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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1976), S. 403-421 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Cat ; Experimental anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fiber projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellum was examined in the cat. Electrolytic lesions were placed in a confined area of the LRN using a parapharyngeal approach, and the ensuing degeneration was studied in sections stained by the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer methods. Fibers from the LRN ascend the ipsilateral restiform body, terminating bilaterally but chiefly in the ipsilateral cerebellum. In the ipsilateral cortex projections were found to lobules I to V, with denser terminations in sublobules IVb to Ve. The projections are stronger in the intermediate-lateral zones than in the vermis proper. There is also a dense projection to sublobules VId and VIf and to the medialmost part of the simple lobule (HVI). Scanty termination was seen in the medialmost part of crus I. There is a moderate projection to the caudalmost folium of sublobule VIIb and to the rostral folia of sublobule VIIIa and the paramedian lobule. The contralateral projection by fibers crossed within the cerebellum is far less dense but clearcut in the anterior lobe, the rostral folia of lobule VI and the medial part of the simple lobule. In the ipsilateral nuclei strong projections were found to rostral portions of the medial nucleus (M) and the caudal two thirds of the anterior interpositus nucleus (IA) with predominance in the lateral part of the latter. A focal projection was found to rostrodorsal portions of the posterior interpositus nucleus (IP). No projection was found to the lateral nucleus (L). Contralaterally there is a weak projection to the rostral part of M and the medial parts of IA and IP.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial geniculate body ; Neuronal geometry ; Synaptic triplets ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Golgi and electron microscopic analysis of the known cellular layers in concentric shells of the ventro-lateral portion of the medial geniculate body revealed a flat grid of high density neuropil filling the space between the geniculocortical relay cells, forming essentially a single cell layer in each lamina. The “skeleton” of this neuropil grid is made up by the interdigitating dendritic tufts of the geniculocortical relay cells, joined together by a rich system of desmosomoid adhesion plaques. The “holes” of the “skeleton” are filled in by the multilobed dendritic appendages of Golgi type II interneurons and the grape-like terminals of the inferior collicular specific afferents. Additional axon terminals of other sources — terminals of descending corticogenicular fibers, axons of the Golgi type II interneurons and terminals of the initial collaterals of the geniculocortical relay cells — contribute only to a very insignificant fraction of neuropil volume. The Golgi type II interneurons are oriented in perpendicular direction to the cell layers so that they may bridge with their dendrites several successive layers. Although the general expression “synaptic glomeruli” used in other relay nuclei for this type of specific synaptic arrangement is hardly applicable to this grid-like neuropil, the essential synaptic articulation pattern of all thalamic relay nuclei is well maintained. The specific inferior collicular afferents are presynaptic to both relay cell dendrites and to the multilobed dendritic appendages of Golgi type II cells, which in turn are presynaptic to the same dendritic regions of the relay cells receiving the bulk of the specific afferents.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus ; Retinal projection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal projection to the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) was studied in 25 adult cats. In 12 cats one or both eyes were enucleated and the terminal degeneration in the LGNv was studied with silver impregnation methods. In 12 cats one or both eyes were injected with 3H-leucine and the terminal labelling in the LGNv was studied with autoradiography. In one animal one eye was enucleated and the other injected. In this case alternate sections were silver impregnated and processed for autoradiography. The series were cut in parasagittal, transverse or horizontal planes. The results revealed by degeneration were in very good agreement with those revealed by axoplasmic protein tracing. Two fields of retinal projection were found in the LGNv. The larger, dorsal one was restricted to subnucleus d (Jordan and Holländer, 1972) and comprised an ipsilateral and a contralateral component which did not overlap each other. The smaller, ventral field of projection was contralateral and extended from subnucleus b into c, e and a. The afferent optic tract fibres to both terminal fields were of small calibers.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Slowly and rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors ; Sinus hairs ; Somatosensory cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses in the somatosensory cortical area S I to stimulation of facial sinus hairs were recorded in the anaesthetized cat and compared with activity in primary afferent fibres innervating vibrissae follicles. The specific cortical vibrissa area is somatotopically organized; 39% of the cortical units in that area responded to stimulation of only a single sinus hair but in some cases all maxillary vibrissae activated a single cortical neurone. The responses consisted of three major groups; either a phasic discharge in response to the movement part of a stimulus, or an additional tonic discharge related to the steady period of vibrissa deflection, or a tonic discharge. On the basis of a comparison of response and excitability characteristics of primary afferent and cortical neurones it is concluded that all four kinds of peripheral units innervating sinus hair follicles project to the somatosensory cortical area S I. It appears from these findings that some cortical neurones receive a specific input related to a particular component of the complex primary afferent response in fibres innervating sinus hair follicles. The results are discussed with respect to previous reports on the central representation of facial sinus hairs in different species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 299-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Trigeminal motor nucleus ; Supra- and intertrigeminal nuclei ; Topographical localization ; Focal potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular focal potentials were evoked and mapped in the trigeminal motor nucleus and its surrounding borderzone in the cat. Graded electrical stimulation was used for orthodromic and antidromic excitation of the masseteric and digastric motoneurones and for orthodromic stimulation of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves. The method of referring Horsley Clarke coordinates of microelectrode recording positions to their location of the actual histological section was studied and the total error affecting the method was calculated for the H, AP and L axes. The characteristics and the distribution of the evoked focal potentials were described and related to the histological section from the actual experiment. A phase reversal of the negative focal potential evoked by the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves in the main sensory nucleus and in the intertrigeminal nucleus was observed to indicate the dorso-lateral border of the motor nucleus. Other borders were given by the antidromic potentials evoked in the nucleus. Digastric motoneurones were found medially in the caudal third and ventro-medially in the middle third of the motor nucleus. The masseteric motoneurones were located laterally in the middle and rostral thirds of the nucleus. Potentials evoked in the supratrigeminal and intertrigeminal subnuclei, adjacent to the motor nucleus, were considered and discussed in relation to the available evidence of interneurones subserving trigeminal reflex arcs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 169 (1976), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Large intestine ; Gastrointestinal motility ; Electromyography ; Circadian rhythm ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since circadian patterns of colonic motility are largely unknown the electrical activity of the colon musculature was recorded in 6 unanesthetized cats during day and night. All parts of the colon exhibited 6 patterns of electrical activity: spikes, oscillations, omnipresent regular slow waves, and three composite patterns, i.e. a minute-rhythmic activity, activity complexes of 1 to 18 minute duration and a nyctohemeral pattern. The circadian rhythm was different between the proximal and distal colon resulting in activity gradients. These were directed in an aborad direction from 7 to 9 a.m. and from 9 p.m. to midnight. Most of the defecations of the 6 cats occured in the late evening until 1 a.m. Spike activity of the distal colon predominated from 3 to 4 a.m. and from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is concluded that a circadian rhythm exists in the motility of the cat colon. Differences in the activity between the proximal and the distal colon and resulting activity gradients may offer an explanation for the influences of the time of day on the