the incubation medium but the matrix granules, like those in IZ cells, responded to the presence of chelating agents.
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  • 153
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Aortic body ; Chemoreceptors ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chief cells of the aortic body (subclavian body) of adult New Zealand white rabbits were examined by ultrastructural stereological analysis. The chief cell nuclei occupy 26.5% of the total volume. Dense-core vesicles account for 16.5% of the cytoplasmic volume, followed by mitochondria (11.6%), endoplasmic reticulum (3.3%), and Golgi apparatus (0.6%). The dense-core vesicles measure approximately 131.6nm in diameter (corrected) and exhibit a heterogeneous size distribution. Both perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals and presumptive afferent terminals presynaptic to the chief cells are observed. The mean synaptic vesicle size of the terminals adjacent to chief cells is 54 nm. The heterogeneous size distribution of the dense-core vesicles of chief cells may indicate the storage of different biogenic amines and/or different secretion or maturation states within the chief cells.
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  • 154
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cercaria ; Striated tail muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of the tail of Cercaria chackai reveals that it contains four sets of striated muscle bundles located central to the nonstriated circular and longitudinal muscles. The striated muscle consists of longitudinally oriented lamellar myofibres. Each myofibre contains a single “U” shaped myofibril. The banding pattern is analogous to that of vertebrate striated muscle. The sarcolemma is a simple surface membrane. There are no transverse tubular extensions of sarcolemma. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is very well developed with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. SR cisternae form dyadic couplings with the sarcolemma. There is a set of flattened tubules of SR origin traversing the myofibril exactly at the Z region. These tubules are unique to the striated muscle of the cercarian tail and may have functional significance. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the myofibre is presented.
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  • 155
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gregarina ; Ultrastructure ; Gram negative bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eugregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Ultrastructure ; Cyprinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius are concentrated in a large (principal) islet, located near the gall bladder, and in a number of smaller islets. Five types of endocrine cells can be distinguished in these pancreatic islets: B cells, A1 (or D cells), 2 types of A2 cells (A2r cells with round granules; and A2fl cells with flocculent granules) and a scarce 5th cell type. The hormones produced by B and A2fl cells are probably insulin and glucagon respectively. The A2r cell contains granules with the same diameter as the granules of the enteroendocrine type III cell of the gut. Both cell types may resemble the enteroglucagon-producing EG cell of mammals. The function of the A1 cells, which are frequently found without secretory granules, and of the 5th cell type, will be discussed. The pancreatic islets of B. conchonius are strongly innervated, which suggests the presence of a direct nervous control system. Some intermediate or mixed cells containing exocrine and endocrine A2r granules are found contiguous with the principal islet. The origin of pancreatic endocrine cells is also the subject of discussion.
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  • 157
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 453-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Nerves ; Ganglia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerves and ganglia from a variety of fish, amphibian, reptilian and mammalian species were studied by optical and electron microscopy. Observations using the Picrosirius-polarization method strongly suggest that two different types of collagen fibers are present in the connective tissues of nerves and ganglia. Electron microscopy of nerves and ganglia showed the presence of two different collagen fibril populations, distinguishable on the basis of diameter, located in different compartments of these structures. Thicker fibrils are present in nerve and ganglionic epineurium. Thinner fibrils are present in the endoneurium, surrounding nerve fibers and ganglionic cells, and between the concentric layers of perineurial cells. These results were consistently observed in all species studied and very probably represent a general phenomenon in vertebrates.
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  • 158
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Y-organ ; Moulting gland ; Astacus ; Steroid production ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopical investigation of Y-organs of Astacus astacus revealed that during intermoult (stage C) the cytoplasm is poorly developed and that it increases at premoult (stage D). It then shows the typical signs of steroid production, namely agranular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of the tubular type. Furthermore, a larger type of mitochondria with a regular pattern of internal structure is described.
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  • 159
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 531-539 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fiber types ; Red muscle ; Semitendinosus muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit is composed of a homogeneous fiber population. Fiber typing was carried out by means of light and electron microscopy according to which this muscle exhibits structural features that are either characteristic for both ‘red’ and ‘white’ fibers, or that do not allow for any classification according to the A-, B-, C-fiber system. Hence the long-held assumption that the semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit represents a classical paradigm of a ‘red’ muscle should be revised in light of the present results.
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  • 160
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 39-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lamina ganglionaris ; First, second order neurons ; Neuroanatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Hemipterans (Notonecta glauca, Corixa punctata, Gerris lacustris)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal elements, i.e. first and second order neurons, of the first optic ganglion of three waterbugs, N. glauca, C. punctata and G. lacustris, are analyzed on the basis of light and electron microscopy. Eight retinula cell axons, leaving each ommatidium, disperse to different cartridges as they enter the laminar outer plexiform layer. Such a pattern of divergence is one of the conditions for neuronal superposition; it is observed for all three species of waterbugs. The manner in which the receptors of a single bundle of ommatidia split of within the lamina, whereby information from receptors up to three or five horizontal rows away can converge upon the same cartridge, differs among the species. Six of the eight axons of retinula cells R1-6, the short visual fibers end at different levels within the bilayered lamina, whereas the central pair of retinula cells R7/8, the long visual fibers, run directly through the lamina to a corresponding unit of the medulla. Four types of monopolar cells L1–L4 are classified; their branching patterns seem to be correlated to the splitting and termination of retinula cell axons. The topographical relationship and synaptic organization between retinula cell terminals and monopolar cells in the two laminar layers are identified by examination of serial ultrathin sections of single Golgi-stained neurons. An attempt is made to correlate some anatomical findings, especially the neuronal superposition, to results from physiological investigations on the hemipteran retina.
