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  • Electronic Resource  (725)
  • 1965-1969  (725)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (352)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (318)
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  • Electronic Resource  (725)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 967-985 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A description is given of the design and operation of high-power magnetic drives developed to enable shaft seals and glands to be dispensed within deepculture vessels, in tissue homogenizers, and in mixing and filling processes where sterility is essential. The drives operate at speeds of 300 to 2000 rpm in volumes of 300 1. to 10 ml with clearances up to 16 mm between the pole faces of the magnets.Two types of drive are described, one in which the driving and driven magnets form an integral unit on the lid of a vessel: such vessels are used for transporting material. To intiate stirring, it is only necessary to connect a motor directly, or through a cable-drive, to the magnetic-drive assembly. In the other type of unit the driving magnet is attached permanently to the driving motor. Locating pins on the base of the motor and corresponding sockets on the lid of the vessel ensure that when the motor is in position, the driving and driven magnets are located correctly in relation to one another.The design of these drives is based on the use of multipole, ceramic magnets. The advantages of their use in such units, compared with metal magnets, are discussed. Earlier magnetic drives are also discussed and explanations offered for the difficulties formerly met in scaling up.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were performed on a cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane (HF-200, ABCOR Inc., Cambridge, Mass.) to test its efficacy in concentrating and purifying a crude enzyme (trypsin) preparation. Studies were also made to determine the influence of inorganic salts, pressure, and temperature on the rate of ultrafiltration for this membrane. The results showed reductions in the rates will be encountered due to the presence of inorganic salts. However, the reduced rates were still sufficiently high to make this method extremely attractive. Operating at filtration pressures above 75 psi at, 20 to 30°C for this membrane does not show any beneficial effect in terms of ultrafiltration rates. However, at 10°C there were continual increases in the filtration rates up to 100 psi. Concentration and purification studies with trypsin yielded a concentration factor of 8.35 and a purification factor 2.35. It was shown concretely that the purification of the enzyme was due to the passage of low molecular weight proteins (below 20,000) through the membrane. Enzyme activity slightly greater than 90% was obtained: 70% was found in the concentrate and 20% in the filtrate. It is concluded that membrane ultrafiltration is an ideal simple, rapid, and economical method for the recovery of biological active substances.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot-scale process for the isolation of an aliphatic, amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. A constitutive, partially irrepressible mutant was employed to give a high initial enzyme concentration. An existing laboratory isolation procedure has been scaled up and modified particularly by substitution of polyethylene glycol for ammonium sulfate precipitation as the first stage in the conversion of the fractionation to continuous operation. Full recovery of activity was achieved with the modification. The recovery of enzyme from a subsequent chromatographic stage was 85% and the maximum overall purification was 28-fold.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 427-440 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica, strain Phaff, was grown on 1.0% 1-hexadecene as sole source of carbon. Several oxidative intermediates were isolated and identified. Based on these intermediates two pathways are proposed for the degradation of the 1-alkene via the methyl group and the double bond. Subterminal oxidation of the 1-alkene was also indicated. Cell yield, lipid content, fatty acid profile and 1, 2-diol concentration are given for various rates of aeration during growth in a fermentor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 467-487 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models which can be used to describe batch frowth in fermentations with two liquid phases are developed for systems in which the growth limiting substrate is the dispersed liquid phase. Three special cases are considered assuming pure substrate in the dispersed phase and a decreasing interfacial area due to substrate consumption. In the first, it is assumed that all growth occurs at the surface of the dispersed phase. In the second and third growth occurs at the interface and in the continuous phase. The second case assumes substrate equilibrium between the two phases while the third assumes substrate consumption in the continuous phase is limited by rate of substrate transport to that phase. Since the amount of growth at the interface and substrate transport to the continuous phase depend on the interfacial area, two limiting cases for the decrease of interfacial area with substrate consumption are also considered in this investigation. The first and third models are compared with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1157-1171 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A brief review of the development of the research on erythorbic acid fermentation was presented. A previously proposed scheme of the acid biosynthesis has been proved to be correct. D-glucono-γ-lactone dehydrogenase was purified to 50 fold and compared with other lactone dehydrogenases. For the purpose of commercial development, screening and mutagenie treatments of strains and studies on fundamental cultural conditions were carried out. Penicillium, but no other genera, was obtained as a producer. The experiments of ultraviolet irradiation and various cultural conditions were successful in elevating the yield of the acid over 40% in jar-fermentor to glucose supplied. The continuous multibed extraction system of anion-exchange resin was developed and a yield of 19.2% of the acid from fermentation broth was obtained.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1101-1110 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, obtained from S. peucetius, the daunomycin producing microorganism, by mutagenic treatment, differs from the parent culture by the color of the vegetative and aerial mycelia and by its antibiotic, producing ability. S. peucetius var. caesius accumulates adriamycin in submerged and aerated culture on a medium containing glucose, brewer's yeast, and inorganic, salts both in shake flasks and in stirred fementers. Isolation of the product is performed by solvent extraction, chromatography on buffered cellulose columns, and crystallization as the hydrochloride. The new antitumor agent, adriamycin, is the 14-hydroxv derivative of daunomyein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1173-1182 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process was devised for the synthesis of tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid by means of bio-oxidation of pentaerythritol. A flavobacterium able to grow on pentaerythritol was isolated from the soil. Mutants were obtained that, were deficient, in their pentaerythritol oxidation system. These mutants could not grow on pentaerythritol, but when grown on an assimilable carbon source; they oxidized pentaerythritol to tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid. This conversion readily took place in a medium consisting of 20 g pentaerythritol, 10 g yeast extract, and 2 g acetic acid (neutralized) per liter. Since the mutants were unable to metabolize tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid, theoretical conversion yields were attainable. When pentaerythritol was added stepwise and the acid formed was neutralized continuously, 95-100% yields were obtained in concentrations of the order of 60 g/l.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 109-126 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Current methodology now makes it possible to establish in culture a variety of mammalian cells which perform organ-specific functions during serial propagation for periods of months or years. This report describes the results of experiments with animal and human cells that produce growth hormone, adrenocortical steroid hormones, thyrocalcitonin, and parathyroid hormone. Within the next decade it should be possible to use cell culture methods for manufacturing purposes to produce hormones and other valuable cellular products which are difficult to obtain in other ways. At first it may be necessary to use neoplastic cells for this purpose; but evidence is accumulating to suggest that it may eventually be possible to establish in culture normal, functional animal and human cells.