Library

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • 1990-1994  (317)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1990  (317)
  • Rat  (174)
  • Genetics  (143)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 372-376 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar neurons ; Dorsal funiculus ; Spinal cord ; Neurogenesis ; Fluoro-gold ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve cell bodies located within the white matter of the dorsal funiculus (DF neurons) have been previously observed but not described in detail. The present study examines the morphology, ontogeny, and projection of DF neurons utilizing Fluoro-Gold as a retrograde tracer, alone, and in combination with tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the spinal cord of the rat. DF neurons were consistently labelled in spinal segments T13 through L2 following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the cerebellum. The cell bodies of DF neurons were small to medium in size, fusiform to multipolar in shape, and were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Cell counts revealed approximately five labelled cells per millimeter along the longitudinal axis. An examination of neurogenesis using tritiated thymidine combined with Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons have relatively late birthdates as do other spinocerebellar neurons of the dorsal horn. Retrograde axon tracing studies in the spinal cord using Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons project rostrally via the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. The significance of the presence of nerve cells in the dorsal funiculus is unclear, but judging from their location, ontogeny, and projection, DF neurons are probably derived from the same pool of neurons as those in the Nucleus dorsalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Kindling ; Hippocampus ; Neural transplantation ; Locus coeruleus ; Idazoxan ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrahippocampal cell suspension grafts, prepared from the locus coeruleus region of rat fetuses, have previously been shown to retard seizure development in rats made hypersensitive to hippocampal kindling by a lesion of the forebrain noradrenergic system. The objective of the present study was to provide evidence that the seizure-suppressant effect elicited by the grafts is mediated via noradrenergic mechanisms. Two groups of rats received 6-hydroxydopamine in the lateral ventricle and then bilateral intrahippocampal locus coeruleus grafts. After 3 months, the grafted animals and a group of normal rats were subjected to hippocampal kindling. One group of grafted animals and the normal rats were injected intraperitoneally with the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor blocker idazoxan before each kindling stimulation. The other grafted rats received vehicle injections. The development of seizures was significantly faster in the grafted and normal rats that had been given idazoxan than in the grafted rats that had not been subjected to alpha-2 receptor blockade. Our data suggest that the seizure-suppressant action exerted by grafts of fetal locus coeruleus in hippocampal kindling is mediated via noradrenergic mechanisms, most likely via activation of postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 500-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate gyrus ; Ammon's horn ; Synapses ; Golgi-gold labeled terminals ; Light and electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have indicated that hippocampal basket cells in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn develop their somal and dendritic features during the first two postnatal weeks in rats. Their axon terminals form exclusively symmetric synapses that are found as early as 5 postnatal days in both regions. The present study used Golgi-electron microscopic material from 10 and 16 day old rats to demonstrate that the axon terminals of basket cells form synapses not only with somata, dendrites, and dendritic spines as reported for adult material but also with axon initial segments. However, the terminals forming synapses with axon initial segments and dendritic spines represent only a minor portion of the total number of basket cell terminals. Quantitative results indicate that 36–62% of the total number of these terminals form axosomatic synapses and 32–50% form axodendritic synapses depending on the analyzed cell. These data indicate that hippocampal basket cells have an axonal distribution similar to that found for cortical basket cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axonal tracing ; Neural transplants ; Fluoro-Gold ; Nuclear Yellow ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability of axonal regeneration of identified adult basal forebrain (BFB) neurons was examined after homotopic grafting of fetal neocortical tissue to a lesion cavity in the frontal neocortex. Using a four step experimental procedure, adult rats first received an injection of the fluorescent dye Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the sensorimotor cortex in order to label those neurons with projections to the area by retrograde axonal transport. After one week the injection area was removed by aspiration, leaving a cavity in the neocortex. One week later a block of fetal (E14) frontal cortical tissue was placed in the cavity. The animals were then allowed to survive for 6 weeks before a second fluorescent tracer, Nuclear Yellow (NY), was injected into the transplant. The animals were sacrificed 24 h later and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Both single labeled, FG and NY containing neurons and double labeled neurons containing both tracers were found in the BFB. The results demonstrate that adult BFB neurons can reestablish cortical projections into fetal cortical grafts (double labeled neurons), and they suggest that other BFB neurons, not initially innervating the lesioned cortical area, have sprouted into the transplant (NY labeled neurons).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 649-653 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneurons ; Musculotopic organization ; Whisker follicle ; Brainstem ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary WGA-HRP, HRP and fluorescent tracers were used to determine the representation of the facial muscles in the facial motor nuclear complex (FMNC) of the newborn rat. Tracer injections of the superficial cervical and anterior mandibular portions of platysma, the orbicularis oculi muscle, the nasolabial musculature and the posterior auricular musculature revealed an adultlike topographic organization across FMNC subnuclei. Tracer delivery to individual vibrissa follicle loci of the whiskerpad also demonstrated an adult-like musculotopic organization within the lateral subnucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal root ganglion ; Nucleus gracilis ; Sciatic nerve ; Nerve injury ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurones projecting to the nucleus gracilis in the brainstem were retrogradely labelled with Fluoro-Gold and analysed immunocytochemically for their expression of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, galanin message-associated peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, nitric oxide synthase- and carbonic anhydrase-like immunoreactivity as well as affinity to Griffonia (bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I — isolectin B4, RT97 and to choleragenoid. The analysis was made both in uninjured rats and in rats which had been subjected to unilateral sciatic nerve transection and partial resection 3 weeks earlier. The data showed that 6% of the L4 and L5 lumbar dorsal root ganglion cells that projected to the nucleus gracilis showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Following nerve injury, none of the nucleus gracilis-projecting dorsal root ganglion cells showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Nineteen per cent of the investigated cell population showed calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in uninjured rats, but no nucleus gracilisprojecting calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells were found after nerve injury. Galanin- and galanin message-associated peptide-like immunoreactivity were found in 2% and 3%, respectively, of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population normally and in 22% and 14%, respectively, after injury. No neuropeptide Y-positive cells were found in the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population normally, but after nerve injury, 96% of this population became neuropeptide Y-positive. Nitric oxide synthaselike immunoreactivity was found in 2% of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells normally and in 10% after injury. Two per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells in the normal cases were stained by Griffonia (bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I — isolectin B4. After injury, however, no such double labelling was found. Thirty-four per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population was carbonic anhydrase positive normally, and 42% after injury. Seventy-five per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells showed RT97 immunoreactivity normally and 12% after injury. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity was found in 99% of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled dorsal root ganglion cells normally and 81% after injury. Immunohistochemical visualisation of choleragenoid transganglionically transported from the injured sciatic nerve combined with neuropeptide Y immunocytochemistry showed that primary afferent fibres and terminals in the nucleus gracilis contain neuropeptide Y following peripheral nerve transection. Taken together, the results indicate that peripherally axotomised nucleus gracilis-projecting neurones undergo marked alterations in their cytochemical characteristics, which may be significant for the structural and functional plasticity of this system after injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1990), S. 391-401 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Hilus ; l-Nitro-arginine ; 8-Bromo-cGMP ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using a reverberatory epilepiform discharge of hippocampal-parahippocampal circuits termed “maximal dentate activation”, this study investigated whether the local release of nitric oxide within these circuits functions as an antiepileptic agent. Two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (l-nitro-arginine methyl ester and 7-nitro-indazole) and a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (methylene blue) were tested, and none had a significant effect on the time to onset or duration of maximal dentate activation. A membrane-permeable analogue of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 8-bromo-cGMP, caused an increase in the time to onset and a decrease in the duration of maximal dentate activation. The number of neurons expressing NADPH diaphorase activity (a marker for nitric oxide synthase) was also examined after repeated elicitation of maximal dentate activation. After 18 seizures there was a significant, but transient, decrease in the number of hilar/subgranular neurons that were NADPH diaphorase-positive. The decrease was only seen at 1 h after the last seizure. There was no induction of NADPH diaphorase activity. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that, in hippocampal-parahippocampal circuits in vivo, nitric oxide is released in response to neuronal activity and then acts to terminate the neuronal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Calcium transient ; Insulin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this study was to explore why preischemic hypoglycemia, which restricts tissue acidosis during the ischemic insult, does not ameliorate cell damage incurred as a result of transient ischemia. The question arose whether hypoglycemia (plasma glucose concentration 2–3 mM) delays resumption of extrusion of Ca2+ from cells during recirculation. Measurements of extracellular Ca2+ concentration during forebrain ischemia of 15 min duration proved that this was the case. Thus, normoglycemic animals resumed Ca2+ extrusion upon recirculation after a delay of 1.5–2.0 min, and hypoglycemic ones after an additional delay which could amount to 3–4 min. We attempted to explore the cause of this delay. At first sight, the results suggested that resumption of oxidative phosphorylation upon recirculation was substrate limited. However, glucose infusion during ischemia or just after recirculation failed to accelerate Ca2+ extrusion from the cells. A comparison between non-injected and insulin-injected animals at equal plasma glucose concentrations suggested that insulin was responsible for the delay. On analysis, the delay proved to be related to a sluggish recovery of cerebral blood flow. The results suggest that when cell damage is evaluated after transient ischemia in hypo- and normoglycemic subjects, attention should be directed to the period of cell calcium ‘overload’. Unobserved differences in the duration of the calcium transient may also confound interpretation of data on the effects of insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1990), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal raphe nucleus ; Biocytin ; Dye coupling ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurones in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) were impaled and filled with biocytin in coronal slices of midbrain taken from young adult rats. The electrophysiological properties and gross morphology of the cells were similar to those reported previously for serotonergic neurones in the DRN. Of 27 cases in which filled neurones were recovered in histological material, almost half (48%) showed labelling of two or three cells, although only one cell had been recorded from. Coupled cells were identified as close or distantly coupled, depending on the distance from the soma of the presumed impaled cell (23.5±15 μm, n=7 and 150±26.5 μm, n=10 respectively). Whereas close-coupled cells may have been artefactually “coupled” by the penetrating electrode, coupling between distant cells is most likely to be a result of transfer of biocytin through gap junctions. Camera lucida reconstructions of pairs of labelled cells revealed extensive overlap of dendritic fields and numerous crossings between dendrites. When examined at high magnification under a light microscope, many of the crossing dendrites were found to travel in different focal planes. Nevertheless, for each pair of cells, at least one point of close apposition was observed between dendrites or between the axon and a dendrite of the presumed impaled and coupled cell. The incidence of dye coupling between neurones in the DRN may reflect a relatively high level of electrotonic coupling between the neurones. This form of coupling may be important in determining the synchronous nature of firing of neurones in the DRN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 24-27 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Cold-induced thermogenesis ; Peripheral nervous system ; Respiratory quotient ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cold-exposed rats show a reduction in the respiratory quotient which is indicative of a relative shift from carbohydrates to lipids as substrates for oxidative metabolism. In the present study, the effects of food deprivation and cold exposure on the respiratory quotient were observed. In addition, the involvement of the three main branches of the peripheral nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic) was investigated by means of synaptic blockade with propranolol, atropine, and quinine, respectively. Both propranolol and quinine blocked the cold-induced decrease in respiratory quotient and increase in heat production, whereas atropine had only minor and very brief effects. It is concluded that both the sympathetic and somatic branches are involved in the metabolic changes associated with cold-induced thermogenesis and that the increase in metabolic heat production involves a shift from carbohydrate to lipid utilization irrespective of which of the two branches is activated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 111