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  • 161
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Myoid cells ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical and ultrastructural properties of myoid cells in the thymus of the frog were investigated and compared with properties of skeletal muscle fibres. The histochemical reactions of phospholipids, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in myoid cells were characterized by considerable variability. Individual myoid cells apparently possess different enzyme activities which correspond to different stages of development, maturity and degeneration of these cells. The mature mononucleated myoid cells have similar enzymatic properties to the fast muscle fibres of the frog. This finding has been extended by ultrastructural observations. Features, typical of fast muscle fibres of the frog, e.g. the presence of the M-line, straight and narrow Z-line and well developed triads were found in the majority of mature myoid cells.
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  • 162
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chick embryo ; Muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary New Hampshire chickens, homozygous for inherited muscular dystrophy, display clinical manifestations at an early age. A fine structural examination of embryos from this strain shows marked degenerative changes four days prior to hatching. The Z bands appear to dissolve progressively to the point where finally the myofibrils become uniformly dense with no detectable banding patterns.
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  • 163
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 113-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Domestic fowl ; Ultimobranchial gland ; Parathyroid gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the polymorphic vesicular component of the ultimobranchial gland of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) has been described in detail, together with the structure of the cell strands interconnecting the vesicles and the parathyroid nodules lying within the ultimobranchial stroma. The vesicles frequently appear to arise from the nodules by way of the cell strands. The strands show a structure of their component cells intermediate between that of the parathyroid and the vesicular cells, although the position at which the strand changes from an essentially parathyroid structure to an essentially vesicular structure is very variable. The degree and kind of secretory activity within different cell types has been described. A review of the structure of ultimobranchial glands throughout the vertebrates shows that similar tissue with a similar secretory potential has been observed in all vertebrate classes, suggesting a functional significance for this part of the gland.
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  • 164
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative analysis ; Spawning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The percentage of peptidergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic (B) neurosecretory terminals was studied in the neurohypophysis of sexually mature female sturgeons. Neurosecretory terminals of the A2 type prevail in the neurohypophysis, whereas A1 and B terminals are rare. The activity of these types of terminals was established (1) during upstream migration, (2) shortly after spawning, and (3) three to six weeks after spawning. Terminals of B type are the most active elements during all the periods studied. These elements become strongly activated in sturgeons during upstream migration, i.e., earlier than the peptidergic neurosecretory terminals. Peptidergic terminals, especially elements of type A2, become synchronously and strongly activated in fish shortly after spawning. In the late postspawning period neurosecretory terminals of all three types become synchronously inactive, persisting in a quiescent state in comparison to the two previous periods. The appearance of neurosecretory material discharged into the intercellular clefts by exocytosis correlates on the whole with the activity level of the A1 and A2 terminals in each individual studied. A functional correlation exists between the activity of the peptidergic and adrenergic neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis. The data obtained are discussed with reference to a concept regarding spawning in some fish species as a physiological stress (Polenov et al., 1976). A possible dual control (peptide and monoamine neurohormones) over the function of visceral organs and glandular cells of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis is also suggested (Polenov, 1970, 1975, 1978; Polenov and Belenky, 1973).
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  • 165
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral cochlear nucleus ; Calyceal processes ; Flattened synaptic vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometric study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this paper we report the appearance of flat vesicle-containing endings in aldehyde-fixed ventral cochlear nucleus of rats with qualitative and quantitative properties suggesting they should be identified as calyceal processes. Their synaptic vesicles are elongate and significantly smaller than the vesicles in the calyces of Lenn and Reese (1966). Therefore these endings are flat vesicular calyceal processes, possibly of inhibitory function.