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 127-138 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pure bacterial cultures can be flocculated by a variety of chemical flocculants. Flocculation of bacteria will assist in their recovery, especially where the cells themselves are of interest, as in microbial protein production. Studies with several genera of bacteria indicate that the mechanism of flocculation is highly complex. Such interacting variables as temperature, ionic environment, physiological age, flocculant, bacterial genus, and surface shear have been observed. Jar test experiments with washed cells indicate that many of the variables are related to the release by the cell of proteins, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides. When released, these polymers may increase the required dosage of flocculant for recovery as in the case of E. coli, or the dosage may decrease as it does for Lactobacillus.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical study was made on the dynamic behavior of a single-vessel continuous fermentation subject to a growth inhibition at, high concentration of the rate limiting substrate. Phase plane plotting and stability analysis showed three steady states to exist; namely, a “washout”; state, a nontrivial stable state, and an unstable state. Whether the system attains a nontrivial steady state or is to be washed-out depends upon the initial values of the cell and/or substrate concentration(s). Since this property is a characteristic feature of the present system, an experimental procedure was suggested to insure a stable operation in practice.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 181-205 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 207-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth kinetics of heterogeneous populations of sewage origin were studied in completely mixed reactors of the once-through type at a high concentration of incoming substrate, 3000 mg/l glucose, and in systems employing cell feedback or sludge recycle at an incoming substrate concentration of 1000 mg/1 glucose. The recycle flow rate employed was 25% of the incoming feed flow, and the concentration of cells in the recycle was maintained as closely as possible at 150% of the cell concentration in the reactor. Studies were made at various dilution rates. Throughout these studies, batch experiments using cells grown at the various dilution rates were made to determine ks and μm values. As in previous studios using heterogeneous populations, the relationship between specific growth rates μ and substrate concentration S was represented better by the Monod equation than by any other which was tested. The growth “constants” μm, ks, and Y were found to fall in the same general range as those determined in previous studies in once-through systems operated at 1000 mg/l glucose. It was observed that cell recycle, even at the relatively low concentration factor employed in these studies, greatly enhanced the flocculating and settling characteristics of the cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous saccharification of Solka Floc (cellulose pulp) in single and four-vessel stirred-tank reactor systems has been possible employing enzymes obtained directly from submerged fermentation of Trichoderma viride QM 6a. Studies on the effect of modification of the solid substrate, enzyme stability, substrate concentration, and the influence of reducing sugar concentration on the rate of hydrolysis are reported. While susceptibility of substrate to digestion is not affected by heating alone, it is strikingly increased by heating plus grinding, or by grinding following heating. Batch and steady state continuous saccharification experiments have yielded more than 5% reducing sugar in the effluent with a dilution rate of 0.025 hr-1 at 50°C, at a substrate level of 10%. An average glucose concentration of 3.4% has been obtained in the effluent of a continuous saccharification using 5% substrate at the same dilution rate and temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 863-874 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high intensity light system (HILIS) was designed and constructed to define the environmental parameters affecting production of algae. The HILIS incorporates the basic concepts of an aerobic fermenter for heterotrophic cells with high intensity illumination for photosynthetic studies. Of nine parameters considered, temperature and light intensity studies using Chlorella 71105 have been completed. Total illumination was varied from 25,000 to 300,000 lumens (30 times intensity of sunlight as measured at earth's surface) in 7.7-1, culture. The effect of illumination upon growth was measured as cell concentration and total daily algal production when operating the HILIS as a continuous system at a dilution rate of 0.91 per day.Growth may be expressed as a long function of illumination. A maximum algal concentration of 25.5g/l., dry weight basis, was attained at 300,000 lumens.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1089-1098 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid soluble extracts obtained at 30 min intervals from cells of C. utilis growing in synchrony in a phased culture (cycle time 51/2 hr) were fractionated on a Dowex-1-formate column. The series of fractionation profiles showed changes in number and amounts of components over the cell cycle. Transient accumulations of numerous components over the complex pool were observed. The significance of the changes are discussed in relation to practical applications and cell metabolism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1099-1099 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1271-1284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1285-1287 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the kinteic equations derived previously from a series of sophisticated batch and continuous alcohol fermentations by using a respiration-deficient mutant of baker's yeast is as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{dp} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{dp} {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}} = v_0 e^{ - k_2 p} \left[{{S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S {\left({K_s ^\prime + S} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left({K_s ^\prime + S} \right)}}} \right]X $$\end{document} where dp/dt = ethanol production rate, v0 = specific rate of ethanol production at p = 0, k2 = empirical constant, K′s = saturation constant, S = glucose concentration, and X = cell mass concentration. The above equation was confirmed in the previous paper to fit, the brewing of “sake.”The temperature of the specific brewing is not always constant (10 to 18°C). The effect of temperature on v0 was assessed from the Arrhenius plot, assuming that k2 was independent of temperature. Values of dp/dt taken from the “sake” brewing data were rearranged, taking the temperature change into account. These datu, corrected for the temperature, were found to follow quite favorably the kinetic equation mentioned above. So far, a prediction of the ethanol production rate in practice was rectified to the extent of p = 19%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 765-772 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microprobe electrode was used to determine dissolved oxygen concentrations near the surface and within a bacterial slime mass supplied with a continuous flow of nutrient solution. With dilute medium, the oxygen profile became level at high concentrations within the film, indicating substrate-limited respiration. More concentrated medium caused the profile to fall to low oxygen concentrations characteristic of oxygen-limited respiration. Oxygen responses to sudden changes in concentration of nutrient medium were measured. Estimates of microbial respiration rate and of diffusivity of oxygen were based on well-known diffusion equations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 775-783 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With a chemostat culture, both the bacterial growth rate and the growth environment can be independently varied between wide limits. Changing the growth rate of Aerobacter aerogenes organisms (in either a glycerol-limited medium or a Mg2+-limited medium) affected the bacterial cell wall content; invariably slow growing organisms were smaller than faster growing ones and had a higher cell wall/biomass ratio. Changing the growth rate also influenced the composition of the walls but in this respect glycerol-limited organisms and Mg2+-limited organisms behaved differently. Thus, whereas increasing the growth rate of glycerol-limited cultures caused the cell wall 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) and heptose contents to increase progressively, with Mg2+-limited cultures they decreased. Furthermore, although KDO and heptose are both components of the lipopolysaccharide layer, their ratio varied with growth rate, and with the nature of the growth-limitation, indicating changes in the lipopolysaccharide composition. These results are discussed with particular reference to the influence of environment on cell wall content and composition, and the use of continuous culture for the production of bacterial vaccines.
