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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (763)
  • 1977  (763)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (573)
  • Electron microscopy  (132)
  • Rat
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Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (763)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1977), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Peptic ulcer ; Anastomosis ; Duodenogastric reflux ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie gilt dem Anastomosengeschwür am operierten Magen. Diese schwerwiegende Komplikation entsteht nahezu ausschließlich nach Resektionsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion (Billroth II; Verlegung des Duodenum in den Nebenschluß). - An 54 männlichen Wistarratten wurden verschiedene Formen der duodenalen Exklusion mit und ohne duodenogastrischen Reflux durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nach duodenaler Exklusionmit Reflux gesetzmäßig peptische Anastomosengeschwüre entstehen. Der kontinuierliche Reflux von Galle und Pankreassekret ist der ausschlaggebende ätiologische Faktor für die Ulcusentstehung im Grenzgebiet der Anastomose von Magen und Dünndarm. Stase im ausgeschalteten Zwölffingerdarm (Syndrom der zuführenden Schlinge) fördert die lcerogene Refluxwirkung. Fehlt der Pylorus, so potenzieren sich Reflux und Stase zur größten Ulcusfrequenz (〉 90%). Bei erhaltenem Pylorus ist die Geschwürsincidenz wesentlich geringer. Der duodenogastrische Reflux hemmt die meßbare Salzsäuresekretion signifikant (P 〈 0,01); Salzsäure spielt demnach für die Entstehung des experimentellen Anastomosengeschwürs der Ratte keine wesentliche Rolle. - Im Hinblick auf die Prophylaxe des Anastomosengeschwürs führen diese Erkenntnisse zu der Forderung, auf Operationsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion und Reflux (Billroth II) zu verzichten und das Operationsziel bei der Magenresektion auf die Wiederherstellung der orthograden MagenDarm-Passage zu richten.
    Notes: Summary Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of ref lux and stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (〉 90 %). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P 〈 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. - In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, these findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Larynx ; Microridge cells ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Respiratorisches Epithel ; Kehlkopf ; Mikroleistenzelle ; Ratte ; Rasterelektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Kehlkopfepithel ausgewachsener männlicher Albinoratten wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zusätzlich zu den zilientragenden und zu den Mikrovillizellen, zu den Bürsten- und Becherzellen, welche insgesamt für das respiratorische Epithel charakteristisch sind, werden in bestimmten Abschnitten des Larynx die Mikroleisten- oder Labyrinthzellen beschrieben. Die freie Oberfläche typischer Labyrinthzellen ist durch ein System von sich verzweigenden Mikroleisten gekennzeichnet, die miteinander durch Querbrücken verbunden sind und in der Zellperipherie eine bevorzugte Parallelausrichtung zur Zellgrenze zeigen können. Der Durchmesser der Mikroleisten beträgt ca. 0,05–0,15 μm. Die Querverbindungen zwischen den Mikroleisten haben einen Durchmesser von ca. 0,01 μm. Der Raum zwischen zwei benachbarten Querbrücken variiert. Labyrinthzellen können außer Mikroleisten auch Mikrovilli zeigen und es gibt Übergänge zwischen den Mikroridge- und den Mikrovillizellen. Die bevorzugte Lokalisation der Mikroleistenzellen im Bereich der Glottis und des Aditus laryngis wird belegt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser Zellen und ihre Bedeutung für die Diagnostik pathologischer Schleimhautveränderungen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05–0.15 μm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 μm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion of densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Epiglottis ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase ; Gastric mucosa ; Human ; Rat ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDE) were partially purified from human and rat gastric mucosa. Drugs known to affect the cyclic nucleotide system and/or gastric secretion were tested for effects on the PDE-activities from both species. In rat gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the 100 000×g sediment (K m =8.3 μM; V max=3.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min) and the cytoplasma (K m =5.6 μM; V max=2.6 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). The most effective inhibitors of the particle-bound activity are papaverine (K i =4 μM, non-competitive) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i=14 μM, competitive). There was only a modest competitive inhibition by theophylline (K i =495 μM). PDE-activity in the cytoplasma was inhibited competitively by these three drugs (papaverine: K i =6.5 μM; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: K i =37 μM; theophylline: K i =152 μM. In human gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the particular fraction (K m =23.9 μM; V max=1.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min), and the soluble fraction (K m =12.1 μM; V max=2.4 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). PDE-activity in the 100 000×g sediment was inhibited by papaverine (K i =5.6 μM, non-competitive), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =16 μM, non-competitive), theophylline (K i =165 μM, non-competitive), and N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =746 μM, competitive). Inhibition in the 100 000×g supernatant was noncompetitive with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =7.1 μM and papaverine (K i =8.5 μM), but competitive with N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =170 μM), and theophylline (K i =225 μM). This study indicates that PDE-activities of the two species are qualitatively similar, but quantitative differences exist.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 223 (1977), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Human endometrium ; Nucleus ; Nucleolus ; Channel system ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Menschliches Endometrium ; Nukleus ; Nukleolus ; Channel-System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nuclear-Channel-System ist eine runde bis ellipsoide Struktur, deren Tubuli querangeschnitten oder längsangeschnitten in eine elektronendichte Matrix eingebettet sind. Das NCS liegt meist der Kernmembran dicht an, die in diesem Bereich Einziehungen aufweist. Gelegentlich ist ein Kontakt der Kernmembran mit der Membran eines Tubulus zu beobachten. Im NCS sind Partikel festzustellen, die den 150 Å großen Partikeln des Nucleolus vergleichbar sind, was auf einen Gehalt des NCS an RNA schließen läßt. In hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnte das NCS in Zellkernen endometrialer Drüsenzellen während der mittleren und späten Proliferationsphase beobachtet werden. Diese Befunde sprechen gegen eine zwingende Abhängigkeit des Auftretens des NCS vom Zeitpunkt der Ovulation. Das NCS kann somit nicht als eine für postovulatorisches Endometrium typische Struktur angesehen werden. Offensichtlich bestehen zwischen den hormonellen Faktoren und der Ausbildung des NCS Beziehungen, deren Bedeutung bis heute nicht sicher beurteilt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The Nuclear Channel System (NCS) is a distinct endometrial pattern as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The NCS was identified in the present study in cell nuclei of endometrial glands during mid and late proliferation. These observations do not support the concept that the NCS develops at the ovulation, and is therefore not a typical post ovulatory structure. It is suggested that there are relations between hormonal factors and the development of the NCS which are as yet no clarified.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Human liver ; Oral contraceptives ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Stereologie ; Menschliche Leber ; Orale Kontrazeptiva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Leberbiopsien von 12 Frauen feinstrukturell-morphometrisch untersucht, die über einen Zeitraum von 2 Monaten bis zu 8 Jahren ein Kombinationspräparat zur hormonellen Antikonzeption eingenommen hatten. Die stereologischen Daten wurden bereits vorher erstellten Basiswerten für normale Lebern (Roessner et al., 1977) gegenübergestellt und auf signifikante Unterschiede hin überprüft (p〈0,001). Eine deutliche Volumenzunahme lysosomaler Zelleinschlüsse pro ml Hepatocyten und eine leichte Cytoplasmavergrößerung bei gleichzeitiger Verkleine-rung der Nuclei kennzeichnen die Veränderungen der Hepatocyten. Alle übrigen ermittelten Parameter lassen den Schluß zu, daß wesentliche Alterationen der Ultrastruktur der menschlichen Leber nach hormoneller Kontrazeption nicht auftreten. Ob damit auch funktionelle Alterationen auszuschließen sind, kann hier nicht beantwortet werden.