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  • 166
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Birds ; Ultrastructure ; Estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of estradiol-17-β induces the synthesis of vitellogenin in primary cultures of chick embryo liver. The ultrastructural changes accompanying steroid induced vitellogenin synthesis were investigated in hepatocytes cultures incubated for 0, 12 and 24 h following hormonal treatment. Both electron microscopy and immuno-chemical techniques were used. The immuno-fluorescence data indicate that the cultures contain a cell population of 90–95% hepatocytes, both in control and estradiol-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, cultured hepatocytes are similar to in vivo ones, except for a reduced accumulation of storage materials, glycogen and lipids. In the estradiol-treated cultures hepatocytes show an accumulation of free ribosomes, enlargement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and development of the Golgi apparatus. The data are discussed in relation to previous biochemical findings.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelial cell line, H4-II-E derived from Reuber hepatoma H35 has no significant activity of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and is not able to grow in arginine-deprived medium.A multi-step selection procedure is described which selects from H4-II-E populations, cells with OCT activity which can grow in arginine-deficient, ornithine-supplemented media.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a myeloid leukemia cell line, the inducibilities of the Fc receptor, phagocytosis and cell motility were compared. Thymidine analogues such as BUdR, BCdR and IUdR blocked the induction of phagocytosis and motility but not induction of the Fc receptor. This BUdR susceptibility in the induction of phagocytosis and motility was lost in a BUdR resistant line which was isolated for its growth capability in a high concentration of BUdR. Actinomycin D and puromycin brought about a marked decrease in the inducibility of phagocytosis but not in that of the Fc receptor.This led us to the following conclusion: There is a genetic control in the inducibility of phagocytosis and motility in this cell line, and the incorporation of BUdR into cellular DNA results in the DNA becoming unresponsive to a differentiation-stimulating factor. In contrast, gene activation does not seem to be necessary for induction of the Fc receptor.The order of induction of several differentiation markers was also discussed.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relative rates of the initiation and elongation phases of protein synthesis have been determined in heat- and cold-shocked CHO cells from measurements of the incorporation of 35S-methionine into N-terminal and internal positions of growing peptides by a modified Edman degradation. When the cells are shifted from 37°C to temperatures between 10°C and 34°C, the rate of initiation is at first reduced more extensively than that of elongation. After 20 to 30 minutes at the lower temperature, however, the cells undergo a metabolic adjustment which includes increasing the rate of initiation until it corresponds to the rate of elongation at that temperature. Calculated apparent energies of activation for initiation and elongation are in reasonable agreement with those determined in other mammalian cells. When the cooled cells are returned to 37°C, the rates of initiation and elongation recover immediately but do not exceed the control values. Exposure to elevated temperature (43°C) causes an immediate cessation of initiation and thus a delayed inhibition of elongation; upon return to 37°C, the rate of initiation is transiently elevated above the control rate, and the rate of elongation returns to the control rate after a 2- to 3-minute delay. Hence, a factor which leads to supranormal rates of initiation may accumulate at high but not at low temperatures.
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  • 171
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Peptide production in senescent and presenescent human foreskin fibroblasts was measured using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This procedure permits the visualization of a cohort of the major peptides being produced. Among this cohort of over 500 peptides only two were found to differ in relative amount in that more was being produced in senescent cells. This difference was confirmed by measurements of the relative intensity of the peptide spot. This difference was senescent cell-specific and not due to the differences in rate of growth of senescent and non-senescent cells.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HeLa (substrain Ho) grown in serum free medium showed an increase in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase when fetal calf serum (10%) was added to the medium (9.7 nmoles/sec/mg protein to 86.8). Under the same conditions, eight intracellular enzymes showed no increase in activity. Similar results were obtained using a different serum or medium, and with a second strain of HeLa (substrain ATC).For a given set of growth conditions, the effect of serum was dependent on its concentration and required one or more culture generations to develop. The type of isozyme expressed did not change. Neither zinc nor a total serum lipid extract would substitute for serum. The enzyme expressed by HeLaHo was not induced by prednisolone, while that in HeLaATC was. However, for cells grown in excess prednisolone without serum, the specific activity was 25% of that found for cells grown with prednisolone and serum. Cortexolone, an antagonist of prednisolone, was without effect for HeLaHo grown in A3 medium with or without serum.The serum factor had the following characteristics. It was not lost on dialysis, treatment with DNase and RNase, or removal of lipoproteins. It was reduced after heating by 65% and after treatment with Pronase by 82%.The data are interpreted to indicate the presence of a factor (s) in serum, probably a protein, which is involved in stimulating alkaline phosphatase specific activity.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Elevation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) activity by glucocorticoids was shown to be dependent on the concentration of hormone in the medium over a range of 5 × 10-10 to 1 × 10-8 M, although the presence of steroid in the assay at 10-5 M elicited no increase in activity. There was a demonstrated time dependence for the addition of dexamethasone i.e., from zero to six hours after serum removal, addition of hormone resulted in the same peak activity; addition at 12 hours gave slight elevation but resulted in an extended maintenance of the peak level of activity; addition at 24 hours showed no effect. When cycloheximide was added at the above times, subsequent kinetics showed identical decay of the enzyme activities from control and treated cultures at 6 and 24 hours, but at 12 hours the activity from dexamethasone treated cells exhibited an extended lag before the onset of decay, which then proceeded at the same rate as the control. The continuous presence of the hormone was not necessary for the induction to continue and the addition of Actinomycin D to cultures incubated in the presence of hormone resulted in an immediate decay of catalytic activity without evidence of “superinduction”. The addition of progesterone at the same time as dexamethasone resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of the augmentation, suggesting the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the aug-mentation, suggesting the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the elevation of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Flow microfluorometric (FMF) analysis of hormone treated cells indicated a delayed entrance into the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle. The temporal relationships between this cell cycle perturbation and HMG-CoA reductase elevation are discussed.