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Pharmacokinetics ; [3H]-Hexahydro-siladifenidol ; Sila-drug ; Rat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tritiated hexahydrosila-difenidol ([3H]-HHSiD) were examined in rats. Furthermore, the distribution of radioactivity was studied by means of whole body autoradiography. After i. v. administration of 2.9 mg/kg HHSiD plus [3H]-HHSiD to anaesthetized rats bearing a catheter implanted in the ductus choledochus and receiving a mannitol infusion, HHSiD was rapidly distributed and metabolized. Only 5% of the radioactivity was recovered in blood after 23 s and 0.4% after 2.5 h. 64% of the plasma radioactivity could be extracted with hexane from the samples taken 23 s after administration. 52% of the radioactivity was eliminated within 2.5 h, 13% by urinary and 39% by biliary excretion. Following oral administration of 8.6 mg/kg HHSiD plus [3H]-HHSiD there was an absorption of approximately one fourth of the administered radioactivity within 4 h. By means of whole body autoradiography (i. v. injection) as well as by tissue distribution measurement the highest levels of radioactivity were found in bile, urine, lung, kidney, adrenals, liver and pancreas. Thus, after i. v. administration to rats HHSiD is rather quickly distributed, metabolized and excreted. This explains its low antimuscarinic potency in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Renal phosphate reabsorption ; Growth hormone deficiency ; Growth hormone releasing factor antagonist ; Renal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been hypothesized that the high rate of renal phosphate (Pi) reabsorption in the immature animal is a consequence of the increased demand for Pi associated with the rapid rate of growth. Although growth hormone (GH) has been proposed to play a role in this process, investigations of the relationship between GH, growth and the renal Pi transport have been hampered by the lack of methods available to specifically alter circulating GH levels. This review summarizes the findings from recent studies using a newly developed peptidic antagonist to GH-releasing factor (GRF-AN) as a method of specifically inhibiting GH release. Systemic injection of GRF-AN was effective in suppressing the pulsatile release of GH, and in significantly attenuating the rate of growth, in both immature and adult rats. However, the inhibition of growth was associated with a reduction in net Pi retention only in immature rats, resulting in a doubling in the urinary excretion of Pi. GRF-AN treatment of immature rats lead to a decrease in the maximum tubular capacity to transport Pi-down to the level seen in adult rats. However, GRF-AN treatment did not alter renal Pi reabsorption in adult rats. We conclude that chronic administration of an antagonist to GRF in rats provides a new model of GH deficiency with which to study the interrelationships between growth, GH and other physiological systems. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the pulsatile release of GH, directly or indirectly, contributes to the high rate of renal Pi reabsorption in young, growing animals and may play a critical role in regulating Pi homeostasis during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 4 (1990), S. 392-398 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Phosphate metabolism ; Renal development ; Isolated perfused kidney ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During growth, the capacity for renal phosphate (Pi) reabsorption varies as a function of Pi demand. These changes occur in the absence of changes in extracellular concentration of Pi and are also observed in renal cells cultured in defined media. These findings suggest a direct regulatory effect of intracellular Pi on its transport systems. We postulate that a low intracellular Pi concentration ([Pi]i) occurs in the developing kidney as a consequence of differences in Pi metabolism between growing and mature cells and that a low [Pi]i, in turn, leads to adaptive changes in renal Pi transport. In order to assess this hypothesis, we used31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the intracellular concentrations of NMR-visible Pi and phospho-metabolites and the rates of Pi turnover due to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, in isolated perfused kidneys of 3- to 4-week-old and 12- to 13-week-old rats. The [Pi]i was lower (1.7±0.1 vs 2.7±0.1 mM,P〈0.05) in kidneys of growing than of adult rats, while the ATP (2.9±0.3 vs 2.8±0.5 mM) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)(−0.2 mM) concentrations were similar at the two ages, consistent with a high phosphorylation potential in the kidneys of the younger animals. Radiofrequency irradiation of the γ-P of ATP resulted in reduction in the intensity of the Pi resonance of 62±5% in the newborn and 38±3% in the adult (P〈0.05). The corresponding 1.6-fold higher fractional turnover rate of the Pi pool in the younger than in the older rats accounts for the similar rates of ATP synthesis at the two ages (30±7 vs 35±4 μmol/min per g,P〉0.3), despite the smaller intracellular Pi pool present in the younger than in the older animals. The low [Pi]i may stimulate the synthesis of 1,25 hydroxivitamin D3 and the expression of Pi transport related proteins. The high phosphorilation potential drives the ATP flux necessary for growth related transport and biosynthetic processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 4 (1990), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Henoch-Schönlein purpura ; Pathogenesis ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies of the pathophysiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) have become more numerous in recent years with the recognition of the disease's links with the mucosal immune system in general and IgA nephropathy in particular. There are weak genetic associations with C4 null phenotypes and with HLA B35 and DR4. Studies of plasma proteins in HSP patients show an increased IgA concentration, activation of the alternative pathway of complement and consumption of factor XIII. High molecular weight (polymeric) IgA has been detected in affected individuals, which some investigators have called “immune complexes”. Many patients synthesise an IgA rheumatoid factor in the acute phase, but other autoantibodies are largely absent. In vitro studies of lymphocytes from HSP patients have demonstrated an increased number of IgA-bearing and secreting B-cells, with altered T-cell regulation of antibody synthesis. While these observations point to immune dysregulation — primarily of IgA production — as a consistent feature of acute HSP, there is as yet insufficient information available to allow a consistent theory of pathogenesis to be formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 3 (1990), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Mucoraceae ; Zygomycetes ; Homothallic ; Genetics ; Nutritional complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic strains of Mucor genevensis and Zygorhynchus exponens were crossed and the resulting zygospores germinated. The presence of a true sexual cycle in both species was demonstrated by the recovery of recombinant genotypes. Expected Mendelian ratios were not realized, however. The presence of selfed zygospores among those isolated makes this observation understandable. It was possible to demonstrate nutritional complementation when young mating mycelium was transferred to minimal medium and forced heterokaryons were recovered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 116
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: ACTH ; Behavior ; Serotonergic agonists ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four-day-old (P4) and 21–22-day-old (P21–22) rat pups received an intracisternal injection of either ACTH1-16NH2 or saline followed by a subcutaneous (SC) injection of saline, the serotonergic (5HT)1A agonists 8-OH-DPAT or ipsapirone, the 5HT1B agonist TFMPP or the 5HT2 agonist DOI. The ontogeny of ACTH-induced behaviors including grooming, yawn and stretch as well as various serotonin-related behaviors were recorded via time-sampling at 20 s intervals for a test duration of 50 min. ACTH induced slight but significant increases in grooming at P4, along with a significant increase in yawning. At this age the 5HT1B agonist TFMPP induced substantial increases in grooming, with no effect of the other agonists on this behavior. All of the serotonergic agonists, however, decreased ACTH-induced yawning at P4. At P21–22 ACTH induced more robust grooming than that observed at P4, although different in nature from adult-typical ACTH-induced grooming. This ACTH-induced grooming at P21–22 was attenuated by all of the serotonergic agonists. ACTH-induced yawning at P21–22 was not affected by the serotonergic agonists while ACTH-induced stretching was increased by the 5HT1B agonist TFMPP at this age. These data provide additional evidence of differential mediation of various ACTH-induced behaviors, and support other reports of ontogenetic alterations in the response to serotonergic manipulations during the neonatal to weanling age period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fluoxetine ; Norfluoxetine ; Kinetics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluoxetine (FL) is being used in neuropharmacology as a tool for studying various functional roles of serotoninergic neurons. Its kinetics was studied in rats, a species widely used in neurochemical studies, after IV (2.5–10 mg/kg) and oral (5–20 mg/kg) administration. When injected IV the drug followed apparent first-order kinetics up the 10 mg/kg dose. Its volume of distribution was large and total body clearance was relatively high compared to liver blood flow. The mean elimination half-lives (t 1/2) of FL and its active metabolite norfluoxetine (NFL) were about 5 and 15 h, respectively. The mean blood:plasma concentration ratios of FL and NFL approached unity and plasma protein binding was 85–90% for both compounds. After oral doses the kinetics of FL were complex. At the lowest dose tested (5 mg/kg) the drug was efficiently extracted by the liver (extraction ratio about 60%), resulting in bioavailability of only about 38%. Plasma areas under the curve (AUC) of the metabolite were approximately the same as after IV injection of the same dose; consequently the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio after oral administration (about 5) was approximately twice that after IV injection of FL (about 2.5). At higher doses, however, the oral bioavailability (e.g.C max and AUC) appeared greater than expected, possibly because of transient saturation of FL first-pass metabolism in the case of the 10 mg/kg dose and concomitant saturation of elimination kinetics at the higher dose (20 mg/kg). The apparent eliminationt 1/2 of FL markedly increased and the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio declined with the higher dose, this also being consistent with saturable elimination. Brain concentrations reflected the plasma kinetics of FL and NFL and the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio varied with dose and time of administration and was modified at the highest dose tested. FL and its metabolite NFL distributed almost evenly in discrete brain areas and subcellular distribution was similar for both compounds. Neurochemical studies of FL should consider the formation of the active metabolite NFL and extrapolation of data across animal species requires consideration of dose dependence in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 118
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Microdialysis ; Electroconvulsive shock ; Noradrenaline ; Dopamine ; Regional responses ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Regional neurotransmitter changes after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) were studied using the technique of repeated microdialysis. Microdialysis was carried out on alternate sides of the brains of anaesthetised rats before and during the first and the eighth ECS or sham (control) treatments. Extracellular fluid release of monoamines and their metabolites was measured in the frontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The first ECS produced selective regional responses, shown by increased concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in frontal cortex, by unchanged DA content in striatum, and by a small rise in NA and a fall in DA concentrations in nucleus accumbens. Concentrations of metabolites increased after ECS in all regions studied, and for homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, the temporal pattern of these changes did not resemble that of DA. Comparison of neurotransmitter responses as per cent of baseline release after the first and eighth ECS treatments showed they were identical. Basal release of monoamines and metabolites before the first ECS or sham treatment was similar in all regions studied. Prior to the eighth treatment, basal release of NA in the frontal cortex and DA in the striatum was elevated in the ECS-treated animals, while basal release of NA in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in both ECS-and sham-treated animals. These data suggest that acute and chronic ECS have different and region-specific effects on neurotransmitter release, although the overall pattern of these responses is not changed by chronic treatment. The catecholamine-releasing actions of ECS, and the changes in basal release of neurotransmitters seen after chronic treatment may contribute to its therapeutic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nootropic drugs ; d-Pyroglutamic acid ; Oxiracetam ; NMDA receptor ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracerebroventricular administration (6 µg/2 µl) ofd-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP-5), a specific antagonist of the NMDA receptors, prior to training impaired the passive avoidance in a retention test in rat. Pretreatment with oxiracetam andd-pyroglutamic acid at doses ranging from 50 to 500 mg/kg SC dose-dependently prevented the disruptive effect of AP-5. This finding indicates that an interaction with excitatory amino acid NMDA type receptors may be important in behavioural effects of the two pyrrolidinone derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 138-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anxiety ; 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) ; Hippocampus ; 5-HT1C receptor ; Social activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1-(3-Chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) was previously shown to have an anxiogenic-like effect, i.e., it decreased total interaction in a rat social interaction test. Evidence indicated mediation by activation of 5-HT1C receptors with an ED50 of approximately 500 µg/kg IP (Kennett et al. 1989). A comparable effect is now shown on infusing 4 µg of the drug ICV or infusing 0.5 µg into the hippocampus. Both responses were dose dependent. Infusion of 1 µg mCPP into the amygdala had no effect. None of the above treatments significantly reduced locomotion. Results are consistent with the postulated role of the hippocampus in anxiety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Penile erections ; 5-HT1C receptors ; Functional antagonism ; 5HT1C-receptor selectivity ratio ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Drug-induced penile erections (PE) were initially suggested to be 5-HT1B receptor mediated. However, since the discovery of the 5-HT1C receptor a number of compounds, considered to be 5-HT1B selective, appear to bind more strongly to the 5-HT1C receptor and this prompted a re-evaluation of the receptor subtype involved in PE induction. PE could be induced by the 5-HT agonists mCPP (0.22–2.2 mg/kg), TFMPP (0.46–1.0 mg/kg) and MK 212 (0.1–1.0 mg/kg). The 5-HT agonist DOI (0.022–0.22 mg/kg) did not induce PE in placebo-pretreated rats but in rats pretreated with various 5-HT2 antagonists it did. These compounds have in common a strong affinity for the 5-HT1C receptor. mCPP (0.46 mg/kg)-induced PE could be antagonized by the 5-HT antagonists metergoline, cyproheptadine, mesulergine, mianserin, ritanserin and ketanserin. Their ED50s were 0.04, 0.4, 0.03, 0.06, 0.4 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The potency of both the agonists to induce, and the antagonists to inhibit, PE was found to be dependent on their selectivity for the 5-HT1C receptor versus the 5-HT2 receptor. Spiperone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) and GR 38032F (1–10 mg/kg) did not antagonise mCPP-induced PE. 8-OH-DPAT and 5MeODMT counteracted mCPP (0.46 mg/kg)-induced PE. Their ED50s were 0.03 and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. DOI counteracted mCPP induced PE only at doses above 1 mg/kg, whereas CGS 12066B (1.0–10 mg/kg) was inactive. The results suggest that PE are induced by activation of the 5-HT1C receptor and are functionally inhibited by activation of 5-HT1A or 5-HT2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Drug taking behavior ; Isolation ; Stress ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the effects of different kinds of social deprivation on voluntary ethanol (ETOH) intake male Wistar rats were housed by (a) individual caging, (b) “contact” caging (partial social deprivation), and (c) group caging (four individuals per cage). In the latter condition the individuals were separated once a week from each other for 24 h. The rats simultaneously received water 5%, 10% and 20% ETOH for a period of 14 weeks. Additional control animals received water. Isolated individuals drank significantly more alcohol than group-housed or contact-caged rats. After a few days they preferred the 20% solution. Circadian measures revealed a discontinuous intake of high doses (〉 0.5 g/kg/h) during short time periods. Contact-caged rats consumed much less ETOH, but both the preference for 20% ETOH and the circadian course of intake were similar to those occurring after isolation. ETOH intake of group-housed individuals was low. These individuals preferred the 5% solution and continuously consumed small ETOH doses. During the period of short-term isolation they drank even more ETOH than long-term isolated individuals. In contrast to the latter, the enhancement of intake decreased after some weeks. It is suggested that the differences between the housing groups not only reflect different degrees of isolation stress, but may also be explained by a contribution of different reinforcing or aversive psychotropic effects of ETOH. Reduction of isolation stress is probably most important in the situation of short term separation, whereas dose-dependent reinforcement via social stimulation or sedation may affect the drug taking behavior under the other social conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 123