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  • 124
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous phased growth produces a culture in which most of the cells in the population are in the same stage of their development. The cell, thereby amplified by the size of the synchronous population, may be examined in the phased culture at any desired growth rate. Changes taking place in the cell after the cell cycle, i.e., post-cycle changes, may be examined by a modification of the procedure. Further systematic applications of the method permit a rational approach to problems of cell growth and metabolism.The phasing technique recognizes the cells as the fundamental unit for experimental investigation, and offers a great potential in the analysis of the cell throughout its cycle, a relatively unexploited field in cell physiology and fermentation. Experiments with yeasts and bacteria illustrate some of the applications and progress made so far.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 125
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 875-885 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Homogeneous technique facilitates the cultivation of large quantities of cells, reduces the risk of contamination by eliminating many manipulations, and makes practical the control of conditions such as pH and oxygen tension. Although most animal cells will not multiply in free suspension, certain cell lines have lost the requirement of being attached to a solid surface. These cells can be subcultured indefinitely but have some resemblance to cancer cells such as their abnormal karyotype. Certain cell linen developed from human embryonic tissue maintain their diploid character after repeated subculture and would seem to be ideal for the production of vaccines. However, strict regulations exist for viral products for human injection in that only cells taken from normal tissue and subcultured but once may be used.A microcarrier method in which cells adhere to DEAE-Sephadex beads permits a suspension culture which may be termed quasihomogeneous. The attached cells may be retained by sedimentation or by screening as the medium is replaced. Cell debirs from the original tissue is difficult to remove from microcarrier cultures; modifications of the trypsinization technique have alleviated but not solved this problem.Conditions for virus replication can be less critical than those for cell growth in that oxygen tension seems to have little influence on virus production. In cases where rate of virus production increases with specific growth rate of cells, homogeneous culture would have a advantage in maintaining a high cell mogeneous culture would have a valuble advantage in maintaining a high cell growth rate for a longer time. Some virus infections destroy cells, but others cause little change in cellular mteabolism except that virus is continually produced. The latter type can be conducted with a microcarrier in continuous culture with a virus titer exceeding 107 plaque forming units per milliliter for over 50 days with Rubella-infected BHK cells.
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  • 126
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 127
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1043-1054 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mixed culture of methanol oxidizing bacteria has been cultivated on simple inorganic salts medium supplemented with methanol. Optimal growth occurred at 31°C, pH 6.0-6.3, and a methanol concentration between 1 and 2 ml/1, of medium. The maximum yield was 4.5 g dw/I and the mean generation time 3.2 hr.It was estimated that 41% of methanol carbon was converted into cell-carbon, and that 73% of the inorganic nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen.
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  • 128
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1233-1246 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A protease, excreted by a sporogeneous strain of B. megaterium, growing exponentially in a minimum glucose ammonium medium, was isolated. It is a neutral endopeptidase, stabilized by Ca++, inhibited by o-phenanthroline, but not by di-isopropylfluorophosphate. The specificity, studied on insulin B-chain, glucagon, cytochrome c, and dipeptides substrates, indicated the need for a dipeptide backbone with both substituted amino and carboxyl groups. A requirement was observed for a nonpolar lateral chain in the amino acid whose amino group was involved in the peptide bond (Leu, Phe, Ala, He, Val). Rates of hydrolysis varied also with the amino acid whose carboxyl group was involved (e.g., His 〉 Ser 〉 Ala 〉 Gly). In complex medium, supplemented with Yeast Extract, the biosynthesis of the protease was repressed during growth, but the same enzyme was excreted during sporulation. The repression was apparently of the same nature as that controlling sporulation during and after growth (e.g., repression by a mixture of amino acids or high concentration of glucose). An asporogeneous mutant showed a normal product ion of protease under all conditions, and a low intracellular protease turnover after growth. A mutant unable to produce protease showed a normal sporulation and a high protein turnover. This protease, here termed megapeptidase, seems to be a typical growth enzyme, not related to either the sporulation process or to the protein turnover after growth.
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  • 129
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1289-1290 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 130
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 132
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 2-2 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 133
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 19F and 31P decoupling experiments are used to simplify the proton spectra of para-substituted derivatives of triphenyl phosphine, prior to 1H-{1H} tickling experiments. 3J(31P…H) and 4J(31P…H) are positive, and 5J(31P…19F) is negative in the trivalent phosphorus derivatives, and all become more positive as the valency of the phosphorus atom is increased. A triple resonance experiment is used to show that 7J(31P…H) in [p-CH3C6H4CH2P⊕(C6H5)3] is negative. The double resonance technique is used to relate the 31P chemical shifts to the tetramethylsilane resonant frequency.
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  • 134
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 88-89 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 135
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 136
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 137
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory for deceptive simplicity in the NMR spectra of oriented molecules is discussed in terms of degeneracy of subspectra. The conditions for the degeneracy of AB, AB2 and AA′BB′ spectra leading to deceptive simplicity in the spectra of the type ABX, AB2X, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ are reported.It is shown that the conditions for deceptive simplicity are easily fulfilled for ABX, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ cases. It is further demonstrated that deceptive simplicity is not so common in AB2X spectra.The proton spectra of partially oriented 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene (AB) and 2,6-dibromo-pyridine (AB2) are use to illustrate degeneracy and those of p-chloro- and p-bromo-fluorobenzenes are reported to demonstrate deceptive simplicity.
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  • 138
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An NMR study of some bridged bicyclo and tricyclo compounds yielded unusual spectra with respect to solvent effects and virtual coupling. As is the general case for most large polycyclic systems a complete analysis of the spectrum is not possible and the structural details derived from NMR are based on a partial analysis of the spectrum. If the accessible resonances correspond to protons adjacent to methylene groups, the resonance patterns and the chemical shifts may be strongly dependent upon solvent. For 6-endo-hydroxy, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,endo-carboxylic acid lactone (1), 6-endo-hydroxy, 2-exo-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-endo-carboxylic acid lactone (2), and exo-3,4,exo-8,9-diepoxy, endo-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane (3), resonances for each fall in this class and the change induced by solvent are attributed to virtual coupling as well as a change in the overall splitting pattern.