    Notes: Summary Liver biopsies from 12 healthy women were investigated morphometrically — according to the methods of Weibel (1969). All women had taken an oral contraceptive agent during 2 til 76 months. The evaluated stereological datas were compared with base-line datas for normal human liver biopsies, which were elaborated in a previous investigation (Roessner et al., 1977). Statistical analysis was performed on an IBM 360/50 computer system, including F- and student's t-test. In the liver biopsy-specimen from the women, which were on oral contraceptives, the volume-density of lysosomes per ml hepatocytes shows a pronounced, significant (p〈0.001) increase. A moderate increase of cytoplasm is combined with decrease of nuclei-volume. The surface-densities of the rough and smooth endoplasmatic reticulum do not differ significantly from the datas calculated from normal human liver biopsies. All other datas too demonstrate that there are no striking changes in the ultrastructure of human liver, caused by oral contraceptives. Functional alterations however can not be excluded.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 259 (1977), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Granuloma annulare ; Necrobiosis of collagen ; Palisading granuloma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neun Fälle von Granuloma annulare in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, insbesondere Kollagenveränderungen, das entzündliche Infiltrat und Gefäßalterationen. Die nekrobiotischen Veränderungen des Kollagens bestehen in Auflockerung der Bündel vom Rande her, Schwellung der Fibrillen mit Verlust ihrer Querstreifung, völliger Desintegration des Kollagens und Niederschlägen von mucinösen Substanzen, Fibrin und Glykogen. In 2 Fällen waren sogenannte “filamentöse quergestreifte Aggregationen” (= sog. “long-spacing collagen”) nachweisbar. In späteren Stadien zeigte sich Kollagenneubildung. Im Infiltrat sind vor allem Histiocyten/Makrophagen mit Übergängen zu Epitheloidzellen und Riesenzellen, daneben auch Lymphocyten und später Neutrophile identifizierbar. Gefäßveränderungen bestehen in Endothelschwellung und Basalmembranverdoppelungen. Es besteht ein perivasculäres Infiltrat, jedoch keine echte Vaskulitis. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß die Nekrobiose des Kollagens ohne primäre Vaskulitis ein initiales Ereignis bei Granuloma annulare darstellt. Pathogenetisch wird ein Immungeschehen vom verzögerten Typ diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Nine cases of granuloma annulare at different stages of development were investigated electron microscopically. Special attention was given to collagen changes, to the cellular infiltrate, and to vascular changes. The necrobiotic changes of the collagen were: loosening of the fibers at the borders of the bundles; swelling and loss of cross-striation of the fibrils; and complete degradation of the collagen, with precipitation of mucinous and fibrin material and of glycogen. In 2 cases “cross-banded filamentous aggregations” were present. In later stages new collagen synthesis occurred. In the infiltrate, histiocytes/macrophages were seen developing into epithelioid and giant cells. In addition, numerous active lymphocytes and, at later stages, some neutrophils were found. Vascular changes consisted of endothelial swelling and duplications of the basal lamina. A perivascular infiltrate was present, but no distinct vasculitis was seen. Our results indicate that the necrobiosis of the collagen without primary vasculitis may be an initial event in granuloma annulare. A delayed hypersensitivity mechanism is discussed with regard to pathogenesis.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn interneurones ; Pain mechanisms ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into — 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into — 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn interneurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Basal septum ; Amygdala ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and 〉 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20–60 msec; long: 100–400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80–150 μV) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate and interpositus nuclei ; Pontine gray ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Botulinum toxin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural effects of local injection of botulinum toxin into the left half of the tongue of the rat, were studied quantitatively 35 days postoperatively in the left hypoglossal nucleus. The results showed (1) a decrease in somatic and neuropil bouton numbers because of loss of boutons with symmetrical synapses and clear spherical synaptic vesicles, (2) a decrease in the numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil, (3) an increase in the proportion of dendrites and boutons with unusual inclusions, suggestive of profile retraction, (4) an increase in the proportion of profiles which were unusually electron-dense, (5) an increase in the amount of astrocyte, and a growth of astrocyte sheaths around bouton-free neurone surfaces, (6) the presence of occasional microglia, and (7) subastrocytic subsurface cisterns. Control rats injected with boiled toxin had no responses except (3) and (4) above, and then only to a modest extent, possibly due to mechanical damage of a few axons or terminals at the time of injection, or to insufficient inactivation of the toxin by boiling. The results were compared with those at 35 days after axotomy, and it was concluded that botulinum toxin, which interrupts neuromuscular transmission, elicits the same responses in the hypoglossal neurones, as does transection of the hypoglossal nerve, even though earlier studies had discovered no glial replication after botulinum toxin, in contrast to axotomy.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual system ; Degeneration ; AChE ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of unilateral enucleation, ablation of the visual cortex or coagulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) upon the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in different structures of the visual system of albino rats was studied. The localization and extent of the degeneration pattern were followed up by histological silver degeneration methods. Afferents from the retina project mainly contralaterally to the dorsal and ventral LGN, the pretectal region and the superior colliculus. Afferent fibres from the dorsal LGN enter the visual cortex in area 17 only. Neurons of this area project back ipsilaterally to the LGN and the superior colliculus (SC). No significant decrease in the activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase could be observed under any of the experimental conditions; there was rather a tendency to increased activity in the subcortical centres. AChE as a less specific marker also exhibited no gross changes in activity in the lesioned animals. The results add more direct proof to pharmacological and physiological evidence that ACh is not involved in the synaptic transmission of the direct optic projections in rats, either at the subcortical or at the cortical level.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Delayed regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9–70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along boutonfree perikaryal surfaces.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 373 (1977), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myeloproliferative disorder ; Thrombocytes ; Megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis ; Bone marrow biopsy ; Megakaryocyte lineage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the bone marrow in chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) was studied in 5 nontreated patients to investigate possible malignant proliferation of megakaryocytes and the role of megakaryopoiesis in fibrillogenesis, terminating in osteomyelofibrosis. In comparison with normal megakaryopoiesis there is an enormous increase of the megakaryocytic cell line and many immature and atypical forms are seen. Most conspicuous are microforms, nuclear-cytoplasmic disorganization and nuclear inclusions. Asynchrony of maturation causes abnormal thrombocytogenesis with premature detachment of platelets resulting in immature and peculiar giant forms of thrombocytes. Besides megakaryocytes appearing superficially normal the maturation anarchy of many cells is so severe that by analogy with observations in other leukaemic cells these abnormalities are thought to be representative of a malignant growth. Moreover, there is a striking accumulation of microfibrils and single collagen fibres around megakaryoblasts. Since these cells contain all those organelles commonly associated with fibre production the initial step for fibrillogenesis may therefore arise from the megakaryoblasts prior to platelet release, or any fibroblast proliferation.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Immunoperoxidase ; Complement demonstration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inflammatory cell infiltrates in ulcerative colitis have been investigated by means of the immunoperoxidase method and by electronmicroscopy. Considerable morphological and functional changes of the local plasma cell population have been found. The absolute number of plasma cells is raised with a marked increase of IgG-cells and a relative decrease of IgA-cells. In particular complement (C3) has been demonstrated at the basement membrane of the surface epithelium and between epithelial cells. The significance of these findings, as a local humoral immune response, is briefly considered, with regard to their possible pathogenetic importance in aggravating and perpetuating the disease.
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  • 17
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    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenoid cystic carcinoma ; Cylindroma ; Salivary glands ; Mucosubstances ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of mucosubstances in adenoid cystic carcinoma was investigated, and an attempt was made to characterize histochemically the various mucosubstances present. For these purposes the high iron diamine technique (HID), as well as the Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue staining methods were employed. Alcian blue was further combined with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique, the Alcian blue being applied at pH levels between 0.5 and 2.5. In addition the effects of neuraminidase and hyaluronidase treatment as well as methylation and acid hydrolysis procedures on the staining qualities were studied. Acidic mucosubstances with varying histochemical properties were present in different structures of the neoplasm. The characteristic pseudocyst, a major structural component of the neoplasm, stained strongly with HID, Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue at low pH. These staining reactions were markedly suppressed by hyaluronidase treatment, and are apparently attributable to the presence of chondroitin 4- and/or 6-sulfate. Employing the Alcian blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique, the basophilia of the pseudocysts was suppressed at a concentration of 0.5–0.6 M MgCl2, which might indicate polysaccharides of relatively low degree of sulfation. An additional, non-sulfated acid mucin could also be demonstrated in these structures. In certain duct and gland like structures of the tumours, a change in staining pattern from blue or blue-red to red could be observed after exposure of the sections to neuraminidase and subsequent staining with the Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-PAS sequence. Similar observations were also made when the pH of the Alcian blue was lowered to 1.5–1.0, as well as after acid hydrolysis. These findings afford evidence for the presence of a neuraminidase susceptive sialomucin in certain epithelial secretions of the tumor. At the ultrastructural level the replicated basement lamina of the pseudocysts displayed a strong positive reaction with the PA-CrA-silver staining technique. Furthermore, amorphous material within the lumina of small duct like structures also displayed a positive reaction. The amorphous material of the cystic compartments was less reactive.
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  • 18
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    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Esthesioneuroblastoma ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Argyrophil reaction ; Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of esthesioneuroblastoma was examined by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The tumour cells showed an argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius technique and contained cytoplasmic secretory granules, but in contrast to previous reports were devoid of histochemically demonstrable biogenic amines. For routine diagnosis the argyrophil technique may be useful in differentiating this type of tumour from epidermoid carcinoma.
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  • 19
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    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Target-targetoid phenomenon ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Z-band alteration ; Incomplete innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Target and targetoid fibers in a muscle biopsy from a patient with paralysis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy. The probable cause of the neuropathy was tumor compression. Target and targetoid change was exclusively confined to hypertrophic or normal-sized fibers. Morphometric evaluation of the target and targetoid fibers showed no significant difference between them. With the electron microscope, up to 4 structural zones were seen in the typical target fiber but many were devoid of either zone 2 (halo) or zone 3, or both. It was conceivable that focal irregularity and streaming of Z-bands were the primary alterations in the process of target-targetoid fiber formation, and that this phenomenon was induced both by partial residual innervation as well as re-innervation.
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  • 20
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    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 147-157 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Atherosclerosis ; Pigeon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atherosclerotic lesions, associated with the celiac intimal smooth muscle cushions, of four and five year old White Carneau pigeons were studied with the light and electron miscroscopes. Light microscopic examination of the spontaneous lesions demonstrated large intimal cushions composed of smooth muscle, abundant collagen, clusters of foam cells and cholesterol crystal clefts. Ultrastructural examination of the intimal atheroma revealed dilatations between apposing endothelial cells which contained a flocculent material, similar to that seen in the subendothelial space. The subendothelial compartment contained abundant collagen, extracellular lipid, vesiculated material and cell processes which contained a flocculent matrix and tubular-like elements. In addition, fibroblast-like interlaminar cells were often observed. Numerous intimal smooth muscle cells were seen which displayed varied morphology. Abundant foam cells were also present within the intimal atheromas. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in preexisting intimal smooth muscle cushions suggests that hemodynamic factors may be important in the progression of these spontaneous lesions. Endothelial cell dilatations may provide an important route of transport for circulating elements which may accumulate within the subendothelial space. Morphologically, it appears that the smooth muscle cells undergo modification and may represent the precursors of foam cells in this species.
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  • 21
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    Virchows Archiv 377 (1977), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Childhood cystinosis ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Dark cells ; Tight junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural findings in the liver in a case of childhood cystinosis are reported. Crystalline structures were found mainly in Kupffer cells. The presence of dark cells, with or without crystals, was the most striking feature observed. Such cells have already been noted within the kidney on one occasion when it was shown that the dark substance was L-cystine (Spear et al., 1971). In this case identical dark material was also found extracellularly. The data shows that free cystine can fill cell cytoplasm and extracellular spaces and the possibility that cystine overproduction may take place in the hyaloplasm should be considered. Extracellular location of cystine in the tubules might account for an increase in epithelial permeability and thus for the Fanconi syndrome.
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  • 22
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    Mycopathologia 60 (1977), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Spore formation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 23
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    Mycopathologia 61 (1977), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Prototheca ; Colorless alga ; Plastids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural investigation of six different species of Prototheca showed that all of them contained starch grains enclosed in double-membrane-bounded structures recognized as plastids. It is concluded that these unicellular species of Prototheca must be considered as non-photosynthetic algae.
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  • 24
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Optic tectum ; Rat ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.
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  • 25
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Hippocampus ; Neurogenesis ; Rat ; Thyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 μg/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.
