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  • 1990-1994  (4,593)
  • 1993  (4,593)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4,464)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of p53 expression as a prognostic factor in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: p53 ; Tumour suppressor gene product ; Oesophageal cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prognostic factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tumour suppressor gene product p53 is believed to play an important role in the progression of human malignant tumours through mutation and over-expression. Using a microwave oven heating method, we have detected over-expression of p53 in buffered-formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of oesophageal carcinomas immunohistochemically and examined the relationship between the p53 over-expression and postoperative survival. Employing a monoclonal antibody (pAb1801), nuclear p53 was detected in 56 of 105 (53%) tumour specimens. Homogeneous, heterogeneous, and focal immunostaining patterns were noted. No immunostaining was found in adjacent benign tissues. The results in buffered-formalin fixed sections were similar to those in the frozen sections. The cumulative survival rate of patients with p53 expression was significantly lower than that of the patients without expression (P〈0.05), even though there were no significant differences between the clinicopathological features of the two groups. The results indicate that the nuclear accumulation of p53 might be an independent prognostic factor in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608335
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fibrosing process in so-called organized diffuse alveolar damage (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Diffuse alveolar damage ; Hyaline membrane ; Immunohistochemistry ; Alveolar epithelium ; Basement membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the assumption that some cases of organized diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) result from organization of hyaline membrane, we collected nine autopsy cases of DAD in various stages of the fibrosing process from hyaline membrane to membranous fibrosis and studied changes in the basement membrane and epithelial cells immunohistochemically. In the majority of cases, the following sequence of events was assumed: the hyaline membrane is first formed at the tip of the alveolar septum, a part of the alveolar duct wall where epithelial cells have disappeared. With time it elongates and completely covers alveolar mouths. In the organizing stage, fibroblasts start to permeate through the alveolar duct walls to replace the hyaline membrane completely and to form membranous fibrous tissue. In a few cases, however, fibrous tissue will fill alveolar spaces to form intraluminal diffuse fibrosis. Alveolar epithelial cells and the basement membrane of the alveolar walls are well preserved until the end of the organizing stage when the basement membrane becomes distorted. We believe that membranous fibrosis represents a form of “alveolar duct damage” and that it differs from diffuse fibrosis, which is indicative of diffuse alveolar damage in the true sense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605132
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of bone morphogenetic protein in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pleomorphic adenoma ; Bone morphogenetic protein ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a potent induction factor for new bone formation including heterotopic chondro-ossification in soft tissues. The immunohistochemical reaction for BMP was studied in 23 cases of pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland by using a monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma technique. Positive BMP immunoreactivity was seen in 87% of tumours. Immunohistochemical expression of BMP was observed in modified myoepithelial cells (88% cases), luminal tumour cells of tubulo-ductal structures (78% cases) and chondroid cells in hyaline tissue (22% cases). The authors concluded that the simultaneous presence of glycosaminoglycans as matrix substance and S-100 protein for calcium signalling are associated with BMP-mediated cellular activity of modified myoepithelial cells in the formation of chondroid structures in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606451
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nature and significance of calcium oxalate crystals in normal human thyroid gland (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Calcium oxalate crystal ; Thyroid gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Clinicopathological study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the significance and nature of calcium oxalate crystals in the thyroid, we studied these crystals clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically in 182 normal thyroids from patients autopsied within 5 h of death. Under polarized light, calcium oxalate crystals showed brilliant birefringence and were invariably found within the colloid. The crystals were found in 73.1% of all cases but were more prevalent and denser in older individuals, with the highest prevalence (85.2%) being observed in those over 70 years of age. No crystals were seen in those under 10 years of age. Although underlying diseases seemed to have little influence, post-mortem delay apparently affected the prevalence and density of occurrence since the crystals tended to disappear with hours after death. An immunohistochemical study using anti-thyroid hormone antibodies revealed that the crystals were within negatively or weakly stained colloid and were not common in strongly stained colloid. These findings support the hypothesis that the occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in normal human thyroid is associated with a low functional state of the thyroid follicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608339
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of infiltrating cells in human chronic chagasic myocarditis: Comparison with myocardial rejection process (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chagas' disease ; Myocarditis ; Lymphocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Heart transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cellular subpopulations that infiltrate the heart in human chronic chagasic myocarditis were defined immunohistochemically in endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) specimens. T cells formed 96.3% of the inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly CD8+ (cytotoxic/ suppressor) T cells. The mean numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ (helper) T cells in the myocarditis were compared to those present in the myocardial rejection process. Mean numbers of CD8+ T cells were similar in both groups of EMB specimens while CD4+ T cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratios and CD4+ antigen expression were significantly lower in the chagasic group compared to the myocardial rejection group (P〈0.002). The persistent lower number and diminished expression of CD4+ T cells suggest an immunological imbalance in patients with chronic chagasic myocarditis. A possible participation ofTrypanosoma cruzi parasites in the development of such immunological abnormalities is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614765
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of metallothionein in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Metallothionein ; Breast cancer ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight protein that binds zinc, copper, and cadmium. It is present in a number of normal cells including hepatocytes particularly during fetal and early postnatal life. It has been suggested that developmental profile of MT is similar to other oncofetal gene products and hence, it could be used as a marker for aggressive tumour behaviour. In order to test that hypothesis, we used a monoclonal antibody to MT and immunohistochemically evaluated formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 79 breast carcinomas. In non-neoplastic breast tissue, a strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed in myoepithelial cells. Positive staining for MT was present in 35 (44%) of breast carcinomas. In most positive cases, nuclear, or both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was seen. All positive tumours were invasive ductal carcinomas, including a medullary and a metaplastic carcinoma. None of the mucinous, lobular, or intraductal papillary carcinomas reacted for MT. A statistically significant association was found between MT immunostaining and histological grade (P〈0.01) as well as with nuclear grade (P〈0.01). We also observed an inverse relationship between MT staining and oestrogen receptor content of tumours (P〈0.01). Similarly, a statistically significant association was found between moderate and strong MT immunostainig and decreased overall survival and shorter disease-free survival (P〈0.01). MT immunostaining was also predective of a worse prognosis in the subgroup of lymph node negative (P〈0.001) and oestrogen receptor negative patients (P〈0.01). No statistically significant association was found between MT staining and size of tumour or the presence of lymph node metastasis. We conclude that MT staining may be a useful marker of less differentiated and more aggressive carcinomas of the breast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614773
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: An immunohistochemical study of 32 cases (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma ; Blood vessel ; Smooth muscle cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; Actin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, including 2 recurrences, all of which had been excised from males between 7 and 25 years, were subjected to systematic immunohistochemical study. Most of the tumour vessels, which lacked elastic laminae, were characterized by vascular walls of irregular thickness and variable muscle content. In places endothelial cells were only separated from the stroma by a single attenuated layer of contractile cells, whereas elsewhere the same vessel walls showed pad-like thickenings of their muscle coat. All cells of the vessel walls showed immunoreactivity for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, whereas desmin-positive cells were present only in small numbers in some vessels, generally those with thicker muscle coats. The stromal cells were decorated by vimentin antibodies only; however, in some more fibrotic hyaline areas the stromal cells displayed also reactivity for smooth muscle actin. In most cases S-100 protein-staining disclosed many nerves, and this accentuated their partial distortion by tumour tissue. Our findings provide an extended insight to the morphology of angiofibromas at this site, particularly highlighting the irregularity of their vascular walls, which, taken together with the lack of elastic laminae and elastic stromal fibres, can be held responsible for the typical pronounced tendency for haemorrhage in these lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606891
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synovial metaplasia of the skin (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 315-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Skin ; Cyst ; Synovial metaplasia ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present two female patients, aged 15 and 45 years, with synovial metaplasia of the skin. Both lesions, localized in the knee and hand respectively, arose after preceding local trauma. Case 1 had intradermal irregular cystic spaces in the adjacent myxoid stroma of which large polygonal eosinophilic cells were found. In contrast, case 2 was characterized by a longitudinal space within the lower dermis and subcutis which was lined by a membrane similar to hyperplastic synovium. The cells of the membrane showed an eosinophilic spindle shaped cytoplasm with processes towards the lumen. In both cases the eosinophilic cells, strongly suggestive of fibroblasts, showed staining for vimentin only, whereas no reactivity could be obtained with antibodies to actin, desmin, S-100 protein, Factor VIII related antigen, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen and CD 68. The absence of CD 68 positivity differs from that seen in normal and hyperplastic synovium. Delayed wound healing around a nidus seems the most likely cause of the change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606897
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium pump expression in human bone and soft tissue tumours (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Calcium ATPase ; Bone and soft tissue tumours ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-one cases of human bone and soft tissue tumours were studied for calcium pump expression by strepto-avidin-biotin immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (mAb6F5). Two out of 5 cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 out of 5 cases of biphasic synovial sarcoma, 4 of 4 cases of chordoma and all of 3 chondrosarcoma cases were positive for mAb6F5. Although this novel monoclonal antibody can be used as a marker of myogenic tumours, the present positive result for endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (calcium pump) in other tumours including chordoma, chondrosarcoma and synovial sarcoma indicates a wider immunoreactivity. The findings further suggest that intracellular calcium may play an important role in cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614772
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verruciform xanthoma of the oral mucosa: A clinicopathological study with immunohistochemical findings relating to pathogenesis (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Verruciform xanthoma ; Macrophage ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pathogenesis ; Cell mediated immune response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon benign lesion with unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. In this study, we report ten cases of verruciform xanthoma and document their clinical and histopathological findings. An immunohistochemical investigation was performed using antibodies to macrophage, leukocyte common antigen, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, S-100 protein, lysozyme and alpha-l-antichymotrypsin. Our results were similar to the other reported cases. Eighty percent of our cases were found on the gingiva. Candidal hyphae were found in the superficial parakeratotic layers in five cases. The clinical diagnosis of the lesion ranged between papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma. It is important for clinicians to take into consideration the possibility of verruciform xanthoma in the differential diagnosis of papillary and granular lesions of oral mucosa. Immunohistochemically, all foam cells were strongly stained with antimacrophage antibodies. T lymphocytes were the predominant infiltrating lymphocytes in the lesion. Langerhans cells in the epithelia were fewer than those in corresponding normal tissue. Our immunohistochemical findings suggest that verruciform xanthoma is may be a local immunological disorder, with a cell mediated mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606886
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic significance of p53 expression in relation to DNA ploidy in colorectal adenocarcinoma (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: p53 protein ; DNA ploidy ; Colorectal cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract p53 expression, DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction were analysed retrospectively in colorectal adenocarcinomas from 293 patients in whom the long-term outcome was known. The frequency of nuclear p53 staining was increased in non-diploid tumours (42%) when compared with diploid tumours (33%). Cytoplasmic p53 positive tumours were more common in the proximal colon (32%) than in the distal sites (21%). In univariate survival analysis, nuclear p53 and cytoplasmic staining were significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with Dukes' A-C tumours. The patients showing both nuclear and cytoplasmic p53 staining had the poorest survival and the patients with tumours negative in both the nucleus and cytoplasm showed the best prognosis. The patients with tumours positive in the nucleus alone or in the cytoplasm alone presented an intermediate survival. In multivariate survival analyses, nuclear p53 expression, cytoplasmic p53 expression and DNA ploidy were prognostic indicators independent of Dukes' stage and each other. Further analysis suggested that the prognostic importance of cytoplasmic p53 expression was greater in diploid than in non-diploid tumours. We conclude that nuclear p53 expression, cytoplasmic p53 expression and DNA ploidy provide important prognostic information in colorectal adenocarcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606533
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence and possible significance of immunocytochemically demonstrable metallothionein over-expression in primary invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Metallothionein ; Breast cancer ; Oestrogen receptors ; Progesterone receptors ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous low-molecular-weight proteins with a high affinity for heavy metal ions such as zinc, copper and cadmium. MT over-expression has been associated with resistance against anticancer drugs. In the present study we investigated 86 cases (45 cases of tumour category pT1 and 41 of category pT2) of routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded primary breast carcinomas immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody to an epitope of MT shared by its I and II isoforms. Immunohistochemically demonstrated MT over-expression was found in the invasive components of 7 of 32 pT1 and 17 of 28 pT2 invasive ductal carcinomas, whereas all 26 invasive lobular carcinomas gave weak or negative results. Fourteen of 17 pT2 and 2 of 7 pT1 invasive ductal carcinomas with MT over-expression developed metastases during follow-up with poor prognostic outcome. In contrast only 3 of 11 pT2 and none of the 25 pT1 cases without MT over-expression had a poor clinical course (P 〈 0.001). It is concluded that MT over-expression is associated with significantly poor prognosis particularly in pT2 invasive ductal breast carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607167