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  • 174
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have prepared human blood lymphocyte membrane vesicles of high purity in sufficient quantity for detailed enzyme analysis. This was made possible by the use of plateletpheresis residues, which contain human lymphocytes in amounts equivalent to thousands of milliliters of blood.The substrate specificity and the kinetics of the cofactor and substrate requirements of the human lymphocyte membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity were characterized. The Na+, K+-ATPase did not hydrolyze ADP, AMP, ITP, UTP, GTP or TTP. The mean ATPase stimulated by iptimal concentrations of Na+ and K+ (Na+, K+-ATPase) was 1.5 nmol of Pi hydrolyzed, μ g protein-1, 30 min-1 (range 0.9-2.1). This activity was completely inhibited by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. The Km for K+ was approximately 1.0 mM and the Km for Na+ was approximately 15 mM.Active Na+ and K+ transport and ouabain-sensitive ATP production increase when lymphocytes are stimulated by PHA. Na+, K+-ATPase activity must increase also to transduce energy for the transport of Na+ and K+. Some studies have reported that PHA stimulates the lymphocyte membrane ATPase directly. We did not observe stimulation of the membrane Na+, K+-ATPase when either lymphocytes or lymphocyte membranes were treated with mitogenic concentrations of PHA. Moreover, PHA did not enhance the reaction velocity of the Na+, K+-ATPase when studied at the Km for ATP, Na+, K+ or Mg++, indicating that it does not alter the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate or cofactors. Thus, our data indicate that the increase in ATPase activity does not occur as a direct result of PHA action on the cell membrane.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The capacity of cultured human fibroblasts to bind 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) was measured during protein synthesis inhibition and reinitiation. Protein synthesis was inhibited by incubation of human fibroblasts in histidine-free medium supplemented with L-histidinol to produce a stringent amino acid starvation. Under these conditions 125I-EGF binding activity decreased with a half-life of 14.5 hours. Protein synthesis could be rapidly reinitiated by the addition of L-histidine to human fibroblasts which had been preincubated in histidinol containing media for 36 to 48 hours. 125I-EGF binding activity rapidly increased upon the reinitiation of protein synthesis. In the presence of serum 100% of the original binding capacity was recovered ten hours after the renitiation of protein synthesis, while 70% of the binding capacity was recovered in 12 hours in serum-free media. The recovery of 125I-EGF binding activity after the reinitiation of protein synthesis, was not blocked by the presence of Actinomycin D, indicating that the messenger RNA for the EGF receptor may accumulate during the period of histidinol-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. The time course of recovery of 125I-EGF binding activity after the reinitiation of protein synthesis is very similar to that observed during the recovery of receptor activity following “down regulation” of EGF receptor activity. Recovery from down regulation, however, was markedly sensitive to Actinomycin D.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objective of this work was to examine changes in a surface component of cells from the chick embryo during morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation. Two electron microscope techniques were used to localize cell-bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin which specifically binds N-acetyl glucosamine residues. One technique involved conjugation of peroxidase to WGA before reaction with the cells; the other technique used glucose oxidase to mark WGA which was already cell-bound. In both cases, binding was revealed using diaminobenzidine. Before formation of the primitive streak, all surfaces of the two-layered embryo bound WGA. After migration of cells through the streak, to form the three-layered embryo, not all cell surfaces bound WGA equally. Epiblast cells generally bound WGA lateral to the primitive streak but not during passage through the streak. Mesenchyme cells, after passage through the streak, bound WGA increasingly as they migrated away from the streak. A WGA-binding matrix was observed in the vicinity of the mesenchyme cells and on the dorsal surface of the endoblast. The ventral surface of the endoblast bound the lectin very poorly. In some instances, a peroxidase reaction product was consistently seen on certain surfaces which was not removable by addition of the simple hapten N-acetyl glucosamine. In these cases, the density of the deposit was lessened by use of diacetyl chitobiose as a hapten. This result, together with the reduction of reaction product following certain hyaluronidase treatments, suggests that WGA may be binding to hyaluronic acid as well as membrane glycoproteins.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 147-157 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Incorporation of (14C)choline and (3H)myo-inositol into the total lipid fraction, incorporation of (14C)acetate into the sterol fraction and incorporation of (3H)thymidine into DNA were studied in human lymphocyte cultures. Concanavalin A induced an increase in the incorporation of these labels with the following features: (a) Phospholipid synthesis was increased promptly. The lag time for the increase in sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis were 5 hours and 27 hours respectively; (b) The increase in phospholipid synthesis and sterol synthesis was proportional to ConA concentration initially. Cells treated with a high concentration of ConA showed very low levels of DNA synthesis; (c) The increase in phospholipid synthesis could be abolished immediately by α-Methyl-Mannoside. α-Methyl-Mannoside blunted but did not abolish the increase in sterol synthesis. α-Methyl-Mannoside enhanced DNA synthesis of those cells which had been treated by a high concentration of ConA; and (d) Selective inhibition of sterol synthesis with 25-hydroxycholesterol did not prevent the increase in phospholipid synthesis, but it blocked the increase in DNA synthesis. Supplement of LDL, HDL or total lipoproteins to lymphocyte cultures was effective in preventing the inhibition of DNA synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol. These results suggest that in lymphocyte activation by ConA phospholipid synthesis, sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis were sequentially increased. The rate of cellular commitment to mitogenesis was proportional to ConA concentrations. High concentrations of ConA arrested the cell growth at a postcommitment point in the G1 phase. Enhanced phospholipid synthesis was a precommitment event. Enhanced sterol synthesis was a postcommitment event and reflected the requirement of an increased cholesterol supply for the passage of cell growth through G1.