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: MK-801 (Dizocilpine) ; Phencyclidine ; l-Dopa ; Field potentials ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), (±)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5Hdibenzo-[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate, after IP injection into freely behaving rats, have been compared with the action of ketamine-chloride and phencyclidine (PCP). MK-801 produced strongly dose-dependent effects which could be followed quantitatively over a time of 4 h. During this time spectral analysis of the field potentials continuously recorded from frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and reticular formation revealed a particular pattern of changes which was very stable over time, and, after low doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, matched that produced by phencyclidine (2 and 4 mg/kg) or ketamine chloride (10 and 20 mg/kg). With higher doses of MK-801 a continuous change from power decreases to power increases was observed. These increases were accompanied by strong behavioral effects in terms of impaired locomotor control. All three non-competitive NMDA antagonists showed a high degree of similarity with respect to the changes of the frequency content of the field potentials over time. The same pattern of electrical changes could be observed after the application ofl-dopa (50 mg/kg) or amphetamine (0.2 mg/kg). This can be interpreted in the sense that the same population of cells within the recording area which is under dopaminergic control is at the same time under glutamate control. This leads to the hypothesis that it might be possible to bypass the missing dopaminergic control during parkinsonism by noncompetitive NMDA-receptor blocking drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sensitivity ; Acute tolerance ; Drinking ; Strains ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Initial sensitivity and acute tolerance to ethanol were determined in a jumping test in separate groups of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-resistant (SR) rats. One week later, voluntary consumption of ethanol was studied in all groups. SH rats were found to be more sensitive than WKY, but there was no difference in acute tolerance development between these two strains. SH rats, however, drank significantly more alcohol than the WKY in both the two-bottle choice paradigm and the limited access model. Similarly, SS rats drank significantly more alcohol than the SR rats, although SS rats were found to be more sensitive to ethanol than SR. There was again no difference in acute tolerance development between these two strains. These observations suggest that difference in alcohol consumption in these strains cannot be accounted for by significant differences in acute tolerance or in initial sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 486-488 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Ginseng extract ; Panax ginseng ; Rat ; Slow wave sleep (SWS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The amount of wakefulness and slow wave sleep (SWS) during the 12-h light period slightly but significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in freely behaving rats after continued 1-week intake of Panax ginseng extract through drinking water (15 mg/day). Paradoxical sleep was little affected. No sleep parameters were modulated by the treatment during the dark period. The diurnal SWS enhancement disappeared and recovered to the baseline level after 2 weeks of continued treatment. It is speculated that the well known health-improving effect of the ginseng may be, at least in part, related to an enhancement of sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 560-567 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Herrnstein's equation ; Dopamine antagonists ; Reinforcement ; Motor capacity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Herrnstein's matching equation was used to analyze drug effects on performance in random interval reinforcement schedules. Pimozide caused effects compatible with both motor and motivational impairments, in a 5-component multiple schedule, a 3-schedule 3-day cycle (ALT-3), and a 2-schedule 2-day cycle (ALT-2). However, at low doses, both sulpiride and SCH-23390, tested in the ALT-3 and ALT-2 procedures, caused effects compatible with selective motivational impairments. In experiments using the non-multiple schedules, motivational effects increased during the course of the experimental session, under all three drugs. The interpretation of “motor” and “motivational” deficits in the ALT-2 procedure was validated by experiments in which the response-force and deprivation level were systematically varied. The results support the view that dopamine may be involved in the maintenance of rewarded behaviour, but do not differentially implicate the D1 or the D2 receptor subtype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 127
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: State-dependence ; Benzodiazepines ; Memory ; Drug dependence ; Drug tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a food-rewarded lever-pressing task until they could complete an FR10 requirement within the first 120 s of the session, and were tested for the retention of this response requirement after having reached this criterion. The pharmacological treatment instituted at the time of tests was either the same as or different from that used during acquisition. In this state-dependency (StD) procedure, saline-to-drug as well as drug-to-saline state changes produced robust failures to transfer with chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and also with yohimbine. Diazepam substituted for, while Ro 15-1788 antagonised, CDP; none of several non-benzodiazepine compounds substituted for CDP. Neither food deprivation nor extensive overtraining after CDP prevented the failure of transfer when animals were tested for drug-to-saline transfer. Another series of experiments evaluated the effects of CDP and diazepam in a rat conflict procedure. The doses at which CDP and diazepam produced anti-conflict effects were similar to those at which failure to transfer occurred in saline-to-drug state changes, and higher than those at which such failure occurred in drug-to-saline state changes. With benzodiazepines, StD of memory retrieval conceivably constitutes a parsimonious explanation of the anxiolytic and untoward (amnesic, drug dependence) actions of these drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delayed matching-to-position ; Signal detection theory ; Exponential model ; Ethanol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Performance on delayed matching-to-position as a function of ethanol was investigated in rats and dose effects assessed by fitting an exponential decay model of forgetting to signal detection sensitivity scores. Three ethanol doses (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/kg) and one isovolume saline control were examined. For further comparison, one dose of chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 5 mg/kg) and its saline control were also given. Forgetting functions were reasonably well described by the decay model under all treatment conditions. In addition, the functions's decay constant (−b) proved to be differentially sensitive to both drug and dose effects. Reduced decay estimates were obtained following the two lowest ethanol doses, the reduction being statistically significant for the 0.25 g/kg dose. In contrast, the function estimate of initial sensitivity, the intercept parameter (SI0), was not significantly affected by ethanol. Consistent with the low-dose ethanol effects, CDP significantly decreased the value of the decay parameter while leaving the intercept parameter unaffected. But unlike ethanol, the variance accounted for by the model for the individual data was less following CDP administration. Drug effects were interpreted using the exponential decay model of forgetting, and the results suggest independent discriminative control over SI0 and b. The significant effect of the low-dose sedative-hypnotics upon b, with no attendant effects upon SI0, is suggested to result from enhanced, spontaneous, delay interval mediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 129
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination test ; 5-HT1A autoreceptor ; 8-OH-DPAT ; pCPA ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the discriminative stimulus properties of 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg, SC) in rats, was investigated. Drug lever appropriate responding to 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg, SC) and ipsapirone (3 mg/kg, SC) was measured before and after treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) at a dose (150 mg/kg IP, −3 and −2 days) which causes severe depletion of brain 5-HT stores. The recognition of the drug stimulus was not significantly altered by pCPA. These results indicate that activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors is of minimal importance to the 8-OH-DPAT cue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; Serotonin ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 8-OH-DPAT on locomotor activity have not yet been clearly defined. Tricklebank et al. (1984) and Dourish et al. (1985) provide evidence that 8-OH-DPAT increases activity, whereas Mittman and Geyer (1989), Hillegaart et al. (1989) and Carli et al. (1989) suggest that it is reduced by the drug. In the present study, the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on locomotor activity and rearing were examined in habituated and unhabituated mice and rats. The effects of the drug were followed for up to 2 h in the mouse and up to 4 h in the rat. In unhabituated mice and rats, doses of 0.1 mg/kg or more of 8-OH-DPAT blocked activity during the period post-injection when control levels of activity were highest. However, after about 60 min in mice and 150 min in the rat a marked hyperactivity was observed, which was followed by a period of increased rearing. In habituated mice this biphasic effect on locomotor activity was also observed, but there was no increase in rearing. In habituated rats there was no decrease in locomotor activity, rather a biphasic increase was observed. The effects of 8-OH-DPAT on locomotor activity immediately post-injection are interpreted as being a result of the stereotyped, uncoordinated “ambulation” which forms a part of the 5-HT syndrome, and which results in a level of activity intermediate between that of unhabituated and habituated rats. The mechanism by which 8-OH-DPAT produces elevated locomotor activity and increased rearing seen 60 min or more post-injection is not yet known, but may be a result of brain concentrations of the drug falling to a low, but still effective level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 131
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Di-n-butyl phthalate ; Testes ; Rat ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was administered to young male rats by gavage at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days. A significant decrease in testes weight was observed at 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses of DBP. Histopathological examination revealed marked degeneration of seminiferous tubules. The activities of testicular enzymes associated with postmeiotic spermatogenic cells, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, were decreased significantly, while that of lactate dehydrogenase was significantly increased, coincident with degeneration of spermatogenic cells. The activities of enzymes associated with premeiotic spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells or interstitial cells, β-glucuronidase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly increased. Thus the alterations in activity of these testicular cell specific enzymes suggest that DBP exposure during early life could affect the testicular functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Chronotoxicology ; Renal toxicity ; Gentamicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect on kidney damage of the season of year at which gentamicin was administered to rats was studied. Rats received a single intramuscular dose of 200 mg/kg gentamicin at four different times of the day (08.00, 14.00, 20.00 or 02.00 hours. Studies were carried out in January–February, March–April, June–July and October–November. The nephrotoxicity was assessed by the increase of three urinary enzymes: two brush border enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transferase and alanine aminopeptidase, and a lysosomial enzyme: N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase. The results show that when the injection is administered at 20.00 hours in the January–February and the October–November studies and at 08.00 hours in the March–April study and at 14.00 hours in the June–July study there is a significant increase in the excretion of these enzymes. The renal toxicity of gentamicin therefore has circadian variations as well as seasonal variations. The peak enzyme level is displaced from the start to the end of the rest period of rats depending upon the time of year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 133
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: N-Nitrosomethylethylamine ; Deuterium isotope effect ; N-Nitrosomethyl(2,2,2-trideuterioethyl)amine ; Toxicokinetics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the origins of an organotropic shift toward increasing esophageal carcinogenicity and DNA alkylation caused by β-trideuteration of the hepatocarcinogen,N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), the single-dose toxicokinetics of NMEA andN-nitrosomethyl(2,2,2-trideuterioethyl)amine (NMEA-d 3) has been characterized in 8-week-old male Fischer 344 rats by analysis using high performance liquid chromatography of serial blood samples. An i.v. bolus dose of 0.6 μmol/kg to rats revealed biphasic first order elimination with a terminal half-life of 9.46 ± 0.69 min for unchanged NMEA and 28.9 ± 2.4 min for total radioactivity. Extensive conversion to polar metabolites was observed in the chromatograms. The systemic blood clearance and apparent steadystate volume of distribution for unchanged NMEA were 39.9 ± 4.6 ml/min/kg and 496 ± 36 ml/kg, respectively. There was negligible plasma protein binding and no detectable NMEA was excreted unchanged in the urine. Larger doses given by gavage indicated a systemic bioavailability of 25 ± 1%. Similar doses of NMEA-d 3 given to other groups of rats revealed no significant differences in any of the toxicokinetic parameters. NoN-nitrosomethyl (2-hydroxyethyl)amine was found as a detectable metabolite of NMEA or NMEA-d 3 in any of the blood or urine samples which were analyzed. When considered together, the data suggest that previously observed differences in organ specificity for the carcinogens, NMEA and NMEA-d 3, are not due to differences in the total amounts of nitrosamine reaching particular tissues, but may have other localized causes such as differences in the enzymes responsible for metabolism which are present in each tissue. Such differences may make too small a contribution to the total systemic clearance to be detectable in that parameter, but at the level of the fraction of a dose that alkylates DNA they may be important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Gasoline ; Rat ; Liver ; Microsomal mono- oxygenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous work has shown an increase in rat liver enzyme activities after chronic exposure to gasoline vapor. In the present study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with unleaded gasoline at 1 and 5 ml/kg, i.p., and selected hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities were determined at 18, 48, and 72 h. At 18 h, moderate increases were observed in P450 content (1.3-fold), cytochromec-reductase activity (1.25-fold), and inN-nitrosodimethylamine demethylation rate (1.25- to 1.6-fold). Pentoxyresorufin dealkylase activity (an activity displayed primarily by P450IIB1) was significantly elevated at 18 and 48 h (30- to 60-fold), and ethoxyresorufin dealkylase activity (an activity displayed by P450 IA1) was elevated (2- to 4-fold). Immunoblot analysis revealed no change in P450IIE1 at these time points, but an elevation in P450IIB1 in agreement with the pentoxyresorufin dealkylase activity measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 135