timing of defecations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 149 (1976), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Cat ; Visual system ; Lateral geniculate nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal growth of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) is studied in paraffin sections through the brains of 32 cats of known age. The changes in shape and position of the LGNd are described and it is shown that its volume increases from about 3.4 mm3 at birth to about 26.4 mm3 in the adult cat. When this value is corrected for shrinkage, the volume of the LGNd in the adult cat turns out to be about 44 mm3. The detailed measurements reveal that during the second and third week of postnatal life there is a particularly steep increase in volume and that the final values are already reached at around the 40th day. Concomitant with the increase in volume there is a decrease of the number of cells per unit volume of grey matter. In the binocular segment of lamina A the number of cells decreases from about 470 per (0.1 mm)3 at birth to between 95 and 130 per (0.1 mm)3 in the adult cat. Separate measurements of nerve cells and neuroglial cells indicate that the absolute number of nerve cells remains fairly constant during postnatal life, whereas between the second and sixth week a great number of neuroglial cells are newly formed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 25 (1976), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intralaminar system of thalamus ; Visual orientation ; Contrast perception ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrical stimulation with repetitive pulses (6/sec) was applied to the internal medullary lamina and produced tonic contraversive turning movements of eyes and head which were associated with recruiting responses in the visual cortex. Optical gratings of a spatial frequency of 0.5 c/deg which alternated with diffuse illumination of equal intensity were then presented to the animal during conjugated adversive eye movements induced by intralaminar stimulation with continuous sine-wave alternating currents of 5000 c.p.s. The head of the animal was fixed except for rotation in the horizontal plane. Prior to intralaminar stimulation it was turned in the direction opposite to the induced eye movements so that the animal always viewed the central area of the screen. The potential recorded in the visual cortex in response to the gratings consisted of an initial positive-negative potential of the order of 20 μV followed by later deflections of irregular shape. The size of this initial potential was measured during induced gazing and in the absence of intralaminar stimulation. A significantly greater potential in response to the gratings was found during gazing. Diminishing the visual acuity of the animal resulted in a marked decrease of the initial potential and in this condition very little increase was obtained during gazing. No enhancement of the potential was seen when stimulation was applied to other thalamic structures that yielded no visual orientation. It is concluded that perception of contrast is improved during visual orientation and that the effect is due to a concomitant activation of unspecific intralaminar afferents to the visual cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 25 (1976), S. 291-306 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate ; Eye movements ; Frontal eye field ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field (FEF) upon activities of the lateral geniculate body (LG) were studied in encéphale isolé cats. In some experiments the effects were examined by recording field responses of the dorsal nucleus of LG (LGd) and the visual cortex (VC) to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm (OX). Conditioning repetitive stimulation of FEF exerted no significant effects on the r1 wave of LGd responses but had a facilitatory effect on the r2 wave. FEF-induced facilitation of VC responses was prominent in the late postsynaptic components. These effects had latencies of 50–100 msec and durations of 200–500 msec. Transection of the midbrain showed that most of the FEF-effect was not mediated via the brainstem reticular formation. Extracellular unitary recordings were made from 125 neurons, of which 91 were LGd neurons, 23 neurons of the caudal part of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRc) and 11 neurons of the ventral nucleus of LG (LGv). In 30 of 87 LGd relay neurons FEF stimuli increased response probabilities to OX stimuli and their spontaneous discharges. These FEF-facilitated LGd neurons were distinguished from the non-affected ones in that the former had longer OX-latencies than the latter. The FEF-facilitated neurons probably correspond to “X” neurons of LGd. In 17 TRc neurons the effects were inhibitory. Their time courses were similar to those of the facilitation in the LGd relay neurons. Seven LGv neurons received facilitatory effects from FEF. Among them 5 neurons showed short-latency (6.7–17 msec) responses to FEF single shocks. The FEF sites inducing conjugate lateral eye movements exerted stronger facilitatory effects than those inducing upward or centering eye movements did. It is suggested that the effects may subserve to cancel the inhibitory convergence onto X-cells just after saccadic eye movements so as to improve visual information transmission through LGd during the eye fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1976), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Cortex ; Area 17 ; Receptive fields ; Hypercomplex cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 25 (1976), S. 327-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Dorsal spinocerebellar tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The assertion made by Burton, Bloedel and Gregory (1971) that neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) receive collateral excitation from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) has been tested. The activation of mLRN neurones on stimulation of limb nerves was studied in preparations with the spinal cord interrupted at C3 sparing only the dorsal part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus (iDLF preparations), only the ipsilateral ventral quadrant (iVQ preparations), or only the ipsilateral lateral and ventral funiculi (iLFVF preparations). 2. In iDLF preparations (with the DSCT intact) stimulation of limb nerves evoked responses in only occasional mLRN neurones. These responses could be attributed to activation from some dorsally located fibres belonging to the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) and to activation from a previously unknown path activated after a long latency from ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb afferents. 3. In iLFVF preparations (with the DSCT intact) and iVQ preparations (with the DSCT interrupted) most mLRN neurones responded to limb nerve stimulation. The responses in the two preparations were similar and could be attributed largely or exclusively to activation from the bVFRT. 4. It is concluded that the DSCT does not activate any major group of mLRN neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 25 (1976), S. 115-130 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Decortication ; Vision ; Learning ; Sexual behaviour ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bilateral removal of the cerebral cortex was made in cats neonatally. Spontaneous and imposed behaviour was studied while they were growing up and after they had become adult. Special emphasis was put on the utilization of visual cues and on learning. The cats ate, drank and groomed themselves adequately. Adequate maternal and female sexual behaviour was observed. They utilized the visual and haptic senses with respect to external space. Two cats were trained to perform visual discrimination in a T-maze. The adequacy of the behaviour of these cats is compared to that of animals with similar lesions made at maturity.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial geniculate body ; Interneurons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three different types of interneurons can be separated in the Golgi picture, and many of their details can be identified under the electron microscope, in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the cat: (1) typical short axon Golgi II. cells of the thalamic type, (2) somewhat larger Golgi type II cells with medium range axon, and (3) spidery neurogliform short axon cells. The most distinctive features of the two first types (1) and (2) are their irregular drumstick shape appendages, increasing in number as well as in length and irregularity of their stalks towards the periphery of the dendrites. These appendages form the vast majority of synaptic profiles in the aggregations of synaptic neuropil (glomeruli) of the nuclei, and they are both presynaptic and postsynaptic by the usual standards applied for the evaluation of the polarity of synapses. The characteristic beaded dendrites of the (3) neurogliform cell type can be recognised particularly easily in the electron microscope picture. They are both presynaptic and postsynaptic in structural polarity. All identified process profiles of interneurons contain flattened (F.