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  • 26
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    Anatomy and embryology 152 (1977), S. 43-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Habenula ; Ependyma ; Supraependymal cells ; Supraependymal axons ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of the ependymal lining of the habenular complex in rats, aged between three weeks and nine months, were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependyma of the medial habenular nucleus is heavily ciliated, the cilia obscuring underlying substructure in SEM — preparations. On the habenular commissure most cilia are arranged in tufts. Cilia are provided with segmental indentations and occasional apical thickenings. Vesicular protrusions of the ependymal cytoplasm into the ventricular lumen and the frequent occurrence of homogeneous supraependymal globules were interpreted as signs of ependymosecretory activity of nucl. hab. med. Supraependymal cells are most numerous on the anterior and superior surface of the habenular commissure. Cells presenting features identical to Kolmer (epiplexus) cells were identified on the ventricular surface of nucl. hab. med. in one specimen showing degenerative changes of undetermined aetiology in the habenular nuclei. It is therefore suggested that such cells need not necessarily be restricted to the choroid plexus. Supraependymal unmyelinated axons are particularly numerous on both nucl. hab. med. and commiss. hab. They make desmosome contacts (maculae adherentes) with the ependymal plasmalemma. Contacts presenting all features of typical synapses were not encountered. The vesicle population of the axonal profiles mainly comprises 35–50 nm translucent round vesicles besides small numbers of 60–100 nm dense-cored vesicles and large pleiomorphic vesicles. Most probably the axons belong to the well-established dense population of serotonergic axons in the dorsal part of the third ventricle.
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  • 27
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    Anatomy and embryology 150 (1977), S. 335-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Caudate nucleus ; Hypothyroidism ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; synaptogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroid hormone exerts a powerful influence on CNS growth and maturation. Hypothyroidism early in life has long been known to cause disturbances in innate behavior, motor performance, severe and frequently irreversible mental retardation. In this deficiency, depressed caudate neurogenesis, cell migration and neuropil development during the rapid period of CNS growth may contribute to the clinical picture of perceptual handicaps often seen in cretins. Light microscopic and Golgi studies of the developing caudate nucleus in thyroid deficiency have been carried out to help attain insights into the mechanisms whereby the extrapyramidal system regulates motor function. The ultrastructural study of caudate nuclear cytogenesis and synaptogenesis in normal and hypothyroid states provides more detailed information for further analysis of the problem. Hypothyroidism was induced from birth by adding propylthiouracil to the food and drinking water of lactating dams. Linear development of the caudate nucleus of both normal and hypothyroid rats at ages 8, 14, 20, 30 and 42 days was studied by electron microscopy. Thyroid glands were examined by light microscopy to assess the normal and deficient states. Immature cells, primitive processes and synapses were the characteristic features of the 8-day-old normal caudate nucleus. Distinctively wide cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, loosely packed Golgi apparatus and chromatin clumps throughout the nuclei of the neurons were significant early morphologic variations. The dramatic cytoarchitectural maturation in the 14- and 20-day normal caudate neuropil points to the rapidity of developmental rate. After the growth spurt of the first three weeks a maturational plateau occurs which is characterized by well-formed neuronal cytoplasmic organelles, myelinated and non-myelinated axons, axon terminals, dendrites and their spines, and synapses. Thyroid deficiency causes a marked maturational delay of approximately 7 days in caudate neuronal proliferation, the elaboration of neuronal networks and the attainment of mature synaptic contents and membranes. This delay is evidenced by comparison of the structural similarities between 8-day-old normal and 14-day-old deficient rats; and additional comparisons between the 14-day-old normal and 20-day-old hypothyroid rats. A rapid “catch up” process in fine structural morphogenesis takes place in the period between days 14 and 30 in the deficient animals. Repression of thyroid function does not entirely prevent development of the caudate nucleus but allows a fairly extensive, though critically incomplete degree of maturation. This imperfection is manifested by a decrease in the number of synaptic contacts that persists even after the rapid “catch up” phenomenon of caudate synaptogenesis.
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  • 28
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestine ; Intestinal absorption ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Adrenalectomy ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of adrenalectomy on the amount of “Gomori-positive” neurosecretory material in the outer layer of the median eminence and in the supraoptico-hypophysial system was studied in normal Long-Evans rats and in Long-Evans rats heterozygous and homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In all non-adrenalectomized rats very few “Gomori-positive” granules were found in the outer median eminence layer. After adrenalectomy the amount of the granules increased markedly in normal Long-Evans rats and only slightly in Long-Evans rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. However, no augmentation of the granules occurred in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. The amount of “Gomori-positive” substances demonstrable in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the inner layer of the median eminence, and in the neural lobe of the hypophysis was less in rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus than in normal Long-Evans rats and the smallest in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. No differences in the amounts of the substances were observed between adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized animals. The findings suggest that the “Gomori-positive” granules occurring in the outer layer of the median eminence of adrenalectomized rats are of similar origin as those of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and represent a vasopressin-neurophysin-complex. The results support the concept that vasopressin is involved in the regulation of ACTH release.
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Iris ; Mesenchymal cells ; Chicken embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris anlage of 3–10 day old chicken embryos was studied by both light and electron microscopy. Serial semithin sections showed that some of the mesenchymal cells overlying the eye cup moved into the primitive eye cavity by the 3rd day of incubation. On the 4th day some of these cells came into close contact with the basement membrane of the dorsal iris epithelium. The bases of the epithelial cells were flat at this stage. Towards the 10th day they formed cytoplasmic processes which did not penetrate the basement membrane. Fine mesenchymal cytoplasmic processes and a large number of extracellular fibrils developed in the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. The fine mesenchymal processes came into close contact with the basement membrane of the posterior iris epithelium but did not penetrate it. Collagen-like material was observed within the cisternae of the rough ER of the mesenchymal cells at certain stages of development. Both, the mesenchymal cells and the collagen fibrils adjacent to the posterior iris layer disappeared by the 10th day when the entire iris epithelium was completely pigmented. The possible origin of the collagen fibrils and the differentiation of the posterior iris epithelium are discussed.
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cilia ; Human heart ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary 9+0 cilia have been found in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Proximally the cilia show the typical (+0 filament arrangement. Rearrangement of the filaments occur in their distal regions. The cilia are usually found in deep invaginations of the cell membrane, but can also be found in a superficial position. Close connections are frequently found between cilia and thin cytoplasmic extensions from neighbouring cells.
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  • 32
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 241-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Scanning E.M. ; Third ventricle ; Neurohypophysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories: nerve cells, lymphocytes and “dense cells”. Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.
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  • 33
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Phrenic nerve ; Accessory phrenic nerve ; Diaphragmatic myotomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves.
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  • 34
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    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Placode ; Electron microscopy ; Invagination ; Midbody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The otic, the lens and the nasal placodes have been examined in chick embryos between stages 10 and 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton. At the stage when each placode first becomes visible conspicuous differences have been seen in the surface morphology between those cells which will invaginate and form the placode and those which will remain on the surface of the head, forming the epidermis. The differences become more pronounced with increasing development. The placode cells possess many surface projections whilst the epidermal cells do not. These differences in surface morphology are related to other differences which are visible in TEM sections, the placode cells being highly columnar and extending the full depth of the placode, whilst the epidermal cells are cuboidal or even squamous. This modification in cell shape of the placode cells is correlated with the presence of longitudinally orientated microtubules. The mechanism of invagination is discussed and evidence is presented which supports the idea that there is a migration of cells into the placode from one side. Such a phenomenon would help to explain the asymmetrical structure of the placode, including the presence of the overhanging lip.
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  • 35
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    Archives of dermatological research 260 (1977), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Psoriasis pustulosa ; Spongiform pustule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fünf Fälle von Psoriasis pustulosa wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Hauptveränderungen im Corium bestanden in Capillardilatation mit intravasculären polymorphonukleären Leukocyten und Erythrocyten. Leukocyten traten durch die vasculären Spalten und Fenestrationen und wanderten durch das deutlich ödematöse Corium zur Epidermis. Lymphgefäße fanden sich ebenfalls. Histiocyten mit Langerhansgranula wurden in der Dermis und Epidermis beobachtet. Die morphologischen Veränderungen in der Epidermis waren abhängig von der Lokalisation und besonders stark ausgeprägt in der Nähe von voll entwickelten Pusteln in höheren Zellschichten. Früher beschriebene Befunde konnten bestätigt werden. Perinukleäre Cytolyse und andere Veränderungen in den Keratinocyten scheinen sekundär aufgrund des Ödems und der Ansammlung von Neutrophilen innerhalb der Epidermis zu entstehen. Immunologische Phänomene könnten hierfür verantwortlich sein.
    Notes: Summary Five cases of psoriasis pustulosa were examined by electron microscopy. The main features within the dermis were dilated capillaries filled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red cells. Neutrophils passed out of the vessels through the gaps and fenestrations and migrated towards the epidermis throughout the distinctly edematous corium. Lymphatic vessels could be found. Histiocytes containing Langerhans granules were observed in the dermis and epidermis. The morphological changes of the epidermis depented on the place examined and were most evident near fully developed pustules in the upper layers. The presence of previously described morphological findings could be confirmed. Perinuclear cytolysis and other changes in the keratinocytes, however, seem to be secondary, resulting from edema and accumulation of neutrophils within the epidermis. Immunological phenomenona may be responsible for the latter event.
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid polyneuropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Nerve fibers abnormalities ; Giant axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sporadic cases of amyloid polyneuropathy with clinical features corresponding to the Portuguese type of this disease were studied. Histological examination of sural nerve demonstrated a marked loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the case 1 due to axonal degeneration, high content of fibers with segmental demyelination and the occurrence of several enlarged axons filled with the 10 nm filaments (so-called giant axons). In the case 2 there was total loss of unmyelinated axons and myelinated fibers were nearly completely lacking. In the development of changes in the myelinated fibers their direct compression by amyloid deposits seems to play an important role. It leads to the appearance of both axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination. The latter seems to be due to local compression and it may involve many fibers. In the light of observations reported by other authors the mechanism of changes developing in unmyelinated fibers is explained by the presence of changes in the cells of posterior root ganglia, however the question whether some abnormalities seen in unmyelinated axons could not be related to the pressure exerted by amyloid deposits directly to these fibers, remains open.
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  • 37
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 263-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ; Multiple sclerosis ; Demyelination ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inclusions identical to those described in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain by Prineas (1975) have been seen by ultrastructural study of cerebral tissue in two elsewhere reported cases of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). The meaning of these formations, which have been suggested to be related to a special process of demyelination in MS, is discussed in the light of the hypotheses concerning the demyelination mechanism in PML. Whatever might be their significance, these cytoplasmic non viral inclusions are not specific for MS.