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 64 (1990), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Chlorophenoxy acids ; Herbicides ; Pesticides ; Blood-brain barrier ; Protein binding ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of three common14C-labelled chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or MCPA, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4,5-T) into the different brain areas was studied in rats pretreated with toxic doses of the herbicides (238–475 mg/ kg). Also, their binding to proteins in rat plasma was determined in vitro by increasing the concentrations of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in the incubate from 0 to 1 mg/ml. Both 2,4-D and MCPA pretreatments increased brain concentrations of14C-labelled herbicides more markedly than 2,4,5-T pretreatments did. No essential differences were found in the distribution between the different brain areas. Protein-unbound fractions of 2,4-D and MCPA in the plasma were clearly higher than those of 2,4,5-T but the highest herbicide concentration increased the protein-unbound fraction of 2,4,5-T more (7-13-fold) than of 2,4-D and MCPA (5-fold). The results suggest that the greater increase in the penetration into the brain of 2,4-D and MCPA than of 2,4,5-T during their intoxication is due to some factors other than the changes in their binding to plasma proteins and mere enhanced diffusion through the blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Fly ash ; Metals ; Distribution ; Organs ; Rat ; Fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fly ash (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered intratracheally to 14-day pregnant rats for 6 consecutive days. On day 20 of gestation the translocation of metals present in the fly ash to various maternal and fetal organs was studied. Fly ash administration to pregnant mothers retarded the growth of fetal heart and kidney as determined by their weights. Fly ash instillation increased organ levels of nearly all the metals studied in both mother and fetus. Most of the metals present in coal fly ash were transferred in significant amounts through placenta to several fetal organs. However, the pattern of their distribution into various fetal organs was different for different metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 137
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 64 (1990), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Styrene inhalation ; Phenobarbital ; Methylcholanthrene ; Acetone ; Microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes ; Glutathione ; Thioethers ; Lung ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pulmonary changes in glutathione (GSH) indicated by the concentration of non-protein sulphydryls showed a decrease of 43% in rats exposed for 5 h per day three times to 500 cm3/m3 (2100 mg/m3) styrene vapour. In these rats, only a marginal decrease was observed in the pulmonary cytochrome P450 oxidative metabolism. Following a single 24-h inhalation exposure to 500 cm3/m3 styrene, the decreases in GSH were 66% in lung but only 16% in liver. On the other hand, a multifold increase in the disposition of thioether compounds was found in urine. Pulmonary cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism was decreased, shown by low residual activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin (〈20%), 7-ethoxycoumarin (53%) and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylases (76%). Epoxide hydrolase and GSH S-transferase enzyme activities which catalyze styrene detoxification were not decreased. Styrene exposure (24 h) of acetone-, phénobarbitalor 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats resulted in pulmonary effects different from each other and from those of styrene alone. Acetone potentiated the lung effect and elevated 1.5-fold urine thioether output. Inducer pretreatment seemed to be a factor aggravating styrene toxicity; in effect this was clearest in acetone-induced rats. In general, GSH depletion accompanied by inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent oxidative drug metabolism were the earliest biochemical lesions manifested in styrene-exposed lung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 138
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen type I ; Radiology, classification ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was diagnosed by ultrasound in a 31-week-old fetus, and the diagnosis confirmed after delivery by caesarean section at week 36. The baby survived the neonatal period, but failed to thrive, had recurrent respiratory infections and ultimately died at 8 months. Cultured fibroblasts synthesized both normal type I collagen and unstable type I collagen harbouring a structural defect in the α1(I) cyanogen bromide-derived peptide number 8 (CB8) region of the molecule, indicating a heterozygous dominant mutation. A+ birth, the radiological picture was that of the “thin bone”-type of congenital OI (OI type IIB/III in the Sillence classification); at the age of 12 weeks ribs and long bones had undergone a marked expansion giving a very different picture, that of the “thick bone”-type congenital OI (OI type IIA). The mechanism responsible for this change in bone structure is not known, but fractures and callus formation are unlikely to be the only factors. Caution is needed in the interpretation of radiographs of newborns with OI for prognostic or genetic purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 139
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honeybees ; Learning ; Classical conditioning ; Selection ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four strains of the honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), which were selected for high (N=2) or low (N=2) performance levels in classic conditioning of olfactory and mechanosensory stimuli, were examined in two instrumental visual learning tasks. Bees were trained to coloured cardboards either at the hive entrance or at the feeding station. Positive correlations were detected between olfactory/mechanosensory conditioning and visual learning. Good and poor learners from strains selected for olfactory conditioning differed significantly in their visual learning values. These strain differences reflect genetic differences in a common learning system rather than task specific differences in sensory, motor or motivational components. Parameters that were influenced by activity of the colony (duration of stay at the feeding place, time between visits) also differed among selected strains. These effects were not due to selection. Instead, they reflect a specific genetic background produced in each strain independently of selection. The results indicate that associative learning has a genetic basis which is independent of the sensory stimuli associated with reward, the learning procedure (classical conditioning or instrumental learning) or the motor patterns used to execute the learned behavior (proboscis extension, control for flight behavior, open field orientation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 140
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Paternal alcohol ; Swimming ; Imipramine ; Propranolol ; Yohimbine ; Metergoline ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male mice consumed liquid alcohol diets containing 25%, 10% or 0% ethanol-derived calories (EDC). Animals receiving the 10 and 0% EDC diets were pair fed to those consuming the 25% EDC diet. After 7 or 14 weeks of consumption, males were bred to non-treated females. Offspring were tested for swimming behavior at 75 days of age. Offspring sired by alcohol-consuming males weremore immobile regardless of duration of paternal alcohol consumption or housing conditions (group or isolated). Imipramine (5, 15 mg/kg) reversed this effect such that after drug treatment, alcohol-sired offspring wereless immobile than controls. Propranolol (1, 3 mg/kg) eliminated the group differences. Yohimbine (1, 10 mg/kg) significantly increased immobility in all groups but did not reverse the effects of paternal alcohol consumption. Metergoline (1 mg/kg) increased immobility in all groups but did not reverse the effects of paternal alcohol exposure. When rat offspring of alcohol-consuming fathers were tested, their swimming behavior was opposite to that of mice (i.e., rats wereless immobile). However, as observed in mice, the effect was reversed by imipramine. These results extend the evidence for paternally mediated behavioral mutagenesis. They also indicate that the direction of induced changes are species dependent and that some of these effects, regardless of direction of change, are mediated by neurochemical changes sensitive to imipramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Tail-pinch ; Ascorbate ; Voltammetry ; Eating ; Ro15 1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of diazepam on spontaneous and tailpinch-induced behaviour was monitored together with the measurement of extracellular ascorbate using constant potential voltammetry with carbon paste electrodes. Diazepam (3 mg/kg) was followed by eating during the 1st hour after administration in non-food-deprived rats and a reduction in the behaviour triggered by a mild tail-pinch 90 min after drug administration. There was no change in ascorbate concentration in parallel with the spontaneous eating; however, the brisk increase in ascorbate concentration in striatum, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, which accompanies the tail-pinch, was decreased in size and duration after diazepam. This effect was blocked by the central benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro15 1788 (5 mg/kg).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Serotonin ; 5-HT1C receptor ; Periaqueductal gray ; Aversion ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The functional role of brain 5-HT and 5-HT receptor subtypes in periaqueductal gray (PAG) induced aversion has been investigated in rats. Antiaversive effects were found with the serotonin agonists TFMPP, mCPP and DOI but not with RU 24969 which was found to facilitate PAG aversion. The first three serotonin agonists share potent 5-HT1C activity while RU 24969 differs with a high 5-HT1A activity. Proaversive effects were found with the mixed 5-HT1C/5-HT2 antagonists cyproheptadine and ritanserin; this effect was already reported for the mixed 5-HT1C/5-HT2 antagonists metergoline and mianserin and is opposite to the effects of the selective 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin, pirenperone, trazodone and spiperone. The antiaversive effects of mCPP (1 mg/kg) could be prevented by pretreatment of the animals with mianserin (1 and 10 mg/kg). These results suggest that 5-HT1C receptors play an important role in the serotonergic control of PAG aversion. 5-HT1C receptor activation seems to mediate antiaversive effects whereas acute 5-HT1C receptor blockade appears to facilitate PAG aversion. Functional interactions take place between several receptor types in the in vivo control of PAG aversion, where 5-HT1C receptors appear to play a predominant function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 143
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Anxiety ; Defense ; Sex differences ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An anxiety/defense test battery was designed to assess defensive reactions of laboratory rats to situations associated with nonpainful threat (exposure to a cat). The battery measured three defense patterns, movement inhibition, risk assessment behaviors, and inhibition of nondefensive behaviors, in two tasks. Diazepam (4.0 mg/kg) altered four of five risk assessment measures, but failed to show an anxiolytic effect on movement inhibition, and had minimal and inconsistent effects on inhibition of nondefensive behaviors. The risk assessment changes with diazepam were all consistent with an anxiolytic action of diazepam. These results provide a partial contrast to the general lack of anxiolytic action of diazepam in a fear/defense test battery designed to measure reactions to a discrete, present, threat stimulus, and suggest a greater diazepam effect on risk assessment than on other aspects of defensive responding. Sex differences indicating higher defensiveness for female than male rats were obtained on many of these measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 144
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Matching to position ; Non-matching to position ; Memory ; Bias ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained on either of two related variants of an operant memory task. In the matching to position (MTP) task, one of two retractable response levers appeared, at random, as the sample. A response caused the lever to retract and this was followed by a delay (0–32 s) interval, during which the subjects had to approach and respond at the magazine tray. Both levers were then presented and the rat had to respond, for food reward, to the one which had appeared as the sample. A second group of rats learned non-matching to position (NMTP). This task was very similar to MTP, with one crucial difference: here, the subject had to respond to the lever which hadnot appeared as the sample. Both groups of rats learned their respective tasks rapidly, performance depending on the delay interval as expected. They were then injected, peripherally, with different doses of arginine-vasopressin (AVP: 0–25 µg/kg), a peptide which others have argued improves mnemonic performance. There was evidence to suggest that MTP performance was improved by AVP; on the other hand, NMTP performance appeared to be disrupted. It is suggested that AVP induces a bias towards responding on one side of the two lever test chamber. In other words, it affects motor or motivational, not mnemonic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Self-administration ; Drug discrimination ; Nomifensine ; Bupropion ; Diclofensine ; Imipramine ; Cocaine ; Drug abuse ; Baboon ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral effects of the antidepressants nomifensine, diclofensine, bupropion, and imipramine were examined using a cocaine substitution drug self-administration procedure in baboons and a cocaine drug discrimination procedure in rats. Intravenous self-administration of the antidepressants was examined in baboons under conditions in which baseline responding was maintained by intravenous injections of cocaine HCl (0.32 mg/kg/injection). Drug was available under a fixed-ratio 80-response or 160-response schedule of intravenous injection. Each drug injection was followed by a 3-h time-out allowing a maximum of eight injections per day. The antidepressants or their vehicles were substituted for cocaine for a period of 15 days, followed by a return to the cocaine baseline. Nomifensine, diclofensine, and bupropion all maintained self-administration behavior at levels above those maintained by their respective vehicles. Some doses of nomifensine, diclofensine, and bupropion maintained levels of behavior similar to those maintained under baseline cocaine conditions. High doses of imipramine maintained levels of behavior above those maintained by its vehicle, but the amount of behavior maintained under these conditions was extremely small. In a second experiment rats were trained to discriminate 32 µmol/kg cocaine (IP 10 min presession) from no drug in a two-lever food reinforced drug discrimination procedure in which responding on one lever was reinforced following ten consecutive responses when the session was preceded by cocaine administration, while responding on the other lever was similarly reinforced in the absence of cocaine pretreatment. Cocaine, nomifensine, diclofensine, and bupropion all dose-dependently occasioned cocaine-appropriate responding. Imipramine did not occasion cocaine-appropriate responding over a range of behaviorally active doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 146