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  • 139
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The barriers to rotation about the C—N bond in eighteen substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides have been determined by complete line shape analysis of the NMR spectra of the N,N-dimethyl protons. The barriers have been correlated with the substituent constants σ and σ+. It has been shown that polar solvents increase the barrier in N,N-dimethylbenzamide.Acid catalysis of rotation about the amide C—N bond in N-(p-N,N-dimethylcarboxamidobenzyl)-pyridinium bromide has been investigated. 18O exchange studies show that catalysis is due to N-protonation rather than the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The rate of rotation is a function of the Hammett acidity function, H0, and the water activity, and it is shown that proton exchange between the N- and O-protonated species involves the intermediacy of a water molecule.The differences in chemical shifts for the non-equivalent N, N-dimethyl groups of the benzamides are also a function of the substituents. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
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  • 140
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 141
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring inversion of cyclohexane derivatives with one, two and three pairs of geminal methyl and alkoxyl groups has been studied by investigations of the temperature dependence of the NMR signals.The rate of the inversion depends on the number and the relative positions of the ligand pairs as well as on their size. A single pair of geminal ligands has only a very slight effect on the inversion rate. Two ligand pairs hinder the inversion when they are in the 1 and 4 positions relative to one another, but facilitate it when they are in the 1 and 3 positions. In both cases the effects are smaller with methoxyl groups than with methyl groups.Three ligand pairs significantly increase the inversion rate when they are in the 1, 3 and 5 positions, but reduce it when they are in the 1, 2 and 4 positions.The effect of 1,3 substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the ground state of the molecules whereas the effect of 1,4 arranged substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the transition state of the chair inversion.
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurde die sesselinversion von Cyclohexanderivaten mit ein, zwei und drei Paaren geminaler Methyl- und Alkoxylgruppen untersucht.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sesselinversion hängt von der Zahl und der relativen Stellung der Ligandenpaare sowie von der Größe der Liganden ab.Ein Paar geminaler Liganden verändert die Inversionsgeschwindigkeit nur unwesentlich.Zwei Liganden-Paare erschweren die Inversion, wenn sie in 1- und 4-Position zueinander stehen, erleichtern sie jedoch, wenn die in 1- und 3-Position zueinander angeordnet sind. Beide Effekte sind bei Methoxylgruppen kleiner als bei Methylgruppen.Drei Liganden-Paare erhöhen die Umklapphäufigkeit besonders stark, wenn sie in 1-, 3- und 5- Position zueinander stehen, vermindern sie hingegen, wenn sie in 1-, 2- und 4-Position angeordnet sind.Der Effekt 1,3-ständiger Substituenten wird auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Grundzustandes der Molekeln, der Effekt 1,4-ständiger Substituenten auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Übergangszustandes der Sesselinversion zuriückgeführt.
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  • 142
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed interpretations of the spectra of four of the possible isomeric cyclopentadiene trimers are given. It is shown that the geometry of the ring fusion can be determined by measuring the chemical shifts of the bridge protons and of the allylic proton on the cyclopentene ring 3a-H.
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  • 143
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The accuracy of several methods for deuterium content determination in organic molecules are tabulated. The sample-substitution (using one or two NMR sample tubes) and internal standard (inter- or intra-molecular) processes are discussed and compared. These methods are applied to some examples and the NMR results are confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Notes: Les précisions de différentes méthodes de détermination du taux de deutériation de molécules organiques par RMN sont évaluées. On compare successivement les méthodes de changement de tube-échantillon et les méthodes utilisant un étalon interne. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées au dosage du deutérium dans plusieurs molécules et les résultats sont comparés à des mesures de spectrographie de masse.
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  • 144
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two stereochemically distinct two-bond carbon-13- hydrogen coupling constants J(13C—CH), for α-chlorostyrene-α-13C have been shown to be of similar magnitude but opposite sign (-6.3 and +5.6 Hz). A simple additivity relationship which adequately reproduces all the reported J(13C—CH) values for chloroethylenes has been found.
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  • 145
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Various complexes of boron trifluoride and typical organo-phosphours compounds have been investigated using proton and fluorine resonance (at variable temperature) and boron and phosphorus resonance. In BF3, boron resonance is insensitive to the complex strength, but fluorine resonance suggests the possibility of various types of complexes on the phosphorus group or, additionally on the heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) of the molecule. These complexes are probably σ type. Proton chemical shifts in the organo-phosphorus compounds follow the same trends as in similar complexes of amines, esters etc.; these perturbations may be mainly due to magnetic anisotropy effects; proton-phosphorus couplings conversely follow changes in phosphorus electronegativity.
    Notes: On a étudié, en résonance du proton et du fluor (à température variable) ainsi qu'en résonance du bore et du phosphore, un certain nombre de complexes entre BF3 et des composés organo-phosphorés typiques. En ce qui concerne BF3, la résonance de bore reste insensible à la force du complexe; par contre, la résonance du fluor suggéère l'existence de plusieurs types de complexes, soit sur le groupe phosphoré, soit sur les hétéroatomes (par example N, O) de la molécule. Ces complexes sont vraisemblablement de type σ pur. Le déplacement chimique des protons dans la molécule organo-phosphorée subit sensiblement les mêmes perturbations que dans les autres molécules complexables (amines, esters, etc.); ces perturbations peuvent provenir avant tout d'effets d'anisotropie magnétiques; par contre, les couplages proton-phophore suivent la modification de l'électronégativité de ce dernier.
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  • 146
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 147
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a series of straight chain aliphatic ketones which has been studied, it has been shown that the structural requirement for loss of water from the molecular ions produced by electron-impact is an alkyl group of seven or more carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl function.
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  • 148
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 843-861 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 149
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 877-892 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of enol derivatives of β-diketones, such as enol ethers and enaminies are discussed. Their behaviour under electron-impact is in accordance with the fragmentation we suggested for an acyclic β-diketone in the enol form.Rearrangement of the enol functional group is observed in the spectra. This process is a general one, as it show not only migration of oxygen and nitrogen in the enol ethers and enamines, but also migeration of sulphur and chlorine in the thio-ether and in 4-chloro-3-pentene-2-one.Enol derivatives are suitable compounds for determining the branching of alkyl chains in β-diketones.
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  • 150
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 893-900 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main fragmentation sequences of glycollide and its homologues are initiated by fission of a CO—O bond, leading to the formation of fragment ions of low, m/e, such as [R1CO]+ and [CR1R2CCO]+. When a hydrogen atom is present on a ring carbon atom, 1,3 hydrogen migration occurs to produce [CHR2OH]+. In case where a ring carbon atom carries an alkylchain ≥ C2H5, a McLafferty rearrangement occurs with the adjacent carbonyl group. When both ring carbon atoms are dimethyl substituted, a 1,4 hydrogen migration must be invoked to account for the observed fragmentation sequence.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 907-914 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of ortho substituents in nitrobenzence radical cation decompositions are discussed for non-interacting halogen substituents. These effects are distinct from those of the same substituents in the meta and para positions, and support previous indications that ring position identity is retained in nitrobenzene molecular ions. More importantly, the steric effect of the halo substituents may be gauged from these data; it indicates that several previously suggested mechanisms for the loss of NO must be reconsidered. The existence of steric effect in very well defined systems may be used as a structural tool in organic mass spectrometry.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1039-1039 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 153
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1037-1038 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 154
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 155
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1061-1065 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrozen randomization precedes the formation of M+· — H· and M+· — CH3· species from the stilbene molecular ion at 15 eV. The carbon atom involved in the M+· — CH3· elimination originates randomly from the whole molecule. The [M — 15] ion (m/e 165) in the spectra of stilbene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene is produced from a common ion.