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  • 178
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The homologous compounds of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-series inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes; they show a competitive inhibition with one or two inhibitor molecules which become bound to a singular site of the transport system for glucose. The importance of length of hydrocarbon chain of the localanesthetics for the mode of their action is discussed.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 383-393 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the wild-type strains, 156 and 168, of Paramecium primaurelia, the alleles G156 and G168 expressed at medium temperature specify two immunologically distinguishable surface antigens 156G and 168G, whose phenotypic expression shows allelic exclusion, the majority of heterozygotes being phenotypically [156G] while a small minority is phenotypically [156G-168G]. At high temperature, the antigens coded by another locus, generally the D locus, are expressed. This system, displaying both intergenic and interallelic exclusion, provides favourable material to analyze the respective roles of the genome, of the antigens expressed and of the environmental conditions, in particular temperature, on the regulation of the expression of surface antigens.This analysis was carried out by studying the variations of the expression of surface antigens as a function of temperature, culture medium and previously expressed antigens in different genetic situations (a) in homozygotes: the wild-type strains 156 and 168, and the isogenized strains “G156 isogenic 168” carrying the G156 allele in a 168 genetic background; (b) in heterozygotes of the two phenotypic classes of heterozygotes, [156G] and [156G-168G]. The results show that (1) the thermal stability of the expression of a given surface antigen and its rate of re-appearance at the cell surface depend on its own specificity: (2) in heterozygotes [156G-168G], the stability of the expression of the antigen 156G is modified and “adjusted” to that of the less stable surface antigen 168G, and (3) the surface antigen itself exerts a positive control on the maintenance of its own expression.An interpretative model of “transmembranous control” is proposed to account for the regulation of the expression of surface antigens in Paramecium.
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  • 180
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Murine erythroleukemic cells were induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway by Me2SO and HMBA. These inducers caused an early decrease in the transport of glucose and amino acids, both in non-synchronized and in synchronized cultures. Careful analysis of the transport parameters in synchronized cultures showed a cyclic fluctuation of the Vmax but no significant change of the Km. In the presence of the inducers, however, a modification of the Km and Vmax of both carriers was observed which was not dependent on cell cycle. This modification is very early and precedes the transient arrest of the cells in G1 reported previously. In addition, a Me2SO-resistant cell line (DR10) does not show any changes in the transport of glucose and amino acids when incubated with Me2SO. However, there is an effect on the transport when incubated with HMBA which induces differentiation of 50% of the cells.These data support the hypothesis that an early effect of the inducers on the plasma membrane may be a necessary prerequisite for initiation of differentiation in murine erythroleukemic cells.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 417-425 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The biosynthesis of NAD has been examined in 3T3 cells. The net synthesis of pyridine nucleotides does not occur when cells are cultured in the absence of performed pyridine ring compounds; however, growth continues normally for up to four cell doublings resulting in cells with a total pyridine nucleotide content that is reduced by as much as 12-fold. The mechanism that adjust the relative amounts of NADP and NAD are also altered such that the amount of NADP relative to NAD increases 5-fold. Both nicotinate and nicotinamide can be used as a precursor for NAD biosynthesis, however nicotinate is utilized less efficiently than nicotinamide. The presence of functional pathways for the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinate via nicotinate mononucleotide and nicotinate adenine dinucleotide and from nicotinamide via nicotinamide mononucleotide has been demonstrated by identification of biosynthetic intermediates following short term exposure of cells to radiolabelled precursors. When cells are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium which contains 33 μM nicotinamide the biosynthesis of NAD proceeds by a single pathway with nicotinamide mononucleotide as the only intermediate. Nicotinamide ribonucleoside which previously has been postulated to be an intermediate in the conversion of nicotinamide to NAD is not an intermediate in NAD biosynthesis.
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  • 182
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Preincubation of C57BL adult marrow cells or CBA fetal liver cells with a 250-fold excess concentration of purified GM-CSF failed to reduce the frequency of cells forming eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies in subsequent agar cultures. When excess concentrations of purified GM-CSF were added to agar cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium (SCM), no reduction was observed in the frequency of eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies. Addition of 4 units of purified erythropoietin (EPO) to cultures of fetal liver or adult marrow cells stimulated by SCM increased the number of erythroid colonies but did not reduce the number of non-erythroid colonies or the non-erythroid content of mixed erythroid colonies.Although neither GM-CSF nor EPO alone was able to stimulate erythroid colony formation in agar cultures of fetal liver cells, small numbers of large erythroid colonies were stimulated to develop in cultures containing both purified regulators. Purified GM-CSF was also able to support the survival in vitro of a small proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal liver populations cultured initially in the absence of SCM and the survival of some eosinophil and megakaryocyte colony-forming cells in similar cultures of adult marrow cells.The results do not support the hypothesis that GM-CSF and EPO compete for a common pool of uncommitted progenitor cells. On the contrary, the data indicate that GM-CSF and EPO are able to collaborate in stimulating the proliferation of some erythropoietic cells. Furthermore, purified GM-CSF appears to be able to support temporarily the survival and/or initial proliferation of at least some cells forming erythroid, eosinophil and megakaryocyte colonies, even though GM-CSF is unable to stimulate the formation of colonies of these types.