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discrimination ; Avoidance ; PCP ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to performed an aversely motivated discriminative task in a shuttle-box. The administration of phencyclidine (PCP), 2 mg kg−1 SC at −20 min, produced disruption of discriminative performance and an increase in intertrial crosses. There were no changes in avoidance performance or in avoidance latency. Pretreatment with haloperidol, 0.1 or 0.2 mg kg−1 SC at −40 min, or remoxipride 8 mg kg−1 IP at −30 min, did not antagonize the PCP-induced disruption of discriminative performance, nor was the PCP-induced increase in number of intertrial crosses antagonized. In fact, there appeared to be a further increase in intertrial crosses, above PCP levels, by haloperidol treatment and this effect was statistically significant after remoxipride treatment. The present results, together with previous observations that alsod-amphetamine disrupts discriminative conditioned avoidance behavior, suggest the possibility that this model could be used in the search for new, non-dopaminergic, antipsychotic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 147
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Feeding ; Fluoxetine ; Fenfluramine ; Behavioural satiety sequence ; Post-prandial resting ; Matching law ; Random interval reinforcement schedules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of experiments were carried out to compare the effects of fenfluramine and fluoxetine on consummatory and operant behaviour. In food-deprived rats allowed access to a 35% sucrose solution, an initial period of sucrose consumption was followed by a short period of grooming and exploratory behaviour, later superceded by resting. This “behavioural satiety sequence” was advanced by fluoxetine, but disrupted bydl-fenfluramine, which suppressed post-prandial resting, even at sub-anorectic doses. Fluoxetine also elicited resting behaviour following water drinking. However, this did not appear to be a non-specific sedative effect, since fluoxetine increased post-prandial grooming. In rats performing on random interval schedules of food reinforcement, fluoxetine caused proportionally greater decreases in responding on a reinforcement-lean schedule (RI-300s), as compared to a reinforcement-rich schedule (RI-7.5s); this effect is similar to that of a reduction in level of food deprivation. By contrast, fenfluramine reduced responding equally on both schedules. In both paradigms, the effects of fluoxetine were compatible with an increase in postprandial satiety, but the effects of fenfluramine were not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Neuronal histamine in the ventromedial hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus ; Feeding elicitation ; α-Fluoromethylhistidine (FMH) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied central mechanisms of antidepressants that affect feeding behavior in rats. The tricyclic compounds amitriptyline, doxepin and imipramine significantly induced feeding after their infusion into the third cerebral ventricle in the light phase, but the tricyclic, desipramine, and the dicyclic zimelidine, did not. Drinking was not affected by any compound tested. The relative order of potency in eliciting feeding was: amitriptyline and doxepin 〉 imipramine 〉 desipramine and zimelidine. To clarify the involvement of neuronal histamine in antidepressant-induced feeding, alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a “suicide” inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, was intraperitoneally administered before infusion of amitriptyline. FMH attenuated the amitriptyline's effect. Bilateral microinfusion of amitriptyline into the ventromedial hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus verified that these are loci for the modulation of feeding by amitriptyline. In the lateral hypothalamus, amitriptyline was less effective. These findings indicate that tricyclic antidepressants directly facilitate feeding, which is, at least in part, mediated by histamine in the hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 149
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1990), S. 290-292 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We analysed six multiplex pedigrees of schizophrenia for linkage to two DNA probes mapping to the chromosome 5q11–q13 region where linkage to a gene for schizophrenia was recently reported. Analyses were conducted using three penetrance models and considering the affected state to be schizophrenia, the schizophrenia spectrum, and all psychiatric diagnoses. All analyses gave consistently negative lod scores. Although the region was not formally excluded, no evidence for linkage was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Friedreich's disease ; Diagnostic criteria ; Genetics ; Natural history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and genetic features of 80 patients with Friedreich's disease from 64 families are described. Diagnostic criteria were: no evidence of dominant inheritance, onset by the age of 20 years, progressive unremitting ataxia of limbs and gait, and absence of knee and ankle jerks. Furthermore, at least one of the following accessory signs was present: dysarthria, extensor plantar response and echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two peaks of onset age were evident at 6–9 and 12–15 years. Analysis of intrafamily variation of onset age and absence of clustering of cardiomyopathy and diabetes did not suggest genetic heterogeneity. Peripheral nerve impairment was an early finding and showed slight further progression, whereas involvement of the cerebellar and corticospinal pathways appeared later and mainly accounted for the progressive worsening of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 151
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ritanserin ; Serotonin ; Quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome ; Behavior ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome (QMWS), produced in opiate-naive rats with an injection of isobutylmethylaxanthine (IBMX) and the opioid antagonist naloxone, allows one to study the expression of opiate withdrawal in the absence of the acute or chronic effects of opiates and the adaptive processes termed dependence. The allegedly selective and long-acting serotonin2 (5-HT2) antagonist ritanserin attenuated the QMWS-induced suppression of fixed ratio (FR) operant responding, which is a sensitive measure of the expression of a QMWS. When administered 30 min prior to precipitation of the QMWS, the lowest dose of ritanserin tested (0.158 mg/kg) was the most effective in blocking the expression of withdrawal; however, there was not complete reversal of the behavioral suppression. Acutely, the two higher doses of ritanserin tested (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) suppressed responding when given alone. This may have masked their ability to attenuate a QMWS. At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, ritanserin completely blocked the QMWS-induced suppression of responding 24 h post-administration, at a time when its actions at other receptors (e.g., alpha2) have dissipated. At an equivalent dose, the shorter-acting 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin was unable to attenuate the QMWS-induced suppression of FR operant responding 24 h post-administration. The 5-HT2 antagonists reportedly produce a paradoxical down-regulation of 5-HT2 binding sites upon chronic treatment, rather than the expected supersensitivity. Chronic treatment with ritanserin (2.5 mg/kg/day for 7 days), but not mianserin (same regimen), attenuated a QMWS 24 h after the final injection, thus supporting with a functional measure, the down-regulation of such binding sites by ritanserin. These results suggest that ritanserin may prove useful in treating the symptoms of withdrawal during opiate (e.g., heroin and methadone) detoxification, without causing supersensitivity of 5-HT2 receptors upon chronic treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Substance P ; Reinforcement ; SP fragments ; Structure-activity ; Conditioned place preference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reinforcing effects of intraperitoneally (IP) administered substance P (SP1-11), its amino-terminal fragment SP1-7 (SPN) and an analog of the carboxy terminus (pGlu6-SP6-11: SPC) were studied in rats. Two conditioned place preference paradigms were used. After three pairings of the drug with a certain environment the effect of the treatment was evaluated in the drug-free state during a test trial. The reinforcing effects of SP (37 nmol) and the equimolar dose of SPC were expressed by a significant increase in the amount of time the animals spent in the treatment environment. Other doses of SP (3.7 and 185 nmol) and SPC (7.4 and 185 nmol) and none of the doses of SPN (37, 185, 370 nmol) influenced the place preference behavior of the rats. The reinforcing effects of SP parallel the known facilitating effects of peripherally administered SP on memory. The amino acids that encode the reinforcing effects of SP may lie within the C-terminal sequence of the SP molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Competition ; Chloridazepoxide ; Sucrose ; Behavioral inhibition ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Within triads of male Wistar rats, some animals almost completely abstain from competition for palatable sucrose pellets (so-called poor-performing rats), whereas other rats consistently win the competition (so-called high-performing rats). Subchronic (5 mg/kg; 5 consecutive days), but not acute (0.1–20 mg/kg), treatment with chlordiazepoxide temporarily helped poor-performing rats to behave more competitively. This finding, considered together with parallel studies (using high-performing rats), suggested that chloridazepoxide's beneficial effect was only demonstrable when the poor-performing rats had become tolerant to the drug's initial sedative effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: (-)-Sulpiride ; SCH 23390 ; Repeated treatment ; Apomorphine-induced stereotypy ; Dopaminergic supersensitivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Combined treatment with (-)-sulpiride plus a low dose of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, unlike (-)-sulpiride given alone, blocked rat striatal dopaminergic transmission. Five days after the withdrawal of 21-day repeated administration of the combined treatment, no increase in apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour was observed. The results suggest that the combination of a D2 blocker and a low dose of a D1 blocker produces a wider spectrum of neuroleptic activity without an overt risk of inducing dopaminergic behavioural supersensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 155
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 72-76 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) ; Haloperidol ; Vacuous chewing movements (VCM) ; Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) ; Tardive dyskinesia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-induced brain lesions on vacuous chewing movements (VCM) were examined in rats given chronic haloperidol treatment (0.1 or 1 mg/kg/day) for 18 months. At the end of the experiment striatal, pallidal, and nigral activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were measured. MAM-lesioned rats had an elevated rate of VCMs compared to unlesioned controls. This effect was stable during the whole 18-month experiment. In unlesioned control rats chronic haloperidol produced a gradual increase in VCM rates, but this effect was not further exacerbated in MAM-lesioned animals. After chronic haloperidol treatment with the higher dose (1 mg/kg/day) GAD activity was reduced in substantia nigra (-20%), globus pallidus (-35%), and striatum (-26%) of unlesioned rats. MAM caused a reduction of GAD activity in substantia nigra (-29%) and globus pallidus (-29%). Chronic haloperidol did not influence these effects of MAM-induced lesion. The present results show that a MAM-induced brain lesion, in contrast to cortical ablations, cannot be used to amplify the haloperidol-induced VCM increase or influence the nigral GAD activity in a rat model for tardive dyskinesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 156
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 312-318 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: H1-blockers ; Active avoidance ; Retention ; Acquisition ; Chronic administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory effects of some newly developed H1-blockers on the step-through active avoidance response in rats were studied in comparison with those of classical H1-blockers. Single administration of diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, promethazine and chlorpheniramine caused dose-related depressant effects on the active avoidance response. Ketotifen and azelastine caused less potent inhibition than the classical H1-blockers, while the effects of astemizole and oxatomide were almost negligible in suppressing the response. Following chronic administration of pyrilamine and promethazine, the acquisition of active avoidance response was significantly retarded compared with the control group, where-as new H1-blockers caused a somewhat but not significantly slower acquisition than the control group. Chronic administration of astemizole and oxatomide caused only transient suppression of the response. However, classical H1-blockers such as pyrilamine and promethazine caused sustained inhibition for as long as drug administration was continued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antagonistic effect ; Physostigmine ; Ketamine ; Anesthesia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of physostigmine on ketamine-induced anesthesia and analgesia were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats using behavioral tests. Rats were divided into six groups. Immediately after loss of the righting reflex following an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 75 mg/kg, each group of rats was given an intraperitoneal injection of either physostigmine 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg or saline as the control, respectively. Physostigmine 0.1 mg/kg caused the greatest antagonistic effect on ketamine anesthesia as indicated by sleeping time, duration of ataxia and motor coordination. The antagonistic effects of physostigmine were reduced by a dose of physostigmine of greater than 0.1 mg/kg. However, at no dose did physostigmine antagonize ketamine analgesia as indicated by the tail-flick latency. Physostigmine (0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg) itself had analgesic and motor-suppressive actions. It can therefore be presumed that there is a limited threshold of the dose of physostigmine which develops an antagonistic effect on ketamine anesthesia due to the motor-suppressive action. It is also confirmed that physostigmine itself produces analgesia, and does not antagonize ketamine-induced analgesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 158
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Shock stress ; Learned helplessness ; Imipramine ; Reuptake inhibitors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Administration of imipramine, which blocks noradrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic reuptake, to rats for 4 days counteracts the shuttlebox escape failures otherwise seen in rats which have been exposed to inescapable shock (the “learned helplessness” model of depression). The effects of the more selective reuptake inhibitors talsupram (noradrenergic), citalopram (serotonergic) and the anticholinergic compound scopolamine were assessed alone and in combination after acute or 4 days' administration on escape behavior. Their possible synergistic effects when combined with imipramine were also assessed. Talsupram and citalopram were ineffective, whereas scopolamine counteracted the escape failures. Combinations of talsupram, citalopram and a subeffective dose of scopolamine were ineffective. A synergistic effect was only seen when scopolamine was combined with a suboptimal dose of imipramine. Thus, the effect of imipramine on “learned helplessness” might rely partly on its anticholinergic component. However, as an acute high dose of imipramine (25 mg/kg) was ineffective [unlike the acute administration of scopolamine (0.12 mg/kg)], this drug retains a pharmacological effect which is not mimicked by scopolamine alone or by combining the specific reuptake inhibitors with scopolamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 159