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  • 156
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1141-1144 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations have been carried out, using the Quasi-Equilibrium Theory of Mass Spectra to show that a decrease in penetration of the accelerating field intol the ion source of a mass spectrometer may significantly increase the number of primary daughter ions [A]+ produced from a molecular ion [M]+ in the source. The calculations show that this effect appears to be more important than the decay of [M]+ between source and collector in implementing an increase in [A]+/[M]+ at the collector with decreasing accelerator potential.
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  • 157
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1175-1177 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 158
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact induced fragmentation of eight aziridinones has been studied by conventional as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. All α-lactams exhibit a molecular ion. The major primary step, in the fragmentation, is the ejection of carbon monoxide from the molecular ion. Ions of the general formula R1—NC and R2R3C=O were found in the mass spectra of all α-lactams investigated. A skeletal rearrangement to rationalize these ions is proposed. The fragmentation of the molecular ion is affected by the N-substituent. Exact mass measurement and specific deuterium labeling indicate the absence of McLafferty rearrangement from either the N- or C-substituent.
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  • 159
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [M] → [M — CH3] reaction in a series of m- and p-X substituted ethylbenzenes has been studied by wide range electron energy kinetics and metastable ion characteristics techniques. By this approach, qualitative measures of activation evergy differences between [XC6H4CH2]+ ions derived from m- and p-X isomer substrates have been secured, for both their formation and further decomposition. These evergy differences are consistent with (but do not prove) ion structures that have been suggested by previous work in this area, involving the use of isotope labeling, and ionization and appearance potential methods.
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  • 160
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Besides o-benzoquinones and o-naphthoquinones, p-quinones and stilbene quinones also exhibit [M + 2]+·-peaks. These are mainly produced by the residual moisture in the mass spectrometer and are more dependent on the partial pressure of the compounds and of the present water respectively, than on the temperature. The spectra of the [M + 2]+·-ions correspond to those of the ionized quinols. There exists a parallelism between the redox potential and the intensity of the [M + 2]+·-peak of p-quinonoid systems. The electron-impact induced fragmentations of 2,6-ditert.-butyl-benzoquinone-(1,4) and 3,5-di-tert.-butylbenzoquinone-(1,2) are discussed.
    Notes: Außber den o-Benzochinonen und o-Naphthochinonen zeigen auch p-Chinone, sowie Diphenochinone und Stilbenchinone [M + 2]+·-Peaks. Diese beruhenim wesentlichen auf der Restfeuchtigkeit mi Massenspektrometer und hängen stärker vom Partialdruck dersubstanzen bzw. des Wassers als von der Temperatur ab. Die Spektren der [M + 2]+·-Ionen entsprechen denjenigen der zugehörigen ionisierten Hydrochinone. Zwischen dem Redoxpotential und der Instensität des [M + 2]+·-Peaks p-chinoider Systeme besteht ein Zusammenhang. Die elektronenstoßinduzierte Fragmentierung von 2.6-Di-tert.-butyl-benzochinon-(1.4) und 3.5-Di-tert.-butylbenzochinon-(1.2) wird diskutiert.
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  • 161
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A system is described in which computer techniques are used to carry out major steps in the procedure for interpretation of high-resolution mass spectral data. These steps include identification and evaluation of the molecular ion, neutral fragments lost from the molecular ion, and characteristic ion series, followed by elucidation of specific structural details using a sub-routine for the particular compound class selected. The technique shows promise of not only increasing the interpreter's efficiency, but of providing more specific and detailed structural information from the spectral data.
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  • 162
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty-six commercially available medicinal phenothiazines have been determined at high resolution. In each compound, the side chain attached to the 10-position of the phenothiazine ring contains nitrogen and fission of the C—C bond α to this nitrogen gives in most cases the base peak. Some of the compounds are also substituted at the 2-position and this substituent generally remains intact, though some substituents such as acetyl, propionyl, methoxyl and methylthio can undergo fragmentation. Fragmentations fall into three groups; those which give ions representing a part of the side chain; those which give ions representing the intact phenothiazine ring with part of the side chain attached; those which give ions representing a partially fragmented ring system.
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  • 163
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 33-36 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Under electron-impact, N-alkyl trifluoracetamides exhibit peaks due to [CF3]+ and [M — CF3]+. Ions corresponding to [COCF3]+ are absent. The base peak in many straight chain derivatives occurs at m/e 126 due to alkyl radical loss from the molecular ion; the mass of this ion rising to m/e 140 in the α-substituted N-sec-butyltrifluoracetamide and to m/e 154 in the tert-butyl derivative. High resolution measurements on a number of peaks indicate that they originate by loss of HF from other fragment ions.
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  • 164
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1103-1115 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the alkyl cyanides up to n-pentyl cyanide were studied. Using metastablel ion transitions, appearance potentials and deuterium labelling, the fragmentation patterns, spectral characteristics and trends for this series can be given. The investigation of labelled compounds demonstrates the specificity of rearrangement and normal decomposition processes. Alkyl ions in nitriles are produced by simple cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, while ions of the type [M -alkyl]+, which at the first sight could originate in the same way, are presumably formed via cyclic intermediates and are in fact rearrangement ions.Apart from the known γ and δ-hydrogen rearrangements, there is novel evidence for a β-hydrogen rearrangement via a five-membered ring transition state.
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  • 165
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1171-1173 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 166
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1309-1314 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of deuteriated polymethylbenzenes confirm and extend the model derived from labeled p-xylenes for the loss of a methyl radical under electron impact. A methyl group flanked by two methyls undergoes no exchange before being lost. But one adjacent to an unsubstituted position appears to exchange with the o-hydrogen atom via a methyl-methylene-methyl cycle. At least in p-xylene, reformation of the methyl group may well be concerted with its loss. A similarly concerted coupling of CH2 and H and loss of the resultant methyl group could account for an apparent inconsistency between the mass spectra of methyl alkyl and phenyl alkyl ketones.
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  • 167
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 425-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure elucidation of organic compounds is only one of the applications of mass spectrometry to chemistry. Important subjects are also mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of mixtures of inorganic and of organic compounds, determination of isotopes and related problems. In ‘Massenspektrometrie’, edited by H. Kienitz, all these applications are discussed together with an excellent introduction to the function of mass spectrometers and the techniques of measurement. This book contains a lot of information and stimulation for mass spectroscopists and chemists, and is especially recomended for use in analytical laboratories.