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression ofβ1 integrins in non-neoplastic mammary epithelium, fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the breast (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: β1 Integrins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Breast tissue ; Prognostic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract β1 Integrins were examined immunohisto-chemically in normal and mastopathic mammary glands, 12 benign tumours and 90 carcinomas of the breast using monoclonal antibodies againstβ1 andα1 toβ6 subunits. When compared with epithelial cells of non-neoplastic mammary glands and of benign tumours, carcinoma cells showed considerable quantitative changes in the pattern ofα2,α3 andα6 subunit expression. In contrast, the distribution pattern ofβ1,α1,α4 andα5 antigens corresponded to the situation observed in non-neoplastic mammary gland epithelium in most instances. An abnormal expression ofα2 was found in 71.0% of the carcinomas ranging from a remarkably low number ofα2-positive tumour cells in 27.5% of the cases to a complete absence of theα2 molecule in 43.5% of the carcinomas. Of the carcinomas 39.9% exhibited quantitative changes inα3 expression with an abnormally low content ofα3-positive neoplastic cells in 15.4% and a complete absence of this molecule in 24.5% of the cases. Expression ofα6 was abnormal in 73.2% of the carcinomas, consisting in a greater number ofα6-negative tumour cells in 31.9% and in a complete absence ofα6 in 41.3% of the tumours. The abnormally low expression/absence ofα2 andα3 subunits correlated with oestrogen receptor negativity (P〈0.033 andP〈0.04, respectively). In addition, abnormally low expression/absence ofα2 correlated with poor differentiation of the tumours (P〈 0.014). The quantitative changes in the expression pattern ofβ1-associatedα subunits in breast carcinomas may cause a disturbed cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction that increases the invasive and migratory property of the tumour cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01621803
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical detection of DNA topoisomerase type II in primary breast carcinomas: Correlation with clinico-pathological features (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: DNA topoisomerase type II ; Cell proliferation ; Breast carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract DNA topoisomerase type II (DT-II) is a major component of interphase nuclear matrix fractions, present in S-phase of the cell cycle. A series of 80 carcinomatous breast surgical samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody in a comparison with Ki-67 antiserum. A correlation with clinico-pathological data was also performed. Infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinomas constantly express DT-II with varying intensity of nuclear staining; a similar immunohistochemical pattern is observed with Ki-67. A frequent co-expression of DT-II and Ki-67 is encountered with double immunostaining; accordingly to these data, a linear relationship is evident when linear regression is employed. In addition, significant relationships between DT-II values and tumour size, histological grade and node involvement are shown, while an inverse correlation is appreciable between DT-II and oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. DT-II may be considered to be an additional operational marker for the proliferating fraction of cells in breast carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606432
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solitary fibrous tumour of the thyroid: Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of three cases (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Solitary fibrous tumour ; Mesenchymal tumour ; Thyroid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe three cases of solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) arising from thyroid stroma. Grossly, the tumours were clearly delimited but only partly encapsulated. The following histomorphological growth patterns were observed: bundles of cells in storiform configuration; non-structured bundles; prevalence of fibrous matrix; highly cellular, non-structured; prevalence of loose, non-structured extracellular substance; cellular proliferation and vascular spaces in a haemangiopericytic configuration and a lipomatous component. Immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated intense, diffuse vimentin positivity and focal, less intense actin positivity in all three cases. At electron microscopy we observed a primitive cell of mesenchymal type, with cytoplasm poor in organelles and rich in filaments; this cell sometimes presented differentiation characteristics. SFT is at present the most correct term for the lesions presented here despite some morphological characteristics which differ from cases reported in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606459
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evidence of human herpesvirus 6 infection in the lymph nodes of Hodgkin's disease (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human herpesvirus 6 ; Epstein-Barr virus ; Hodgkin's disease ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), the causative agent of exanthem subitum, has been implicated in other diseases. Recently HHV-6-specific sequences have been detected by Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction in the lymph nodes of three patients with Hodgkin's disease. The pathological localization of HHV-6, however, is still unknown. In order to study the pathological role of HHV-6 in Hodgkin's disease, we investigated, by immunohistochemical and molecular methods, two lymph node biopsies taken from a 7-year-old boy with Hodgkin's disease during the course of disease evolution. Although the histopathological findings of the first biopsy differed from those of the second, HHV-6 antigens and sequences could be detected in both lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. HHV-6 was localized in macrophages, predominantly in lymphoid follicles, but not in ReedSternberg cells. Antibody titres to HHV-6 were consistent with reactivation of latency. Neither cytomegalovirus nor Epstein-Barr virus was present. Our data suggest a role for HHV-6 in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606435
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The extracellular matrix in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the breast (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sarcomatoid carcinoma ; Breast ; Extracellular matrix ; Immunohistochemistry ; Epithelial-mesenchymal conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the main extracellular matrix components has been investigated immunohistochemically in four cases of breast sarcomatoid carcinomas. The histogenesis of these tumours is still unclear, but most evidence suggests that the sarcomatous component originates from mesenchymal conversion of carcinomatous cells. We found that carcinomatous portions of the tumours were associated with linear basement membrane-like deposition of laminin, type IV collagen and heparan sulphate proteoglycan that partially circumscribed the epithelial nests. The sarcomatous components produced an extracellular matrix immunoreactive to fibronectin, type I, III and VI collagens and tenascin. However, in two cases, in some sarcomatous areas, focal pericellular staining for antibodies to laminin and type IV collagen was seen. These results indicate that modifications observed in the double tissue component of these tumours involve not only the cell shape and the cytoskeleton, but also the components of the extracellular matrix. The significance of these findings and their relevance in the understanding of the phenotypic pattern changes of these biphasic tumours are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606587
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involucrin expression in breast carcinomas: An immunohistochemical study (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast carcinoma ; Cytokeratin ; Involucrin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of involucrin, a structural component of the envelope of mature squamous epithelium, was studied in 166 paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas. In 41 cases (24.7%) involucrin-positive, light microscopically non squamous tumour cells were detected. The number of involucrin-positive tumour cells varied considerably from case to case. For further characterization, involucrin-positive cases were studied using monoclonal antibodies to various cytokeratins (PKK1, EAB 903, EAB 904) and, in selected cases, double immunostaining with antibodies to cytokeratins and involucrin were performed. Coexpression of involucrin and cytokeratins demonstrated by PKK1 was seen in all tumour cells, whereas coexpression of involucrin and cytokeratins detected by EAB 904 was only seen in single and scattered cells in a few cases. Cytokeratins detected by EAB 903 were not coexpressed with involucrin in our cases. Our results indicate heterogeneity of cytokeratins in breast carcinomas and suggest a dissociation in the regulation of involucrin and cytokeratin expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614766
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostic tools for differentiating pleural mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma in paraffin embedded tissue (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant mesothelioma ; Lung adenocarcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Expert system ; Discriminant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A panel of 14 antibodies (panepithelial antibody Lu-5, anti-keratin-18, anti-keratin-7, Ber-EP4, anti-Leu-M1, HEA-125, anti-carcinoembryonic antigen, anti-blood group-related antigens A, B, H, B72.3, antiplacental alkaline phosphatase, anti-vimentin and BMA-120), which have been evaluated for use in differentiating mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma, was applied to a group of 24 suspected mesotheliomas. Using the established qualitative, descriptive criteria derived from monovariate statistical analysis of the tumour control groups (definite mesotheliomas, adenocarcinomas), a definitive allocation was possible in only 25% of suspected cases. We therefore constructed two “expert systems”, based on multivariate discriminant analysis with either the ALLOC 80 program for ordinal data or a newly developed analysis program for binomial data. With these two systems diagnostic allocation of suspected mesotheliomas was improved to 75% and 79%. The use of binomial data (“positive” versus “negative”) in conjunction with the probability-based test system is of particular interest because the primary data are easy to record and the test results have a higher statistical probability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606540
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative immunohistochemical study of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infections (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Skin ; Herpes ; Varicella-zoster ; Vasculitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Herpes simplex (HSV) and varicella-zoster (VZV) skin infections share so many histological similarities that distinguishing between them may prove to be impossible. We developed and characterized a new monoclonal antibody, VL8, IgG kappa isotype, directed to the VZV envelope glycoprotein gpI. Immunohistochemistry with VL8 appeared highly sensitive and specific on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies and a clear-cut distinction between HSV and VZV infections was possible. The pattern of VL8 immunolabelling in VZV infections was strikingly different from that found in HSV infections studied with polyclonal antibodies to HSV I and II. Double immunolabelling revealed the VL8 positivity of sebaceous cells, endothelial cells, Mac 387- and CD68-positive monocyte-macrophages, and factor XIIIa-positive perivascular, perineural and interstitial dendrocytes. Intracytoplasmic VL8 labelling of endothelial cells and perivascular dendrocytes was found at the site of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607163
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parachordoma: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Parachordoma ; Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma ; Chordoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of parachordoma of the left calf in a 19-year-old Chinese female is reported. The tumour showed multinodular growth pattern and consisted of round or oval tumour cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and myxoid matrix. Tumour cells formed small nests and sometimes showed concentric arrangement. Physaliferous-like cells and undifferentiated spindle cells were occasionally observed among the cell nests. The myxoid matrix was positive for high-iron diamine stain, indicating the presence of chondroitin 4- and 6- sulphates and keratan sulphate. Ultrastructurally, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant intermediate filaments, microvillous cytoplasmic processes, pinocytic vesicles, and desmosome-like junctional structures were found. Tumour cells were positive for S-100 protein and vimentin, but negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, and desmin. These results are consistent with the definition of parachordoma as a soft tissue neoplasm consisting of cells with histology and ultrastructure similar to those of chordoma cells but with immunohistochemistry similar to that of chondroid tumour cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01621808
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytogenetic study of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma ; Uterine cervix ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Chromosomal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a case of sarcoma botryoides of the uterine cervix occurring in a 19-year-old woman. By light microscopy the tumor showed round and spindle cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and, focally, a cambium layer subjacent to the surface epithelium and surrounding endocervical glands. Strap-shaped cells with and without cross-striations and small foci of immature cartilage were also present. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive staining within the tumor cells for myoglobin, desmin, vimentin, muscle-specific actin and CD56. By electron microscopy, tumor cells showed cytoplasmic filaments in an alternating pattern of thick and thin filaments. Chromosomal analysis demonstrated deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1, and trisomies 13 and 18. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of sarcoma botryoides of the endocervix with chromosomal analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605138
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical detection of the p53 oncoprotein in tumours of melanocytic origin (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Melanoma ; Oncogene ; P53 ; Tumour suppressor gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We employed the polyclonal anti-p53 antibody NCL-CM1 to cultured cells and pathological tissues in order to investigate the expression of p53 oncoprotein in human malignant melanomas. The results in the cultured cells showed that the antigenic determinant was sensitive to formalin fixation, resulting in a lower reactivity than with fixation by alcohol. In pathological tissues, the expression of p53 oncoprotein increased with progression of the tumour. Among 79 melanomas 37 (47%) showed distinct nuclear labelling and the highest proportion of reactive cells was observed in metastatic melanomas (mean 4.8%). An immunocytochemical study also revealed the presence of mutant-type oncoprotein in human melanoma cell lines, which was recognized by monoclonal antibody P240, and we confirmed that the molecular weight of the antigens recognized by both antibodies was 53 kDa by Western blot analysis. Therefore, although the presence of point mutations in human melanomas is yet to be confirmed our data suggest that the antigen detected by NCL-CM1 is a mutanttype or a complex of mutant and wild-type p53 oncoproteins. This antibody may be useful in retrospective studies of tumours of melanocytic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607164
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enteric nervous system and endocrine cells demonstrated in the gut in teratomas (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 499-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Teratoma ; Fetus in fetu ; Enteric nervous system ; Epithelial endocrine cell ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of retroperitoneal teratoma, showing considerable morphological development presented as an encapsulated and pedunculated tumour with a seemingly mature intestinal loop. Markedly complex intramural nerve plexuses and numerous epithelial endocrine cells were revealed immunohistochemically in the gut tissue. Ten other mature teratomas containing gastrointestinal tissues were examined for comparison, but neither intramural ganglia nor nervous networks were found in the gut components, despite the presence of amine- and/or peptide-containing endocrine cells in all intestinal mucosa linings. Enteric endocrine cells were found to occur irrespective of the differentiation of intestinal layers or the occurrence of neural elements. These findings suggest that the epithelial endocrine cells of intestinal mucosa do not have the same origin as enteric neurons, but are rather of endodermal origin. This invertebrate well-formed teratoma, containing a highly organized enteric nervous system, suggests that teratoma and fetus in fetu are related entities distinguished by the presence of a vertebral axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606460
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulomatous reaction and tissue remodelling in the cutaneous lesion of chromomycosis (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chromomycosis ; Skin ; Granuloma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cell-mediated immune reaction was studied in the cutaneous lesion of chromomycosis, using monoclonal antibodies against polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophage and lymphocyte subsets, endothelial and fibroblast cells. In addition, immunostaining of the main degradative enzymes (neutrophil elastase and interstitial collagenase) and certain important cytokines (transforming growth factor-β, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) suggested an explanation for the granulomatous reaction and the associated tissue remodelling. The distribution pattern of neutrophils and macrophage subsets, observed by computer-aided image analysis, suggests that the in situ persistence of fungi is the main pathological factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608337
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the iliac bone in an adult: A case mimicking fibrosarcoma (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Bone tumour ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of bone is exceedingly rare. We present a case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the iliac bone in a 32-year-old male. Histologically, the tumour consisted mainly of a uniform proliferation of elongated spindle cells arranged in a herring bone pattern, simulating fibrosarcoma. Focally there was a conventional embryonal pattern with scattered rhabdomyoblasts possessing an eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies disclosed expression of muscle markers such as desmin and muscle-specific actin, in both the embryonal and spindle-cell areas and myoglobin only in the embryonal areas. Such histological features are unusual for classical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The anatomical site and age of the patient are also atypical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606434