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Beta-phenylethylamine ; Stereotypy ; Behavioral sensitization ; Dopamine ; Striatum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repeated daily administration of an endogenous trace amine, beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), produces behavioral sensitization such that the intensity of PEA-induced stereotyped behaviors in rats increases gradually during the treatment, and a challenge injection with PEA reinstates the enhanced stereotypy even long after withdrawal. In the present study, we examined the neurochemical changes in the central dopaminergic neuron systems in the rat for 7 drug-free days after repeated treatment with PEA (50 mg/kg, IP day for 14 or 28 days). During withdrawal, a decrease in steady-state levels of tissue dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was found in the mesolimbic DA nerve terminal areas of the rat brain receiving repeated PEA treatment. Fifteen minutes after challenge administration of PEA at varying doses from 6.3 to 75 mg/kg, the rats with repeated PEA treatment required smaller doses of PEA challenge than the rats with acute PEA treatment in order to obtain a significant decrease in striatal DOPAC content compared to the saline control in each treatment group. These results imply that the behavioral sensitization to PEA is accompanied by enduring modifications of the specific dopaminergic neuron systems in the rat brain. This suggestion was strongly supported by the results of the study using in vivo intracerebral dialysis, which indicated that 25 mg/kg PEA challenge elicited a remarkable increase in the extracellular DA concentrations in striatal perfusates collected from the PEA-pretreated rats, in accordance with the intensity of stereotyped behaviors. These findings argue that the hyper-responsiveness to PEA of the striatal dopaminergic neuron systems persists long after withdrawal from repeated treatment with PEA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 160
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Decision making ; Tolerance to reward delay ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory decision-making paradigm was developed in which changes in behavioural planning in response to delays in reward delivery could be studied in the rat. The problem given was to choose between three behavioural options, lever-pressing or running into one of two arms fitted to the experimental chamber, in order to obtain rewards (water). Basically, the animal received rewards with a certain probability when pressing the lever. At certain random intervals, reward delivery by lever-presses was stopped. To restart the system, the animal had to abandon lever-pressing and run out into one of the arms. The arm lengths could be varied, and a time-delay for restarting the system could be introduced into one of the arms. These manipulations changed the arm preference so that a long arm, or an arm with a time delay, was avoided. It was specifically investigated whether the benzodiazepine diazepam selectively lowered the tolerance to accept reward delay. Such an effect of benzodiazepines has previously been proposed. After diazepam 1 mg/kg, the number of lever-presses before running into an arm and number of behavioural interruptions were increased, and interpreted to show a deficit in information processing and/or decision making. No evidence for a selective effect of diazepam to reduce tolerance to reward delays could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 162
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 342 (1990), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Choline ; Dopaminergic agents ; Microdialysis ; Rat ; Striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vivo microdialysis was used to study the putative inhibitory effects of dopamine on cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of conscious rats. The dopamine receptor agonists apomorphine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) and (±)N-0437 (1.4 mg/kg, s.c.) decreased interstitial concentrations of acetylcholine while increasing those of choline. In contrast, the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and (±)sulpiride (20 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced striatal acetylcholine output but had little effect on choline. Previously, a lack of effect of these drugs on striatal acetylcholine was reported. The main methodological difference between these studies was that the calcium concentration of the microdialysis perfusion solution was 3.4 mM in the former study versus 1.2 mM in the present experiments. The results of this study reemphasize the importance of the calcium concentration in determining the effects of drugs on central neurotransmitter release, and confirm a role of dopamine in the regulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 163
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 342 (1990), S. 107-109 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Muscarinic receptors ; Adenylate cyclase ; Olfactory bulb ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In membranes of rat olfactory bulb acetylcholine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal stimulation corresponded to 53% increase of basal enzyme activity and was obtained with 100 μM acetylcholine. The concentration of the cholinergic agonist eliciting a half-maximal effect was 0.4 μM. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine was antagonized by 0.1 μM atropine but not by 10 μM (+)-tubocurarine. Moreover, the addition of micromolar concentrations of GTP was absolutely required for the enzyme stimulation by acetylcholine. The results demonstrate the presence in rat olfactory bulb of muscarinic receptors coupled to stimulation of adenylate cyclase probably via a GTP regulatory protein and provide evidence for a novel signal transduction mechanism of central muscarinic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 164
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 342 (1990), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bradykinin ; NPC 567 ; Bradykinin antagonist ; Inflammation ; Carrageenan ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bradykinin has been implicated in acute inflammatory reactions. Intradermal injection elicits increased vascular permeability and hyperalgesia, and bioassays have suggested increased bradykinin concentration in inflammatory exudates. Poorly specific inhibitors of kallikrein, the enzyme catalyzing formation of bradykinin, inhibit certain acute inflammatory reactions. However, the lack of a specific bradykinin receptor antagonist has made proof of the hypothesis difficult. In this study, we have used the potent, specific bradykinin antagonist DArg[Hyp3DPhe7] bradykinin (NPC 567) as a probe to examine the role of bradykinin in carrageenan-induced edema in the paws of rats. Subplantar injection of carrageenan led to an increase in immunoreactive bradykinin and metabolic product, desArg9bradykinin. NPC 567 inhibited the development of edema in response to carrageenan, to a maximum 65%. Thus, bradykinin appears to be a major mediator of increased vascular permeability in response to carrageenan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 165
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Pollen fertility restorer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase isozymes were controlled by multiple gene systems. Three genes coding for dimeric enzymes segregated in a dependent fashion (NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2, NADP-Mdh 3). A fourth gene (NADP-Mdh 4), also coded for dimers, but was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris. A fifth gene (NADP-Me 1) coded for enzymes active as monomers. Two genes were found to control the main zone of NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase: one coded for dimers (Mdh 1), while a second (Mdh 2) was not polymorphic in the assessions studied. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris; the two types detected on SGE1 electrophoresis were due to developmental expression of the different systems. No genetical segregations could be detected in progeny of crosses of the distinct phenotypes. A shikimate dehydrogenase gene (Skdh 1) that coded for monomers was identified. The diaphorase system was rather complex, but one gene (Dia 1) coding for monomeric enzymes could be identified. Aconitase was found to be controlled by two independent genes (Aco 1, Aco 2), both polymorphic and coding for proteins active as monomers. Tight linkage was found between the genes NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2 and NADP-Mdh 3. Linkage was also found between a pollen fertility restorer (Z) and the Mdh 1 gene. The identification of linkage with Aco 1 needs further investigation. R segregated independently from Mdh 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1. Independent segregations were scored for isozyme genes Pgm 2, Icd 1, Ak 1, Gpi 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) ; Noradrenaline ; Sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation ; Pig ; Cat ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa was studied in various species including man. A dense network of NPY-immunoreactive (IR) fibres was present around arteries and arterioles in the nasal mucosa of all species studied. NPY was also located in nerves around seromucous glands in pig and guinea-pig, but not in rat, cat and man. The NPY-IR glandular innervation corresponded to about 20% of the NPY content of the nasal mucosa as revealed by remaining NPY content determined by radioimmunoassay after sympathectomy. These periglandular NPY-positive fibres had a distribution similar to the VIP-IR and PHI-IR nerves but not to the noradrenergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). The NPY nerves around glands and some perivascular fibres were not influenced by sympathectomy and probably originated in the sphenopalatine ganglion where NPY-IR and VIP-IR ganglion cells were present. The venous sinusoids were innervated by NPY-positive fibres in all species except the cat. Dense NPY and DBH-positive innervation was seen around thick-walled vessels in the pig nasal mucosa; the latter may represent arterio-venous shunts. Double-labelling experiments using TH and DBH, and surgical sympathectomy revealed that the majority of NPY-IR fibres around blood vessels were probably noradrenergic. The NPY-positive perivascular nerves that remained after sympathectomy in the pig nasal mucosa also contained VIP/PHI-IR. The major nasal blood vessels, i.e. sphenopalatine artery and vein, were also densely innervated by NPY-IR fibres of sympathetic origin. Perivascular VIP-IR fibres were present around small arteries, arterioles, venous sinusoids and arterio-venous shunt vessels of the nasal mucosa whereas major nasal vessels received only single VIP-positive nerves. The trigeminal ganglion of the species studied contained only single TH-IR or VIP-IR but no NPY-positive ganglion cells. It is concluded that NPY in the nasal mucosa is mainly present in perivascular nerves of sympathetic origin. In some species, such as pig, glandular and perivascular parasympathetic nerves, probably of VIP/PHI nature, also contain NPY.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 168
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary process ; Epithelial cells ; Gap junction ; Autophagy ; Rabbit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine internalized gap junctions (IGJ) in rabbit and rat ciliary epithelial cells. A prominent feature of all the specimens studied was the presence of different images of IGJ membrane that entrapped a portion of an adjoining cell. We documented and analyzed more than 500 gap junction (GJ) vacuoles and invaginations, the latter comprising less than 20% of all the structures examined. With ten exceptions found in non-pigmented cells, all the IGJ were unidirectionally internalized within the cytoplasm of pigmented epithelial cells. Morphological signs of autophagic degradation of GJ vacuoles were observed. An essential finding was that once a GJ membrane started to invaginate, a “lucidation” of a part of the protruding cytoplasm occurred; no planar GJ membranes exhibited such an alteration. The present findings suggest that IGJ derived from the epithelium of ciliary processes arise through an invagination-endocytosis mechanism and are degraded autophagically. This phenomenon may be relevant to aqueous humor production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 169
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Binding sites ; Heart ; Autoradiography ; Cell culture ; Rat ; Guineapig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cell culture preparations from rat and guinea-pig atria and interatrial septum, and from rat ventricles were studied using a combined autoradiographic and immunocytochemical approach. Alphaatrial natriuretic peptide (125I-ANP1-128) binding sites were confined to subpopulations of identified non-neuronal cells in each type of culture preparation, and had distinct patterns of labelling. The density of ANP1-28 binding sites was substantially greater in guinea-pig cultures than in rat cultures and was least in rat ventricular cultures. ANP1-28-labelled subpopulations of S-100-like immunoreactive glial cells were only seen in guinea-pig cultures. Von Willebrand factor (vWF)-like immunoreactive endothelial cells and vWF-negative endothelioid cells expressed ANP1-28 binding sites in both the guinea-pig and rat atrial cultures, but were unlabelled in rat ventricular cultures. In contrast, labelled subpopulations of fibronectin-like immunoreactive fibroblasts were present in all of the three types of culture preparation studied. ANP-like immunoreactive myocytes were present in both atrial and ventricular cultures. These cells did not, however, express ANP1-28 binding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 170
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic peptide receptors ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Autoradiography ; Cell culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites on cells in dissociated culture preparations of neonatal rat superior cervical ganglia and in explant cultures of rat thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia has been studied. The autoradiographic visualisation of atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites has been combined with the use of specific immunocytochemical markers for glial cells (antiserum to S-100 protein), fibroblasts (antiserum to fibronectin) and neurones (antiserum to protein gene product 9.5) in order to achieve unambiguous identification of the cell types in culture. Specific binding sites for rat125I-atrial natriuretic peptide(1–28) were observed over subpopulations of fibronectin-like-immunoreactive fibroblasts and S-100-like-immunoreactive glia in the dissociated superior cervical ganglion cultures. However, only a subpopulation of fibronectin-like-immunoreactive fibroblasts possessed atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites in the explant culture preparations. No atrial natriuretic peptide-like-immunoreactive cells were present in either culture. The distribution of autoradiographic grains over individual cell surfaces in culture was uniform, but there were distinct differences in the density of labelling of single cells of the same type. This apparent variation in the number of binding sites on glial cells and fibroblasts in culture did not seem to be related to the morphology of the cells or the surrounding cell types. No sympathetic neurones were labelled with autoradiographic grains in either the dissociated or explant culture preparations. However, the presence of atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites on non-neuronal cells of sympathetic ganglia in culture may be linked to the relationship between atrial natriuretic peptide and the sympathetic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 171
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cumulus oophorus ; Mucus ; Fertilization ; Rat ; Syrian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and morphometric techniques were employed to examine the ovulated cumulus oophorus of hamsters and rats. Observations on cumuli prepared in a variety of ways including different chemical fixation techniques and cryofixation freeze substitution were compared. It was concluded that the cumulus mucus is not arranged in lamellae or granules as has previously been suggested but is composed of molecules which form very fine filaments when properly fixed. Morphometric analysis of cumuli fixed either in situ or after being explanted into medium revealed that the distance between neighboring cumulus cells was greater with increasing distance from the oocyte. Morphometry revealed that, when placed into medium, the cumulus expands possibly due to hydration. Thus physiological experiments carried out on cumuli should be performed very shortly after cumuli are isolated. From their ultrastructure cumulus cells appear to be actively involved in protein synthesis and secretion as well as steroid production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 172