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  • 38
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    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Clofibrate ; Striated muscle ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Experimental animal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were given daily injections of 0.2 or 0.5 g/kg chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) for 9 to 46 days. Lower leg muscles were studied with light and electron microscopy. Daily treatment with 0.5 g/kg of the drug for 26–46 days caused myopathic changes.
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  • 39
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy ; Fibroblast ; Endoneurial edema ; Peripheral nerve ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary “Focal mucoid degeneration” was found in a N. suralis biopsy of a 8 year old child, diagnosed clinically and electrophysiologically as progressive muscular atrophy Charcot-Marie-Tooth.
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  • 40
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Slow infection ; Viral encephalomyelitis ; Electron microscopy ; C-Type virus ; Immunopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of visna, a slowly progressive meningo-encephalomyelitis of sheep, was studied in animals sacrificed one month after intracerebral inoculation of visna virus. The major pathological changes, representative of those seen during the first year after infection, consist of inflammation and minor focal destructive lesions of grey and white matter. The inflammatory infiltrates, both subependymal and perivascular as well as of the choroid plexus, were composed mainly of lymphocytes and macrophages with varying numbers of plasma cells. The demyelination seen was of the secondary or Wallerian type. There was no evidence of primary demyelination. Visna virions were not seen in any of the CNS material studied. The ultrastructural findings are compatible with the view that lesions in visna may be induced by a cell-mediated immune response. However, changes characteristic of an autoimmune reaction to myelin antigens were not observed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perexiline maleate ; Drug-induced neuropathy ; Nerve biopsy ; Muscle biopsy ; Skin biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomes ; Segmental demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathological findings in four nerves and muscles and in one skin biopsies from four patients treated with perhexiline maleate for angina pectoris are reported. In every case, a muscular denervation atrophy and a decrease in the large diameter myelinated fibers were observed. Only one case showed a decrease of the total number of myelinated fibers, on quantitative studies. The electron microscopic study of each nerve displayed findings consistent with a predominant schwannian degeneration, associated with a few onion bulbs formations and, in two cases, with a mild wallerian degeneration. The most striking finding consisted in the presence of polymorphous membrane-bound inclusions reminding the morphology of lysosomal complex lipids. These structures were very abundant in Schwann cells, but they were seen also in fibrocytes, endothelial and pericytic cells. Similar inclusions were present in the single muscle and skin biopsies studied by electron microscopy. In the muscle, they were seen in muscular cells as well as in endothelial and pericytic cells. In the skin, similar inclusions were observed in endothelial, smooth muscle and sweat gland cells. These inclusions were difficult to identifiy in one micron thick sections, emphazing the need of ultrastructural study for diagnostic purposes.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic tubular aggregates ; Electron microscopy ; Growth hormone cells ; Pituitary adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy revealed the presence of cytoplasmic tubular aggregates in the capillary endothelium of a sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenoma removed surgically from a 25-year-old female patient with acromegaly. To our knowledge, this is the second publication describing these structures in hypophysial growth hormone cell adenomas.
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  • 43
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; Ouabain ; Na-K-ATPase ; Na-ion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of active cation transport across cell membrane, was applied topically to brain surface of cats. The cerebral cortex to which 10−3 M ouabain was applied showed a spongy state, which was ultrastructurally revealed to be swelling of the neuronal cell processes, especially of dendrites. Astrocytes did not show swelling even in the most severely affected lesions. There was a marked increase in sodium with a slight increase of water in the most severely affected lesions. There was a marked increase in sodium with a slight increase of water in the cortex treated with 10−3 M ouabain. No evidence of increased vascular permeability was noted in the cortex, morphologically or biochemically. Electron microscopic cytochemistry to detect the sodium ion revealed that the increased sodium in the cortex accumulated in the swollen neuronal cell processes. It is speculated that neuronal rather than astrocytic elements might be highly dependent upon active cation transport, and that intracellular oedema in the brain tissue responsible for impairment of active cation transport might be related primarily to neuronal elements.
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  • 44
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    Acta neuropathologica 38 (1977), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Muscle biopsy ; Target fibre ; Lamellar inclusions ; Transversal tubular system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a muscle biopsy from a patient suffering about 2 years from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis groups of atrophic fibres and target fibres were observed. By electron microscopic examination, amongst numerous parallel or spinal cisternae near the plasma membrane, single-membrane bound smooth tubular elements with a constant diameter of 200–300 Å occur in the central and intermediary zone of some target fibres. The connexion between these tubules and the terminal cisternae (triads) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggest that this phenomenon seems to be a proliferation of the transversal-tubular system due to the partial denervation. Only a mechanical displacement of the T-tubules as a result of the destruction of the muscle fibres is not plausible, because the T-system volumetrically amounts only 0.3–0.5% of the muscle fibre.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human fetal muscle ; Electron microscopy ; Motor end-plate ; Extraocular muscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of human extraocular muscles (EOM) was studied in a series of fetal specimens (12–24 weeks gestation). EOM were evaluated by enzyme histochemistry (EZ) (NADH and ATPase), by differential phase contrast microscopy (DPC) and electron microscopy (EM). In the early fetus (14 weeks), there was no clear-cut sub-division into fibre types. A uniform histochemical reaction was seen with NADH while ATPase showed light and dark myotubes. Myotubes contained large central nuclei, prominent eccentric nucleoli, abundant glycogen granules, free ribosomes, numerous mitochondria, and dense and looser bundles of myofilaments. Mesenchymal cells undergoing mitosis and fibroblasts with prominent stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum were scattered within endomysium. Mast cells with well formed cytoplasmic granules were found as early as 18–24 weeks. The same specimens by DPC showed differentiation into at least 4 different fibre types at 12 weeks. All the intramuscular nerves at 12–16 weeks were composed of unmyelinated fibres. At 18 weeks, myelinated axons were present. Morphologically immature end-plates devoid of junctional folds were found at 12 weeks. The motor innervation of some EOM appears to be derived from more than one axon (multiple innervated fibres). At 18 weeks gestational age, differentiation into fibre types became apparent by enzyme histochemistry. These histochemical and morphological findings suggest that morphologically mature endplates are not prerequisites for differentiation into muscle fibre types.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Resting microglia ; Silver impregnation ; Electron microscopy ; Hematogenous cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vibratome sections of hippocampus of adult rabbits were stained by a modified Hortega's silver-carbonate method. Impregnated materials were examined by electron microscopy to decide fine-structural characteristics of the resting microglia. Comparing their characteristics with those of macrophages, we came to the following conclusions:(1) Impregnated resting microglia in the hippocampus of adult rabbits can be identified as cells having distinct fine structures. (2) Resting microglia are morphologically different from macrophages or their precursor cells, and therefore, seem not to be hematogenous cells sojourning in the normal brain parenchyma.
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  • 47
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    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex virus type II ; Organized CNS culture ; Cerebellar explants ; Electron microscopy ; Herpes infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organized cultures of newborn rat and hamster cerebellum were infected with herpes virus type II, after 7 and 14 days “in vitro”. 48 h after the infection, electron microscopic examination of the cultures showed that astrocytes contained numerous intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral particles, while neurons remained apparently intact. The specificity of the infection for a given cell type is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 231-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Actinomyces viscosus ; Epidural space ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a 3 year old female domestic cat a suppurative, granulomatous lesion of the tail and sacral area penetrated into the epidural space, causing paraplegia. A. viscosus was isolated from the inflammatory tissues. A comparative light and electron-microscopic study of the bacterial elements and the architecture of the granules (Drusen) show that the latter are in-vivo microcolonies of the agent.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Metachromatic leukodystrophy ; Peripheral nerve ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural findings in nerve biopsies from two cases of late onset metachromatic leukodystrophy were compared with those in cases of late infantile and juvenile onset. Hypertrophic changes and regenerating clusters were more evident in the late onset cases, in which macrophages were less frequent, presumably reflecting the chronicity of the disorder in this form. Inclusions within Schwann cells and endoneurial macrophages were similar in all four cases. Myelin figures, in which the periodicity of major dense lines was 8 nm, were present in Schwann cells associated with myelinated axons. The electron lucent zones between the major dense lines were bisected by lines of lesser electron density. These inclusions were probably related to myelin breakdown. All other inclusions displayed a periodicity of 5.8 nm and consisted of zebra bodies, vacuoles containing irregularly orientated lamellar material and stacks of flattened discs. These inclusions represented the metachromatic sulphatide deposits. Occasional inclusion bodies were observed within axons.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spontaneously hypertensive rats ; Bilateral carotid occlusion ; Acute ischemic brain damage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of cerebral infarcts in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1–5 h after bilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed. The alterations of the neocortex consisted of shrinkage of the neurons surrounded by swollen astrocytic processes. Distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuronal cytoplasm appeared early, while changes of the mitochondria were slight. Though there appeared slight to moderate perivascular astrocytic swelling, endothelial swelling was rare and there was no severe narrowing of the capillary lumen. There were no filling defects of colloidal carbon injected to the blood vessels of the ischemic brains. Ischemic neuronal alterations were proved to develop in the absence of severe morphological changes of the microvasculature in the developing cerebral infarcts in the present experimental model.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Poxvirus group ; Vaccinia virus, neurovirulent ; Neurovaccinia strains ; Meningoencephalitis, experimental ; Virus morphogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult NMRI mice were inoculated intracerebrally with 1.5–5×102 pfu of the “neurovirulent” strain Ma1 of vaccinia virus. The animals usually became diseased on day 3 and died on day 5 or 6 p.i. Infectivity assay studies on the mouse brains yielded a steeply rising viral titer comparable with that exhibited by several other so-called neurovaccinia strains after intracerebral inoculation. Histological studies revealed a patchy leptomeningitis most apparent over the basal brain surface. Mononuclear elements of varied size were the most common infiltrate cells in the meningitic lesions. These often showed a pronounced hemorrhagic and necrotizing character. In some places, the cellular infiltrates within the subarachnoid space extended along the perforating vessels into the superficial cerebral cortex. By electron microscopy, all essential stages of virus morphogenesis including the discharge of mature virions could be seen in numerous mononuclear phagocytes and adventitial cells. In contrast to this, no unequivocal neuroectodermal cell showed morphologic evidence of productive viral infection. Likewise, no endothelia or vascular myocytes were encountered which contained newly formed virus particles. However, alterations of the walls of blood vessels and signs of disturbed vascular permeability were a frequent finding in the meningeal foci of inflammation as well as in and around the track left by the inoculating needle. Another ultrastructural feature of the meningitic lesions was the widespread occurrence of degenerating or disintegrating infiltrate cells both infected and uninfected ones. The virologic and morphologic findings observed in this model of experimental vaccinia virus meningo-encephalitis are discussed with regard to data previously published by other authors. The propensity of strain Ma1 of vaccinia virus (and most probably of other so-called neurovaccinia strains) for replication in mesenchymal cells in particularly emphasized.