-type) or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. Membrane contacts, in which the interneurons appear to be presynaptic are either of the symmetric (Gray type II) or of an intermediate type. The membrane contacts of postsynaptic portions of the interneurons are usually of the asymmetric type (Gray type I) and the presynaptic profiles contain round (R-type) vesicles. The larger one have been shown already earlier to be derived from specific sensory (inferior collicular) afferents, while many of the smaller ones could be identified in the present study as being derived from cortico-geniculate descending pathways, arising from the auditory areas. Some of the synaptic contacts of the interneurons are apparently derived from other interneurons, the presynaptic profiles being often equivocal or more likely of axonal origin (all interneurons have clear axons in the Golgi picture). The occurrence of three distinct types of interneurons — probably all of inhibitory nature — the complexity in synaptic arrangement, and more particularly in the dendritic linkage of numerous synaptic sites does not favour such simple explanations as surround inhibition by forward or by backward inhibition, but suggests more sophisticated modes of impulse processing in the MGB.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vasoconstrictor neurones ; Vasodilator neurones ; Skin ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and hairless skin of the hindleg were investigated on spinal cord heating and spinal cord cooling in chloralose anesthetized cats. 1. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones which were classified as vasoconstrictor neurones were depressed by spinal cord heating and excited by spinal cord cooling. The overall response to spinal cord cooling was smaller than that to spinal cord heating. 2. Posiganglionic neurones to the hairless skin, which had most likely sudomotor function, responded initially to spinal cord heating with a few impulses or not at all. As judged by the skin potentials recorded from the hairless skin the sweat glands were also only weakly activated at the beginning of the heat stimuli. 3. Six silent postganglionic neurones, 3 each to the hairy skin and to the hairless skin, were excited during spinal cord heating. The response of these neurones consisted of a dynamic and a static component and started at the beginning of the heating stimuli with latencies of less than 10 s. The neurones could not be excited by any other stimuli and were classified as cutaneous vasodilator neurones. 4. Quantitative analysis of 4 spontaneously active postganglionic (vasoconstrictor) neurones and 3 silent postganglionic (vasodilator) neurones revealed that the threshold of the responses of these neurones to spinal cord heating was 40–42°C (on the dorsal spinal cord) and that the response increase was maximal at the highest temperatures tested (43–44°C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 361 (1976), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vasoconstrictors ; Pilomotors ; Tail's skin ; Single unit analysis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postganglionic neurones to the tail's skin of the cat were investigated with regard to their spontaneous activity, response characteristics to somatic stimuli and asphyxia, the conduction velocity of their axons, and the conduction velocity of the preganglionic axons converging on them. The cats were anaesthetized with chloralose, immobilized, and arteficially ventilated. With this regimen the postganglionic neurones were divided into two types: 1. Type 1 neurones are spontaneously active and exhibit reflexes upon somatic stimulation. During asphyxia they are mostly first depressed and then excited for about 2–3 min. Their axons conduct with 0.57±0.13 m/s (mean ± SD). The preganglionic axons converging on them conduct with 5.4±1.6 m/s. 2. Type 2 neurones are not spontaneously active and exhibit with few exceptions no reflexes on somatic stimuli. During asphyxia they are activated after 3–4 min, concomitantly with piloerection, when the activity in type 1 neurones is already decreasing. Their axons conduct with 0.84±0.14 m/s, the preganglionic axons converging on them conduct with 9.9±2.9 m/s. 3. From these characteristics it is concluded that type 1 neurones have vasomotor function and most type 2 neurones pilomotor function.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vasoconstrictors ; Vasodilators ; Muscle ; Hypothalamic stimulation ; Atropinesensitive vasodilation ; Single unit analysis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Discharge patterns in postganglionic neurones to muscle and to hairy skin of the hindlimb of chloralose anaesthetized cats were investigated during electrical hypothalamic stimulation which induced either vasoconstriction or atropine sensitive vasodilation in the skeletal muscle. 2. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones to muscle were activated both during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and active vasodilation. Stimulation of the hypothalamic vasodilator area induced mostly a sequence of activation-depression-activation in these neurones. Stimulation of cutaneous Group IV afferents elicited reflexes in these neurones; repetitive high frequency stimulation of large diameter afferents in the vago-depressor nerve produced depression of spontaneous activity followed by a postinhibitory excitation. The characteristics of these neurones fit those that would be expected of vasoconstrictors. 3. Normally inactive postganglionic neurones to skeletal muscle could only be activated during hypothalamically induced atropine sensitive vasodilation. These neurones exhibit no reflexes on somatic stimulation. The axons of these neurones conduct faster than those of the spontaneously active postganglionic neurones. It is likely that they are cholinergic vasodilator neurones. 4. Most of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hairy skin were activated during stimulation of both the hypothalamic vasoconstrictor and the vasodilator areas. These neurones have the characteristics of cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones. Part of the cutaneous not spontaneously active postganglionic neurones could neither be activated from the hypothalamus nor by somatic stimuli.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Cocaine ; Self-administration ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for studying intravenous drug self-administration in the cat is described. Ten cats were given 24-h access to methamphetamine reinforcement (0.04 mg/kg/inj.). The subjects maintained a significantly higher response rate for drug reinforcement than for saline. The pattern of self-administration over days alternated between periods of high and low drug intake. Six additional cats were used to study the effect of dose per injection on methamphetamine self-administration under conditions of limited access. When methamphetamine was substituted at various doses per infusion in animals maintained on cocaine reinforcement, response rate was shown to be an inverted U-shaped function of dose. These studies demonstrate that methamphetamine is a reinforcer in the cat and its patterns of intake under conditions of 24-h and limited access resemble other species.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cilia ; Astrocytes ; Neuron ; Fundus striati ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the fundus striati of the cat a few multiple ciliated astroglial cells and a single-ciliated small neuron were observed. In astrocytes cilia display a 9+2 subfiber configuration.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 265-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelinated fibres ; Visual cortex ; Stereology ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of stereological procedures the development of myelinated nerve fibres (MF) was quantitatively investigated in electron micrographs of the visual cortex from animals of different ages: 36 days-old, the age at which fibres first appear, through adulthood. A short description of tissue treatment, methods and qualitative results is given. The following quantitative results are presented: 1. Myelinization begins at about the 36th day postpartum and is not completed by the 164th day. At this time a lack of about 20% MF can be observed. 2. The average diameter of MF decreases from 1.3 μm to 0.8 μm from day 36 to adulthood. 3. The first MF appear near the border of the album. 4. Beginning with the 55th day, small MF arise in layer I, showing two periods of growth. 5. The maximum MF density in the region of layer IV corresponds to the strip of Baillarger. Other aspects of visual cortex development are dealt with in the Discussion. The following conclusions can be drawn: a) The growing of inand output-MF is completed first. b) The development of the internal connecting systems in layers I and IV begins a little later and is completed by the 5th month. c) The MF in layers II and III appear after the 4th month. Kaes (1907) has also described a continuation of MF growth in man lasting into the twenties.