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretogranin IV immunoreactivity in medullary thyroid carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study of 62 cases (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Secretogranin IV ; Monoclonal antibody Hisl-19 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence and intracellular distribution of secretogranin IV (Sg IV) was determined on light microcop by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Hisl-19 in normal and hyperplastic C-cells, in 62 primary medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) and in 17 MTCs in tissue from synchronous and/or metachronous lymph node metastases and in one liver metastasis. Sg IV immunoreactivity was present in almost all normal-looking and hyperplastic C-cells, in 59 of 62 (96%) of the primary tumours, in 18 of 26 (69%) lymph node metastases and in distant mestastasis. Sg IV reactivity ranged from small foci of positive tumour cells to a reaction in virtually every malignant cell. Two different staining patterns were obvious: a granular cytoplasmic reactivity and a perinuclear cluster-type signal. Normal-appearing and hyperplastic C-cells were characterized by a uniform granular staining often coexisting with discrete cluster-type immunoreactivity. Various combinations of these staining patterns were observed in C-cell carcinomas. The pure cluster-type reactivity was restricted to malignant C cells and was not detected in normal-appearing and hyperplastic C-cells. In serial sections immunohistochemical results for Sg IV, calcitonin (Ct) and chromogranin A (Cg A) showed only partial correlation. Depending on the area of the tumour chosen, immunohistochemical reactivity for Ct and Cg A might not be demonstrated in neoplastic C-cells, while staining for Sg IV was retained. The amout and type of Sg IV reactivity of MTCs was not correlated with the biological behaviour of the tumours. These results indicate that mAb Hisl-19 is an excellent marker for normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic C-cells. MAb Hisl-19 is especially useful in cases with weak or questionable reactivity for Ct and Cg A. The switch from the granular pattern to the perinuclear distribution seems to indicate a malignant transformation of C-cells and might prove useful as an additional diagnostic clue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606581
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal distribution of cathepsin proteinases and endogenous inhibitors (cystatins) in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam, and senile dementia and in the aged (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cathepsins ; Cystatins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Alzheimer's disease ; Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunolocalization of cathepsins B(CB), H and L and cystatinsα(Cα) andβ(Cβ) were examined in the hippocampus of cases of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (12 cases), parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (eight cases), senile dementia of Alzheimer type (two cases), aged subjects with marked senile change (one case) and controls (12 cases, including six normal subjects). CB was lower in most nerve cells in patients than in controls, but markedly increased at the sites of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and degenerative neurites and/or dendrites in and outside senile plaques (SPs), indicating its close involvement in the metabolisms of various proteins in NFT and SPs. Abundant Cα and Cβ were demonstrated in SP amyloid, suggesting that they are amyloid constituents or co-exist with amyloid. The present study indicated that CB, Cα and Cβ are closely involved in abnormal protein metabolism in NFTs and SP amyloid and suggested that degeneration or denaturation of intracellular proteins, including substrates for proteases and lysosomes, from some acquired cause, results in absolute and/or relative overload for these proteolytic systems, including their inhibitors. This results in incomplete and/or abnormal proteolysis related to NFT and/or amyloid formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614769
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intratesticular serous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy. A pathological, histochemical and DNA content study of a case with long-term follow-up (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Testis ; Serous borderline tumour ; Immunohistochemistry ; DNA-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 61-year-old man presented with a painless right testicular swelling of 6 months duration. A right orchiectomy was performed and pathological examination showed an intratesticular serous borderline tumour (SBT). Immunohistochemical staining was positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, LeuM1, B72.3, S100-protein, Ca125, cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and vimentin, suggesting a Müllerian origin or differentiation. DNA image analysis revealed an aneuploid histogram. The favorable outcome of the patient confirms that testicular SBTs behave as non-aggressive tumours, even when characterized by aneuploid DNA content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01614774
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in squamous cell lung carcinomas: An immunohistochemical and gene analysis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Squamous cell lung carcinoma ; Southern blot ; Differential polymerase chain reaction ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFr) constitute an important and well-characterized mitogenic system in various ectodermal tissues. We evaluated the expression of EGFr and examined possible EGFr gene alterations in 18 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded squamous cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) by an immunohistochemical assay, Southern blotting and differential polymerase chain reaction (DPCR). The immunohistochemical study employing the F4 and EGF-R1 monoclonal antibodies, directed against the intra- and extra-cellular portion of the receptor respectively, showed EGFr over-expression in 89% of the SCLC cases examined. All cases showed positive immunostaining for both antibodies, thus excluding the possibility of truncated receptors. In addition, analysis of the EGFr gene was carried out by Southern blotting and DPCR on paraffin extracted DNA from the same carcinoma cases. We found amplification of the EGFr gene in 5/18 (27%) SCLCs. All 5 positive cases showed EGFr over-expression, suggesting a possible correlation between the presence of EGFr gene amplification and over-expression of receptor protein. No correlation was observed among EGFr staining, EGFr gene amplification and differentiation of carcinomas. In addition, Southern blot analysis with HER-A2, a probe which hybridizes a sequence of the receptor's intracellular domain, revealed three novelEcoRI restriction fragment patterns. We suggest that these patterns correspond toEcoRI polymorphic sites of the receptor's tyrosine kinase domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606894
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proliferative activity of primary cutaneous melanocytic tumours (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant melanoma ; Melanocytic nevus ; Proliferative activity ; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was examined in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 41 lesions (27 melanocytic nevi, 3 atypical nevi and 11 malignant melanomas) to determine the proliferative activity of primary cutaneous melanocytic tumours. Most of the malignant melanomas had more than 7% PCNA-positive cells (9.2±0.5%), while the melanocytic nevi manifested less than 1% PCNA-positive cells (0.4±0.1%). Atypical nevi exhibited an intermediate, but still significantly lower, labelling ratio when compared with malignant melanomas (0.8±0.2%). The proliferative activity of the lesions was compared between portions at different depths in the skin (epidermal, upper dermal and lower dermal location). In cases of malignant melanoma, the proliferative activity was higher in the deeper portion of dermis whereas PCNA-positive cells in melanocytic nevi were located in the upper dermis predominantly. Thus the PCNA labelling ratio of malignant melanoma and/or melanocytic nevus cells located in the epidermodermal junction was not necessarily higher than that of malignant melanoma and/or melanocytic nevus cells in the dermis. These results indicate that staining with PCNA would be very useful in the differentiation of malignant melanoma from melanocytic nevi manifesting cellular and/or structural atypia by virtue of a significant difference in the proportion of PCNA-positive cells. Although malignant melanomas have higher proliferative activity than melanocytic nevi in the deeper dermis, junctional activity in melanocytic tumours does not indicate cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607148
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of T lymphocytes and macrophages expressing IL-1, IL-2 receptor, IL-6 and TNF in human aortic intima. Role of cell-mediated immunity in human atherogenesis (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cytokine ; Immunocompetent cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human atherosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent observations have demonstrated the presence of activated T lymphocytes and macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cells found within these lesions produce cytokines that alter vascular homeostasis in a manner that promotes atherogenesis. To elucidate the role of these immunocompetent cells in human atherosclerosis, the localization of various cytokines with an analysis of immunophenotypic features of the cellular infiltrates was studied in normal aortas from children; and in later phases of the disease (including fatty streaks and fibrous or atheromatous plaques). Semi-quantitative analysis of cytokine-expressing cells was also investigated with serial sectioning. In 4 of 9 young subjects, the grossly normal aorta contained relatively cell-rich areas which were located preferentially around the ostia of intercostal arteries and were composed of isolated or layered T lymphocytes and macrophages. In these prelesional areas, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were detected in the cytoplasm of the infiltrating cells, whereas no detectable reactivity was noted for IL-2, IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or lymphotoxin (LT). In fatty streaks and full-grown atheromas including “cap” and “shoulder” regions, various numbers of T lymphocytes, macrophages and macrophage foam cells were present. In these lesion areas, especially where the cellular infiltrates were numerous, macrophage foam cells and smooth muscle cells expressed not only IL-1 and TNF but also IL-6. The ratio of IL-2R positive cells showed a tendency to decrease with advance of the disease process. Electron-microscopic examination of lesion areas demonstrated ultrastructural aspects of the cognate cellto-cell interaction, as shown by the direct apposition of lymphocytes to macrophages or macrophage foam cells. These results suggest that a specific in situ, cell mediated hypersensitivity plays a pivotal role in the nascent as well as the progression stages of human atherosclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606532
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple papillary adenomas of type II pneumocytes found in a 13-year-old boy with von Recklinghausen's disease (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 423 (1993), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Multiple papillary adenomas ; Type II pneumocyte ; Von Recklinghausen's disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of multiple papillary adenomas of type II pneumocytes is reported. A 13-year-old boy with von Recklinghausen's disease had small nodular lesions in both lungs without symptoms. The biopsied lung contained greyish-white nodules ranging in size from 0.5 to 2 mm. Light microscopic examination revealed cuboidal to low columnar cells arranged in a papillary pattern. Elastic fibres were present in the tumour stroma. Electron microscopically, the cells had osmiophilic lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm and short microvilli along the free border. The tumour cells expressed immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and surfactant apoprotein antibodies. More than 6 years after open lung biopsy, the patient is well but small nodular shadows can still be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606898
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of Chaperonin 60 and Chaperonin 10 in primary and secondary bacterial symbionts of aphids: Implications for the evolution of an endosymbiotic system in aphids (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 568-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aphids ; Endosymbiosis ; Symbionin ; Chaperonin 60 ; Chaperonin 10 ; Immunoblotting ; Immunohistochemistry ; Primary symbiont ; Secondary symbiont ; Endosymbiotic evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All aphids harbor symbiotrophic prokaryotes (“primary symbionts”) in a specialized-abdominal cell, the bacteriocyte. Chaperonin 60 (Cpn60, symbionin) and chaperonin 10 (Cpn10), which are high and low molecular weight heatshock proteins, were sought in tissues of more than 60 aphid species. The endosymbionts were compared immunologically and histologically. It was demonstrated that (1) there are two types of aphids in terms of the endosymbiotic system: some with only primary symbionts and others with, in addition, secondary symbionts; (2) the primary symbionts of various aphids are quite similar in morphology whereas the secondary symbionts vary; and (3) irrespective of the aphid species, Cpn60 is abundant in both the primary and secondary symbionts, while Cpn10 is abundant in the secondary symbionts but present in small amounts in the primary ones. Based on these results, we suggest that the primary symbionts have been derived from a prokaryote that was acquired by the common ancestor of aphids whereas the secondary symbionts have been acquired by various aphids independently after divergence of the aphid species. In addition, we point out the possibility that the prokaryotes under intracellular conditions have been subject to some common evolutionary pressures, and as a result, have come to resemble cell organelles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556361
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of p53 protein expression in gliosarcomas: an immunohistochemical study (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: p53 ; Gliosarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The wild-type p53 gene product is a nuclear phosphoprotein that suppresses cell and tumor growth. Mutations of the p53 gene are by now the most frequently recognized genetic alterations in human malignancies and occur in many types of carcinomas as well as in astrocytomas and sarcomas. Wild-type p53 protein has a short half-life, is present in very low quantities in normal cells and cannot be detected immunohistochemically. Mutant p53 proteins have longer half-lives and are usually present in immunohistologically detectable amounts. It is generally agreed that the presence of p53 immunostaining indicates the presence of an abnormal p53 protein and is strongly suggestive of a mutation in the p53 gene. In this study, we stained paraffin sections from eight samples of gliosarcomas from seven patients with an antibody to p53. All tumors contained p53-immunoreactive nuclei in both the glial and the sarcomatous component. In five tumors, a majority of nuclei was positive in the sarcomatous component while only a minority of nuclei was positive in the glial areas. In one tumor, the reverse was seen. In another tumor, approximately half the nuclei were positive in both components and in one tumor, only a minority of nuclei were positive in either component (this lesion was the recurrence of a tumor in which the majority of the sarcoma's nuclei had been positive). These data indicate that p53 mutations may play a role in the pathogenesis of gliosarcomas and suggest an origin of both the glial and sarcomatous components from a common progenitor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227772
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamate enhances brain damage and albumin content in cerebrospinal fluid after intracarotid protamine infusion (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebrospinal fluid albumin ; Glutamate ; Protamine sulfate ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood-brain barrier was opened by intracarotid infusion of 5 mg protamine sulfate in 100 μl 0.9% NaCl over a period of 30 s either alone or followed by infusion of 10 mg L-glutamate in 0.9% NaCl. Glutamate alone was infused in four control rats. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was withdrawn before protamine administration and before the brains were fixed in situ 1, 24 or 72 h later. The albumin extravasation and glial reactivity was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. The CSF albumin was significantly increased in both the protamine and protamine/glutamate groups but remained high at 24 and 72 h in the protamine/glutamate group only. Spongiotic lesions with shrunken nerve cells were observed 1 and 24 h after infusion of protamine alone or in combination with glutamate. Whereas such changes were not seen 72 h after protamine infusion, they remained and had progressed at 72 h in the protamine/glutamate group, indicating that glutamate induces delayed cellular damage when given access to the brain through an altered blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227724
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin marks the reactive swellings of diffuse axonal injury (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 503-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; Neurofilament ; Diffuse axonal injury ; Immunohistochemistry ; Head Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ubiquitin is a protein that targets proteins for non-lysosomal degradation. It has been found to be present in a number of inclusions characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Using the fluid percussion model of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), we now report that the reactive axonal swellings and the retraction balls produced in this model stain positively with antiubiquitin immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the affected axons become ubiquitin positive quickly (with-in the first 6 h after injury). Anti-ubiquitin immunohistochemistry compares well with the recently reported ability of antibodies to low molecular weight neurofilament proteins to demonstrate reactive axonal change in DAI, and it could provide additional clues to the pathogenesis of axonal transection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230489