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  • 52
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Protein-calorie malnutrition ; Rat ; Spinal root ; Paranodal region ; OTAN method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.
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  • 53
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transplacental carcinogenesis ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Schwannomas ; Free cholesterol ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Malignant schwannomas of the trigeminal nerves were induced transplacentally by a single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight into pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. These neoplasms consisted of a pleomorphic population of Schwann cells and occasional fibroblasts. In order to preserve sterols the tumours were fixed in a digitonin-containing aldehyde solution. The electron microscope investigation of the tissues so treated revealed various structures: lamellar, tubular and complex formations were all observed. In addition, the unit membranes, including those of various cytoplasmic organelles, showed areas of increased contrast. The abundance of these fine structural configurations indicated the high sterol content of ethyl-nitrosourea-induced schwannomas.
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  • 54
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    Acta neuropathologica 38 (1977), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fabry's disease ; Muscle biopsy ; Nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Lamellar bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of a muscle biopsy has provided evidence of storage involvement of the skeletal muscle fibres in Fabry's disease. In the endothelial cells of the capillaries, the inclusions were more abundant and pleomorphic. Muscle satellite cells were spared. In the sensory nerve biopsy, the perineurial and endothelial cells contained lamellar bodies, but not the Schwann cells. There was a slight reduction of the number of the small myelinated fibres and of the unmyelinated fibres. An electron microscopic study of a muscle biopsy can be helpful in the diagnosis of the disease. The physiopathology of the pain attacks is still a matter for discussion.
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  • 55
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leucodystrophy ; Myelin ; Dog ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A recently recognised progressive disorder of central myelin in Dalmatian dogs is described. The disease is probably transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. The symptoms started at the age of 3–6 months and were dominated by visual deficiency and/or progressive locomotive abnormalities. Pathologically, the most consistent lesions were found bilaterally in the region of the centrum semiovale. The optic nerves were also frequently affected, the basal ganglia and spinal cord were affected infrequently. The main lesions were confined to myelin, while axons and nerve cells were spared, particularly in the early stages of the lesions. Numberous phagocytes were observed which contained engulfed myelin and other lipid breakdown products. Ultrastructurally and histochemically the disease differs from previusly described types of leucodystrophy.
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  • 56
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tuberous sclerosis ; Electron microscopy ; Astrocytes ; Microvilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sporadic case of tuberous sclerosis in a stillborn infant is reported. The death at the 31st week of gestation was presumably due to the development of enormous rhabdomyomas of the heart. The typical cerebral lesions were fully developed as in patients deceased later in life. The atypical cells found in the cortical tubers demonstrated ultrastructural features of reactive astrocytes. Moreover, they showed innumerable microvillilike projections on their surface and junctional complexes, mostly of the zonula adhaerens type, reminiscent of ependymocytes. The significance of such glio-epithelial cellular features is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Low-protein diet ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Paranodal area ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of intermyelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Disulfiram psychosis ; Electron microscopy ; Synaptic changes ; Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; Histotoxic anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following chronic administration of disulfiram to rats, changes of the brain were examined electron-microscopically. Pathological findings were observed in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus at later stage, and synaptic changes in the hypothalamus from initial stage. On the other hand, changes of myelinated fibers, neuroglias and capillaries were very slight. It was considered that neurons were affected more predominantly than other neuronal elements by the cytotoxic action of the drug, and that the synaptic changes of the hypothalamus might reveal chronic disturbance of noradrenergic transmission by inhibition of dopamine-β-hydroxylase. These ultrastructural findings might relate to the pathogenic mechanism of the disulfiram psychosis.
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  • 59
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    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; Lewy body ; Dense core vesicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a case of Lewy body disease incidentally found at autopsy, numerous dense core vesicles, 80–200 nm in diameter, were seen in the neuronal perikarya of the locus caeruleus. They were particularly numerous in the vicinity of the Lewy bodies. The change seems to occur at the early stage of Lewy body production and may represent an additional morphologic clue to abnormal catecholamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease.
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  • 60
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Neuropathology ; Down's syndrome ; Human cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a quantitative electronmicroscopic study, autopsy samples from the frontal and temporal lobes of two severely defective mongoloid brains were examined for the presence of abnormalities in the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex. Particular attention was paid to the occurrence of atypical neuronal and glial inclusions similar to those which occur in small numbers (1 in 5000 µ2 of cortex) in neurologically normal brain (Rees, 1975). An area of 3.6×105 µ2 of cortex was examined from each brain. Within the cortical parenchyma, there was no gliosis, neuronal death or areas of degeneration. Atypical neuronal and glial inclusions were observed in both of the retarded brains, but they did not occur in substantially different numbers from normal brains. There were no inclusions or structural abnormalities peculiar to the retarded brains. Thus, in these two defective brains, it has not been possible to demonstrate any specific abnormalities in the ultrastructure of the cortex.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lymphocyte ; Juvenile amaurotic idiocy ; Ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Vacuolar contents ; Electron microscopy ; Sural nerve ; Muscle ; Rectum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 31 patients with juvenile amaurotic idiocy (juvenile form of ceroid lipofuscinosis) were examined with the electron microscope. In all cases, intracytoplasmic clear vacuoles were present, containing round hollow, fingerprint and highly electron dense structures. The combination of these structures, not necessarily in one and the same vacuole, was considered to be highly indicative for the diagnosis of juvenile amaurotic idiocy. In addition to these three structures, parallel tubular inclusion bodies, rectilinear profiles and rodshaped structures were found but in a number of the cases. The parallel tubular inclusion bodies were not regarded as having any diagnostic significance.
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  • 62
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy ; Giant axons ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An 8-year-old boy with a slowly progressive motor neuropathy is described. The first signs appeared at the age of 3 years. Histological examination of the sural nerve showed the presence of numerous segmental axonal swellings and features of demyelination as well as remyelination. These enlargements were filled with irregularly orientated 10 nm filaments. The case resembled the previously described cases of giant axonal neuropathy but differed from them in absence of kinky hair.
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  • 63
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous mineral ; Bone ; Electron microscopy ; Ultracryotomy ; Ultramicro-incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15–30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 μm in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite.
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  • 64
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amelogenesis imperfecta ; Hypocalcification ; Hypoplasia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta revelaed various aspects of microcavities in the enamel surface, which ranged from isolated imprints of ameloblasts corresponding to the mildest lesions at the end of amelogenesis, to pits caused by the death of 20 to 30 ameloblasts at the beginning of amelogenesis. Abnormalities in the shape of the prisms can be observed. Further, crystals are distributed randomly within a prism or at the junction of 2 contiguous prisms while intercrystalline spaces are widened, indicating in various places the lack of a preferred orientation of the crystals. In amelogenesis imperfecta, two different crystalline periods are found: 1 of about 250 Å, the other of about 500 Å and over. The fact that amorphous areas are found among the crystals of enamel may be related to different stages of crystallization. However, it was not possible to find any lattice defect.
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  • 65
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cementum ; Lysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Examination of microradiographs from the deciduous teeth of pigs revealed large lacunae or radiolucent zones close to the cemento-dentinal junction. Electron microscopic studies of the ground sections showed areas or irregularly shaped zones devoid of mineral and filled with collagen fibers. In the wide unmineralized zones, spherical clusters of crystallites were noted. Several cementum lacunae bordered by a broad rim of unmineralized collagen fibers were noted and some lacunae also contained zones of a moderately electron dense material. This material did not yield a diffraction pattern, while the mineralized part of the cementum gave the diffraction pattern typical of hydroxyapatite.
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  • 66
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Blood plasma ; Enamel mineralization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that tissue fluid F concentrations are the primary determinants of fluoride effects on bones and developing teeth and that these concentrations are dependent on, or mirrored by, blood plasma F. It has earlier been shown that the plasma F levels are dependent on the dietary F supply as well as on skeletal F concentration. Fasting and post-ingestion or postinjection plasma F levels have been determined in rats on F doses that cause different degrees of enamel fluorosis. The results indicate that temporary peak values rather than elevated fasting values are responsible for the occurrence of enamel fluorosis and that the peak values must approach about 10 μM in order to block enamel formation by the ameloblasts. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of plasma F determinations is discussed.
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  • 67
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    Experimental brain research 28 (1977), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Rat ; Lamellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record population spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abstinence syndrome ; Tolerance ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; THC ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were injected s.c. with THC twice daily for 5 weeks in increasing doses. In the last 3 weeks they received 40 mg/kg THC in each administration. Ten control rats received the same amount of vehicle by the same route for the same period. The comparison of rectal temperatures of the first and fifteenth days showed that a very pronounced tolerance developed to the hypothermic effect of THC. The administration of naloxone on the 22nd and 31st days precipitated an opiatelike abstinence syndrome. The termination of the drug administration on the 35th day also produced a similar withdrawal syndrome. The most common signs of abstinence syndrome in THC-treated animals were teeth chattering, defecation, urination, dyspnea, and complete palpebral closure. Although the frequency of the incidence of the following signs were not high, they have been observed only in THC-treated animals: chewing, tremors on the face, escape behavior, jumping, eating of objects, biting of fingers, and sniffing. During abstinence, an increased locomotor activity was recorded by an activity-meter. Similarly, the total amount of excreted feces and urine was higher in the THC group than in the controls. Both abstinence scores and increased motility exhibited the peak in the 48th h of withdrawal. Some similarities between the effects of THC and morphine have been reviewed.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Dibutyryl cyclic AMP ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary DbcAMP≥0.1 mM induces the discharge of exportable enzymes from rat pancreas fragments incubated in vitro. This effect is qualitatively similar to the action of physiological secretagogues acting via hormone receptors: 1) it is accompanied by the appearance of exocytotic images at the acinar cell apex; 2) it is energy dependent but energy supply is low while that required for the carbamylcholine or caerulein response is high and can only be afforded by oxidative phosphorylation; 3) it is calcium dependent, but no alteration of inward or outward calcium movement can be observed; 4) it is altered by agents known to disrupt the microfilamentous microtubular system [41]. However, the secretory response to DbcAMP is quantitatively less than that obtained with hormonal stimuli. A damaging effect of DbcAMP on pancreatic acinar cells is ruled out on histological and biochemical grounds: there is no significant leakage of LDH; protein synthesis, 2-deoxy-d-glucose andl-leucine uptake are unaltered. The secretagogue effect of DbcAMP is reversible, dose-related and specific. It is not mediated by neuro-transmitter release or by interaction with their receptors. The evidence presented points to a direct interaction of DbcAMP on the pancreatic acinar cell and suggests the last step of the secretory cycle as the most probable site of action of the nucleotide derivative.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Altitude ; Myocardium ; Regional blood flow ; Blood volume ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of86Rb tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.