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  • 169
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field ionization mass spectra of a series of nucleosides are reported, and compared with spectra obtained by conventional electron-impact ionization. The latter are complex, with structurally significant molecular ion and sugar cleavage peaks often of low intensity or completely absent. In contrast, the field ion spectra are extremely simple, with all except guanosine (highest mass peak [M  -  18]) showing intense molecular ion peaks, and the characteristic sugar (S) and base (B + H) cleavage products as the only other important fragments.
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  • 170
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 549-550 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 171
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 553-565 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eleven isomeric octenes were converted to the corresponding dideuterio derivatives and the mass spectra recorded. The cracking patterns of the various dideuterioctanes are unique and the distribution of peaks representing the higher molecular weight ions can be predicted using a simple fragmentation model. The application of this technique to the determination of the position of the double bond in olefins of known carbon skeleton is discussed.
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  • 172
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 603-609 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the four stereoisomeric 1-methyldecalins and the four 2-methyldecalins have been measured. For each set of stereoisomers, the order of relative intensity of the parent-less-CH3 ion, but not of the parent ion, parallels the order of relative stability of the molecules. The correlation suggests that loss of the methyl group from the members of each set of stereoisomers leads to a common product, with the differing conformational energies converting into differences in vibrational energy, which in turn lead to differing extents of further decomposition.
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  • 173
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of five aryl (I to V) and four alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI toIX) have been recorded and mechanistic rationalizations are suggested for their principal fragmentation processes. The aryl analogs exhibited peaks in their mass spectra corresponding to skeletal rearrangements with elimination of SO2 from their molecular ions but this fragmentation was absent in those alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI to IX) examined.
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  • 174
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 653-654 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the two compounds 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane are presented.
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  • 175
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 901-906 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cortisol is thermally unstable. It is easily decomposed by loss of ketence and water. The spectrum of the resulting 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dion can be superimposed upon the spectrum of the undecomposed cortisol, which only can be obtained free of the decomposition product under carefully controlled conditions. The thermal degradation product can be eaisly detected by its molecular peak at mass 302 and a key fragment at mass 163, which are nearly absent in the spectrum of cortisol. Cortisol is therefore an excellent testing material for the quality of inlet systems.
    Notes: Cortisol ist thermisch instabil. Es zersetzt sich leicht unter Verlust von Keten und Wasser, Das Spektrum das entstehenden 11β-Hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dions überlagert sich dem Cortisolspektrum, das man frei von Zerstezungsprodukt nur unter sorgfältiger Einhaltung der Aufnahmebedingungen erhält Das thermische Zersetzungsprodukt läßt sich leicht an seinem Molekül-Ion der Masse 302 und einem Schlüsselbruchstück der Masse 163 erkennen, die im Cortisolspektrum nahezu völlig fehlen, so daß Cortisol eine ausgezechnete Testsubstanz zur Qualitätsprüfung vonEinlass-Systemen darstellt.
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  • 176
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1033-1035 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigation of metastable ion transitions shows, that spontaneous charge separations (loss of an electron from a cation) and ion-pair formations (loss of negative ions from positive ones)are taking place in conventional mass spectrometry. Such processes may be important factors in formation of doubly charged ions.
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  • 177
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 136-136 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 178
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of 2-substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines and related compounds are reported. Fragmentation pathways based upon interpretation of spectra and metastable transitions for 8-quinolinol; 2-methyl-8-quinolinol; 4-methyl-8quinolinol; 2-hydroxymethyl-8-quinolinol; 2-aminomethyl-8-quinolinol; 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde; 8-quinolinol-2-carb-oxaldehyde oxime; and 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde tert-butylimine are discussed, as are dissociations in the related compounds 2-hydroxymethyl quinoline and quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde oxime. It is suggested that the molecular ions of 2-substituted-8-quinolinols undergo rearrangement to a substituted azatropylium ion prior to dissociation. An ion of m/e 89 has been observed in these spectra and is considered to be characteristic of the quinoline nucleus bearing an X-substituent in any position, where X = OR, SR, NH2 etc. (R = H, CH3, etc).
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  • 179
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 335-335 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 180
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 427-429 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that FI mass spectra can serve to elucidate some structural features and determine the molecular weights of mono- and oligosaccharides.
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  • 181
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 182
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 751-753 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of metastable ion abundances over a dynamic range of 105 is possible with a specially designed mass spectrometer.
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  • 183
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 757-759 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [YC6H5O]+· ions from YC6H4OC2H5 appear to correspond in structure to the molecular ions of the analogous substituted phenols, [YC6H4OH]+·.
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  • 184
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 185
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 965-975 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Derivatives of eriostoic and eriostemoic acids (II and III) and their tetrahydro analogs (VI and IX) which contain the bis-2,2-dimethylchromene and the bis-2,2-dimethylchroman ring systems respectively, fragment subsequent to electron-impact in characteristic fashion. The former yield mass spectra dominated by the loss of a methyl radical from their molecular ions while the latter exhibit preferential fragmentation of the heterocyclic ring system. In particular the hydrogen transfer process accompanying elemination of C4H7 from the parent ion of bis-2,2-dimethylchromans was investigated by deuterium labeling studies. Fragment ions containing the bis-2,2-dimethylchroman ring undergo further fragmentation by the loss of C4H8 rather than C4H7. An unusual elimination of CH5 (accompanied by the appropriate metastable ion) from the molecular ions of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate esters (XIV and XV) was observed in their mass spectra.
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  • 186
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 985-995 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An investigation of competing metastable transitions in the mass spectra of ethylene ketals RSRLC(OCH2)2 (where RL is a larger n-alkyl group than RS) has established that in most cases RS is lost with a lower activation energy than RL. This technique has also been applied to ketones RSRLC=O, to show again that RS is usually lost with the lower activation energy (thus supporting earlier data based on relative daughter ion abundances at the threshold). In the classes of compounds so far investigated, although [M+ - RS] ions are formed with lower activation energies than [M+ - RL] ions, the ion yield of [M+ - RS] ions is anomalously low from ions of high internal energy. Factors which may influence the [M+ - RS]/[M+ - RL] ratio of daughter ion intensities are examined. It is suggested that at the threshold [M+ - RS] and [M+ - RL] ions may be formed with rearrangement, or from an electronic state that cannot be effectively populated from molecular ions of high internal energies.
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  • 187
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1181-1182 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 188
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1183-1199 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Original mass spectra of uracil and thymine derivatives are presented with the corresponding fragmentation schemes.In the first series of spectra, the fragmentations of thymine derivatives, including 14C-2-thymine, dimers, and bromo thymines, confirm the basic retro Diels-Alder mechanism.The second series includes dihydro 5,6-derivatives of uracil (hydroxy and bromo substituents). The behaviour of these molecules is quite different; they are more sensitive to the substituents and a part of the fragmentation is often explained by protonated molecular ions.