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical study of microglia in the Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseased brain (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leukocyte common antigen ; Major histocompatibility complex class II antigen ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical techniques have been used to investigate microglial reaction in Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseased (CJD) brains. Autopsy cases of six patients with CJD and age-matched controls were studied. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue samples were stained with antibodies against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen (Ag), leukocyte common antigen (LCA), CDw75, CD68 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Of the patients with CJD, two with a subacute spongiform encephalopathic type and short-survival periods after onset of the disease showed an increased number of reactive microglia labeled with anti-MHC class II Ag or LCA in the affected cerebral cortex. In advanced cases of the panencephalopathic type of CJD, in which both cerebral atrophy and astrocytosis were marked, the increase of reactive microglia was small. Some vacuoles developing in the neuropil of the CJD patients were surrounded by MHC class II Ag- or LCA-immunoreactive microglial cells. The number of ramified microglia in the affected lesions was decreased, although their number in the hippocampus was not affected. These results indicate that microglia can frequently be involved in the process of CJD and may be activated at the early stage of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369445
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p-Chlorophenylalanine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, reduces the response of glial fibrillary acidic protein induced by trauma to the spinal cord (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 422-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal cord trauma ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Serotonin ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that serotonin may influence the early response of astrocytes around a spinal cord trauma was investigated in a rat model by making a unilateral incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segments. One group of rats received a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) before injury in doses which cause a depletion of serotonin in the cord. Another group of traumatised rats did not receive p-CPA. All animals were allowed to survive for 5 h. Samples for immunohistochemistry were taken from the T9, T10-11 and T12 segments of the cord. Paraffin sections were immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using monoclonal antibodies and avidin-biotin complex technique. Trauma to the cord resulted in a marked increase of GFAP immunoreactivity in all the investigated segments, particularly in the ipsilateral side. Pretreatment with p-CPA markedly reduced the GFAP response. This drug did not by itself influence the GFAP immunoreactivity of the cord of untraumatised rats. Our results show that trauma to the spinal cord induces a rapid enhancement of GFAP immunoreactivity in the cord which is present even far away from the primary lesion. This response can be prevented by pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA. The results indicate that serotonin influences the increase of GFAP immunoreactivity following spinal cord injury either directly or indirectly, for instance by its microvascular reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228575
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncommon types of polyglucosan bodies in the human brain: distribution and relation to disease (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 484-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyglucosan bodies ; Bielschowsky bodies ; Adult polyglucosan body disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The significance of the development of polyglucosan bodies (PBs) in the CNS is incompletely understood. We present the clinicopathological features of three autopsy cases with numerous PBs other than the common corpora amylacea or Lafora bodies. The first patient had pleomorphic PBs in the neuronal processes of pallidum and substantia nigra which, thus, are consistent with Bielschowsky bodies. Bielschowsky bodies involved also the hypothalamus and tegmentum of midbrain and medulla. The present case was the first not associated with any clinical symptoms. The second patient also had incidental Bielschowsky bodies in the external pallidum, substantia nigra, and pallidothalamic, pallidonigral and nigrostriatal tracts. Additionally, unique clusters of small PBs appeared in the cerebral cortex, putamen, pallidum, and caudate nucleus. Immunostaining suggested that these small clustered PBs were located in the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes. Ultrastructurally, these clustered PBs were in agreement with previous descriptions of PBs. The third patient had adult polyglucosan body disease. Most PBs in the white matter were corpora amylacea situated in astrocytic processes or axons. In the gray matter, many pleomorphic PBs resembling Bielschowsky bodies occurred in neuronal processes. In the peripheral nervous system, a few PBs were seen in myelinated axons. The following conclusions may be drawn from this study: (1) each type of PBs develops in distinct cell types of the human brain in variable distribution; (2) Bielschowsky bodies may not manifest clinically; (3) PBs other than corpora amylacea or Lafora bodies may be distributed in localized or diffuse patterns; (4) in the localized pattern (patients 1 and 2), PBs occur as Bielschowsky bodies or clustered PBs, and tend to involve certain systems (pallidum, striatum, and substantia nigra); and (5) in the diffuse pattern (patient 3), PBs develop as corpora amylacea and Bielschowsky-like bodies of adult polyglucosan body disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228584
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of chondroid bone on rat mandibular condylar cartilage (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chondroid bone ; Collagen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mandibular condylar cartilage ; Secondary cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the locations of type I and type II collagens in the the most anterior and the posterosuperior regions of the mandibular condylar cartilages of young and adult rats. Large ovoid and polygonal cells, which were morphologically different from any of the neighboring cells, e.g., mature or hypertrophied chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or fibroblasts, were observed at the most anterior margin of the young and adult condylar cartilages. In the extracellular matrix (ECM) of this area, an eosinophilic staining pattern similar to that in bone matrix was observed, while the peripheral ECM showed basophilic staining and very weak reactivity to Alcian blue. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the ECM was stained heavily and diffusely for type I collagen, while a staining for type II collagen was faint and limited to the peripheral ECM. Two different staining patterns for type II collagen could be recognized in the ECM: one pattern revealed a very faint and diffuse reaction while the other showed a weak rim-like reaction. These staining patterns were markedly different from those in the cartilaginous cell layer in the posterosuperior area of the condylar secondary cartilage, which showed faint staining for type I collagen and a much more intense staining for type II collagen. These observations reveal the presence of chondroid bone, a tissue intermediate between bone and cartilage tissues, in the mandibular condylar cartilage, and suggest the possibility of osteogenic transdifferentiation of mature chondrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208192
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of smg p21A and ras p21 in epidermal neoplasms (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 441-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: (GTP-binding proteins (smg P21A, ras p21) ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372141
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Neurofibrillary tangles in the neurons of spinal dorsal root ganglia of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofibrillary tangle ; Dorsal root ganglion ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Paired helical filament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) occur in neurons of human central nervous system (CNS) both in aged subjects and patients with several degenerative diseases, with a certain topographical predilection. In surveying the NFT distribution in nervous tissue of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), we found silver-positive fibrillary tangles in the neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in two of five patients. By immunohistochemistry, these tangles were stained with antibodies to human tau protein, paired helical filaments (PHFs) and ubiquitin. Electron microscopy revealed that they were mainly composed of PHFs that were morphologically indistinguishable from PHFs in the NFTs of CNS typically seen in Alzheimer's disease brains. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the neurons of DRG produce NFTs in PSP and suggest that the pathological process(es) leading to tangle formation can occur in the neurons of the peripheral nervous system in this disease condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230481
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of c-myc protein in human glioma cells (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glioma ; c-myc transcript ; c-myc protein ; Pulse-chase analysis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regulation of c-myc protein, product of c-myc/genes, was studied in four glioma cell lines by Northern blot, pulse-chase dot blot, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses. Northern blot analysis revealed no overexpression of c-myc transcript, and pulse-chase dot blot analysis showed normal turnover rate of c-myc transcript, suggestive of no evidence of aberrant regulation of c-myc at post-transcriptional level. The synthesis levels of c-myc protein were shown by immunoprecipitation and closely associated with the c-myc transcript levels demonstrated by Northern blot, suggestive of no evidence of aberrant translational control of c-myc, whereas they were dissociated from the accumulation levels of c-myc protein shown by immunoblot, suggestive of an evidence of aberrant regulation of c-myc at post-translational level. The mean (±standard deviation) half-lives of c-myc protein in four glioma cell lines were calculated from the pulse-chase immunoprecipitation analysis, and being 98±8 to 143±11 min, were about four-to sixfold longer than normal. In surgical specimens, the immunostain of c-myc protein was not found in normal astrocytes but localized heterogeneously in nuclei of reactive astrocytes and glioma cells, and increased in stained cell number in proportion to malignancy. Although this study was limited to four glioma cell lines, it suggests that the c-myc protein in glioma cells may be accumulated due to its prolonged half-life contributing to an uncontrolled proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369446
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Widespread distribution of tau in the astrocytic elements of glial tumors (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 236-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tau ; Immunohistochemistry ; Brain tumor ; Glioma ; Astrocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recently tau immunoreactivity has been observed in astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. We examined the immunohistochemical localization of tau in 110 human brain tumors. Tau was widely distributed in the glial neoplastic cells and the reactive astrocytes in tumor tissues. In human surgical specimens positive immunostaining for tau was frequently observed in astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, and glioblastoma, as well as neuronal tumors. The astrocytic neoplastic cells in medulloblastoma and other poorly differentiated tumors were also stained. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed in meningiomas and schwannomas. The expression of tau in brain tumors was mainly restricted to those cells with astrocytic features rather than small immature cells. The expression of tau mRNA was also demonstrated in astrocytic tumors. In conjunction with the findings of tau-positive astrocytes in some degenerative disorders, astrocytes are considered to have a potential to express tau through neoplastic transformation and reactive processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304137
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of basic fibroblast growth factor in the developing chick (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Basic fibroblast growth factor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An antiserum against basic fibrobrast growth factor (bFGF) was characterized by immunoblot experiments and used to investigate immunohistochemically the appearance of bFGF-like immunoreactivity in the developing chick. Crude homogenates of chick embryos at every developmental stage, when subjected to immunoblotting with the use of bFGF antiserum, exhibited a main band with the same molecular weight (18 kDa) as bovine bFGF. With immunohistochemistry, bFGF immunoreactivity (bFGF-IR) was detected exclusively in intracellular components of various tissues at different stages of development; bFGF-IR appeared initially on embryonic (incubation) day 3 (E3) in the myotome, on E12 in the spinal cord and ganglia, on E8 in chondrocytes and osteoblasts of the vertebrae, and on E10 in the esophageal epithelium. Immunoreaction products were present either in the cytoplasm or in the nuclei, depending on the types of individual bFGF-containing cells; developing chondrocytes and cells in the stratum basale of the esophagus exhibited intense immunoreactions exclusively within the nuclei, and the other cells mainly within the cytoplasm. Moreover, bFGF-IR was observed in discrete regions of these tissues at different stages; the epithelium of the esophagus containd bFGF-IR in all layers on E10 to E18 with a superficial-to-basal gradient, but it began to exhibit bFGF-IR only in the stratum basale after E20; and bFGF-IR was more abundant in hypertrophic chondrocytes than in proliferating ones. As chicks aged, bFGF-IR decreased or disappeared in the muscles, vertebrae and esophageal epithelium, but neuronal bFGF increased in intensity until the perinatal period and thereafter remained unchanged. These findings suggest that bFGF not only plays a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in developing chick tissues, but also acts as a non-mitogenic mediator in nervous tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174417
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical evidence from co-localization and denervation studies for four types of substance P-containing nervous structures in the rat superior cervical ganglion (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 485-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Rat ; Substance P ; Superior cervical ganglion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four types of substance P-immunoreactive structures have been distinguished in the rat superior cervical ganglion by double-immunofluorescence microscopy: (1) A major population of mainly varicose fibres enmeshed singly-scattered neuronal perikarya, some of which contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactivity. These substance P-immunoreactive fibres did not contain colocalized calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and were absent after transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk. (2) A rather small substance P-immunoreactive fibre population with colocalized calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity was distributed in a patchy manner and disappeared after cutting the postganglionic branches. (3) Most of the intraganglionic small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cell clusters were intensely substance P-immunoreactive. SIF cells were not visibly changed in number and fluorescence intensity by either surgical procedure. (4) Immunoreactivity was not visible in principal ganglionic neurons of control ganglia, but occurred in cell bodies after pre- as well as after postganglionic nerve transection. Some of the substance P-immunolabelled perikarya in addition revealed immunostaining to antisera against the catecholamine-synthesizin enyzme tyrosine hydroxylase or against the neuropeptides leu-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively. The results strongly suggest that, in addition to a substance P-containing preganglionic input (1), and a supply by substance P-containing sensory axon collaterals (2), the superior cervical ganglion of the rat gives origin to a paraganglionic (3) and a postganglionic (4) substance P-immunoreactive intrinsic system, the latter becoming visible only after disconnection of the sympathetic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174424
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Placental lactogen-like proteins in the rabbit placenta (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 188 (1993), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Immunoblot ; Immunohistochemistry ; Placental lactogen ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rabbit placentae and embryos at days 11 and 12 were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and by light microscopic histology for the presence of placental lactogen-like proteins. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were performed by using a goat anti-human placental lactogen serum as well as a monoclonal mouse anti-human prolactin immunoglobulin; the results were similar. In the gel electrophoresis of placental tissue, three protein spots at pH 5.6 and 43, 39, and 35 kDa were immunostained; they were absent in the embryo. Immunoresponse was restricted to the cytotrophoblast. Immunofluorescent cells were mainly found on the proximal parts of the placental trabeculae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185948