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  • 72
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    Pflügers Archiv 368 (1977), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Endotoxin ; Rat ; Fever ; Anti-endotoxin system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22°C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection ofE. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 μg/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.
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  • 73
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Nickel ; Rat ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach täglicher Zufuhr von Nickelsulfat an Ratten wurden Leber, Niere, Hoden und Herzmuskel auf biochemische und histologische Änderungen untersucht. Während sich in der Initialphase noch keine signifikanten Veränderungen nachweisen ließen, traten nach längerer Exposition deutliche enzymatische und histopathologische Veränderungen in allen vier untersuchten Organen auf. Das Ausmaß der Organläsionen zeigte einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Behandlungsdauer.
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.
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  • 74
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sulfhydryls ; Enzymes ; Brain ; Liver ; Testis ; Manganese ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Mangan auf Sulfhydrylgruppen und SH-enthaltende Enzyme in Gehirn, Leber und Hoden von Ratten wurde untersucht. Mangan verminderte den Gehalt an Nicht-Eiweiß-SH und hemmte die Glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase sowie die Glutathionreduktase in diesen Geweben. In Gehirn, Leber und Hoden der Mn-behandelten Tiere war der Mn-Gehalt signifikant erhöht.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 75
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Smooth muscle ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Ratte ; Pharmakokinetik ; glatter Muskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Oral verabreichtes Carbromal und Carbromid wurden bei Ratten in Dosen unter 20 mg/kg rasch aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt aufgenommen, aus dem Dünndarm 5–8mal rascher als aus dem Magen. Die enterale Resorption von Carbromaldosen größer als 20 mg/kg verlief wesentlich langsamer. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf eine verzögerte Magenentleerung zurückzuführen. Sowohl Carbromal als auch Carbromid hemmten in vitro den Tonus und die durch Acetylcholin induzierte Kontraktion glatter Muskeln des Magenfundus. Carbromal und Carbromid fanden sich im Organismus in gleicher Konzentration in Serum, Gehirn und Skelettmuskulatur. Im Fettgewebe wurden dreimal höhere Werte gemessen. Die Konzentrationen beider Stoffe fallen in den untersuchten vier Organen mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit wieder ab. Es lassen sich daher mit Hilfe der leicht zu messenden Serumkonzentrationen rasch die im Organismus verteilten Mengen beider Substanzen ermitteln. Intraperitoneal injizieŕtes Carbromal und Carbromid verlassen Serum und Gehirn mit einer Halbwertzeit von 3–4 h, Äthylbutyrylharnstoff mit einer Halbwertzeit von 5–7 h. Carbromal, Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff werden von der Ratte rasch und nahezu vollständig metabolisiert. In Urin und Kot erschienen nur Spuren dieser Substanzen. Für eine Sekretion von Carbromal und seinen beiden Metaboliten in den Magen ergab sich kein Anhalt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die akute Carbromalvergiftung beim Menschen diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Oral doses up to 20 mg/kg of carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide were rapidly absorbed in the rat. Absorption from the stomach ligated at the pyloric end was 5–8-fold less than absorption of carbromal injected directly into the small intestine. Oral doses greater than 20 mg/kg of carbromal disappeared more slowly from the gastro-intestinal tract because gastric emptying was delayed. Both carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide were able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rat fundus strips. Carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide distributed evenly between serum, brain and skeletal muscle. Concentrations in adipose tissue were three times those in the other three tissues. Concentrations of both carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide in all four tissues declined at the same rate. Thus, serum concentration of either compound may be used to estimate the total body content. Intraperitoneally injected carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea disappeared from the brain and from the serum with a half-life of 3–4 h and 5–7 h, respectively. Traces only of unchanged carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide, or ethylbutyrylurea were excreted with urine or feces indicating rapid and extensive biotransformation of the three compounds in this species. No evidence was obtained of secretion of either carbromal or its two metabolites into the lumen of the stomach. The findings are discussed as to their relevance for acute carbromal poisoning in humans.
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  • 76
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Renal enzyme excretion ; Chelating agents ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von intravenös verabreichtem HgCl2 auf die renale Ausscheidung von alkalischer Phosphatase (AP) und Leucinaminopeptidase (LAP) wurde an Ratten untersucht. Am ersten Tag nach Hg-Injektion erfolgte ein Anstieg der Enzymausscheidung, der von einem Schwellenwert von 0.44 mg Hg/kg ausgehend eine lineare Abhängigkeit von der Hg-Dosis aufwies. Am zweiten Tag wurde ein statistisch signifikanter Effekt bereits nach 0.25 mg Hg/kg beobachtet. Nach Dosen von 0.75 mg Hg/kg oder mehr fand ein Abfall der Enzymaktivität unter die Kontrollwerte statt, der mehr als 4 Tage anhielt. Behandlung mit 2,3-Dimercaptopropansulfonat (DMPS) bewirkte eine Normalisierung der AP-Ausscheidung. Eine Wirkung auf die LAP-Exkretion wurde nur bei baldiger Verabreichung von DMPS beobachtet. Das gleiche gilt für den Effekt von DMPS auf die Hg-induzierte Letalität. Die Nützlichkeit einer LAP-Bestimmung im Urin zur Abschätzung einer Hg-Inkorporation wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg Hg/kg. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.
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  • 77
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead in blood ; Longterm exposure ; Learning deficit ; Overreaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Erfassung neuropsychologischer Störungen nach ontogenetisch früher Bleiexposition wurde bei männlichen Wistar-Ratten pränatal über deren Mütter, neonatal über die Muttermilch und postnatal über Bleiazetathaltiges Futter (745 mg Pb/kg Futter) chronisch ein erhöhter Blutbleispiegel (PbB) eingestellt. In der Trächtigkeits-und Säugezeit stieg der PbB-Spiegel der Mütter von 24.2 auf 31.2 μg-% an, während derjenige der Nachkommen im Alter von ca. 16 Tagen 26.6 μg-% und im Alter von ca. 190 Tagen 28.5 μg-% betrug. PbB altersgleicher Kontrollen war stets 〈 6 μg-%. Im Alter zwischen 100 und 200 Tagen wurden 20 Bleitiere und 20 Kontrollen blind verschiedenen Verhaltensprüfungen unterzogen, und zwar einem Open Field-Test und einer visuellen Unterscheidungs-Lernaufgabe. Zwei Lernprobleme unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit, Richtungs- und Größenunterscheidung, wurden benutzt. Im Open Field-Test waren die Bleitiere im Vergleich mit den Kontrollen signifikant unruhiger: Lokomotorische Aktivität, Aufrichten und Putzverhalten waren gesteigert. Die schwierige Größenunterscheidung erlernten nur die Kontrollen, während das leichte Problem, nämlich die Richtungsunterscheidung, von Kontroll- und Bleitieren gleich schnell erlernt wurde. Die beobachteten Bleiwirkungen, gesteigerte motorische Unruhe und Lernleistungshemmung, lassen sich als Indikatoren einer funktionellen Hirnschädigung deuten. Sie legen den Schluß nahe, daß die „Wirkschwelle” für neuropsychologische Störungen nach ontogenetisch frühzeitiger Bleieinwirkung bei der Ratte als unterhalb 35 μg/100 ml liegend angenommen werden muß.
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2–31.2 μg-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 μg-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 μg-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation-and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead-and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the “no-response level” for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 μg/100ml.
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  • 78
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    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 1137-1147 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Edema ; Capillary permeability ; Pericardial effusion ; Microcirculation ; Electron microscopy ; Ödem ; Kapillarpermeabilität ; Perikarderguß ; Mikrozirkulation ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 2 Patientinnen hatten neben dem Krankheitsbild der idiopathischen Ödeme Höhlenergüsse insbesondere des Perikards. In dem einen Fall erforderte der große Perikarderguß schließlich die Perikardresektion, im anderen Fall führte Spironolacton-Dauerbehandlung zur weitgehenden Normalisieriung. Der relativ hohe Eiweißgehalt von Ödem (25 und 12 g/l) und Perikarderguß (55–61 und 48 g/l) und der vergrößerte Verteilungsraum für markiertes Eiweiß sprechen für vermehrte Permeabilität von kleinen Gefäßen und Grenzflächen für Eiweiß. Das Blutvolumen war niedrig normal bzw. erniedrigt. Elektronenoptisch fanden sich an den Hautgefäßen abnorme endotheliale Protuberanzen und große intercelluläre Lücken (Gaps) und an den Muskelgefäßen Befunde, die für einen gesteigerten cytopemptischen Transport sprechen. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde der beiden Patientinnen zeigen keine prinzipiellen Unterschiede; sie stellen offenbar das morphologische Substrat gesteigerter Eiweißpermeabilität der Gefäße und der Bildung relativ eiweißreicher Ödeme dar. Damit sind morphologische Veränderungen bei Menschen mit idiopathischen Ödemen nachgewiesen, wie sie bisher nur in Tierversuchen mit experimentell erzeugten Ödemen beobachtet wurden.