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Cat ; Ultrastructural differentiation of the epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline yolk sacs from 11 stages between the 14th and the 66th day is described with reference to the endoderm and the mesothelium; supplementary histochemical and cytochemical studies are included. Despite the absence of yolk, the endodermal epithelium shows a high degree of differentiation and activity, especially in the period between the 25th and the 38th day. Large stacks of RER, abundant SER, mitochondria enveloped by RER cisternae, and a peculiar type of lysosome are the most prominent organelles. Acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase and NAD- and NADP-diaphorases are found with high activity, whereas the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay stains the endothelium only moderately. Indications of reabsorption are less marked. In view of the apparent immaturity of the liver parenchymal cells at this stage, the yolk sac endoderm of cat is suggested to act as an important extraembryonic site of biosynthesis. As preliminary results of a chemical analysis show that the yolk sac fluid has nearly no nutritional value, the substances synthesized are believed to be transported directly to the fetus. The mesothelium shows relatively few alterations over the period studied, is less rich in organelles and is obviously far less active than the endoderm.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 489-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fundus striati ; Cat ; Nine bouton types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to discriminate additional types of synapses than have been previously described in the nucleus accumbens septi of the cat, which can, according to Brockhaus (1942), justifiably be termed the fundus striati due to the fact that it possesses all of the morphological and some of the neurochemical features of the striatum. This was undertaken in order to correlate at least one type of synapse with each different afferent pathway. Nine distinct types of synapses could be differentiated electron microscopically: Type I: axo-spinous synapses with sparse, small, round vesicles which seemed to be the nigro-striatal endings (35%). Type II: axo-somatic or axo-dendritic en passant synapses containing small, round vesicles (3%). Type III: axo-spinous synapses filled with densely-packed, small, round vesicles displaying strong postsynaptic thickenings which seem to be corticostriatal (17%). Type IV: large axo-spinous synapses with densely-arranged, small, round vesicles contacting larger spines branching off a pedicle (9%). Type V: axo-somatic or axo-dendritic synapses containing large pleomorphic vesicles, probably axon collaterals (1%). Type VI: axo-somatic or axo-dendritic synapses with elongated small vesicles (20×45 nm) (3%). Type VII: large axo-somatic or axo-dendritic synapses filled by denselypacked, small, round vesicles (11%). Type VIII: large axo-somatic or axo-dendritic synapses containing loosely-arranged, small, round vesicles (8%). Type IX: axo-somatic or axo-dendritic synapses containing large, round vesicles in a translucent axoplasm (13%).
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 261-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cat ; Ciliary body ; ‘False’ transmitters ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ciliary body of the cat was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy in an attempt to clarify its sympathetic innervation. Subconjunctival doses of 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were given to establish the precise location of the sympathetic nerve terminals. The distribution of noradrenergic fibers and terminals was shown by fluorescence histochemistry to be sparse in the trabecular meshwork and the anterior portion of the ciliary muscle, but dense in the subepithelial tissue. The small and large dense core vesicles which occur in many nerve endings of the subepithelial tissue adjacent to the pigmented epithelial layer increased in electron density following the administration of 5-OHDA. Many degenerating nerve endings were found in the same region of animals treated with 6-OHDA. In contrast, there were few noradrenergic terminals in the ciliary muscle except for a portion of the smooth muscle which was shown to be dually innervated. The noradrenergic fibers in the subepithelial region and the trabecular meshwork may play an important role in aqueous secretion and outflow.
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  • 23
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Marginal glia ; Superficial nerve cells ; Brain stem ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch perfusionsfixierte Gehirne von erwachsenen Katzen werden in der Glia marginalis des Hirnstamms unterschiedlich gebaute Bezirke beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß über dem Nucleus paragigantocellularis und über dem Ncl. “z” swischen den Fasern der Glia marginalis Nervenzellen liegen. Über dem erstgenannten Kern stellen diese Zellen möglicherweise das morphologische Substrat der chemosensiblen Felder dar, die durch die physiologischen Untersuchungen von Loeschcke, Mitchell u.a. bekannt geworden sind.
    Notes: Summary In the marginal glia covering the brain stem of the cat, regional differences are described in paraffin sections of brains which had been fixed by perfusion of Bouin's fluid. It is shown that between the glia fibres covering the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the nucleus “z” there are nerve cells. It is suggested that in the region of the nucleus paragiganto-cellularis these cells are the morphological substrate of a chemosensible zone described in physiological experiments by Loeschcke, Mitchell and others.
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  • 24
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillary density ; Postnatal development ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch das Corpus callosum perfusionsfixierter Gehirne von 19 Katzen im Alter von einem Tag bis zu 2 1/2 Jahren wurde das Capillarvolumen bestimmt. Es beträgt bei der neugeborenen Katze 0,81 Vol.-%. In der 2. Lebenswoche beginnt eine Zunahme, die in der 5. Woche ein Maximum von 2,92 Vol.-% erreicht. Im Verlauf der 6. Woche setzt eine zunächst rasche, von der 7. Woche an aber nur noch langsam verlaufende Abnahme ein, bis bei einem Lebensalter von etwa 1 Jahr ein für das erwachsene Tier charakteristischer Wert um 1,5 Vol.-% erreicht wird. Die Abnahme des Capillarvolumens hängt mit der Markscheidenbildung und der dadurch bedingten Zunahme des Fasermaterials zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Postnatal changes of capillary density have been determined in paraffin sections through the corpus callosum of 19 cats. At birth the capillary density amounts to 0.81 vol.-%. In the 2nd week of postnatal life it begins to increase and reaches a maximum of 2.92 vol.-% in the 5th week. From the 6th week onwards there is an initially steep and later on less pronounced decrease until at an age of about 1 year a value of about 1.5 vol.-% is reached, which is maintained in adult life. — The decrease in the percentage of capillary volume seen after the 5th week is caused by the rapid increase in fibrous material due to myelination.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alumina Cream ; Intracerebral Injection ; Pathology of Growing Brain ; Myelination ; Demyelination ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum Studium der Reaktion des jugendlichen und erwachsenen Gehirnes auf einen chronischen Reiz wurden bei Katzen verschiedenen Lebensalters intracerebrale Injektionen von Aluminiumhydroxyd vorgenommen. Die Tiere wurden nach Überlebenszeiten von 7 Tagen, 40 Tagen und 3 Monaten durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung getötet. Die histologische Untersuchung der Gehirne ergab eine Reihe von Unterschieden, je nachdem ob die Injektion vor oder nach der Markscheidenbildung erfolgt war. Besonders auffällig war der Befund, daß in der noch unmyelinisierten weißen Substanz jugendlicher Tiere kein Hirnödem und keine Gliose auftritt. Obgleich durch fluorescenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß das Aluminium von der Injektionsstelle aus weit in das umgebende Hirngewebe eindringt und dort über lange Zeit festgehalten wird, werden bei den jungen Tieren die Markscheiden später bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des Herdes normal angelegt. Bei erwachsenen Tieren kam es dagegen in der Nachbarschaft des Herdes stets zu einem starkem Ödem der weißen Substanz, zum Zerfall der Markscheiden und zu einer ausgebreiteten Gliose. Weitere Unterschiede in der Reaktionsweise des Gehirnes jugendlicher und erwachsener Tiere, die den Cortex und insbesondere die marginale Gliafaserschicht betreffen, werden im einzelnen beschrieben und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the reaction to chronic irritation of young and adult brain intracerebral injections of alumina cream were made in cats of various ages. The animals were killed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid after a survival time of 7 days, 40 days, and 3 months. Histological investigation revealed gross differences in the reaction according to whether the intracerebral injections had been made before or after myelination. Particularly striking was the finding that in the non-myelinated white matter of young animals there was no edema and no subsequent gliosis. Although alumina, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Morin, spreads into the tissue surrounding the focus, subsequent myelination appeared to be normal even in regions close to the site of injection. In contrast, injection into the brains of adult animals was followed by edema, widespread demyelination and gliosis of the white matter near the site of injection. Further differences between young and adult animals were found in the reaction of the grey matter and particularly of the marginal glia.