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells grown in tissue culture monolayer were sensitive to Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Within 30 minutes of exposure to the enterotoxin gross morphological damage was observed and within 40 minutes approximately 75% of the cells had detached. Nearly half of the cells were nonviable following 35 to 40 minutes incubation with the enterotoxin. Doses as low as 0.1 ng caused small but detectable inhibition of plating efficiency of the cells while more than 100 ng caused the inhibition to approach 100%. Total inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis occurred within 30 minutes exposure to enterotoxin. Heat inactivated enterotoxin had no apparent effects upon cellular morphology, detachment, viability, plating efficiency, or incorporation. We propose that the enterotoxin induces structural damage to the cytoplasmic membrane which results in loss of electrolytes and other essential substances from the cells. The outcome of this process is shut down of macromolecular synthesis, gross morphological damage, and eventual death of the cell.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of normal and virus transformed Balb 3T3 and BHK21 cell lines is reported. It is shown that normal 3T3 cells contain mainly chondroitin sulfate B and heparitin sulfate. Relatively higher amounts of chondroitin sulface AC were observed in polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells, besides an absolute increase of all the three sulfated mucopolysaccharides in the polyoma and SV 40 transformed cells. It is shown also that the three sulfated mucopolysaccharides are at least in part at the cell surface. Similar differences in sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of normal and virus transformed BHK cell lines were also observed.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphological aspects of spermatogenesis are well described in many mammalian species, but functional changes are not completely understood. Electrophysiological parameters were investigated in primary spermatocytes and early and late spermatids isolated from the seminiferous tubules of the mouse. Substantial changes were not detected in membrane potential between different developmental stages. Membrane potential was dependent on both potassium and sodium ion concentration gradients, but not on chloride gradients. The ratio of the permeabilities PNa/PK varied according to the extracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na+, K+-activated ATPase, produced a maximal reduction in membrane potential of 20% Comparisons were drawn between differentiating germ cells and previously determined properties of mature spermatozoa.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The onset and rate of semiconservative DNA replication were measured in stimulated cultured rat fibroblasts and their Rous sarcoma virus-transformed derivatives after a period of serum deprivation. Rat-1 (tsLA24/RSV) cells initiated DNA synthesis following a shift to the permissive temperature or addition of serum at the non-permissive temperature. Their rate of DNA replication was unaffected by the presence of serum at the permissive temperature, however, there was a serum requirement at the non-permissive temperature. The transition probability was less at the permissive temperature, independent of serum, than at the non-permissive temperature in the presence of serum. The amount of DNA induced to replicate by addition of serum at the non-permissive temperature or by a shift to the permissive temperature was similar. Using the untransformed Rat-1 cells and these cells transformed by wild-type RSV (Rat-1 (wt/RSV)), it was confirmed that the rate of entry into S phase (transition probability) was always lower in the transformed cell line at both 39° and 35°. In both cell lines the rate of DNA replication was independent of temperature, but the onset was delayed at the lower temperature. These results indicate that in the cell lines examined, (1) serum was able to commit the cells to replicate DNA (alter the transition probability) in both transformed and untransformed cells, but the transforming function was able to supplant a serum-dependent process during G1 necessary for the initiation of DNA replication, and (2) the effects of the transforming function and serum factor(s) on the alteration of the transition probability are not additive, suggesting that the transforming function initiates a process which acts at the level of the commitment to DNA replication which may render the normal serum-related control mechanisms ineffective in the regulation of growth.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ability of human serum to support erythroid an dgranulocytic colony formation has been investigated. It was found that normal human serum could replace fetal calf serum in the cultures and was able to support the growth of these hemopoietic colonies. Serum fractions enriched for low density lipoproteins, either by precipitation with Heparin-Mn++ or by ultra-centrifugation, was found to contain this growth supporting activity of human serum.
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  • 188
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We are examining the relationship of RNA metabolism and de novo pyrimidine synthesis as parameters of malignant transformation. These initial experiments on normal hamster embryo fibroblasts have shown that excreted nucleosides are markers for intracellular RNA metabolism. We employed affinity chromatography to concentrate the nucleosides in the medium and sensitive column chromatographic procedures to quantitatively measure them. The excretion of pyrimidine nucleoside from hamster embryo fibroblasts in culture was found to be dependent on the growth stage of the cells, with the greatest accumulation occurring during cell quiescence. The major nucleoside excretion products, uridine and cytidine, were both normal end products of RNA metabolism and the major nucleoside excretion products from cultured cells. The modified nucleosides N-1-methylguanosine, N-2-methylguanosine, N-2-dimethylguanosine, N-4-acetylcytidine, N-1-methylinosine, pseudouridine, N-1-methyladenosine, N-3-methylcytidine, and 5-methylcytidine were found, as were several unidentified nucleosides.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 190
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Balb/c3T3 cells in crowded cultures detach from the dish when deprived of serum, and the survivors incorporate 3H-thymidine at a reduced rate. The detachment becomes pronounced two hours after removal of serum, and reaches its maximum rate between two and four hours. Cells in sparse culture are not detached by serum removal, and their rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation is only slightly reduced. As the sparse cultures grow into more crowded cultures, and the serum is depleted, increasing numbers detach. The detached cells are incapable of reattaching when placed in a new dish with ample fresh serum. The cells are leaky to cellular constituents and appear to be dead. Detachment is a consequence rather than the cause of cell death, and can be produced by agents which inhibit cellular energy metabolism. The cells on the dish which survive serum deprivation are fully viable and grow rapidly when serum is added. When they become crowded they are as sensitive to serum deprivation as was the original population. They are therefore not selected for a low serum requirement but apparently survive because they spread into the space vacated by the detaching cells and then behave as sparse cultures in response to serum variations. Insoluble complexes of Ca2+ and pyrophosphate (Ca2+-PPi) show the same concentration dependence in promoting cell survival as in stimulating 3H-thymidine incorporation, showing that a single substance can be responsible for both activities. It is concluded that survival and growth are part of the coordinate response of 3T3 cells to single external effectors. The results are discussed in terms of a simple model in which the coordinate response is regulated by the availability of Mg2+ for transphosphorylation reactions within the cell, and the availability depends on the binding affinity of cellular membranes for Mg2+. The difference between survival and multiplication is postulated to be in the intensity and duration rather than the kind of stimulus.