    Notes: Summary Clinical and electron microscopic studies of two female patients are reported who, in addition to the symptoms and signs of idiopathic edema, had pericardial (and pleural) effusions. In one patient pericardiectomy had to be performed, in the other patient pharmacotherapy with spironolactone was effective. In these patients the protein-concentrations of edema fluid (25 and 12 g/l) and pericardial fluid (55–61 and 48 g/l) were relatively high; the distribution space of labelled protein was increased; blood volumes were low-normal or decreased. Electronmicroscopy of the microvasculature showed identical alterations in both cases. In the cutaneous vessels the endothelium developed numerous abnormal cytoplasmic processes and intercellular “gaps”. In the capillaries of skeletal muscle our findings indicate an increase in vesicular transport. We suggest the electron microscopic alterations to be the morphologic correlate for the increased transport and extravascular accumulation of protein. Changes as they are described here in humans with idiopathic edema have been documented before in animals with experimental edema.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histidin ; Gehirn ; Skelettmuskel ; Leber ; Urämie ; Ratte ; Histidine ; Brain ; Striated muscle ; Liver ; Uremia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei chronisch niereninsuffizienten Ratten (5/6-Nephrektomie) wurden die intrazellulären Histidin-Konzentrationen verschiedener Organe (Gehirn, Skelettmuskel und Leber) bestimmt. Als Vergleichsgruppen dienten gesunde Kontroll-Ratten sowie sog. „pair-fed“ Ratten, die entsprechend den niereninsuffizienten Tieren eine verminderte Nahrungsmenge zu sich nahmen. Während sich in den untersuchten Gruppen die Plasma-Histidin-Konzentration nicht unterschied, war Histidin im Gehirn der chronisch niereninsuffizienten Tiere signifikant erhöht. Dieser Konzentrations-Anstieg dürfte als urämie-spezifisch anzusehen sein, da die entsprechend minderernährten Kontrolltiere keine Alteration zeigten. Als Ursache ist in erster Linie eine cerebrale Störung des Histidin-Metabolismus zu diskutieren.
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  • 80
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    Journal of neurology 215 (1977), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spinal nerve root ; Cauda equina ; Transsection and suture ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Regeneration in dorsalen und ventralen Nervenwurzeln der Cauda equina nach Durchtrennung und Naht am Schwein wurde nach dreimonatiger Überlebenszeit untersucht. Obwohl keine detaillierten quantitativen Analysen durchgeführt wurden, konnte eindeutig festgestellt werden, daß die Regeneration in motorischen Wurzeln ausgiebiger was als in sensiblen Wurzeln. In den regenerierten Wurzeln wurde eine Zunahme von Histiozyten, Fibroblasten und Collagen sowie eine Verdickung der Wurzelhüllen beobachtet. In regenerierten dorsalen Wurzeln fanden sich heterotope, vom Myelon ausgewachsene Gliabündel.
    Notes: Summary The regeneration of nerve fibres in pigs was studied three months after transsection and end-to-end suture of the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots L 5 and S 1. Although no detailed quantitative analysis was performed, it was clearly evident that regeneration in motor roots is significantly more efficacious than in sensory roots. Probably as a reaction to Wallerian degeneration, an increase of histiocytes, fibroblasts and collagen fibrils, as well as a thickening of the sheaths was observed in the transsected and sutured roots. Heterotopic glial bundles were found in the regenerated dorsal roots.
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  • 81
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    Journal of neurology 215 (1977), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spinal nerve root ; Cauda equina ; Transsection and suture ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Regeneration in dorsalen und ventralen Nervenwurzeln der Cauda equina nach Durchtrennung und Naht am Schwein wurde nach dreimonatiger Überlebenszeit untersucht. Obwohl keine detaillierten quantitativen Analysen durchgeführt wurden, konnte eindeutig festgestellt werden, daß die Regeneration in motorischen Wurzeln ausgiebiger was als in sensiblen Wurzeln. In den regenerierten Wurzeln wurde eine Zunahme von Histiozyten, Fibroblasten und Collagen sowie eine Verdickung der Wurzelhüllen beobachtet. In regenerierten dorsalen Wurzeln fanden sich heterotope, vom Myelon ausgewachsene Gliabündel.
    Notes: Summary The regeneration of nerve fibres in pigs was studied three months after transsection and end-to-end suture of the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots L 5 and S 1. Although no detailed quantitative analysis was performed, it was clearly evident that regeneration in motor roots is significantly more efficacious than in sensory roots. Probably as a reaction to Wallerian degeneration, an increase of histiocytes, fibroblasts and collagen fibrils, as well as a thickening of the sheaths was observed in the transsected and sutured roots. Heterotopic glial bundles were found in the regenerated dorsal roots.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: SMON ; Muscle biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Neuromuscular junction ; Paracrystalline inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein 46jähriger Mann, welcher über lange Zeit hohe Dosen von Clioquinol einnahm, entwickelte recht plötzlich charakteristische neurologische Ausfälle, entsprechend einer subakuten myelooptischen Neuropathie (SMON). Bei der elektronenoptischen Untersuchung einer Muskelbiopsie, die 5 Monate nach Beginn der Erkrankung entnommen worden war, zeigten sich ausgeprägte degenerative Veränderungen der präsynaptischen Nervenendigungen und vereinzelte parakristalline Einschlüsse in der Endplattenregion, die einmalig erscheinen. Letzteres könnte das morphologische Substrat der toxischen Substanz darstellen, die für den SMON verantwortlich gemacht wird.
    Notes: Summary A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly. Electron microscopical examination of the muscle biopsy, obtained five months after the onset of the disease, revealed severe degenerative changes of the presynaptic nerve endings and some unique paracrystalline inclusions in the sole plate region. The latter may represent the morphological expression of the toxic agent which is held responsible for the subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: SMON ; Muscle biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Neuromuscular junction ; Paracrystalline inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein 46jähriger Mann, welcher über lange Zeit hohe Dosen von Clioquinol einnahm, entwickelte recht plötzlich charakteristische neurologische Ausfälle, entsprechend einer subakuten myelooptischen Neuropathie (SMON). Bei der elektronenoptischen Untersuchung einer Muskelbiopsie, die 5 Monate nach Beginn der Erkrankung entnommen worden war, zeigten sich ausgeprägte degenerative Veränderungen der präsynaptischen Nervenendigungen und vereinzelte parakristalline Einschlüsse in der Endplattenregion, die einmalig erscheinen. Letzteres könnte das morphologische Substrat der toxischen Substanz darstellen, die für den SMON verantwortlich gemacht wird.
    Notes: Summary A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly. Electron microscopical examination of the muscle biopsy, obtained five months after the onset of the disease, revealed severe degenerative changes of the presynaptic nerve endings and some unique paracrystalline inclusions in the sole plate region. The latter may represent the morphological expression of the toxic agent which is held responsible for the subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
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  • 84
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    Journal of neurology 215 (1977), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hypothyroidism ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Renaut bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die klinischen Daten und Nervenbiopsiebefunde von 4 hypothyreotischen Patienten, die Symptome einer diffusen peripheren Neuropathie aufwiesen, dargestellt. Klinisch-neurologisch bestanden sensiblen Reizzeichen von scherzhaftem Charakter, eine symmetrische, distale Sensibilitätsminderung mit Ataxie und eine Abschwächung der Muskeleigenreflexe mit Verlust der Achillessehnenreflexe. Bei einem Patienten war die periphere Neuropathie Leitsymptom der zugrunde liegenden metabolischen Erkrankung. Als Substrat dieser Ausfälle fand sich bei der licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung der N. suralis-Biopsien eine deutliche Verminderung der Markfasern, besonders die großkalibrigen, dickbemarkten Axone betreffend. Die Histogramme zeigten entsprechend ein pathologisches unimodales Faserspektrum. Dystrophische und degenerative Veränderungen an Axonen aller Faserklassen und das Vorkommen sogenannter „Regenerationsgruppen“ kleiner, dünnbemarkter Fasern deuten darauf hin, daß der Neuropathie bei diesen hypothyreotischen Patienten in pathogenetischer Hinsicht in erster Linie eine neuroaxonale Degeneration mit unvollständiger Regeneration zugrunde liegt.
    Notes: Summary Clinical and sural nerve biopsy findings are described in four hypothyroid patients with manifestations of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed distal sensory inpairment, complaints of burning and lancinating extremity pains, ataxia and a decrease of deep tendon reflexes with total ankle jerk loss. In one patient, signs of the peripheral neuropathy comprised the leading symptomatology of the underlying metabolic disorder. Light and electron microscopic investigations of the sural nerve biopsies revealed a marked reduction of myelinated fibers, affecting mainly the large myelinated axons. The histograms showed a pathological unimodal spectrum of myelinated fiber diameters. Dystrophic and degenerative changes in axons of all fiber classes and the presence of clusters of thinly myelinated small fibers suggest that neuroaxonal degeneration and incomplete regeneration may represent the major pathogenetic mechanism of the neuropathy in these hypothyroid patients.
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  • 85
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    Journal of neurology 215 (1977), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hypothyroidism ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Renaut bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die klinischen Daten und Nervenbiopsiebefunde von 4 hypothyreotischen Patienten, die Symptome einer diffusen peripheren Neuropathie aufwiesen, dargestellt. Klinisch-neurologisch bestanden sensiblen Reizzeichen von scherzhaftem Charakter, eine symmetrische, distale Sensibilitätsminderung mit Ataxie und eine Abschwächung der Muskeleigenreflexe mit Verlust der Achillessehnenreflexe. Bei einem Patienten war die periphere Neuropathie Leitsymptom der zugrunde liegenden metabolischen Erkrankung. Als Substrat dieser Ausfälle fand sich bei der licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung der N. suralis-Biopsien eine deutliche Verminderung der Markfasern, besonders die großkalibrigen, dickbemarkten Axone betreffend. Die Histogramme zeigten entsprechend ein pathologisches unimodales Faserspektrum. Dystrophische und degenerative Veränderungen an Axonen aller Faserklassen und das Vorkommen sogenannter „Regenerationsgruppen“ kleiner, dünnbemarkter Fasern deuten darauf hin, daß der Neuropathie bei diesen hypothyreotischen Patienten in pathogenetischer Hinsicht in erster Linie eine neuroaxonale Degeneration mit unvollständiger Regeneration zugrunde liegt.