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  • 26
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
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  • 27
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    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile discrimination ; Dorsal column-medial lemniscus ; Spino-cervico-thalamic tract ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
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  • 28
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The EEG frequency content in cats, anaesthetized by Nembutal and artificially ventilated, was altered by means of injections of either additional Nembutal or of Metrazol. The EEG in cerveau isolé preparations was also changed in the same way. The regional cortical blood flow was determined by means of the 85Krypton technique. A high correlation was found between the frequency content of the EEG, measured by means of manual frequency analysis, and the regional cortical blood flow. The cortical blood flow increased when the mean frequency increased, and vice versa. A similar correlation was found when the EEG mean frequency was changed by means of sensory stimulation.
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  • 29
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Effects of hypoxia ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The relationship between cortical blood flow and the frequency content of the EEG was studied in a circumscribed area of the exposed cerebral cortex in cats under nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Autoregulation of the cortical blood flow was also tested during step-changes of the arterial blood pressure. Observations were made before and after an episode of severe hypoxia. 2. An episode of systemic hypoxia disrupted the normal high correlation between cortical blood flow and EEG frequency content. In the post-hypoxic period cortical flows of up to about three times normal values were recorded together with brain swelling and a slow wave EEG. The hyperemia and swelling subsided during 1–2 h after the hypoxic episode, and were accompanied by partial or complete recovery of the EEG. In the post-hypoxic period a defective autoregulation of the cortical blood flow to changes in the systemic blood pressure was demonstrated. 3. The cerebral post-hypoxic state with hyperaemia, brain swelling, EEG depression, and loss of autoregulation of blood flow, is probably caused by an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites which lead to cerebral tissue acidosis.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projections from the gyrus proreus and the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere have been studied in the cat with the silver method of Nauta. The gyrus proreus projects upon the following nuclei (for abbreviations, see list on page 133), ipsilateral R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc. VPI and to the contralateral principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The medial wall of the rostral hemisphere projects bilaterally upon R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc, VPI, VPL, the dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The ipsilateral thalamic projection is more abundant than the contralateral. The latter appears to increase in amount as the lesion is placed successively more ventrally on the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere. Some degenerating fibers cross in the corpus callosum and descend in the contralateral internal capsule but the majority cross in the dorsal part of the anterior commissure and reach the medial aspect of the anterior limb of the contralateral internal capsule. A somatotopical organization of the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere has been demonstrated. The rostrocaudal part projects upon the ipsilateral VPL lateralis (VPLl) and nucleus cuneatus and the contralateral nucleus gracilis and VPL medialis (VPLm). The caudal part of this cortical area sends fibers bilaterally to VPM, VPMpc, and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The intermediate part, which also includes agranular cortex on the medial wall, projects upon ispsilateral VPLm and nucleus gracilis and upon contralateral VPLl and nucleus cuneatus. — The fibers to the ventro-basal complex, dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are rather thick. The corticofugal fibers to the other thalamic nuclei are quite thin. — The findings are discussed in light of relevant anatomical and physiological observations in the literature and special emphasis has been laid on reported observations on the “supplementary motor” area.
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  • 31
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: SII ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Somatotopical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projection from the anterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat has been studied with the silver impregnation method of Nauta. The second somatosensory cortical area (SII) projects upon the ipsilateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the posterior thalamic region (PO) and to a slight extent upon the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (R), the centrum medianum (CM), the parvocellular part of VPM (VPMpc) and the nucleus ventralis posterior inferior (VPI). A somatotopical arrangement in the projection upon the ventro-basal (VB) complex has been demonstrated and a topical arrangement in the corticothalamic fibers from SII to PO is also evident. The transitional area between SII and the second auditory cortex sends fibers mainly to the entire magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc) and to a lesser degree to the principal division of this nucleus (MGp). The corticofugal fibers from SII follow various and rather complicated circuitous routes before they end in the different thalamic nuclei. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent anatomical and physiological observations. It is shown that zones B and C of SII which have been shown by Carreras and Andersson (1963) to possess a large number of place and modality specific neurons project upon the VB-complex. On the other hand, zone A which contains a majority of place and modality unspecific neurons sends its fibers exclusively to PO. Finally the problem of thalamocortical projections to SII is briefly discussed.
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  • 32
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 210-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensorimotor cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Somatotopical localization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions (in some cases bilateral) were made in the cerebral primary sensorimotor region in altogether 21 adult cats and the ensuing degeneration in the pontine nuclei was studied with the silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Glees. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to obtain lesions restricted entirely to particular cortical regions (for example the “hindlimb region” in the posterior sigmoid gyrus). The main results are as follows: 1. All parts of the primary sensorimotor region send fibres to the pontine nuclei. The projections from the posterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus are relatively scanty. 2. The cortical “motor” area (the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the coronal gyrus) and the “sensory” area (the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus) do not project to identical pontine regions, although both projections are organized in principally the same way. 3. The “motor” and “sensory” areas both project in a somatotopical manner onto two longitudinally oriented sharply delimited columns. In both projections one column is located medial and one lateral to the longitudinal fibre bundles of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Within the medial columns the “hindlimb” is represented ventrally with “face” most dorsally, within the lateral columns the “hindlimb” is located most caudally, with “forelimb” and “face” successively more rostrally. 4. The present results are in agreement with physiological observations on the cerebrocerebellar relations, but show that the pontine projection from the primary sensorimotor cortex is organized in a more complex manner than hitherto assumed.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Temperature ; Interval histograms ; Optic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 13 Katzen wurde die Aktivität von 128 Einzelfasern des N. opticus bei Temperaturen zwischen 27 und 39° C abgeleitet und direkt einer Intervallanalyse zugeführt. Die Durchschnittsfrequenz sank mit abnehmender Temperatur von 56/sec bei 39–37° C auf 21/sec unter 29° C. Bei Temperaturen über 35° C wurden nur unimodale oder zweigipfelige Verteilungen mit gehäuften Mehrfachentladungen gefunden. Unter 35° C traten multimodale Intervallhistogramme und Übergangstypen auf, bei denen einer Verteilung mehrere Gipfel aufgesetzt erschienen. Unter 29° C wurden nur mehrgipfelige Verteilungen beobachtet. In der phasischen Reaktion der Neurone wurden mit der Temperaturabnahme Latenzen länger und Hemmungen stärker. Unter 30° C konnte der Reaktionstyp des Neurons oft nicht mehr erkannt werden. Das vermehrte Auftreten multimodaler Verteilungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen ließe sich durch Verminderung von Interaktionen in der Retina erklären. Die Anregung zu dieser Untersuchung wurde von Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Bornschein gegeben.