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    αB-crystallin in oxidative muscle fibers and its accumulation in ragged-red fibers: a comparative immunohistochemical and histochemical study in human skeletal muscle (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: αB-crystallin ; Muscle fiber typing ; Mitochondrial myopathy ; Ragged-red fibers ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The αB-crystallin gene is abundantly experssed in the vertebrate lens and at lower levels in various non-lenticular tissues. Among the non-lenticular tissues, αB-crystallin is present at high levels in the heart and skeletal muscle. Using a specific antibody against αB-crystallin, the cellular localization of αB-crystallin was studied in biopsies of human skeletal muscles. Expression of αB-crystallin was observed in normal oxidative muscle fibers that show positive reactions for NADH-tetrazolium reductase and cytochrome c oxidase. In muscle diseases increased immunoreactivity for αB-crystallin was found in ragged-red fibers, which stained darkly with histochemistry for succinate dehydrogenase. Since αB-crystallin is related to small heat-shock proteins and can be induced by various stress conditions, the increased αB-crystallin immunoreactivity of ragged-red fibers could result from profound oxidative stress produced by the abnormal mitochondrial metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230485
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p53 protein expression in central nervous system tumors: an immunohistochemical study with CM1 polyvalent and DO-7 monoclonal antibodies (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 611-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: p53 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nervous system tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens from 137 primary central nervous system tumors, including 26 astrocytomas (21 fibrillary, 1 protoplasmic, 1 gemistocytic and 3 pilocytic), 26 anaplastic astrocytomas, 9 glioblastomas, 1 gliosarcoma, 8 oligodendrogliomas, 4 ependymomas, 1 anaplastic ependymoma, 2 subependymomas, 3 paragangliomas, and 57 meningiomas, were immunostained with the CM1 polyclonal (pAb) and the DO-7 monoclonal (mAb) antibodies against the p53 protein, using the streptavidin/peroxidase method. In addition, two series of 17 and 9 medulloblastomas were also immunostained with the above pAb and mAb, respectively. p53 protein expression was observed in 7 fibrillary astrocytomas, 17 anaplastic astrocytomas, 5 glioblastomas, 1 gliosarcoma, 1 oligodendroglioma, 1 anaplastic ependymoma, and 4 meningiomas with the CM1 pAb. An additional 10 cases (i.e., 3 anaplastic astrocytomas and 7 meningiomas) were found to be p53 protein positive with the DO-7 mAb. Of the medulloblastomas, 8 (of the 17) and 4 (of the 9) were found to express p53 protein with CM1 pAb and DO-7 mAb, respectively. Our results indicate that p53 protein is expressed in a number of central nervous system neoplasms, and suggest that in astrocytic tumors a possible association may exist between p53 protein expression and tumor progression through increasing histological grades of malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334670
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    Electronic Resource
    Parvalbumin and calretinin in the avian thymus (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 188 (1993), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick ; Thymus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Calretinin ; Parvalbumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The avian thymic hormone, known to support the maturation of T-lymphocytes, is biochemically similar to parvalbumin. However, its exact cellular distribution in the thymus is unknown. We have therefore studied the occurrence of parvalbumin and other related calcium-binding proteins in this organ by immunohistochemistry during development and after hatching. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity appears in the epithelial cells on embryonic day 9, and is expressed in the cortical reticular cells in the adult. Calretinin is found in the clusters of medullary epithelial cells from embryonic day 11, whereas calbindin D-28k is absent from this organ. Thus, calcium binding-proteins are excellent markers for different compartments of the avian thymus in embryonic life and after hatching, and their expression seems to coincide with their functional maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185943
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Sclerosing fibrous tumor of the cauda equina: a fibroblastic variant of peripheral nerve tumors? (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fibroma ; Cauda equina ; Peripheral nerve tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructural study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The case of a 43-year-old man with an unusual mesenchymal tumor of the cauda equina is presented. A well-circumscribed firm tumor was found in the lower spinal canal at L1 level. Although a nerve root was involved, the adjacent dura mater or filum terminale was unrelated to the tumor. Microscopically, the tumor was rich in collagen and made up of irregularly intertwining fascicles of fibroblastic spindle cells lacking in nuclear atypia or mitotic activity. Partial broad hyalinization of collagen was another histological feature of the tumor. Histological and immunohistochemical studies failed to reveal any findings that suggested known fibrous neoplasms, such as schwannoma, neurofibroma and meningioma, originating in the nervous system. Ultrastructural features of the tumor cells were consistent with those of fibroblasts. Hence, the present tumor is regarded as a unique pure fibroblastic tumor (fibroma) derived from the interstitium of a nerve root in the cauda equina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334890
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with a circulating antibody against neurons and non-neuronal cells (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 206-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Autoantibody ; Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe a woman with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with para-ovarian adenocarcinoma, who had a circulating antibody with a corresponding antigen not only in cerebellar Purkinje cells but also in neurons located in the molecular layer of the human and rat cerebellum. The antigen was also present in neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglia, intestinal autonomic neurons, retinal ganglion cells, Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve and epithelial cells of the renal glomerulus in rats. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed immunoprecipitates in the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes in human and rat cerebellar Purkinje cells and other neuronal cell bodies as well as Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve. Even though patients with this disorder manifest primarily with cerebellar and some extracerebellar signs, the antigen also exists in many neurons other than cerebellar Purkinje cells and even in non-neuronal cells. The clinicopathologic significance of the observed immunologic reaction in diverse neurons remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334892
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  • 54
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    Ubiquitinated neurites are associated with preamyloid and cerebral amyloid β deposits in patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch type (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch type ; Alzheimer's disease ; Amyloid β ; Ubiquitin ; Neurofilaments ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Here ditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch type (HCHWA-D) is characterized clinically by recurrent strokes and pathologically by deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in cerebral vessel walls and, to a lesser extent, in the neuropil. Distinct from Alzheimer's disease, amyloid formation in HCHWA-D is not associated with neurofibrillary changes. Since a central issue in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and related conditions is the role of Aβ in the neurodegencrative process, we investigated HCHWA-D brains for the presence of neuritic abnormalities using antibodies to ubiquitin and to phosphorylated neurofilaments. The study showed that amyloid deposits in the vessel walls and in the neuropil were surrounded by abnormal ubiquitinated neurites, suggesting that Aβ deposition induces neuritic changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227721
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    Electronic Resource
    Cellular components of microvascular proliferation in human glial and metastatic brain neoplasms (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 508-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glioma ; Neovascularization ; Endothelium ; Vascular smooth muscle ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since the origin of cells contributing to microvascular proliferation (MVP) in glial neoplasms is unsettled, a light microscopic and immunohistochemical study for vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells was performed in formalin-fixed, routinely processed brain tumor biopsy material. MVP in glial neoplasms was compared with that in intracerebral metastatic carcinomas and in intracranial granulation tissue. On the basis of the degree of hyperplasia of hypertrophic cells in the microvascular wall, MVP was subjectively divided into mild, moderate, and glomeruloid (marked) proliferation. The relative contribution of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells to different degrees of MVP was estimated immunohistochemically using antibodies against α-smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor, respectively. Glomeruloid MVP occurred in 50% of the malignant glial neoplasms. Moderate MVP was found in most malignant gliomas and in some pilocytic astrocytomas. Glomeruloid MVP was present in peritumoral glial tissue in 4 out of 15 intracerebral metastatic carcinomas, while only mild to moderate MVP was found within these tumors. In granulation tissue MVP was mild. In glomeruloid and moderate MVP vascular smooth muscle cells were more hypertrophic and more numerous than endothelial cells. The contribution of hypertrophic vascular smooth muscle cells to mild MVP was variable. MVP in glial neoplasms was generally not accompanied by a matrix of fibrous stroma but was directly embedded in glial tissue. The architecture of this MVP suggested “in situ” proliferation of microvascular cells without migration of these cells into the surrounding tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230490
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    Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of nonagenarians and centenarians (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 602-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaques ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Centenarians ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative neuropathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the neuropathological differences between normal aging and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) in very old people and to see how they compare with a younger population of demented elderly people, we performed an immunohistochemical quantitative analysis of the topography of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in a series of 31 elderly patients aged from 96 to 102 years. According to the medical records, two groups were considered: 7 patients presenting with clinically documented SDAT and 24 patients with no or very mild cognitive impairment. The densities of senile plaques were comparable in both groups. Extensive neurofibrillary tangle formation was restricted to the CA1 hippocampal field of demented subjects, whereas the superior frontal cortex showed rare neurofibrillary tangles, independently of the clinical diagnosis. These results indicate an absence of direct correlation between the number of senile plaques and the clinical manifestation of SDAT. Furthermore, they suggest that the dementing process may involve different cortical structures in nonagenarians and centenarians than in younger demented individuals where a widespread cortical involvement is generally observed. Thus, the neurofibrillary tangle density in the CA1 field may be critical for the neuropathological diagnosis of SDAT in this particular group of very old patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334669
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenesis of primary central nervous system lymphoma: invasion of malignant lymphoid cells into and within the brain parenchyme (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Central nervous system lymphoma ; Lymphocytes ; Adhesion molecules ; Immunohistochemistry ; Perivascular reticulin network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of invasion of lymphoid cells to the central nervous system (CNS) was analyzed for malignant lymphocytes in 19 primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL) and six intracerebral metastatic lymphomas, and for reactive lymphocytes in four encepphalitides and three astrocytomas. The identical spreading pattern in both primary and metastatic lymphomas suggests that even in the so-called primary CNSL the malignant transformation has occurred outside the CNS. The compact perivascular cuffs of both malignant and reactive lymphocytes were never seen around the smallest capillaries, and they were most common around vessels larger than 15 μm in diameter. Perivascular lymphocytes resided within the reticulin network, which was immunopositive for collagen type III and IV, laminin and fibronectin. These findings imply that lymphocytes extravasate at the level of arterioles and venules and spread along the enlarged perivascular space. When the outer boundary of the perivascular network was broken, malignant lymphocytes spread diffusely into the CNS parenchyme; a pattern which is different from that of other CNS metastases. The widespread immunopositivity for the homing cell adhesion molecule CD44 in the CNS vessels and parenchyme, especially in the white matter which is the predilection site of PCNSL, suggest that this adhesion molecule and its ligands participate in spreading of malignant lymphocytes within the CNS parenchyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454901
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    Electronic Resource
    Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) in the human pancreas: cell type expression, topological and quantitative variations during development (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Fetal antigen 1 ; Insulin ; Pancreas ; Development ; Exocrine ; Endocrine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monospecific rabbit anti-human fetal antigen 1 (FA1), was used to examine the distribution of FA1 during the development of the human fetal pancreas and liver using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. FA1 was expressed by 94% of the glandular epithelial cells of the branching ducts in the pancreatic anlage at week 7 of gestation. This pattern changed during the development of the human pancreas, 64% of the glandular cells being FA1 positive at week 17 of gestation, decreasing to 11% in the infant (4 months after birth). In the infant and adults the FA1 expression was restricted to a subpopulation of β-cells within the islets of Langerhans. Insulin immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout the epithelium of primitive branching pancreatic ducts at week 7 of gestation, well before the formation of islets. From the 7th through to the 17th week of gestation, FA1 was found in the cytoplasm of fetal hepatocytes, whereas no staining was observed in the liver from a 4-month-old infant. No FA1 expression was found in the epithelium of the developing gut. The present findings indicate that the glandular epithelial cells in the developing pancreas may serve as stem cells, which, if appropriately induced, may differentiate into endocrine cells. Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) may take part in or be a result of this differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185891
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    Electronic Resource
    Tissue culture of bovine subcommissural organ (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 505-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue of the secretory, glial subcommissural organ (SCO) of adult, male cattle was cultured in serum-free medium for 70 days in vitro. Only minor alterations in the histoarchitecture and the cytology of the explanted SCOs could be observed by light and electron microscopy. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical investigations with an antiserum raised against bovine SCO secretory proteins revealed intra- and extra-cellularly localized immunoreactive material in tissue sections of SCO explants cultured up to 69 days in vitro. An indirect competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect minor quantities of SCO secretory products. By means of this assay, approximately 35 ng RF protein per ml was detected in culture medium supernatants conditioned for 3 days in SCO tissue cultures at 3, 38, and 69 days in vitro. These studies demonstrate that the bovine SCO can maintain its secretory activity throughout long periods in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174426
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  • 60
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    Presence of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in nerve fibres and conduction cells in the conduction system of the bovine heart (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 188 (1993), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Heart ; Impulse conduction system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous findings of atrial (A-type) natriuretic peptide (ANP) in nervous tissue, such as the brain and the superior cervical ganglia, led us to investigate the possible occurrence of ANP in nervous tissue in the heart. The distribution of ANP in the bovine heart, particularly its conduction system, was examined by the use of immunohistochemical methods and an antiserum against α-hANP. ANP immunoreactivity was frequently detected in atrial myocytes and in the Purkinje fibres of the AV-bundle, and was sometimes seen in the Purkinje fibres of the bundle branches and their ramifications. On the other hand, ANP immunoreactivity was never seen in the conduction cells of SA- and AV-nodes. ANP immunoreactivity was also detected in small nerve-fibre varicosities, mainly in the AV-node and AV-bundle. Most of these varicosities were located in the proximity of the conduction cells, but some occurred close to fine blood vessels or in the walls of arterioles. These observations show for the first time that ANP immunoreactivity is present not only in atrial myocytes and conduction cells but also in nerve-fibre varicosities in the conduction system. The observations suggest that ANP may act as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter in the conduction system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185942
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  • 61