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The equilibrium parameters of potassium-sodium distribution in human lymphocytes, determined experimentally in the preceding study (Negendank and Shaller, '79), were incorporated into a stochastic treatment of the cooperative adsorption model in order to predict the kinetics of “active” potassium-sodium exchange. The rate of uptake of potassium, in potassium-depleted, sodium-loaded cells, is complex and deviates markedly from simple exponential functions. The sigmoid form of the exchange data closely followed the predicted curve. This result enhances one's confidence in the usefulness and applicability of the cooperative adsorption model, and adds further support to the association-induction hypothesis as a coherent theory of cell physiology.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The binding of [3H]tuftsin to normal and in vivo stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage populations was studied at 22°C. The [3H]tuftsin binding to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages was shown to be rapid and saturable, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) (calculated from a Scatchard plot) of 5.3 × 10-8 M. The calculated number of binding sites per macrophage amounts to approximately 72,000. Binding competition studies with unlabelled tuftsin yielded a KD of 5.0 × 10-8 M. [3H] [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin, an inactive analog of tuftsin, failed to bind specifically to thioglycollatestimulated macrophages. [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin and the tripeptide [Des-Arg4]tuftsin failed to compete for tuftsin binding sites, while [D-Arg4]tuftsin, an analog with small tuftsin-like activity, exhibited a low degree of inhibition of [3H]tuftsin binding. Thus a rather high degree of specificity is involved in the binding of the tetrapeptide.Normal as well as six different macrophage populations induced by stimulation with thioglycollate, concanavalin-A, starch, mineral oil, glucan and Bacillus Calmette Guerrin (BCG), exhibited a similar degree of binding of [3H]tuftsin. Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-stimulated macrophages, on the other hand, showed a 6- to 10-fold-lower capacity for tuftsin binding.See Note added in proof on p. 62. Under similar experimental conditions, mouse fibroblast and lymphocyte preparations revealed no detectable specific binding.Tuftsin augmented the phagocytic response of normal and stimulated macrophages assessed both for phagocytosis mediated via the Fc-receptor and via non-specific receptors. CP-stimulated macrophages did not exhibit an increased phagocytic response upon treatment with tuftsin.
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  • 193
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Infection of BALB/c mice with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) gives rise to pronounced erythrocytopoiesis manifesting in splenomegaly and is associated with progressive development of anemia. In the spleen erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) increase exponentially up to 800-fold that of normal levels by the third week of infection. In vitro these CFU-E are dependent on erythropoietin for colony formation, their erythropoietin requirements being higher than that of CFU-E from normal mice. Numbers of CFU-E in spleen and degree of splenomegaly in anemic RLV infected mice were also shown to be modified by red blood cell transfusion, but progression of the disease was not stopped. Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) were also responsive to erythropoietin. However, a small proportion of cells also formed BFU-E colonies at concentrations which did not support growth of normal marrow BFU-E.When compared to normal, CFU-E found in RLV-infected spleen have similar velocity sedimentation rates. However, buoyant density separation of leukemic spleen cells indicated that CFU-E were more homogeneous (modal density 1.0695 g/cm3) than CFU-E from normal spleen. Analysis of physical properties of CFU-E and the nonhemoglobinized erythroblast-like cells, which accumulate in the spleen showed that they differed mainly in their distribution of cell diameter.Our findings show that erythroid progenitor cells in RLV infected mice are responsive to erythropoietin in vitro. Also in vivo erythropoiesis appears to be under control of erythropoietin but other factors which lead to progression of RLV disease apparently exist. Most proerythroblast-like cells, which are characteristic of this disease, apparently lack the potential to form colonies and may be more mature than CFU-E.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between replication and the synthesis of matrix sulfated proteoglycans was investigated with fetal rat chondrocytes grown in monolayer culture. The effect of N6 O2′ dibutyryl adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), 8 Bromo adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (8 Br-cAMP), sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea was examined. Between 0.05 and 0.5 mM DBcAMP, a dose related inhibition of cell division and stimulation of [35SO4=] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans was demonstrated. At the higher concentrations of DBcAMP, cell division was completely inhibited and the enhancement of [35SO4=] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans ranged between 40 and 120% (P 〈 0.01). Utilizing 14C-glucosamine and photometric determination of proteoglycans with Alcian Blue, it was demonstrated that the increase in sulfate incorporation reflected enhanced accumulation of extracellular matrix. The effects of DBcAMP were mimickled by 8 Br-cAMP, suggesting they were mediated by the adenylyl cyclase system. cAMP (0.05-0.5 mM), sodium butyrate (0.1-0.5 mM) and hydroxyurea (0.5-5 mM) partially or fully inhibited cell division, but either failed or only slightly enhanced sulfate incorporation. The enhanced sulfated proteoglycan deposition promoted by DBcAMP began 8 to 12 hours after serum stimulation, its onset occurred prior to thymidine incorporation and the effect persisted for 28 hours. Determination of cell volume demonstrated an increase in size of DBcAMP treated chondrocytes between 8 and 12 hours, coincident with the onset of increased sulfate incorporation. These results are consistent with a model where matrix sulfated proteoglycan deposition by chondrocytes is mediated by intracellular cAMP levels and occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When