    Notes: Summary The activity of 128 single fibers of the optic nerve was recorded in 13 cats at temperatures between 27 and 39° C. Nonsequential interval histograms were computed on line. Decreasing temperature diminished the mean frequency of the fiber activity from 56/sec at 37–39° C to 21/sec below 29° C. Above 35° C the histograms were unimodal or bimodal, the first peak caused by repetitive discharges. Below 35° C multimodal histograms appeared; in some distributions several peaks were superimposed. At temperatures below 29° C only multimodal distributions were obtained. The phasic response of the neurons to light showed an increase of latency and of inhibition according to the decrease of temperature. Often the type of the response of the neuron could not be recognized below 30° C. During hypothermia interactions in the retina may be reduced and this may explain why multimodal distributions occur more frequently.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Single Units ; Bulbar Trigeminal Nuclei ; Katze ; Elektrophysiologie ; Einzelneurone ; Bulbäre Trigeminuskerne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Funktionelle Eigenschaften der excitatorischen Verbindungen von Cortex, Thalamus und Peripherie zu 438 Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne wurden untersucht. Es konnten Beziehungen zwischen den Latenzzeiten der Antworten auf ipsilaterale, periphere Einzelreize, contralaterale thalamische Einzel- und Serienreize (N. ventralis posteromedialis) und contralaterale corticale Einzel- und Serienreize (somatosensorisches Projektionsgebiet S I, S II) nachgewiesen werden. 2. Für die Gesamtheit der Neurone wurde mit zunehmender Latenzzeit der Entladung auf periphere Reize eine Zunahme der prozentualen Ansprechbarkeit und der Latenzzeit der Antwort auf zentrale Reize beobachtet. 3. Die Neurone, deren periphere, thalamische und corticale Antworten Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz und mehr folgten, hatten im Mittel kürzere periphere Latenzzeiten als Neurone, die Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz nicht folgten. 4. Bulbäre Neurone, die mit thalamischen Reizen antidrom erregt wurden (lemniscale Neurone), unterschieden sich im Mittel von den übrigen Neuronen durch kürzere Latenzzeiten für periphere und zentrale Reize. 5. Es wurden lemniscale Neurone beobachtet, die mit corticalen Reizen monosynaptisch erregt werden konnten. 6. Neurone mit kleinen peripheren rezeptiven Feldern hatten im Mittel kürzere Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize als Neurone mit großen rezeptiven Feldern. 7. Die periphere Reizantwort von Neuronen konnte durch vorausgehende thalamische und corticale Reize gehemmt werden. Im Mittel wurde die Hemmung bei Neuronen mit Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize häufiger beobachtet. 8. Mögliche Bahnen, die an der Übertragung thalamo-bulbärer Effekte beteiligt sind, wurden diskutiert und schematisch dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit statistischen Methoden geprüft.
    Notes: Summary 1. Functional properties of excitatory connections from cortex, thalamus and periphery to a total of 438 trigeminal bulbar neurons of the cat have been investigated extracellularly. For the sample considered, correlations between latency of response to ipsilateral electrical single stimuli, contralateral electrical thalamic single and serial stimuli (N. ventralis posteromedialis) and also contralateral electrical cortical single and serial stimuli (somatosensory areas S I, S II) were established. 2. With increasing peripheral latency of response, the percentage of neurons responding to central stimulation increased as well. 3. Neurons following thalamic, cortical or peripheral stimulation frequencies of 50 cps or more showed in the average shorter latencies of response compared with neurons that could not be driven with 50 cps stimulation. 4. Bulbar neurons antidromically invaded by stimulation of the thalamus showed shorter latencies to peripheral, thalamic and cortical stimuli compared with other neurons. 5. Lemniscal neurons that could be activated monosynaptically by cortical stimulation have been observed. 6. Neurons with a small peripheral receptive field had in the average a shorter latency to peripheral stimuli than neurons with a large receptive field. 7. Responses to peripheral stimuli could be inhibited by preceding thalamic and cortical stimuli. 8. Possible pathways that are involved in transmission of thalamo-bulbar effects have been discussed and schematically represented. 9. All results have been examined by means of statistical methods.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Katze ; Mikroelektrophorese ; Acetylcholin ; Hippocampus ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Cat ; Microelectrophoresis ; Acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones in anaesthetized cats (Chloralose-Urethane) were examined with multibarrelled microelectrodes, testing their responsiveness to microelectrophoretic application of acetylcholine and photic stimulation. 2. In the ventral hippocampus and in the lateral geniculate body 60% of all neurones responded to acetylcholine. 3. Hippocampal neurones were activated with relatively short delay, often less than 1 sec. By contrast, lateral geniculate neurones responded with a latency period of 2–12 sec. The recovery time after acetylcholine-microelectrophoresis was found to be 10–20 sec in both regions. 4. The response of hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones to photic stimulation was enhanced by local application of acetylcholine; even during phenobarbital depression the photic responses were restored by acetylcholinemicroelectrophoresis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Neurone im Gebiet des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale der mit Chloralose-Urethan narkotisierten Katze wurden mit mehrkanüligen Mikroelektroden auf ihre Ansprechbarkeit auf mikroelektrophoretisch appliziertes Acetylcholin und auf optische Reizung untersucht. 2. Im ventralen Hippocampus und im Corpus geniculatum laterale wurden 60% aller untersuchten Neurone durch Acetylcholin aktiviert. 3. Die Neurone des Hippocampus wurden nach relative kurzer Latenz, oft weniger als 1 sec, aktiviert. Neurone des Corpus geniculatum laterale dagegen zeigten eine Latenz von 2–12 sec. Die Zeit nach der Mikroelektrophorese bis zur Wiedererreichung der normalen Aktivität betrug 10–20 sec für beide Gebiete. 4. Die Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese verstärkte die Reizantwort der Neurone des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale auf visuelle Reizung. Die nach Phenobarbital abgeschwächte Antwort auf visuelle Reizung wurde durch Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese wieder verstärkt.