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxyethylstarch deposits in human skin — a model for pruritus? (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hydroxyethylstarch ; Tissue storage ; Macrophages ; Immunohistochemistry ; Itching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Severe itching for unknown reasons has been reported after administration of hydroxyethylstarch (HES) in haemodilution therapy of humans. After HES treatment, vacuoles in cells of various organs in humans have been shown, predominantly affecting the mononuclear phagocyte system. These vacuoles present indirect evidence for phagocytosis of HES particles. Since phagocytosis is also known to occur in the skin, this organ might represent a target for HES deposition, resulting in subsequent release of mediators responsible for the observed itching. The aim of the present investigation was to study skin biopsies of patients, who had received HES and suffered subsequently from itch. Skin sections were investigated for morphological impairment by means of light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy using a polyclonal anti-HES antiserum. Storage of HES was demonstrated in the skin of all patients, mainly in dermal macrophages, endothelial cells of blood and lymph vessels, some perineural cells and endoneural macrophages of larger nerve fascicles, some keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. Treatment with antihistaminic agents proved ineffective in these patients; this fits with the observation that morphological signs of histamine release from mast cells were absent. These findings indicate that other mediators from HES-affected cells must be responsible for the development of the itching. Thus, investigation of HES storage may be a useful contribution to the elucidation of release of itch mediators and induction of pruritus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370817
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    GABA-like immunoreactive innervation and dendro-dendritic contacts in the ventrolateral dendritic bundle in the cat S1 spinal cord segment: an electron microscopic study (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 97 (1993), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneuron ; Immunohistochemistry ; Peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique ; Synaptic input ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The motoneurons (MNs) in the ventrolateral nucleus (VLN) of the upper sacral spinal cord segments in the cat supply the external sphincters and the ischiocavernosii muscles. The dendrites of the MNs in the VLN are arranged into rostro-caudally oriented bundles (ventrolateral dendritic bundle, VLB). In this study we describe the distribution and synaptic arrangement of γ-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) axonal bouton profiles innervating the VLB. This was accomplished using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and a polyclonal antibody raised against glutaraldehydeconjugated GABA. The VLN receives an extensive innervation of GABAIR axonal bouton profiles that surround both cell bodies and dendrites. Twenty-five per cent of the total number of vesicle-containing axonal profiles in the VLN neuropil were estimated to be GABA-IR. On cell bodies in the α-motoneuron size-range, the membrane covering of GABA-IR bouton profiles was about 18% and they constituted about 29% of the total membrane covering of axonal bouton profiles. Quantitative analysis of GABAIR bouton profiles on dendrites revealed membrane covering figures rather similar to those on the cell bodies. They were not randomly distributed within the dendritic arborisations. Instead, they were very infrequent (2.5% of the covering) on small calibre dendrites (〈 1 μm) as compared to larger dendrites (〉 1 μm, 14–18.5% of the covering), although the total membrane covering of axonal bouton profiles was rather similar for all dendrites (42–52%). The data on membrane covering by GABA-IR boutons presented here may be low estimates due to technical limitations, indicating that the GABAergic input to this region might be even more extensive. A frequent finding was that one and the same GABAIR bouton made synaptic contact with two to three adjacent dendrites. This type of synaptic arrangement among the VLN MNs indicates a divergence of the GABAergic input at the terminal level. In addition, the postsynaptic dendrites involved in such arrangements often disclosed dendro-dendritic contacts. In total, 44% of the bundled dendrites in the VLN disclosed direct dendro-dendritic contact regions. These contacts were most often of the puncta adherentia type, while desmosome-type contacts were less frequent. None of the dendro-dendritic contacts studied had the characteristics of a gap junction. Taken together, the present results indicate that GABA may be a transmitter substance in a large fraction of the synaptic input to the VLN MNs. Furthermore, the location of GABA-IR bouton profiles on the cell bodies and more proximal regions of the dendritic trees implies that they could exert a considerable influence on MN activity pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228812
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    Keratin specificity analyses of eight anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies, and their immunostaining patterns in normal skin using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Anti-keratin monoclonal antibody ; Keratin specificity ; Immunohistochemistry ; formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Keratin specificity analyses of eight anti-keratin antibodies (34ΒB4 (K1), 35ΒH11 (K8), Ks 13.1 (K13), Ks 19.1 (K19), PKK1, LP34 (CK1), KL1 and AE1) using keratin protein derived from normal thigh epidermis, normal parotid gland and a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-5) were performed, and compared with those described in the data sheets. The reactivities of LP34, KL1 and PKK1 were markedly different from those mentioned in the data sheets. The immunostaining pattern of these antibodies in normal skin using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens was also examined. The staining patterns of suprabasal keratinocytes (K1, K13, CK1 and KL1 positive), basal cells of the epidermis (PKK1 and AE1 positive), inner cells of the ducts (K8, K13, CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) and secretory cells of sweat glands (K8, K19, PKK1, KL1 and AE1 positive), mature cells (K8 and KL1 positive) and peripheral cells (CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) of sebaceous glands and outer root sheaths (PKK1, CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) were specific. Thus, we conclude that the differentiation of epidermis and skin appendages is possible by immunostaining with these eight anti-keratin antibodies using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens with proper protease pretreatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370816
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of lipocortins in normal and psoriatic human skin (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 296-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Immunoblotting ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lipocortin ; Psoriasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of lipocortin I, a steroid-induced inhibitory protein of phospholipase A2, was examined in normal and psoriatic human skin. Using immunoblotting analysis with specific antibody against human lipocortin I purified from human placenta, lipocortin I was detected as a 37 kDa protein in cultured epidermal cells, whole skin and epidermis. In the dermis and stratum corneum, lipocortin I was only weakly detectable by Western blotting. In contrast to normal skin, much less lipocortin I was detected by Western blotting analysis in psoriatic skin. Using immunoperoxidase immunohistochemical analysis, lipocortin I was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes in the upper and middle layers of the epidermis and in some infiltrating cells in the dermis in normal skin. In involved psoriatic skin, by contrast, lipocortin I was almost undetectable in the epidermis, although it was demonstrated in some infiltrating cells in the dermis. No immunostaining of lipocortin I was observed in the stratum corneum of normal or psoriatic skin. These results, together with the finding that phospholipase A2 activity is higher in psoriatic epidermis than in normal epidermis, suggest that lipocortin I plays an important role in the regulation of differentiation and proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371600
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    Electronic Resource
    Calmodulin in human skin-localizations and interpretations (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 310-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Human skin ; Calmodulin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Calmodulin ; Epidermis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371603
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    γδ T-cell receptor-positive cells of human skin. II. Appearance in delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 285 (1993), S. 436-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: γδ TCR+ cells ; Human skin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the distribution and involvement of human γδ T-cell receptor-positive (TCR+) cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions of the skin, we examined the occurrence and kinetics of γδ TCR+ cells during skin reactions of allergic contact dermatitis. In normal human skin sections, γδ TCR+ cells were scarce. In allergic contact dermatitis from DNCB, increased γδ TCR+ cells were observed both in the epidermis and in the dermis from 48 h after the challenge. Most of the γδ TCR+ cells were TCRδ1+ δTCS1− BB3+ TiγA+ (Vδ1− Vδ2+ Vγ9+). The percentage of γδ TCR+ cells in the peripheral blood remained unchanged and a few γδ TCR+ cells in the skin lesions proliferated in situ. It is suggested that the γδ TCR+ cells in skin lesions of allergic contact dermatitis may not be involved in initiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity but may have some other roles responding to factors induced in the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372140
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  • 67
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    Morphology of dynamic graciloplasty compared with the anal sphincter (1993)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 36 (1993), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fecal incontinence ; Dynamic graciloplasty ; Fast, slow-twitch skeletal muscle ; Electrical stimulation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence includes gracilis muscle transposition around the anal canal as a new sphincter and subsequent electrical stimulation. The aim of electrical stimulation is to transform the gracilis fast-twitch, “fatigue-prone” fibers into slow-twitch, “fatigue-resistant” fibers to achieve a sustained tonic contraction. The latter is considered essential for sphincter function. Therefore, the following features of transposed gracilis muscle morphology were studied in nine patients before and after electrical stimulation: 1) the percentage of Type I fibers, 2) the lesser diameter of these fibers, and 3) the positive collagen staining area. Furthermore, the external anal sphincter and gracilis muscle histology was investigated in six autopsy cases. The mean percentage of Type I, slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibers in transposed gracilis muscle increased from 46 percent before electrical stimulation to 64 percent (P 〈0.01, paired Student's t-test) after electrical stimulation. The mean lesser diameter of these fibers did not change significantly (from 32 to 29 μm), and the mean percentage of collagen increased from 4 percent before electrical stimulation to 7 percent (P 〈0.01) afterward. The external sphincter in cadavers demonstrated a predominance of Type I fibers (80 percent) with a lesser diameter of 23 μ m and a high percentage (12 percent) of collagen. Gracilis muscle histology was uniform at six different sample sites in these cadaver dissections. We conclude that electrical stimulation induces histologic changes in transposed gracilis muscle, allowing this muscle to function as an external anal sphincter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02049862
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    Heterozygotic gene expression in endomyocardial biopsies a new diagnostic tool confirms the Duchenne carrier status (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy ; Dystrophin ; Carrier ; Heart muscle biopsy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identification of the defective gene and the absent gene product dystrophin can substantiate the clinical evidence for manifesting X-linked Duchenne type muscular dystrophy (DMD). It is not always possible, however, to rule out definitely a clinically asymptomatic carrier status in question, since even in the proven carrier DNA analysis is often inconclusive, and multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers express a basically normal membrane dystrophin. To substantiate the value of endomyocardial biopsy as a new tool for detection of the DMD carrier status we examined an endomyocardial biopsy of a volunteer who met the clinical criteria of a DMD carrier. Dystrophin immunohistochemistry and western blot of her skeletal muscle biopsy were inconclusive, and polymerase chain reaction and cDNA analysis failed to locate directly the X-chromosomal defect. We observed a clearcut mosaic of dystrophin-positive and -negative mononucleated cardiac muscle cells, reflecting a heterozygote carrier status in her endomyocardial biopsy, whereas 20 controls were uniformely positive. The incidence of DMD (1:3000 males) and especially the 30% spontaneous mutation rate, still the major pitfall in DNA analysis, show the need for an additional diagnostic tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180110
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    Immunological evaluation of patients with invasive carcinoma of the gallbladder (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 119 (1993), S. 497-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Carcinoma ; Gallbladder ; Immunology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-three patients with invasive adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder were postoperatively studied in order to determine their general immunological status as well as the local immunohistological reaction to the tumor. At the end of the follow-up, they formed two groups: 19 living patients (group GL) and 24 dead patients (group GD). As a control group (GC), 21 patients with cholecistectomy for cholelithiasis and without carcinoma were simultaneously evaluated. In GL, most of the tumors were limited to the gallbladder wall, and in GD, most of the tumors were already disseminated at the time of diagnosis. GD presented a lower percentage of peripheral blood B lymphocytes, as compared to GL and GC cases. Skin tests of delayed hypersensitivity were significantly more reactive in GL cases than in GD cases, and less reactive in GD than in GC cases. The immunohistological evaluation of the gallbladder yielded a lower B lymphocyte infiltration in GD tumors than in the control cases. GL cases showed a higher intratumoral lymphocytic and mononuclear cell infiltration than GD cases. Although the clinical stage was higher in GD than in GL cases, there were also significant differences in the local immune response and the general immunological status. Patients with invasive gallbladder adenocarcinoma showing longer postoperative survival revealed normal or increased local and general immunological reactions, whereas patients with disseminated tumors showed an important humoral and cellular secondary immunodeficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215932
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  • 70
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    Analysis of mutant P53 protein in osteosarcomas and other malignant and benign lesions of bone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 119 (1993), S. 172-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: p53 protein ; Point mutation ; Osteosarcoma ; Bone tumour ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of tumour suppressor genes are considered crucial steps in the development of human cancers. Expressions of p53 protein, a product of the tumour suppressor gene altered most commonly in human cancers examined so far, were investigated immunohistochemically in 18 osteosarcomas and 40 other malignant and benign lesions of bone. A monoclonal antibody clone PAb240, which recognizes a common conformational epitope of mutant p53 proteins, stained nuclei of tumour cells in 12 of 18 osteosarcomas (67%). Six tumours (33%) particularly showed positive immunoreactions in more than half of the tumour cells. PAb240 also stained tumour cells in a small number of other malignant bone tumours, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcomas. Furthermore, a small number of cells of giant-cell tumours were positively stained. In contrast, PAb240 was completely negative in 21 benign bone tumours and reactive lesions examined. Another monoclonal antibody clone PAb1801, which reacts with both wild- and mutant-type p53 protein, reacted in nuclei of tumour cells of 7 osteosarcomas (39%). Most of those also reacted with PAb240. PAb1801 was expressed much more frequently in other malignant bone tumours and giant-cell tumours. In addition, PAb1801 showed intranuclear positive reactions in tumour cells of a benign chondroblastoma, and reactive cells such as actively proliferating preosteoblasts in a myositis ossificans and osteoclast-like giant cells in a giantcell tumour. The immunoelectron-microscopic observation that p53 protein was localized in euchromatic areas of nuclei of osteosarcoma cells supported the specificity of immunoreaction for p53 protein, indicating an active role of p53 protein in the regulation of DNA synthesis and transcription. These findings suggest that point mutation of the p53 gene is frequently involved in the development of osteosarcomas. PAb240 may be a useful tool not only in screening point mutations of the p53 gene in osteosarcomas but also in the differential diagnosis between osteosarcomas and reactive bone-forming lesions. Expressions of mutant p53 protein were not correlated with any clinical or pathological factors examined, although the results should be confirmed in studies of a large number of osteosarcomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01229533