    Notes: Nous présentons und série de spectres de masse originaux, de dérivés de l'uracile et de la thymine, ainsi que les schémas de fragmentation correspondants.L'étude d'une première série de molécules, à caractère aromatique, dont une marquée au 14C, a permis de confirmeer le mécanisme de base de la fragmentation comme étant un ‘retro Diels Alder’.Une deuxième série, Saturée en positoin 5,6 du noyau, montre le caractère totalement différent de ces molécules, plus fragiles, plus sensibles à la nature des substituants et donnant un ion protoné [MH]+, responsable d'une partie des fragments observés.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: For the interpretation of experimental data on the activation energy and free activation enthalpy for the inversion of cyclohexane and its di-, tetra- and hexa-methyl derivatives, model calculations were made to determine the ‘relative’ energies of the ground, intermediate and transition states of the molecules. For this purpose Hendrickson's model was extended so that with internal molecular variables (bond lengths, valence and torsional angles) the topography and the ‘relative’ energy of every possible unsymmetrical conformation could be included.To obtain optimal agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results a total of 17 different combinations of potential functions for deformation of valence angles, torsional angles and H—H interactions were used. By application of the extended calculating procedure it was found that for cyclohexane the half-chair conformation is not, as until now assumed, the only transition conformation in chair inversion, but that there are numerous other unsymmetrical transition conformations with similar energies.The calculations for methyl cyclohexanes showed that for molecules with synaxial arrangement of methyl groups the relative energy of the chair form is considerably increased. The chair form is however still the most stable, even in the case of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclohexane. The most favourable twist conformations are about 2.6 to 6.5 kcal/mole energy richer.Calculation of activation energies showed that, with synaxial arrangement of two or more methyl groups, the relative energy of the transition conformation is less markedly increased than is that of the ground state, with the result that the activation energy is reduced in comparison with that for cyclohexane.
    Notes: Zur Interpretation der experimentell bestimmten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie bzw. der freien Aktivierungsenthalpie der Ringinversion wurden für Cyclohexan, 1,1-Dimethyl-, 1,1,3,3- und 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl- sowie 1,1,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexan Modellberechnungen des ‘relativen’ Energieinhalts von Grund-, Zwischen- und Übergangskonformationen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde das Hendrickson'sche Rechenmodell so erweitert, daß mit molekülinternen Variablen (Bindungsabständen, Valenz- und Torsionswinkeln) die Topographie und der ‘relative Energieinhalt’ jeder beliebigen unsymmetrischen Konformation berechnet warden können.Zur optimalen Anpassung der berechneten Daten an die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden insgesamt 17 verschiedene Kombinationen von Potentialfunktionen für Deformation von Valenzund Torsionswinkeln und H—H-Wechselwirkung verwendet.Bei Anwendung des erweiteren Rechenverfahrens auf die Cyclohexanmolekel ergab sich, daß die halbsesselähnliche Konformation nicht, wie bisher angenommen, einzige Übergangskonformation der Sesselinversion ist, vielmehr gibt es außerdem unendlich viele unsymmetrische Übergangskon-formationen gleichen Energieinhalts. Die Rechnungen ergaben für die Methylcyclohexane, daß bei Molekülen mit synaxialer Anordnung von Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt des Sessels zwar stark angehoben ist, der Sessel ist jedoch in allen Fällen selbst bei den Molekeln des 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexans die stabilste Konformation. Die günstigsten Twistkonformationen sind um 2,6 bis 6,5 kcal/mol energiereicher. Bei der Berechnung der Aktivierungsenergie wurde gefunden, daß bei synaxialer Stellung von mindestens zwei Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation weniger stark angehoben ist als derjenige der Sesselform, wodurch die Aktivierungsenergie im Vergleich zum Cyclohexan erniedrigt wird; bei 1,4-Stellung der Substituenten wird dagegen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation stärker angehoben als der des Grundzustandes, die Aktivierungsenergie wird erhöht.
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  • 191
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts and coupling constants for a series of 2-substituted-5-nitropyridines and 2-substituted-3-nitropyridines, both in the free base and protonated forms, are reported. The substituents were chloro, bromo, iodo, and hydroxyl. The effect of the substituents on the chemical shifts are substantial but not unusual. The coupling constants are less sensitive to the nature of the substituent and are perturbed only slightly when the ring nitrogen is protonated. This latter observation is consistent with the results of LCAO-MO calculations.
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  • 192
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton and 13C—H satellite spectra of five diethyl haloacetals have been analyzed and their spectral parameters obtained. The parameters for the ethoxy methylene protons indicate the extent of their magnetic nonequivalence. It has been found that these parameters are dependent on the degree of halogen substitution in the group Z, which is bonded to the central carbon atom, and correlate well with the corresponding group electronegativity values, a′ z, proposed by Huheey. The parallel behavior of the methylenic J(C—H) and chemical shifts indicates that a primarily through-bond mechanism is responsible for propagation of both the electronic and symmetry effects observed. Transmission factors calculated from the spectral data agree with independent estimates reasonably well, thus supporting the conclusions reached here.
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton NMR spectra of 1-substituted 2,4-dimethylbenzenes (2), 1-substituted 2,6-dimethylbenzenes (3) and 1-substituted 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenes (4) were determined and the SCS values compared with those of monosubstituted benzenes (1). SCS of 1 are assumed to be primarily due to the effects of π-electron charge density, substituent electric field and substituent diamagnetic anisotropy, and the van der Waals interaction: thus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm SCS = SCS}_{\pi {\rm}} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm E} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm A} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} When, however, the substituent is sterically hindered, then: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm SCS}^{\rm '} {\rm = SCS}_{{\rm \pi}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{{\rm E}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{{\rm A}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ = {\rm c}_{\rm \pi} {\rm SCS}_{\rm \pi} {\rm + c}_{\rm E} {\rm SCS}_{\rm E} {\rm + c}_{\rm A} {\rm SCS}_{\rm A} {\rm + c}_{\rm V} {\rm SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} where cπ∼V may be constants predictable from the theories associated with each component. By estimating SCSπ∼V or cπ∼V, a quantitative separation of SCS into their components was attempted. It is shown, however, that the data available, as well as the nature of this approach, cannot necessarily be sufficient for this purpose.Various effects which might also contribute to the proton NMR chemical shifts of sterically hindered molecules are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The proton magnetic resonance spectrum of acetyl-cyclobutadiene-irontricarbonyl has been measured including all observable 13C—H-coupling constants. The couplings are assigned and discussed with respect to structure and bonding properties of the molecule. The results exclude the structure of a cyclic conjugated diene with alternating double and single bonds.