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  • 36
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Neuronal activity ; EEG-cortex ; Hypoglycemia ; Cat ; Neuronale Aktivität ; EEG-Cortex ; Hypoglykämie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden EEG-Veränderungen durch Hypoglykämie hervorgerufen und mit den Aktivitätsveränderungen corticaler Neurone verglichen, wie sie sich bei intracellulären und „quasi-intracellulären“ Ableitungen darstellen. Es zeigte sich, daß pathologische EEG-Veränderungen erst bei niedrigen Blutzuckerwerten (zwischen 30 und 25 mg-%) auftreten und daß es erst bei Werten unter 10–15 mg-% zur elektrischen Stille kommt. 2. Während des flachen, desynchronisierten EEG des wachen Hirns vor Hypoglykämie lassen sich keine Beziehungen zwischen den kleinen EEG- und statistisch verteilten Zellpotentialen nachweisen. — Während der regelmäßigen 8–10/sec- Spindelgruppen, die bei tiefer Hypoglykämie häufig zu beobachten sind, findet sich eine enge Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Oberflächen-negativen Spindelwellen und Zelldepolarisationen, die meist unterschwellig sind. 3. Bei den langsamen Wellen der δ-Frequenz finden sich ähnliche, aber weniger enge Korrelationen für die flachen, „monomorphen“ δ-Wellen. Andere Formen von langsamen Potentialkomplexen des Cortiocogramms, die im Tintenschreiber als „polymorphe“ δ-Wellen imponieren können, zeigen etwas andere, aber für den einzelnen Wellenkomplex jeweils konstante Beziehungen zur Zellaktivität. 4. Die steilen Wellen wurden unterteilt in primär positive und in primär negative bi- (oder auch tri-)phasische Potentiale. Die primäre Phase der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale ist im Durchschnitt kürzer (unter 20–40 msec) als die negative Phase der primär-negativen Phase (über 100 msec). Die meist überschwellige Zelldepolarisation, die in der Regel zu einer kurzen Gruppenentladung führt, fällt mit der primären Phase, also entweder der positiven oder der negativen zusammen. Die Phasenkoppelung, d. h. die „Synchronisation“ mit dem EEG-Potential, ist jedoch im Fall der primär-positiven Phase enger und die Dauer der Depolarisation kürzer als im Fall der primär-negativen steilen Potentiale. Diese Befunde werden als Hinweis auf eine stärkere Synchronisation der Aktivität der corticalen Nervenzellpopulation im Fall der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale gewertet. 5. Die verschieden engen Phasenkoppelungen und die je nach Steilheit der Wellen wechselnden Phasenbeziehungen zwischen Zellaktivierung und oberflächennegativen resp. -positiven Potentialen werden an Hand eines einfachen Modells der Elektrogenese von EEG-Potentialen erklärt, das den Synchronisationsgrad cortico-petaler und cortico-fugaler Faseraktivität sowie die Summation postsynaptischer Potentiale corticaler Neurone berücksichtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The EEG, recorded monopolarly from the pial surface, was investigated during insuline induced hypoglycemia in acute cats and compared with the activity of cortical cells recorded with intra or “quasi-intracellular” electrodes. 2. Pathological changes of the EEG were observed only when the blood glucose fell below 25–30 mg-%. Electrical silence was observed at blood glucose levels below 15–10 mg-%. 3. The essentially flat, “desynchronized” EEG of the awake animal before hypoglycemia did not show any relation between the small, irregular fast EEG- potentials and the statistically distributed cellular potentials. —During the regular 8–10/sec spindles (Fig. 3) a close correlation was found between the single surface- negative spindle waves and the mostly subthreshold compound cellular EPSP's. 4. Slow waves of δ-frequency showed similar but less close correlations, if the waves were of regular appearance comparable to “monomorphic” δ-waves (Fig.4A). Other forms of slow complex potentials (Fig.4B and C), which correspond to “polymorphic” δ-waves in an EEG-record (e.g. Fig.4C and Fig.2d) may show different relations between cellular and EEG-activity which were, however, consistent for each type of complex wave. 5. Sharp waves were divided into primary positive and primary negative bi- (or tri-)phasic potentials. The primary positive phase was always shorter (below 20–40 msec) than the primary negative phase (above 100 msec). The mostly suprathreshold cellular depolarization, which may lead to a short burst of discharge, coincided with the primary, i.e. either the primary positive or the primary negative phase (Fig. 7 shows records from the same cell and different EEG-phenomena). The phase coupling, i.e. the “synchronization” with the EEG-potential, is closer in the primary positive than the primary negative waves, and the duration of the cellular depolarization is also shorter in the former case (compare Fig.7B I–III with 7B IV). This can be interpreted as stronger synchronization of cellular activity during the short primary positive waves. 6. A causal relation between cortical neuronal activity and EEG-potentials is assumed. Differences in the closeness of phase coupling and the changing phase relation between cellular and EEG-activity according to the form and steepness of cortical EEG-potentials are explained by a simple model of electrogenesis of EEG-potentials, which takes in account the degree of synchronization of corticopetal and cortico-fugal fibre activity as well as the summation of postsynaptic potentials of cortical neurones.
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  • 37
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Sleep EEG ; Experimental Epilepsy ; Cat ; Schlaf-EEG ; Experimentelle Epilepsie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Wacho- der Schlaf-Aktivierung der fokalen Epilepsien wird bei 20 epileptischen Katzen im chronischen Experiment untersucht (Kopeloff-Methode). Die Narben wurden im Nucleus amygdaloideus (Pars basolateralis), Hippocampus dorsalis, Formatio reticularis mesencephali, Isocortex gesetzt. Bei einer Untersuchungsdauer der einzelnen Tiere zwischen 3 und 60 Tagen, wurden insgesamt 442 Std in Polygraphie (EEG, EMG, Augenbewegungen) abgeleitet. Die Tiere zeigten innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage Krampfpotentiale im EEG und die meisten ab der 2. Woche Krampfanfälle. Bei Katzen mit subcorticalen Narben war keine Veränderung der Dauer, der Verteilung und der Organisation der einzelnen Schlafstadien nachweisbar. Die im Ruhe-EEG vorhandenen Paroxysmen wurden während des langsamen Schlafes nicht aktiviert und fokalisiert. Im paradoxen Schlaf waren die Krampfpotentiale völlig desaktiviert, es traten einzelne Spindeln auf. Die Tiere mit Narben im Isocortex zeigten im langsamen Schlaf seltene Paroxysmen. Während der häufigeren kurzen Phasen des paradoxen Schlafes war eine Fokalisierung der Spitzen im Bereich der Läsion nachweisbar, jedoch, keine Aktivierung. Bei allen Tieren war die ausgeprägteste Aktivierung der Krampfbereitschft stets in dem von uns als „Wach mit motorischer Inaktivität“ bezeichnete Phase zu bemerken. Daher wird angenommen, daß dieser Zustand bei der Katze mit dem Einschlafstadium des Menschen vergleichbar ist.