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    Prognostic significance of the expression of c-fos, c-jun and c-erbB-1 oncogene products in human squamous cell lung carcinomas (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 119 (1993), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Oncoproteins ; Squamous cell lung carcinoma ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the oncogenes c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 at the protein level was analyzed in squamous cell lung carcinomas of 121 patients by means of immunohistochemistry. Patients with overexpression of proteins encoded by the oncogenes c-fos, c-jun and c-erbB-1 had significantly shorter survival times than these without overexpression of these oncogene products (c-fos:p=0.009; c-jun:p=0.029; c-erbB-1:p=0.018). No significant correlations were found between the expression of c-myc and c-erbB-2 products and the survival of the patients. In addition to the univariate analyses (Kaplan-Meier-estimates) multivariate analyses (Cox-regression-model) revealed that protein expression of the oncogenes c-fos, c-jun and c-erbB1 are significant prognostic factors in addition to staging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01686458
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    Borderline chondrosarcoma of long and flat bones (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 119 (1993), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Chondrosarcoma ; Borderline malignancy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Diagnosis ; Surgical treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed histological and clinical findings of six cases of borderline chondrosarcoma and examined the expression of collagen types I, II, III, V, and VI by immunohistochemical analysis of these tumors. Borderline chondrosarcoma is defined as a cartilaginous tumor of bone resembling enchondroma on the basis of histomorphology. Clinically the tumor causes intermittent vague pain unrelated to physical activities. On radiographs borderline chondrosarcoma is characterized by evidence of endosteal erosion. We observed local recurrences in two cases treated by intralesional excision and marginal excision, and one of those cases died of inoperable local tumor recurrence. In our histological analysis based on tissue patterns, there were enchondromatous patterns in five cases, and chondrosarcomatous patterns in four cases. In the second recurrent tumor in one case, a chondrosarcomatous pattern was newly observed, and the recurrent tumor was found to be a low-grade chondrosarcoma cytologically in the other case. In the tumor matrix immunoreactivity for collagen types II and VI was predominant, with collagen types I, III, and V showing heterogeneous expression in some cases. In all cases rimming of tumor lobules with collagen types I and V was absent. Immunoreactivity for collagen type II in the cytoplasm of tumor cells was found in four cases and all three recurrent tumors. Borderline chondrosarcoma, as defined by histology, clinical symptoms and radiological appearance, shows a collagen distribution pattern similar to that of low-grade chondrosarcoma. These findings are in accordance with the clinical outcome of borderline chondrosarcoma which parallels that of low-grade chondrosarcoma. Thus borderline chondrosarcoma may be best treated by wide en-bloc excision rather than curettage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208847
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    Immunohistochemical localization of collagenous proteins in cartilaginous tumors: characteristic distribution of type IX collagen (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 120 (1993), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Chondrosarcoma ; Enchondroma ; Collagen IX ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distinctive tissue localization of collagen types, particularly of type IX collagen in human cartilaginous tumors (10 cases of enchondroma and 15 cases of chondrosarcoma including 3 cases of secondary chondrosarcoma) was examined immunohistochemically using affinitypurified antibodies against types I, II, III, V, VI, and IX collagen, in comparison with that in human fetal cartilage. In fetal cartilage matrix, types II and IX collagen were diffusely distributed, while types I, III, and V collagens were not present. In the matrices of enchondromas and primary chondrosarcomas, types II and IX collagens were also diffusely distributed, but with some areas of irregular type IX collagen deposits. The secondary chondrosarcoma simulated normal fetal cartilage in the distribution pattern of types II and IX collagen, unlike the pattern in primary chondrosarcoma, where types II and IX collagen were decreased and poorly immunostained, whereas non-cartilaginous interstitial collagens (I, III, and V) appeared diffusely in the matrix, increasing with the grade of malignancy. These findings suggest that neoplastic cartilage is characterized initially by an uneven distribution of type IX collagen, prior to any alteration of other types of collagen; the diverse expressions of intercellular components in cartilaginous tumors may be one indicator for malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200722
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    Immunohistochemical examination of tumor-suppressor gene p53 product and pyrimidine dimer in solar keratosis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 119 (1993), S. 260-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: p53 ; Pyrimidine dimer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Solar keratosis ; UV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to find biomarkers to measure the effects of UV irradiation, we examined the accumulation of p53 protein and pyrimidine dimers in 18 solar keratosis specimens. Frozen or AMeX-fixed solar keratosis specimens were immunohistochemically stained by anti-p53 mouse monoclonal antibody, pAb1801 and polyclonal anti-(pyrimidine dimer) antibody. Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein was found in 5/18 (28%) solar keratosis lesions. The percentage of cases showing nuclear p53 protein varied according to the histological type; in the bowenoid type it was 4/7 (57%); in the atrophic type it was 1/7 (14%). Nuclear pyrimidine dimers were not stained in solar keratosis, although the skin of UV-irradiated nude mice was positive. Accumulation of p53 protein is a good marker for early precancerous change caused by UV exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212722
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    An immunohistochemical study of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal (1993)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 250 (1993), S. 240-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: External auditory canal ; Adenoid cystic carcinoma ; Ceruminous glands ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specimens from five cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal were studied by immunohistochemical staining, and findings were compared with those from adjacent non-neoplastic tissues containing ceruminous glands. In the ceruminous gland, cytokeratin showed diffuse positive staining, while myoepithelial cells were stained for smooth muscle actin, desmin, S-100 protein and vimentin. The epithelial markers used were cytokeratin, carcinoembryonic antigen and secretory component and stained at various densities the inner cells of the tubular component and ductlining cells in the cibriform component of tumor tissues. In contrast, the muscular markers, smooth muscle actin and desmin, and the mesenchymal marker, vimentin, were positive in the outer cells of the tubular component and in the cyst-lining cells of the cribriform component. S-100 protein immunoreactivity showed pradoxical results; positive findings occurred in the myoepithelial cells of the ceruminous glands and in the inner cells of the tubular component and duct-lining cells of the cribriform component of the tumor. Present findings demonstrate that adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal had dual epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation and can mimic the ceruminous glands of the auditory canal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171533
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    Detection of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta in the rheumatoid osteoarthritic cartilage-pannus junction by immunohistochemical methods (1993)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 13 (1993), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis ; Interleukin-1-β ; Tumour necrosis factor α ; Synovial membrane ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During inflammation the rheumatoid synovial membrane is invaded by a number of different cell types. When activated most of these cells produce cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β). These cytoiines are believed to stimulate production of degradative enzymes and disturb the equilibrium between such enzymes and their inhibitors resulting in tissue damage. In this study we investigated the localisation of TNFα and IL-1 β at the cartilage-pannus junction (CPJ). Here, cytokines are well placed to influence the integrity of articular cartilage. Tissue was derived from advanced rheumatoid (RA) and, as a comparison, osteoarthritic (OA) joints at the time of replacement surgery (arthroplasty). Antibody staining of fixed serial sections of tissue localised cells that were associated with IL-1 β and TNFα. Cell markers for macrophages and endothelial cells were included to provide positive identification of the cytokine-associated cells. Analysis of these sections revealed that both TNFα and IL-1 β were associated with macrophages, particularly those in the synovium overlying cartilage (pannus) and endothelial cells. Positive staining was seen at the CPJ in RA and in similarly located tissue in OA. The similar distribution of cytokines in OA was unexpected even if the overall numbers of tissue and infiltrating cells in the CPJ were different in the two diseases. This highlights the possible role played by endogenous inhibitors [1, 2] in influencing the degree of cytokine activity necessary to explain the different pathogenic mechanisms in RA and OA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307738
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    Immunohistochemical characterization of mononuclear cells in delayed hypersensitivity reactions toParacoccidiodes brasiliensis (paracoccidioidin test) (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Delayed hypersensitivity reactions ; Immunohistochemistry ; Paracoccidioidomycosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The density and distribution of T cells, T helper cells, macrophages and B cells at the site of skin tests with a cytoplasmicParacoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (paracoccidioidin) was studied at 24 and 48 h post-challenge in 10 patients with the chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis and in 5 non-infected individuals. The in situ study was carried out using immunoperoxidase techniques and monoclonal antibodies. The controls showed negative skin test. In the patients, the great majority of the cells in the perivascular foci were T cells (CD43-positive cells) making up 47% and 48.6% of the total number of cells at 24 and 48 h respectively. Most of the T cells showed a T helper phenotype (CD45RO-positive cells). Approximately 25% of the cells were macrophages (CD68-positive cells) and there were very few B lymphocytes (CD20-positive cells). The present data on the microanatomy of paracoccidioidin skin test sites were consistent with a delayed type hypersensitivity pattern. Our results were comparable to those reported on skin tests for other granulomatous chronic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103050
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    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cartilaginous fishes: structure, location, and transport (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 38 (1993), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Elasmobranchs ; Holocephalans ; Neuropeptides ; Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Reproduction ; Vertebrates ; Evolution ; Chondrichthyes ; Sharks ; Skates ; Ratfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is thought to play a fundamental role in the reproduction of cartilaginous fishes. The primary structures of the only form of GnRH in ratfish,Hydrolagus colliei, and one of four forms of GnRH in dogfish,Squalus acanthias, have recently been shown to be identical to a form originally isolated from birds (chicken GnRH-II). Phylogenetic studies indicate that this chicken GnRH-II molecule is the most highly conserved GnRH family member in vertebrates; it is present in animals from cartilaginous fishes to marsupials. However, the presence of four immunoreactive forms of GnRH inS. acanthias, but only one form inH. colliei suggests that the two subclasses of these species diverged a long time ago. Immunocytochemical localization of GnRH shows that it is found in the brains of all chondrichthyans examined to date. GnRH cell bodies and fibers were found in specific patterns throughout the brain in our studies of dogfish shark and black skate,Bathyraja kincaidii. The lack of immunoreactive GnRH fibers in the median eminence and the unique arrangement of the pituitary in Chondrichthyes suggest that transport of GnRH from the brain to the pituitary gonadotropes occurs in the systemic circulation. The use of this unconventional route is further supported by markedly higher levels of serum GnRH in ratfish compared with other vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842916
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    Tissue-type transglutaminase expression in the Dunning tumor (1993)
    Springer
    Urological research 21 (1993), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Dorsal prostate ; Enzyme activity ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Secretory transglutaminase ; Tissue-type transglutaminase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transglutaminases with different functions and tissue distribution patterns can be distinguished by specific antibodies and by inhibition of enzyme activity in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The most common form is the so-called tissue-type transglutaminase that is apparently involved in membrane, stabilization processes, e.g. during apoptosis, and can be inhibited by incubation with GTP at low calcium concentrations. A secretory transglutaminase that cannot be inhibited by GTP is synthesized in an androgen-dependent manner in the dorsal prostate of the rat, the site suggested to represent the origin of the Dunning tumor used as an experimental model in prostate cancer research. Here we studied the expression of transglutaminases in different Dunning tumor lines — mainly in the highly differentiated H subline - and characterized the enzyme both biochemically and immunocytochemically. A very high enzyme activity was found only in the less well differentiated HI-F tumor line. Immunohistochemical reactions and Western blot analysis showed that there is no secretory transglutaminase present in any of the Dunning tumor lines studied. Transglutaminase activity of the Dunning tumor results from the so-called tissue-type enzyme that is nonorgan specific. The absence of a secretory form of transglutaminase does not suport the contention of a prostatic origin o the Dunning tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295185
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    Triphase catalysis. II. Alkylation of phenylacetone with 1-bromobutane catalyzed by aqueous NaOH and polystyrene-supported benzyltriethyl ammonium chlorideFor Part I, see Reference 7 (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 317-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: triphase catalysis ; polymer-supported catalyst ; alkylation of phenylacetone ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Insoluble microporous polystyrene-bound benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride has been used as a catalyst in the alkylation of phenylacetone with 1-bromobutane, and the kinetics of this reaction was investigated under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The observed reaction rates depend on many experimental parameters, viz., stirring speed, substrate amount, basicity of aqueous NaOH, amount of 1-bromobutane, temperature, order of addition of the reactants and particle size, percent active site, and percent crosslinking of the polymer. The rates are nearly 12 times higher at lower concentrations of base than at higher concentrations and do not vary appreciably with a variation in stirring speed from 200 to 700 rpm. The rate of alkylation increases with a decrease in the particle size of the catalyst and crosslinking of the polymer. Based on the results obtained, a suitable mechanism in which a combination of intraparticle diffusion and intrinsic reactivity limit the reaction rates has been proposed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310203
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 345-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) ; transition metal catalyst ; cyclopolymerization ; doping ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and cyclopolymerization of dipropargyl sulfoxide were studied. The polymerization of dipropargyl sulfoxide was carried out by various transition metal catalysts. WCl6-EtAlCl2, MoCl5, and PdCl2 catalyst systems were very effective. The resulting poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) structures were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), IR, and elemental analysis to have conjugated polyene units. Poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) prepared by PdCl2 was mostly soluble in organic solvents such as DMF and DMSO. Thermal and oxidative properties of poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) were also studied. The electrical conductivity of iodine-doped poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) was 5.2 × 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1. Comparisons of poly(dipropargyl sulfoxide) properties with other similar polymers from dipropargyl sulfur derivatives such as dipropargyl sulfide and dipropargyl sulfone were also carried out. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310206
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    Chemical reactions occurring in the thermal treatment of polymer blends investigated by direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry: Polycarbonate/polybuthyleneterephthalate (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer blends ; exchange reactions ; thermal degradation ; direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chemical reactions occurring in the thermal treatment of polycarbonate/polybuthyleneterephthalate (PC/PBT) blends have been investigated by gradual heating (10°C/min) using thermogravimetry and direct pyrolysis into the mass spectrometer. Exchange reactions occur already in the temperature range below 300°C but the transesterification equilibrium is affected by the evolution of thermal degradation products. Buthylenecarbonate, was detected in the first decomposition stage (320-380°C), which is evolved together with a series of cyclic compounds containing units of PC and PBT, in varying ratios. The overall thermal reaction evolves towards the formation of the most thermally stable polymer, i.e., a totally aromatic polyester (polymer III, Table I), which was found to be the end-product of the thermal processes occurring in the system investigated. The thermal decomposition products obtained from the PC/PBT blends in the range 320-600°C have mass sufficiently high to be structurally significant, since they contain at least one copolymer repeating unit. The reactions occurring in the thermal treatment of the PC/PBT blend are discussed in detail. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310102