    Notes: Summary Clinical and sural nerve biopsy findings are described in four hypothyroid patients with manifestations of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed distal sensory inpairment, complaints of burning and lancinating extremity pains, ataxia and a decrease of deep tendon reflexes with total ankle jerk loss. In one patient, signs of the peripheral neuropathy comprised the leading symptomatology of the underlying metabolic disorder. Light and electron microscopic investigations of the sural nerve biopsies revealed a marked reduction of myelinated fibers, affecting mainly the large myelinated axons. The histograms showed a pathological unimodal spectrum of myelinated fiber diameters. Dystrophic and degenerative changes in axons of all fiber classes and the presence of clusters of thinly myelinated small fibers suggest that neuroaxonal degeneration and incomplete regeneration may represent the major pathogenetic mechanism of the neuropathy in these hypothyroid patients.
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  • 86
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacterium ; Simonsiella ; Oral cavity ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology ; Dorsal-ventral differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus Simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsalventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacterium woodii ; Hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobe ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Defective lysogeny ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Simultaneous isolation technique ; Temperate bacteriophages ; Pseudomonas pseudoflava ; Biological characterization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Widespread defective lysogeny was detected in Alcaligenes eutrophus by electron microscopic analysis of cultures. Mitomycin C treatment of the cultures resulted in the production of defective (inco-) particles. Polysheaths were produced both with and without induction. With the simultaneous isolation technique six phages were isolated for hydrogen-oxidizing strains of the new species Pseudomonas pseudoflava. The phages were able to replicate under autotrophic conditions and were found to have a very restricted host range. Electron microscopic analysis allowed classification into two structural groups. Group I contained phages with contractile tails; group II contained phages with flexible, noncontractile tails. All but one (gb) of the new phages were shown to be temperate by isolation of lysogens and induction with mitomycin C.
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  • 89
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; Algae ; Hemiselmis rufescens ; Chroomonas ; Cryptomonas ; Mitochondrial complex ; Cristae ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unitary nature of the mitochondrion and the characteristic flattened finger-like morphology of the cristae were demonstrated in the Cryptophyceae. Hemiselmis rufescens contained an unbranched vermi-form mitochondrion in contrast to the variously branched complex, comprising an interconnected peripheral and central reticulum, in Chroomonas sp. and strains of Cryptomonas. The systematic value of the shape and distribution of the mitochondria in the examined genera was suggested.
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  • 90
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    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 185-198 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Synechococcus lividus ; Cyanobacteria ; Carbon dioxide ; Electron microscopy ; Bleaching-regreening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus was studied by depriving cells of CO2 and examining cell populations biochemically and by electron microscopy. After 120 h of CO2 deprivation, S. lividus lost all detectable chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Such bleached cultures were “mustard yellow”, the result of approximately 1.8 times more carotenoid per cell than green control cultures. Although cells from beached cultures appeared morphologically identical to control green cells when examined by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination revealed them to be devoid of detectable thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane could not be recovered by physical isolation or revealed by freeze etching of bleached S. lividus. In addition, inclusion bodies characteristically found in S. lividus were also absent. Reintroduction of CO2 into bleached cultures resulted in a rapid resynthesis of both chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Electron microscopic examination of these regreening cultures revealed that thylakoid membrane was also rapidly resynthesized. Growth of regreened cultures did not occur until there was the synthesis of a full complement of chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, and thylakoid membrane. A time course study of the cytological events occurring during bleaching and regreening is presented.
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  • 91
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    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Abstinence signs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including “wet dog shakes” and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and/or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.
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  • 92
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    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Atropine ; Cholinergic mechanisms ; Learning ; Ontogeny ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following α-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17-and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperidol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.
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  • 94
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chronic ethanol treatment ; Rat ; Behaviour ; Central monoamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8–24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.
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  • 95
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    Virchows Archiv 372 (1977), S. 287-297 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Stomach ; Lipid islands ; Smooth muscle cells ; Foam cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Foam cells in lipid islands of the stomach can develop from both histiocytes and smooth muscle cells. With increasing storage of lipid vacuoles in smooth muscle cells, loosening of the myofilament arrangement and decrease of the dense areas subjacent to the plasma membrane occurs. Endoplasmic reticulum and the cisternae of the Golgi-apparatus dilate, the cell organelles increase initially and the basement membrane of the smooth muscle cells is fragmentarily formed. Only in incompletely formed foam cells can the origin from smooth muscle cells be recognised, in their final state their histiogenesis is seldom apparent.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myeloproliferative disorder ; Megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis ; Granulocyte lineage ; Bone marrow biopsy ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 5 patients with chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) bone marrow specimens were studied by electron microscopy to investigate possible abnormalities of the granulocytic cell lineage. Thin sections were compared with freeze-fracture replicas to elucidate further aspects of leucocyte cytology. The atypia exhibited in these cells (eosinophils, basophils and neutrophil granulocytes) consisted mostly of a disorganization of granulopoiesis with hyper- and hypogranulation, a pathological increase in the number of nuclear blebs and a maturation asynchrony sometimes leading to Pelger-like cell forms. Moreover, a presumptive stem cell was demonstrated in the erythopoietic and granulocytic cell lines resembling CFU cells. In conclusion, granulopoiesis in CMGM exhibited abnormalities as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. When considered with our previous finding of malignancy in megakaryopoiesis, CMGM has to be classified as a myelosis of mixed cellularity.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Vinylchloride-disease ; Splenomegaly ; Electron microscopy ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch histometrische, enzymhistochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, da\ die pathologischen MilzverÄnderungen bei der Vinylchlorid-Krankheit nicht durch hepatisch bedingte Pfortaderdruckerhöhung verursacht werden, sondern auf einer Gewebsalteration durch das Vinylchlorid oder dessen Metabolite beruhen. Dabei sind vor allem die faserbildenden Zellen der Milz beteiligt. Faserassoziierte Reticulumzellen in der roten Pulpa und fibroblastische Reticulumzellen in der wei\en Pulpa werden zu übermÄ\iger Bindegewebsneubildung stimuliert. Hierdurch kommt es in der roten Pulpa zur bindegewebigen Verödung der FiltrationsrÄume mit einer Reduzierung der Pulpastrangmakrophagen und in der wei\en Pulpa zu einer Vernarbung der periarteriellen Lymphscheiden. Die Folgen dieser Fibrosierungsprozesse sind charakteristische VerÄnderungen in der quantitativen Zusammensetzung der Gewebskomponenten, die sich deutlich von denjenigen in Milzen bei Lebercirrhose und Milzvenenthrombose unterscheiden.
    Notes: Summary By means of histometric, enzyme histochemical, and electron microscopic investigations it was demonstrated that the pathological changes in the spleen in vinylchloride-disease are primary. Fibroblastic cells are the only specific splenic cells involved. Fibre-associated reticulum cells of the red pulp and fibroblastic reticulum cells in white pulp are stimulated to produce excessive amounts of the extracellular elements of connective tissue, especially collagen fibrils. The newly formed connective tissue causes obliteration of extracellular blood channels in the red pulp and thus a reduction in the number of pulp-cord macrophages, and scarring of the periarterial lymphatic sheaths. The results of this fibrosing process are characteristic quantitative changes in the splenic histologic structures. These changes are different from those structural alterations occuring in spleens following extrasplenic hemodynamic changes, such as thrombosis of the splenic veins or cirrhosis of the liver.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Familial medullary carcinoma ; Morphogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry of C-cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six cases of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) were investigated by light and electron microscopy as well as by ultracytochemical methods. Light microscopic examination revealed multifocal C-cell proliferation in 5 subjects. These cells were mostly limited to thyroid follicles, but occasionally extended across the follicular capsule forming microscopic MTC. Electron microscopic examination showed that, in some follicles, the proliferating C-cells were still covered by a continuous layer of follicular cells, whereas in others the proliferation extended to the follicular center. C-cells were in direct contact with the colloid, and ultramicroinvasion of the follicular capsule was detected. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that familial MTC seems to begin as multifocal C-cell proliferation, limited at first to thyroid follicles, between the capsule and the follicular epithelium. Later, the proliferation extends to the follicular center, and C-cells come in contact with the colloid, at which time an in situ carcinoma stage is reached. Some neoplastic cells invade the follicular capsule and, finally, multiple MTC appear and eventually conglomerate. Generally, there were no constant morphologic criteria for a dysplasia or neoplasia among the proliferating C-cells limited to thyroid follicles, when compared with normal or even malignant C-cells. For these reasons, a hyperplastic or dysplastic process preceding MTC cannot be clearly distinguished from a neoplastic process. Our study, however, shows that a light microscopic, apparently hyperplastic process may be a malignant one. Amyloid was present in the more voluminous MTC, associated with tumor cell necrosis, but it was not evident in small MTC and within the foci of C-cell proliferation. Ultracytochemical techniques revealed that the secretory granules of normal, proliferating and neoplastic C-cells contained polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins.
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  • 99
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    Virchows Archiv 374 (1977), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Signet-ring cell ; Scirrhous carcinoma ; Gastric carcinoma ; Electron microscopy ; Stomach cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The signet-ring cells seen in gastric carcinoma of the diffuse type were studied by light and electron microscopy. A classification of these cells into Types A, B and C was developed, based on intracellular mucous granules, nuclei and organelles, and by reactions to PAS and Alcian-blue staining. The gradual transition of Type A cells to Type B and the subsequent change of Type B to Type C suggest successive stages in maturation. These cells, especially those of Type B, resemble the mucous neck cells of the corpus and the glands of the pylorus.
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  • 100
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    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Rabbit aorta ; Organ culture ; Endothelial regeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following an in vivo lesion of the rabbit thoracic aorta, endothelial regeneration was studied in silver-stained specimens from en face organ cultures of aortic segments with and without intercostal arteries. The in vivo lesion had been inflicted by an embolectomy catheter. Our results confirmed that endothelium regenerates from preexisting endothelium around the mounths of the intercostal arteries. A conspicuous observation was the orientation pattern of endothelial cells during regeneration. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the cell cytoskeleton plays a role in the regulation of regeneration. The organ culture technique described, complementary to in vivo and in vitro investigations with cell cultures, seems to be a valuable tool in further investigations on factors involved in the repair of arterial tissue.
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