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Adrenal medulla ; Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hybridization, in situ ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have shown that somatostatin modulates angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion by adrenal glomerulosa cells. This effect is mediated through specific receptors which do not show any preference for somatostatin-14 (S14) or the N-extended form somatostatin-28 (S28). The study of the distribution of 125I-Tyr [Tyr0, DTrp8] S14-and 125I-Tyr[Leu8, DTrp22, Tyr25] S28-binding in frozen sections of the rat adrenal by autoradiography indicated that both peptides bind to similar loci. High concentrations of binding sites were observed in the zona glomerulosa, and low concentrations were detected in the medulla. At the ultrastructural level, immunocytochemistry after cryoultramicrotomy revealed endogenous S14-and S28-like immunoreactive material in zona glomerulosa and in medulla. In glomerulosa cells, immunoreactive material was localized at the plasma membrane level, in the cytoplasmic matrix, in the mitochondria, and in the nucleus. S14-and S28-like materials were detected in both epinephrine and norepinephrine-storing cells of the adrenal medulla. In these cells, the distribution of either immunoreactive product was similar; it was observed in cytoplasmic matrix, secretory granules and nucleus, but not at the plasma membrane level. In situ hybridization does not reveal somatostatin mRNA in zona glomerulosa or medulla. These results demonstrate that S14 and S28 bind to, and are taken up by zona glomerulosa and adrenal medullary cells, but are not produced by these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 173
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin sheath ; Rapid cryofixation ; Deepetching ; Cryoultramicrotomy ; Cryotransfer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat optic and trigeminal nerve myelin was studied using different cryotechniques. Replicas of rapid cryofixed and deep-etched material were compared with cryosections of chemically unfixed specimens and also of glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens. Hydrated cryosections were analysed in a cryotransfer device. The data reported here show discrepancies with the current descriptions of myelin structure based on osmium-fixed and resin-embedded material. The structures called the major line (as a fusion of the cytoplasmic surfaces of the glial cells) in conventional electron microscopy and the intraperiod line (as a fusion of the outer surfaces) are seen in the present material to represent actually aqueous spaces. The extracellular space (Espace) is most sensitive to chemical fixation and other preparation procedures, and probably also expands under pathological conditions. The virtual C-space (cytoplasmic space=major line) is more stable. The cytoplasmic surfaces are most probably joined by globular proteins (myelin basic protein). The most compact organization of myelin is seen in fresh, unfixed nerves. A continuous bilayer could not be observed and the bilayer membrane showed particulate subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 174
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Smooth muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the muscle of the urinary bladder in female rats is similar to that of other visceral muscles, although it is arranged in bundles of variable length, cross-section and orientation, forming a meshwork. When distended, the musculature is 100–120 μm thick, with some variation and occasional discontinuity. Extended areas of cell-to-cell apposition with uniform intercellular space occur between muscle cells, whereas attachment plaques for mechanical coupling are less common than in other visceral muscles. There are no gap junctions between muscle cells. Many bundles of microfilaments and small elastic fibres run between the muscle cells. After chronic partial obstruction of the urethra, the bladder enlarges and is about 15 times heavier, but has the same shape as in controls; the growth is mainly accounted for by muscle hypertrophy. The outer surface of the hypertrophic bladder is increased 6-fold over the controls; the muscle is increased 3-fold in thickness, and is more compact. Mitoses are not found, but there is a massive increase in muscle cell size. There is a modest decrease in percentage volume of mitochondria, an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum, and no appreciable change in the pattern of myofilaments. Gap junctions between hypertrophic muscle cells are virtually absent. Intramuscular nerve fibres and vesicle-containing varicosities appear as common in the hypertrophic muscle as in controls. There is no infiltration of the muscle by connective tissue and no significant occurrence of muscle cell death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 175
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Chronic volume overload ; Arteriovenous shunt ; Hypertrophy ; Dilation ; Contractility ; Myocardial working capacity ; Myosin isoenzyme pattern ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of experimental arteriovenous shunt (AV shunt) on left ventricular dynamics and myocardial mechanics were investigated in female Wistar rats, weighing approx. 240 g. The main goal of the study was to characterize ventricular and myocardial working capacity and to estimate the significance of the various processes involved in cardiac adaptation to the altered loading conditions. Twelve weeks after operation, systemic blood pressure was slightly elevated in AV shunt rats as compared with age-matched controls, although total peripheral resistance (as related to a common aortic pressure) was significantly reduced. Heart rate and cardiac output were considerably increased. Despite marked left ventricular dilatation with increased end-diastolic and systolic wall stress, no signs of resting insufficiency were present. Left ventricular weight, end-diastolic volume and pressure, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were increased. The area between the curve of isovolumic maxima and the end-diastolic P-V curve (up to a defined end-diastolic pressure) and the normalized area between the isovolumic and end-diastolic stress-length curves as well as the maximum rate of stress development were augmented, even in the specimen with the highest degree of ventricular dilatation—despite a shift of the myosin isoenzyme pattern towards VM3. The study reveals that besides the change in ventricular mass and configuration, augmented preload is involved in cardiac adaptation to the altered hemodynamic state. Furthermore, there are indications of an intensified sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Transformation of the myocardium towards a slower muscle seems to be of minor functional significance under the conditions of the present experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 176
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: 31P-NMR ; Heart transplantation ; Rejection ; FK506 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of FK506 for 15 days at daily doses of 3.2 mg/kg p.o., 10 mg/kg p.o., 0.32 mg/kg i.m., or 1 mg/kg i.m. to heart-allografted rats resulted in a significant prolongation of graft survival time. The best graft acceptance was obtained in the 1 mg/kg i.m. group: all six grafts survived longer than 50 days, and two of them, indefinitely. The31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was utilized to investigate in vivo the energy metabolism of grafts. The ratios of inorganic phosphate (Pi)/phosphocreatine (PCr) and PCr/ATP were useful parameters for monitoring cardiac insufficiency after transplantation. The mean ratios of Pi/PCr and PCr/ATP in syngeneic grafts were 0.38±0.11 and 1.88±0.42, respectively. In the control allografts, a rapid increase in the Pi/PCr ratio and a decrease in the PCr/ATP ratio were found from day 5. During the period of FK 506 administration, increased Pi/PCr and decreased PCr/ATP ratios were also observed in all groups. The changes in these ratios were related with FK506 dosage. The results suggest that FK506 has a side-effect on graft metabolism. The metabolism tended to improve upon cessation of the drug in all grafts, but it worsened again in 3–3 1/2 weeks in the rats treated with 3.2 mg/kg p.o., 10 mg/kg p.o., or 0.32 mg/kg i.m. This seemed to be due to graft rejection. In the 1 mg/kg i.m. group, lowering of the Pi/PCr ratio and elevation of the PCr/ATP ratio were observed after the withdrawal of FK506, and these ratios remained stable until the end of the observation period. In conclusion, FK506 was found to be a potent immunosuppressant with a significant side-effect on graft metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 177
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 349-371 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Genetics ; gene structure ; hereditary unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Definitions of the term ‘gene’ typically superimpose molecular genetics onto Mendelism. What emerges are persistent attempts to regard the gene as a ‘unit’ of structure and/or function, language that creates multiple meanings for the term and fails to acknowledge the diversity of gene architecture. I argue that coherence at the molecular level requires abandonment of the classical unit concept and recognition that a gene is constructed from an assemblage of domains. Hence, a domain set (1) conforms more closely to empirical evidence for genetic organization of DNA regions capable of transcription and (2) has ontological properties lacking in the traditional unit definition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 178
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 61 (1990), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Force-length relationship ; Model ; Muscle-tendon complex ; Extensor digitorum muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Models are useful when studying how architectural and physiological properties of muscle-tendon complexes are related to function, because they allow for the simulation of the behaviour of such complexes during natural movements. In the construction of these models, evaluation of their accuracy is an important step. In the present study, a model was constructed to calculate the isometric force-length relationship of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle-tendon complex. The model is based on the assumption that a muscle-tendon complex is a collection of independent units, each consisting of a muscle fibre in series with a tendon fibre. By intention, values for model parameters were derived indirectly, using only the measured maximal isometric tetanic force, the distance between origin and insertion at which it occurred (optimum l OI ) and an estimate of muscle fibre optimal length. The accuracy of the calculated force-length relationship was subsequently evaluated by comparing it to the relationship measured in isometric tetanic contractions of a real complex in the rat. When the length of distal muscle fibres, measured during isometric contraction at optimal l OI of the whole complex, was used as an estimate for muscle fibre optimal length of all muscle fibre — tendon fibre units in the model, the calculated relationship was too narrow. That is, both on the ascending limb and on the descending limb the calculated tetanic force was lower than the measured tetanic force. These discrepancies could be explained partly by assuming that a spread existed in optimal lengths of the units, and that the units which contained the distal muscle fibres were acting below their optimal length during isometric contraction at optimal l OI of the whole complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 179
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plastic surgery 13 (1990), S. 185-186 
    ISSN: 1435-0130
    Keywords: Rat ; Experiment ; Wounds ; Vinyl chloride vest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new rat vest for protection of experimental dorsal wounds is described. It can be made easily, can be used repeatedly, is adjustable to the rat's body contours and allows easy observation of the animals. In addition, decubitus ulcers seldom occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 180
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Demography ; Genetics ; Geographic variation ; Stochasticity ; Fluctuating environments ; Allele frequencies ; River ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of unpredictable environmental fluctuations on the demographic and genetic structure of Fundulus zebrinus populations. Collections of F. zebrinus were taken from three rivers in the Arkansas River basin: the Arkansas, Chikaskia, and Ninnescah. Fish were sampled from three sites on each river on nine collection dates throughout 1984 and 1985. Totals of 2100 fish and 6000 fish were included in electrophoretic and demographic analyses, respectively. The results of the study indicate that within a limited geographic region (i.e. within rivers) spatial differences and temporal changes in both demographic and genetic population characteristics occur frequently and are primarily stochastic. However, on a larger spatial scale (i.e. across rivers), general trends emerge for demographic and especially for genetic population characteristics. These results illustrate the importance of sampling scale for conclusions of life-history evolution in fluctuating environments. In addition, it was found that regulation of Fundulus zebrinus populations includes an important density-independent component. Stochastic demographic differences across space and changes through time and spatially and temporally heterogeneous allele frequencies, are both indicative of density-independent regulation. Variation in population parameters, both demographic and genetic, was observed between populations sampled from each river. These population differences were attributed to differences between the rivers themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 181
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 182
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Transplantation ; Rat ; Morphology ; Endocrine function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ädequate chirurgische Versorgung der exokrinen Sekretion nach Transplantation des vaskularisierten Pankreas ist noch immer umstritten. Grundsätzlich kann die exokrine Sekretion des Transplantats entweder durch Obstruktion der Pankreasausführungsgänge unterdrückt oder durch Drainage in den Gastrointestinal- oder Urogenitaltrakt erhalten werden. Am Modell der isogenen Pankreastransplantation bei Streptozotocin-diabetischen Ratten wurde der Einflu\ der erhaltenen oder unterdrückten exokrinen Sekretion auf die Qualität der endokrinen Transplantatfunktion bestimmt. Die exokrine Sekretion wurde entweder durch pankreatikoduodenale Transplantation erhalten oder durch Gangligatur unterdrückt. Die Qualitat der endokrinen Transplantatfunktion wurde durch Bestimmung der nichtnüchtern-Blutzuckerwerte, der intravenösen Glukosetoleranz, der peripheren Insulinspiegel, des Wasser-und Futterverbrauchs sowie der Urin- und Stuhlproduktion ermittelt. Die Unterdrückung der exokrinen Sekretion induzierte im Transplantat eine vollständige Atrophie des Azinusgewebes, eine Proliferation der Pankreasausführungsgänge, eine interstitielle Zellinfiltration sowie eine Fragmentation von Langerhans-Inseln. Trotz dieser fundamentalen Umbauvorgänge im Transplantat konnte keine Beeintrachtigung der endokrinen Transplantatfunktion innerhalb der Beobachtungszeit von 1 Jahr festgestellt werden. Pankreastransplantate mit erhaltener und unterdrückter exokriner Sekretion normalisierten gleichermaßen die diabetische Hyperglykämie, die eingeschränkte Glukosetoleranz, die periphere Hypoinsulinämie, sowie die Polydipsie, Polyphagie und Polyurie, und sie ermöglichten eine normale körperliche Entwicklung diabetischer Empfänger eines Pankreastransplantats. Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann gefolgert werden, daß die Unterdrückung der exokrinen Sekretion zu keiner Beeintrachtigung der endokrinen Funktion von Pankreastransplantaten führt.