BHK21 cells transformed by hamster sarcoma virus aregrown in the presence of 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr), several in vitro properties of the transformed cells such as morphology, adhesiveness, and alignment, revert towards a state close to that of untransformed cells. We have studied plasma membrane changes associated with this phenotypic reversion by several different biochemical methods. Reversion is accompanied by a reappearance of Fibronectin, an increase in a membrane-associated protein of M. W. 195,000, a decrease in glycosylation and exposure of a glycoprotein M. W. 100,000 which is increased in transformed cells and a decrease in Con A-agglutinability. On the other hand, several membrane changes associated with malignant transformation namely, the increase in an integral membrane protein M. W. 177,000, the higher rate of hexose uptake, the increase in high molecular weight surface glycopeptides and, to some extent, the increase in the density of intramembrnous particles, did not revert under BUdr treatment. Thus, membrane properties of transformed cells may be dissociated into two main groups by BUdr treatment. In addition, the exposure and glycosylation of a growth-regulated membrane protein M. W. 160,000 was highly sensitive to BUdr.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Phosphate metabolism in Friend erythroleukemia cells undergoing DMSO-induced differentiation was studied. Thirty minutes after the cells were exposed to DMSO in medium at pH 7, an inhibition of 39% in the incorporation of phosphate into phospholipids was observed. This decrease was not due to a change in the precursor pools since phosphate uptake and the phosphorylation of the organic soluble compounds were only inhibited 13%.Inhibition of phospholipid synthesis preceded inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and reached a maximum after 24 hours of DMSO treatment. At this time, the phospholipid content of the cells was also decreased as compared to that of the control untreated cells. Phospholipid synthesis remained at a level significantly lower than in the controls over the 4-day observation period, at which time 85% of the treated cells were benzidine positive.Separation of the different phospholipids by chromatography on thin layer silicate gel plates showed that, after one hour of DMSO treatment, more than 80% of the radioactivity was in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most inhibited. Incorporation of inositol into phospholipid was also significantly decreased. However, there was little variation in the phospholipid composition of the treated and non-treated cells other than a decrease in the percent of sphingomyelin after 48 hours of DMSO treatment.These changes in phospholipid metabolism may initiate the first step in the complex differentiation process. The phospholipids are important components of membranes and the inducers are known to influence their fluidity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 197
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concentration of trace elements in L-cells has been studied as a function of the trace metal content of the growth medium. Cells were cultured in synthetic media which contained varying trace amounts of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum. The cellular concentration of the elements potassium, iron, copper and zinc were then determined. It was found that the cell accumulates trace metals at a different rate than they are made available. Deficiencies in zinc could be “induced” in the cell by increasing the concentration of iron, manganese and cobalt; cellular iron deficiencies were observed at larger medium concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt. Trace metal uptake by the cell was seen to parallel the utilization by multicellular organisms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 198
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Membranes isolated from subconfluent cultures of Balb/c 3T3 cells have low energy-dependent calcium uptake activity. Replating confluent cells at low density results in a prompt fall of energy-dependent calcium uptake by membrane fractions. The level to which uptake activity falls is a function of the density at which the cells are plated (Moore and Pastan, '77b). To determine if regulation of energy-dependent uptake of calcium by membrane fractions is dependent upon attachment to a substrate and to further characterize conditions that regulate the process, we examined calcium uptake activity of membranes isolated from cells in suspension. With cells in suspension energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of isolated membranes falls promptly if cells are diluted to a low density (〈105 cells/ml) and is a function of cell density. When cells in suspension at low cell densities are concentrated to high cell densities (〉2 X 106 cells/ml), calcium uptake activity of the isolated membrane fraction is increased as a function of cell density. These changes of membrane calcium uptake activity occur promptly and do not require protein synthesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HeLa cell mitochondria were allowed to incorporate 3H-thymidine in a cell free system and the effect of ethidium bromide, cytosine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the labeling of mitochondrial DNA was studied. The labeled products, isolated by sedimentation velocity in CsCl-ethidium bromide two-step gradients, showed similar sedimentation profiles as in vivo labeled mtDNA. Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and ethidium bromide strongly inhibited the labeling of mitochondrial DNA, whereas cytosine arabinoside appeared to be much less effective. Tritiated deoxycytidine was found to be incorporated by isolated mitochondria, whereas cytosine arabinoside was shown to enter the mitochondrial acid-soluble pool but not to be incorporated in acid-insoluble form. These results are in agreement with the previously reported findings of in vivo experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 33-47 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal C57 Black mouse embryo cells did not form colonies in agarose, but rare variant (ar+) cells able to grow in agarose were detected. Fluctuation analysis showed that ar+ variants arose by spontaneous mutation in the cultured cells. The frequency of ar+ variants was increased by treating cells with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methane sulphonate, or by abortive infection by human adenovirus type 5. Induced ar+ cells were fibroblastic; most grew slowly and had slightly reduced saturation density and increased serum requirement, but formed colonies in agarose. Fourteen of twenty ar+ clones induced by Ad5 were T antigen negative and two of these were also negative when tested for viral DNA. Six clones contained a few cells that were T antigen positive when first tested, but were negative when retested later. The ar+ variants were tumorigenic in athymic and in normal syngeneic mice. The results suggest that the ar+ phenotype can arise by spontaneous or chemically-induced mutation, and can be induced by adenovirus by a process different from classical transformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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