    Notes: Das Protonenresonanz-Spektrum des Acetyl-cyclobutadien-eisentricarbonyls wurde einschließlich aller beobachtbaren 13C—H-Kopplungskonstanten vermessen. Die Kopplungen warden zugeordnet und im Hinblick auf Molekülstruktur und Bindungsverhältnisse diskutiert. Auf Grund der Messungen kann die Struktur eines cyclisch-konjugierten Diens mit alternierenden Doppel- und Eingachbindungen ausgeschlossen warden.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The NMR spectral parameters for some bromo- and iodo-substituted fluorobenzenes are presented, and the derived meta- and para- fluorine-fluorine couplings are shown to be in accord with the predictions made by Abraham et al., using an additive substituent constant scheme. While the approximation of additive substituent effects is quite good, it is shown, however, that with highly accurate experimental values there are small deviations from perfect additivity. The existence of a large solvent effect on 3JFF is demonstrated and the mechanism of this effect is discussed. It is emphasized that certain discrepancies in the literature between various values of the same 3JFF may be due to this large, hitherto unrecognized solvent dependence.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMR spectra of substituted 4-piperidones in base and salt forms in D2O, water and other solvents are reported, and spectral characteristics interpreted in terms of equilibria between free ketone and 4,4-dideuteroxy (or hydroxy) forms. It is shown that 1-mono and 1,3-disubstituted-4-piperidones exist extensively as the corresponding dideuteroxy (or hydrated) species in D2O (or H2O) provided the ring nitrogen atom is positively charged, and that 3-substituents decrease the population of these forms. The facile D/H exchange of α-protons in the piperidone bases is also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 401-404 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR solvent effects induced by aromatic solvents on some 1,4-dioxanes, 1,3-dioxolanes and on some sulphur analogue derivatives are reported. The shielding effect of the aromatic solvents is examined in respect to the structure of the solute.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 431-433 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Deutero-1-methylpyrazole was synthesised and used to assign multiplets in the PMR spectrum of 1-methylpyrazole.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The substituent effect on proton resonances and vicinal H, H-coupling constants in benzene derivatives is studied using linear regression analysis. The change in shielding observed on substitution, relative to the proton resonance in benzene, Δσ, can be expressed as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta\sigma = - 1.04 \times 10^{- 12} {\rm E}_{\rm Z} - 1.08 \times 10^{- 18} {\rm E}^{\rm 2} + 9.17\Delta \rho + 0.18. $$\end{document}. This equation enables calculations of substituent effects on the basis of the dipolar and quadratic field effect (Ez, E2) and the π-charge density changes on the neighbouring C-atom (Δρ).The vicinal coupling constants show no correlation with the HMO-π-bond order. A linear regression using the well known dependence of the coupling constant on substituent electronegativity yields \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ ^3 {\rm J = 7}{\rm .63 + 0}{\rm .508}\Delta \alpha - 0.096\Delta \beta $$\end{document} where ΔEα and ΔEβ are the changes in electronegativity caused by substitution in α- or β-position, respectively, to the HCCH-fragment considered.
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Substituenten auf die Protonenresonanzen und die vicinalen H, H-Kopplungskonstanten in Benzolderivaten wird mit Hilfe linearer Ausgleichsrechnungen untersucht. Für die relativ zur Protonenresonanz des Benzols auftretende Abschirmungsänderung Δσ bei der Substitution wird die Beziehung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta\sigma = - 1.04 \times 10^{- 12} {\rm E}_{\rm Z} - 1,08 \times 10^{- 18} {\rm E}^{\rm 2} + 9,17\Delta \rho + 0,18. $$\end{document} angegeben, die eine Berechnung der Substituenten-Effektes mit Hilfe des dipolaren und quadratischen Feldeffektes (Ez, E2) und der π-Ladungsdichte-Änderung am benachbarten C-Atom (Δρ) erlaubt.Die vicinalen Kopplungskonstanten lassen sich mit der HMO-π-Bindungsordnung nicht korrelieren. Eine Ausgleichsrechnung unter Benutzung der bekannten Abhängigkeit der Kopplung von der Substituenten-Elektronegativität liefert \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ ^3 {\rm J = 7}{\rm .63 + 0}{\rm .508}\Delta \alpha - 0.096\Delta \beta $$\end{document} wobei ΔEα und ΔEβ die durch Substitution bedingte Änderung der Elektronegativität in α- bzw. β-Stellung zum betrachteten HCCH-Fragment bedeuten.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The confromations of the unsaturated seven membered ring in 4,4,6,6-tetradeuterium-1,2-benzocycloheptene-(1) (1) and five benzocycloheptene derivatives were determined by NMR spectroscopy. For all investigated compounds at -80°C only one conformer was present in detectable quantity. By analysis of the NMR data - molecular symmetry, coupling constants and chemical shift - it can be shown that the conformation is always the chair form. The free conformational enthalpy of both the other conformations with boat or twist form of the ring is for all six compounds more than 1.8 kcal/mole.The experimental results agree with those from model calculations: thus for benzocycloheptene, the 5,5-dimethyl derivative (2) and the 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl derivative (4) the lowest energy was found for the chair conformation; the second most stable conformations were found to be the boat for 1 and 4, and the twist form for 2.
    Notes: Für 4.4.6.6-Tetradeuterium-1.2-benzocyclohepten-(1) (1) und fünf Benzocyclo-heptenderivate wurde PR-specktroskopisch die Konformation des ungesättigten Siebenringes bestimmt. Bei allen untersuchten Verbindungen liegt bei -80° nur ein Konformeres in nachweisbarer Menge vor. Durch Auswertung PR-spektroskopisch bestimmter Daten - Molekel-Symmetrie, Kopplungskonstanten, chemische Verschiebungen - kann gezeigt werden, daß dieses Konformere Sesselform hat. Die freie Konformationsenthalpie der beiden anderen Konformeren mit Wannen- bzw. Twist-Form des Siebenringes beträgt bei allen sechs Verbindungen mehr als 1,8 kcal/Mol.Mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen stimmen diejenigen von Modellrechnungen überein: Für die Molekeln des Benzocycloheptens sowie des 5.5-Dimethylderivates (2) und der 4.4.6.6-Tetramethylverbindung (4) wurde für die Sesselkonformation der niedrigste Energieinhalt berechnet; als zweitstabilste Konformation wurde bei 1 und 4 die Wanne, bei 2 hingegen die Twist-Form ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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