    Notes: Summary The adequate management of the exocrine secretion of vascularized pancreas transplants is still controversial. Basically, the exocrine graft secretion may either be suppressed by obstruction of the pancreatic ducts or preserved by drainage into the recipient's enteric or urinary tract. In a model of isogenic pancreas transplantation in streptozotocin diabetic rats the impact of preserved versus suppressed exocrine secretion on the quality of endocrine graft function was investigated. Preservation of the exocrine secretion was accomplished by pancreaticoduodenal transplantation, while duct ligation was used to suppress the exocrine secretion. Endocrine graft function was monitored by determination of nonfasting blood glucose levels, intravenous glucose tolerance tests, peripheral insulin levels, water and food intake as well as urine and faeces production. Suppression of the exocrine graft secretion induced acinar atrophy, proliferation of pancreatic ducts, interstitial cell infiltration and fragmentation of islets of Langerhans, while drainage of the exocrine graft secretion completely preserved the architecture of the transplant. Despite the fundamental structural changes induces by exocrine suppression no deterioration of endocrine graft function was noted within the observation period of one year. Both techniques were equally effective in ameliorating the diabetic hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, reduced glucose tolerance, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria and restored normal growth rate and general health of diabetic pancreas graft recipients. Thus it can be concluded that suppression of the exocrine secretion does not impair the quality of endocrine function of pancreas transplants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 183
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 248 (1990), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Rat ; Cochlea ; Topical anesthetics ; Auditory brain-stem response ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Local anesthetics, even if applied to the outer ear canal, may still enter the middle ear, running the risk of penetrating the round window. To elucidate the effect of certain topical anesthetics on the inner ear, the round window niche in the laboratory rat's middle ear was exposed separately to lidocaine, lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol. Auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 31.5 kHz before the application, and 24 h, 3 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after exposure. After terminating the 6-month ABR measurements, the animals were sacrificed and the temporal bones fixed and decalcified for light microscopic analysis. All three drugs affected the ABR thresholds and the cochlear morphology with a pattern characteristic for each drug. At 24 h, all three substances caused severe impairment of ABR thresholds, followed by a period of restitution lasting up to 2 months. Even 6 months after exposure, the ABR thresholds at and above 12 kHz were impaired, as compared with the pre-treatment level, for all substances tested. In the lower frequencies the original ABR threshold was reached in the order: (1) lidocaine, (2) lidocaine-prilocaine, (3) phenol. The cochlear structures were unaffected by lidocaine, whereas lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol caused morphological damage which was most pronounced after exposure to phenol. The heterogeneity of the changes in the ABR thresholds suggests differences in the mechanism of action of each type of local anesthetic investigated. The effects following lidocaine were transient. However, clinicians must be aware of the ototoxic potential of both lidocaine and phenol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 184
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 247 (1990), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Vestibular system ; Vestibular neurons ; Neurofilaments ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vestibular neurons from adult rats were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy using ten polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies reacting with different subunits of neurofilament (NF) polypeptides. Most antibodies strongly immunolabeled axons and dendrites. With the majority of antibodies the vestibular ganglion cells showed two distinct subpopulations: those with intense immunoreactivity and those without it. The intensely immunoreactive somata, staining with anti-70 kDa and anti-200 kDa NF antibodies but not with anti-150 kDa NF antibodies, comprised 32% of the ganglion cells (range: 27–40%). These cells were larger than the weakly immunoreactive majority of cells. Comparisons of adjacent sections revealed that at least a part of the distinctly immunostained cells were the same regardless of the antibody used. Thus, about one-third of the vestibular ganglion cells seem to form a subpopulation containing 200 kDa and 70 kDa subunits of NF polypeptides. Similar compositions of NF subunits have been demonstrated in such cells as the large dorsal root ganglion cells. The high percentage of neuronal somata with phosporylated subunits of NF polypeptides demonstrated in this study is exceptional in other normal neurons and has been demonstrated only in experimental models and disease states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 185
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 247 (1990), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Aspartate aminotransferase ; Vestibular end-organ ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of mitochondrial (m-) and cytosolic (c-) aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) was examined in the vestibular ganglion neurons and sensory cells in the vestibular end-organs of rats by an indirect immunohistochemical method using antibodies specific for m- and c-AAT. Neurons in the vestibular ganglion were stained by both m- and c-AAT antibodies, but the vestibular sensory cells exhibited only m-AAT-like immunoreactivity and were not labeled by c-AAT. These findings suggested that aspartate is a neurotransmitter in the hair cells of the vestibular end-organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 186
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 248 (1990), S. 4-7 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Glutamate decarboxylase ; Efferent innervation ; Cochlear development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic efferent nerve fibers were studied during the postnatal development of the rat cochlea, using light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Antibodies against GABA and its synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), were used. Immunoreactivity to GAD is already present at birth (postnatal day 1) and could be found below the inner hair cells of the basal turn. Immunoreactivity progressively extends toward the apical turn until day 3. GAD-like immunoreactivity appears under the outer hair cells on postnatal day 15 and is only found in the upper part of the second turn and in the apical turn. The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity closely corresponds to that observed with the anti-glutamate decarboxylase antibody. However, the GABA-like immunoreactivity appears about 1–2 days after GAD-like immunoreactivity. At the beginning of the 3rd postnatal week, an adult pattern of GABA- and GAD-like immunoreactivity is established. These results suggest that GABA, which appears under the inner hair cells largely before the onset of hearing, may play a neurotrophic function during cochlear maturation and participate in the regulation of the first cochlear potentials as soon as they appear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 187
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Rat ; pineal gland ; melatonin ; ultrastructure ; “synaptic” ribbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have shown that the pineal gland of Roman high avoidance (RHA/Verh) rats is larger than that of Roman low avoidance rats (RLA/Verh). In the present study measurement of enzyme activities (serotonin-N-acetyl-transferase, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase) revealed that pineals of RHA/Verh rats are twice as active in melatonin production than pineals of RLA/Verh rats. Indoleamine content was also higher in RHA/Verh rats, whereas noradrenaline content was the same in both lines. When values were expressed per mg protein, these differences disappeared except for N-acetyl-serotonin and noradrenaline which were higher or lower in RHA/Verh rats, respectively. Both lines had higher serum levels of melatonin during the dark phase than during the light phase. However, RHA/Verh rats had increased serum levels as compared to RLA/Verh rats during both day and night. Morphometric analysis of the deep and superficial part of the pineal complex revealed, that the volumes of both parts are enlarged in RHA/Verh rats. Electron microscopic studies of pineals collected during day- and nighttime showed higher numbers of synaptic ribbons per unit area in pineals of RHA/Verh rats. In pineals collected during June synaptic ribbons displayed a day/night rhythm in RHA/Verh rats only, whereas in glands of both lines collected during November no daily changes were found. These results show that closely related but divergently selected rat lines may differ in pineal ultrastructure and pineal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 188
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Motility ; Genetics ; Sex chromosome ratio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we address the relationship between motility and genetic content of mouse sperm. The chromosome complements of highly motile mouse sperm, selected using the swim-up technique, were analyzed after in vitro fertilization, at the first cleavage state. They were compared to those of unselected sperm. Identification of male and female chromosome sets was possible because of their differential condensation at the first mitotic division. In vitro fertilization, swim-up separation, chromosome preparation, and staining were carried out using standard techniques. The results indicate that highly motile mouse sperm did not differ in types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities from those not selected for motility. Moreover, separation of motile sperm does not deviate the sex ratio from the theoretical 1:1.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 189
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 254-260 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Rat ; FSH ; cAMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presented data demonstrate a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous meiosis of cumulus-enclosed rat oocytes by guanosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine. The inhibition by adenosine was transient whereas guanosine and hypoxanthine exerted a persistent effect over 24 h of incubation. The order of potency of the substances was guanosine〉hypoxanthine〉adenosine and the inhibition was reversible. The inhibitory effect was reduced when the cumulus cells around the oocyte were removed. The inhibition during the first 12 h of incubation was potentiated by FSH. However, at 24 h of incubation FSH partially overcame the inhibitory effect by hypoxanthine but did not influence the inhibitory effect by guanosine. Also 8BrcAMP potentiated the inhibitory effect observed by guanosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine, suggesting that the potentiating effect of FSH was mediated via cAMP. Our data demonstrate that adenosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine synergized with FSH in inhibiting spontaneous rat meiosis, as previously shown in mouse. FSH could partially overcome the inhibitory effect exerted by hypoxanthine but did not counteract the inhibitory effect of guanosine.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 88-96 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; segmentation ; gap genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: L(1)giant is a zygotic lethal mutation which affects the embryonic development of both the labial/thoracic segments and a subset of posterior abdominal segments. Using antibodies specific for proteins encoded by several Drosophila genes to identify the compartmental origin of the defects, we show that the requirement of giant activity is different in these two embryonic domains. Anteriorly, the posterior compartment of the labial segment is missing at the blastoderm stage. Posteriorly, cells are specifically deleted by cell death within the anterior compartments of abdominal segments 5-7 during germ band elongation. In mature embryos, posterior compartment structures of the peripheral nervous system of A5-7 are fused. In addition to a different pattern of defect in the two parts of the embryo, the kind of action appears different. Anteriorly, giant resembles a gap mutation in that a particular region is missing from the blastoderm fate map, whereas in the abdominal domain, giant affects the development of anterior compartment-specific structures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 191
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 193
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat shock promoters ; HSP70-CAT ; microinjection ; linker-scanner mutations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Microinjected human HSP70 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) chimeric genes are constitutively expressed immediately after the midblastula transition of Xenopus embryogenesis. Analysis of a series of 5′-deletion mutants in the HSP70 promoter revealed that sequences within 74 bases of the transcriptional start site were sufficient for strong basal activity. We investigated the role of specific sequences in the basal promoter by injecting HSP70-CAT vectors containing linker-scanner mutations in the basal elements (CCAAT, purine-rich element, GC-element, ATF/AP1, and 1ATA). Our data reveal that deletion of any of these cis-acting elements in the basal promoter prevents expression after the midblastula stage of development. Furthermore, we have identified specific binding activities in embryonic nuclear extracts that complex with basal promoter elements (CCAAT, ATF, and GC) of the heterologous HSP70 promoter. These trans-acting factors are detectable in nuclear extracts of early blastula embryos, and their respective binding activity increases dramatically after the midblastula transition. The expression of the human HSP70 gene after the midblastula transition of Xenopus embryogenesis requires an array of cisacting elements, which interact with specific Xenopus transcription factors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 110-122 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Embryonic cell surface ; glycoconjugates ; monoclonal antibodies ; developmental expression of glycoconjugates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Molecular markers for specific cell lineages would be useful in studies of cellular differentiation. To isolate such markers monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) were raised against plasma membranes isolated from gastrulating Xenopus embryos. Those antibodies that recognized subsets of cells within the embryo were selected by indirect immunofluorescence. The analysis of eight such MoAbs is presented. Western blot analysis showed that all but one MoAb recognized a complex pattern of glycoconjugates associated with glycoproteins. All the antigens recognized by the MoAbs were maternal in origin and displayed similar spatial patterns of pregastrular expression. This pattern of immunoreactivity at the apical surface was inherited passively during cleavage by the resulting superficial blastomeres suggesting that ectodermal specific markers of maternal origin are pre-localized to the cortical ooplasm in mature oocytes. We suggest that these maternal components may be specific glycosyl transferases. Three different patterns of expression were observed during gastrulation as exemplified by MoAbs 1F10C1, 3A4D1, and 6F10B6. MoAb 6F10B6 was specific for both neural and non-neural epithelium. MoAb 3A4D1 was specific for non-neural epidermis. MoAb 1F10C1 appeared to recognize a protein epitope on an extracellular component expressed by the superificial and involuting epithelial cells. The pattern of expression for the 1F10C1 antigen suggests that it may play a role in facilitating the movement of the involuting cells during gastrulation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; polytenization ; C value ; fluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to analyze the development of the endosperm in Zea mays L. during the period from 8 to 20 days after pollination (dap). Nuclear size, DNA content per nucleus, and frequencies of nuclei with varying properties were measured in preparations that included all of the endosperm nuclei of single kernels of the inbred strain Al88. Characteristics of nuclear populations from different kernels on the same ear showed minimal variation. The dynamic changes of non-mitotic cells involved in endosperm development consisted of alternating periods of DNA replication with non-replication. Seven rounds of DNA replication had occurred in some nuclei in the later developmental stages with the rate averaging approximately one round per 24-hour period. Analysis of the DNA levels in the nuclei showed an exact doubling pattern indicating an endoreduplication process, that is, replication of the entire genome during each round. The loosely organized polytenization of the chromatin occurred to varying extents among the nuclei within an endosperm. A weak positive correlation existed between DNA content and size of nuclei suggesting that DNA increases and nuclear growth may not be highly coordinated in this tissue. Increased proportions of the larger nuclei occurred in the later stages of endosperm development. Considering the entire endosperm, the average DNA content per nucleus at the 15-dap peak level was approximately 12.8 C constituting a 2.7-fold overall increase from 8 dap.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Direct gene transfer ; transgenic plants ; expression of transgenes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Direct gene transfer to protoplasts is one of several methods developed for the production of transgenic plants. This method utilizes the efficient uptake of DNA from the surrounding medium by protoplasts (cell wall-less plant cells). Where a suitable protoplast system exists large numbers of transformant clones can be efficiently produced and often regenerated to normal fertile plants. This review concentrates on the fate of the DNA which is taken up into the protoplasts. Particular emphasis is given to the factors which can influence the integration and form of the transferred DNA, the expression of transferred genes, and the inheritance in further generations of those genes. The information available suggests (1) that DNA is taken up by a large proportion of the cells in a transformation mixture, (2) that this DNA forms complexes sometimes involving carrier DNA, (3) that fewer cells actually take up DNA into the nucleus, and (4) that the complex may be rearranged and/or amplified and then integrated into the genome. If the DNA is arranged in such a way that a gene can be expressed it does so in a normal manner and is stably inherited both mitotically and meiotically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Light-regulated genes ; transgenic plants ; enhancer ; silencer ; regulatory elements ; trans-acting factors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transgenic plants have been particularly useful in studying nuclear genes encoding for photosynthetic functions. The expression of these genes and their chimeric constructs in transgenic plants faithfully mimics their natural counterparts. The use of sensitive chimeric reporter genes has enabled localizing the activity of genes encoding photosynthetic proteins to individual cells. Cab and rbcS transgenes have been shown to retain sensitivity to light quality, which is modulated by phytochrome. Conditional light activation under the influence of a circadian rhythm has been shown for Cab transgenes. Transgenic plants containing truncated promoters have helped delineate cis-regulatory positive and negative elements involved in light-mediated transcriptional induction and tissue specificity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 198
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: nodulins ; leghemoglobin ; glutamine synthetase ; Enod2 ; cis-acting elements ; transacting factors ; Agrobacterium turnefaciens ; A. rhizogenes ; binary vectors ; plant transformation ; chimeric genes ; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; glucuronidase ; cytokinin induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nodulin genes are plant genes specifically activated during the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants. These genes are interesting to study since they are not only induced in a specific developmental fashion by signals coming directly or indirectly from the rhizobial symbiont, but are also expressed in a tissue-specific manner. By examining the expression of chimeric nodulin-reporter genes in transgenic legume plants it has been shown that nodule specific expression is mediated by DNA sequences present in the 5′upstream region of several nodulin genes. Here we summarize the available data on these cis-acting elements and the trans-acting factors interacting with them. We also review experiments designed to identify rhizobial “signals” which may play a role in nodule specific gene expression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA ; cell cycle gene expression ; cis-acting element ; wheat histone H3 gene ; trnas-acting factor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A majority of histone genes are expressed in the S phase during the cell cycle. Using the gene expression system of transformed sunflower cells into which wheat histone H3 gene was introduced by the Ti-plasmid gene transfer technique, we determined three cis-acting control sequences (hexameric, octameric, and nonameric motifs) which seemed to confer the S-phase-specific transcription of wheat histone genes. Furthermore, as candidates for regulatory transcription factors, three nuclear DNA-binding proteins HBP-la, HBP-lb, and HBP-2 that interact with the hexameric and nonameric motifs were identified. The structural analysis of the cDNA of HBP-la revealed that a nuclear protein has the leucine-zipper structure and a DNA-binding motif. The hexameric motif in the H3 gene was also seen in cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter and shown to function as a regulatory element of this promoter. The wheat HBP-1b can interact with the hexameric motif of the CaMV 35S promoter. Much attention has been paid to the significance of the hexameric sequences within the H3 and CaMV 35S promoters and the DNA-binding proteins HBP-la and HBP-lb.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 11 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...