    Notes: Summary The activation of focal epileptic activities during wakefulness, slow and REM sleep was studied in chronic experiments in 20 epileptic cats (Kopeloff's method). The lesions were produced in the nucleus amygdaloideus (pars basolateralis), hippocampus dorsalis, formatio reticularis mesencephali and in the isocortex. Each animal was observed from between 3 to 60 days and a total of 442 hours of polygraphy (E.E.G., E.M.G, Eye movements) were recorded. Within the first 7 days all animals showed E.E.G paroxysms and most of them showed seizures from the beginning of the second week. In those cats with subcortical lesions there was no change detected in the duration, distribution and organisation of the different sleep phases. The paroxysmal E.E.G activity seen in the wakeful animal were not activated or focalised during slow-wave sleep; in REM sleep the paroxysms disappeared completely, only a few spindles were seen. Animals with lesions in the isocortex rarely showed paroxysms during the slow wave sleep. However, during REM sleep a clear focalisation was seen, although there was no additional activation in the area of the lesion. In all animals the most significant of the paroxysms was seen during a state which we should like to describe as; “Awake without any motor activity”. It is assumed that this state corresponds to the state of falling asleep in man.
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  • 38
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    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic excitation ; Hippocampus ; Pyramidal cells ; Dendritic activation ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following selective activation of four afferent paths that terminate exclusively on dendrites, only a small proportion of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 discharged impulses. Following a single afferent volley, an EPSP was never observed even in cells synaptically excited. On tetanic stimulation (about 10/sec), a large EPSP developed, but this was not a prerequisite for an action potential. Studies of the extracellular field potentials corresponding to the EPSP and the population spike potential, indicated that the EPSP was generated across the dendritic membrane and that the spike was initiated in the neighbouring part of the dendritic tree, propagating from there along the thicker dendrites towards the soma. This conduction had an average velocity of 0.4m/sec, and, presumably, a relatively low safety factor. In certain cases, the intrasomatic electrode recorded small all-or-nothing spikes which presumably were generated in the dendritic tree. These small spikes (D-spikes) invaded the soma only if assisted by some additional depolarization, for example by frequency potentiation of excitatory synapses. The results indicate two functional types of pyramidal dendrites, the conducting and the synaptic type.
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  • 39
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 40
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 41
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 48-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs, IPSPs) ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im motorischen Cortex von ausgewachsenen Katzen (mittlere Nembutalnarkose) wurden spontane postsynaptische Potentiale (PSP) mit intrazellulären Mikroelektroden untersucht. Die spontanen EPSP wurden mit ausgelösten EPSP nach schwachen Reizen in spezifischen (VL) und unspezifischen (CM) Thalamuskernen verglichen. 2. Spontane EPSP treten entweder einzeln oder gruppiert auf. spontane IPSP sind seltener und machen nur 3–10% aller spontanen PSP aus. Die kleinsten EPSP haben eine Amplitude von 150–200 μV, daneben kommen kleinere, flache Schwankungen des Membranpotentials vor. Die mittlere Amplitude von spontanen EPSP liegt bei 0.7 mV. Amplitudenhistogramme spontaner EPSP unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich von solchen, die durch schwache CM- oder VL-Reize ausgelöst sind. 3. Die Anstiegssteilheit von spontanen EPSP liegt zwischen 2 und 15 msec. Es besteht keine konstante Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Anstiegssteilheit. Der Potentialabfall ist annähernd exponentiell, die Zeitkonstante liegt zwischen 8 und 12 msec und ist damit etwas länger als die passive Neuronzeitkonstante (8.5±2.2 msec nach Creutzfeldt u. Mitarb., 1964b). Es bestehen keine konstanten Unterschiede der Zeitverläufe von spontanen, durch VL- oder CM-Reiz ausgelösten EPSP-Einheiten. 4. Die Intervallhistogramme von spontanen EPSP sind verschieden je nach dem, ob alle Intervalle oder nur Perioden mit sporadischer, nicht-gruppierter Aktivität ausgezählt werden. Nicht gruppierte EPSP haben längere mittlere Intervalle (70–80 msec). 5. Nach überschwelligen Thalamusreizserien ist sowohl die spontane als auch die reizinduzierte PSP-aktivität vermindert. Es kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, inwieweit corticale und inwieweit thalamische Mechanismen für diese post-tetanische Depression verantwortlich sind. 6. Während reversibler Deafferentierung des Cortex durch K+-depolarisation afferenter Fasern und im chronisch isolierten Cortex finden sich keine spontanen PSP mehr, obwohl EPSP und IPSP am isolierten Cortex durch epicorticale Reize noch ausgelöst werden können. 7. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die beobachteten PSP durch afferente und collaterale Faseraktivität ausgelöst sind. Für echte „Miniaturpotentiale” entsprechend Beobachtungen an Muskelendplatten findet sich kein Anhalt. Insofern repräsentiert das „synaptische Rauschen” corticaler Zellen die konvergierende Afferenz dieser Zellen und kann nicht als echtes „spontanes Rauschen” angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (PSP's) of neurones of the motor cortex are analysed (intracellular recording, Nembutal anesthesia, cats). Distinct EPSP's either appear grouped or more sporadically distributed. Spontaneous EPSP's only represent about 3–10% of all spontaneous PSP's. The mean amplitude of EPSP's is about 0.7 mV. The smallest EPSP's have an amplitude of 150–200 μV, smaller slow fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP) are seen occasionally. Amplitude histograms of spontaneous EPSP's are similar to those of evoked EPSP units following weak thalamic stimulation. — The rising time of spontaneous EPSP's varies between 2 and 15 msec. and is not correlated with the peak amplitude. The decay is almost exponential, the time constant is between 8 and 12msec., thus being slightly higher than the neurone time constant of cortical pyramidal cells (8.5±2.2 msec. Creutzfeldt et al., 1964b). No consistant differences in time course and amplitude of “EPSP units” after VL and CM thalamic stimulation and of spontaneous EPSP's was found. Cortical and thalamic components of post-tetanic depression of spontaneous and evoked PSP activity cannot be distinguished. Interval histograms are different whether all EPSP's during sporadic and grouped activity or whether only sporadically appearing EPSP's are counted. Non-grouped EPSP's show longer mean intervals (between 70 and 80 msec.). — During reversible deafferentation with K+-depolarization of afferent fibers and in the chronically isolated cortex no spontaneous EPSP's or IPSP's are found eventhough membrane fluctuations of cells in the latter preparation may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from real EPSP's. In the chronically isolated cortex, EPSP's and IPSP's can still be elicited by epicortical stimulation. — From these findings it is concluded that the observed spontaneous PSP's represent “unit” EPSP's and IPSP's due to afferent and collateral fiber activity and that no true miniature potentials due to spontaneous liberation of transmitter substance can be recorded. Thus, the “synaptic noise” of cortical neurones represents convergent activity on these cells and consequently cannot be considered as true “spontaneous noise”.
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