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    Alginate polyelectrolyte ionotropic gels. XIV. Kinetics and mechanism of formation of intermediate complex during the oxidation of alginate polysaccharide by alkaline permanganate with a spectrophotometric evidence of manganate(VI) transient species (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: alginate ; polysaccharides ; kinetics ; oxidation ; permanganate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of the [Alg.Mn VIO42-] intermediate complex formation during the oxidation of alginate polysaccharide at pHs ≥ 12 have been investigated spectrophotometrically. The reaction showed a first-order dependence in permanganate and a fractional order with respect to the alginate concentration (Alg). Kinetic and spectrophotometric evidence revealed the formation of manganate(VI) as transient species. The results obtained indicated the dependence of the rate of formation on the pH of the medium where the complex formation was base catalyzed. A mechanism consistent with the experimental results is discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310106
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    Photochemically induced oxidative surface modification of polyimide films (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyimides ; photooxidation ; surface modification ; gas separations ; ultraviolet irradiation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyimide membranes that contain both the phthalimide chromophore and abstractable hydrogens undergo photochemically-induced oxidative surface modification when they are irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light for 0.5-30 min in air. The reaction requires 200-300 nm light and the presence of oxygen, and the surface-modified membranes show much higher oxygen/nitrogen selectivities than the untreated films. A mechanism for the photochemical reaction that is based on the photochemistry of structurally-similar monomeric phthalimides is proposed. The observed selectivity increases can also be explained by this mechanism. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310110
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    Functional polymers for colloidal applications. V. Novel behavior of polymeric emulsifiers in emulsion polymerization (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric emulsifier ; poly(dodecyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) ; bimodel distribution ; mechanism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymeric emulsifier poly(dodecyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) [i.e., the sodium salt (PDA)] and monomeric emulsifier sodium dodecyl glutarate (SDG) have been synthesized. PDA and SDG are used as emulsifiers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene with both the water-soluble initiator potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and the oil-soluble initiator 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The PDA/K2S2O8 system showed a bimodel distribution of particle sizes (2 and 0.05 μm). A bimodel particle distribution was also found for the PDA/AIBN system, but the distribution for the large particles was wide (0.1-10 and 0.07 μm). The SDG/K2S2O8 system displayed only one kind of particle size (0.05 μm), but the SDG/AIBN system also showed a bimodel distribution of particle sizes (0.05 and 5 μm). These bimodel distribution results for the PDA/K2S2O8, PDA/AIBN, and SDG/AIBN systems indicate that the polymerization sites are both in oil droplets and in micelles (polymer aggregates). This mechanism is interpreted in terms of the formation of polymer aggregates, which is supported by the results of pyrene solubilization, pyrene fluorescence, surface tension, and pyrene excimer experiments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310112
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    Anionic copolymerization of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene and divinylbenzene (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene ; divinylbenzene ; anionic copolymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anionic copolymerizations of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (PFS) with 1,3-divinylbenzene (m-DVB) and 1,4-divinylbenzene (p-DVB) were performed by using lithium diisopropylamide as an initiator in order to synthesize the fluorine-containing linear polymer with pendant vinyl groups. The products were soluble copolymers possessing both PFS and DVB monomeric units, and the DVB monomeric unit in copolymer had pendant vinyl group. This copolymerization reaction took a much longer time than that of styrene with DVB. The copolymerization parameter of this system was examined from copolymer composition curves. In this system, m-DVB was found to be more reactive than p-DVB. The reactivity of copolymerization was largely influenced by the reactivity of active species. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310116
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    Photochemical behavior of p-dimethylaminobenzoylated polystyrene as polymerization photoinitiator: Synthesis of graft copolymers (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric photoinitiators ; photopolymerization ; graft copolymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photochemical behavior of p-dimethylaminobenzoylated polystyrene (PS-MI) in benzene solution has been investigated, both in the presence and absence of methyl methacrylate (MMA). This behavior has been compared with that of the model compound, 4-isopropyl-4′-N,N-dimethylaminobenzophenone (CU-MI). PS-MI photoreduction takes place only through excimer formation due to the high local chromophore concentration, and therefore, PS-MI disappearance quantum yield is close to the previously calculated limiting value (0.02) and independent of chromophore concentration. Several parameters that characterize the polymerization process have been determined; it has been found that the obtained PMMA is photografted onto PS-MI backbone. This is in agreement with the proposed mechanism for radical generation. No homo-PMMA formation has been detected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310118
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    A study of polyurethanes synthesized from an arylsilane, bis(4,4′-phenylisocyanato)dimethylsilane, and its carbon analog, 2,2-bis(4,4′-phenylisocyanato)propane (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: arylsilane ; urethane ; silane polymers ; TGA ; NMR ; DSC ; silane elastomer ; silane thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(4,4′-phenylisocyanato) dimethylsilane (SiDI) and 2,2-bis (4,4′-phenylisocyanato)propane (PrDI) were synthesized, polymerized to polyurethanes, and their chemical, thermal and physical properties studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm deshielding by silicon of both the phenyl ring and the urethane linkage. The glass transition temperatures, solubility parameters, and mechanical properties were independent of the diisocyanates. The silicon containing polyurethanes are more thermally stable than their carbon counterparts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310121
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  • 89
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    Polymerization of ethylene using a high-activity Ziegler-Natta catalyst. II. Molecular weight regulation (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymerization ; molecular weight ; ethylene ; Ziegler-Natta ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article describes studies on the variables that regulate the molecular weight in ethylene polymerization using a highly active Ziegler-Natta catalyst with hydrogen for molecular weight control. The dependence of the degree of polymerization on the concentration of catalyst, cocatalyst, monomer, partial pressure of hydrogen, and temperature has been established. The rate constant for chain transfer with cocatalyst has been evaluated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310126
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermotropic copolyesters having ordered comonomer sequences and flexible spacers (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermotropic copolyesters ; ordered comonomer sequence ; hydroquinone ; terephthalic acid ; flexible spacer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of new copolyesters having ordered comonomer sequences were synthesized via multistep routes and their properties such as glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm), crystallization tendency, and mesomorphic properties were compared with those of the corresponding random copolyesters. All of the present copolyesters contain 1,8-octamethylene or 1,10-decamethylene spacers and hydroquinone (HQ) and terephthalic acid (TPA) moieties. In general, both melting and clearing temperatures of the ordered sequence copolyesters were much higher than those of the random counterparts. Crystallization tendency, however, was comparable. All of the present copolyesters are thermotropic and form nematic phase in melts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310130
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Chemically modified carbon fibers and their applications by I. N. Ermolenko, I. P. Lyubliner, and N. V. Gulko, VCH, New York and Germany, 1990, 304 pp. (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 297-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310137
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of carbon monoxide with 1,3-cyclopentadiene by palladium complexes (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: copolymerization ; polyketone ; carbon monoxide ; 1,3-cyclopentadiene ; palladium catalyst ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolymerization of carbon monoxide with 1,3-cyclopentadiene (CPD) by palladium complexes, [Pd(CH3CN)4-n (PPh3)n] (BF4)2, n = 1-3 (especially n = 1), was studied at 60°C. Results of elementary analysis, infrared spectra, and NMR spectra showed that copolymers containing ketone and ring structures were produced. Phosphorus compounds such as PPh3 were found to be more effective stabilizing ligands for the catalytic activity compared to arsenic or nitric ligands. A higher activity of the catalyst for the copolymerization of CPD with carbon monoxide was observed in noncoordinating solvents such as CHCl3 even at a pressure as low as 300 psi. The amount of 1,2 structure for the CPD-CO copolymer increased as the polarity of solvent increased. The copolymer was confirmed to be partially crystalline by the x-ray diffraction. TGA shows that weight loss of copolymer starts at 120°C and the maximum peak of decomposition occurs at 469°C. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310202
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approaches to novel AB heteroaromatic polyamides based on cyanoimidazoles (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(imidazoleamide) ; cyanoimidazole ; heteroaramide ; imidazole amino acids ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the synthesis of several AB monomers based on 2-amino-4,5-dicyanoimidazole. Polymerization of the monomers to poly(imidazoleamide)s, by several methods is described. Amino acids 2-amino-4-cyano-1-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylic acid and 2-amino-5-cyano-1-methyl-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid were prepared by mono-ethanolysis of 2-amino-4,5-dicyanoimidazole followed by methylation of the 1-nitrogen. The resulting regioisomeric mixture of ethyl esters was separated by fractional crystallization and hydrolyzed to the desired amino acids. The regioisomeric structure was determined by NOE studies of the decarboxylated amino acids. The corresponding acid chlorides were prepared with thionyl chloride and isolated as the HCl salts. Activated esters were prepared by reacting the acid chlorides with alcohols such as 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol and 2-chlorophenol. Model compounds were prepared by the acylation of aminocyanoimidazoles but yields were low. The low nucleophilicity of the aminocyanoimidazolecarboxylic acids was partially overcome by the use of the acylation catalyst 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and the activating agent silicon tetrachloride. The acid chlorides were polymerized in amide solvents such as hexamethyl phosphoramide with pyridine and DMAP. A copolyamide consisting of both regioisomers was prepared from a regioisomeric mixture of the acid chlorides. In addition, aminolysis of 2-chlorophenyl 2-amino-4-cyano-1-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate resulted in a low yield of poly(imidazoleamide). Poly(imidazoleamide)s were red to tan which suggest conjugation along the polymer backbone. The solubility of the polyamides varied from amide solvents to sulfuric acid depending on the regioisomeric structure and molecular weight. The molecular weight of the heteroaramids was in the range from 1500 to 4000 based on viscosity measurements in sulfuric acid. The poly(imidazoleamide)s were thermally stable in excess of 300°C under air and nitrogen atmosphere. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310207
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregational behavior in water, of some polyamphiphiles derived from reactive polymers (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 387-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyamphiphiles ; reactive polymers ; intra- and intermolecular micelles ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; video enhanced microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Selected polyamphiphiles were prepared by the method of reactive polymers, i.e., interaction of polymaleic anhydride and polyacryloyl chloride with certain long chain alcohols. The aggregational behavior of these polyamphiphiles in water was studied by video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, as well as by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The formation of large aggregates was observed by video technique, while inter- and intramolecular micelles were detected by spectroscopic © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310211
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of water-soluble oligomers formed during the emulsion polymerization of styrene by means of isotachophoresis (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 467-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: emulsion polymerization ; isotachophoresis ; oligomer ; free radical ; aqueous phase ; styrene ; termination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concentrations and probable nature of charged oligomers formed by aqueous-phase termination in the persulfate-initiated emulsion polymerization of styrene were measured by isotachophoresis. Isotachophoresis has some advantages over other techniques (e.g., GPC, UV spectroscopy) in that it separates species according to their molecular weight, geometry, and charge. The charged water-soluble oligomeric species were detected in experiments in which particles were nucleated in a surfactant-free environment. Identification of the moieties present was made by comparison with model compounds. Evidence was found for bimolecular combination as a major mechanism of termination in the aqueous phase, although the possibility of disproportionation could not be ruled out. The species formed in the aqueous phase under saturated monomer conditions were found to be subject to further reaction towards the end of polymerization. The surface adsorption characteristics of the compounds formed were compared with those of known surfactants and showed good agreement with the assumptions in the model of Maxwell et. al. [Macromolecules, 24, 1629 (1991)] for initiator efficiencies in emulsion polymerization. The relatively large concentrations of nonradical aqueous-soluble oligomeric compounds demonstrate conclusively that initiator efficiencies are not 100%, as is often assumed in such systems. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310219
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemical addition reaction of a polymer-bearing pendant vinyl ether with various thiol compounds (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: photochemical addition reaction ; pendant vinyl ether group ; thiol compound ; photosensitizer ; benzophenone ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photochemical addition reaction of the pendant vinyl ether group in the polymer (P-1), which was synthesized by the alternate ring-opening copolymerization of glycidyl vinyl ether with phthalic anhydride, with various thiol compounds such as benzenethiol, phenylmethanethiol, 2-mercaptoacetic acid, ethyl 2-mercaptoacetate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (AcCys), and 1,4-phenylenedi(methylthiol) was carried out using benzophenone (BP) as the photosensitizer in the THF solution. Each reaction proceeded very smoothly to give the corresponding polymers with high conversion, although the degree of reaction of the pendant vinyl ether group in P-1 was affected by the molar ratio between the thiol compounds and the vinyl ether group, and the amounts of photosensitizer BP added. Furthermore, it was also found that optically active polymer containing pendant N-acetyl-L-cysteine residue was synthesized by the photochemical addition reaction of P-1 with AcCys. The reactions of P-1 with dithiol or bisazide compounds occurred effectively to give gel products in the film state, and it was found that the polymer film containing P-1 and those compounds can be applied as negative-type photoresists with high practical photosensitivity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310111
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and emulsion copolymerization of amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomer possessing a vinyl ester group (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: amphiphilic macromonomer ; poly(2-oxazoline) ; emulsion copolymerization ; vinyl ester group ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The present article describes the synthesis and emulsion copolymerization of a block-type amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomer possessing a polymerizable vinyl ester group. The macromonomer was synthesized by one-pot two-stage block copolymerization of 2-oxazolines using vinyl iodoacetate as initiator. 2-Methyl- and 2-n-butyl-2-oxazolines were employed for the construction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, respectively. The surface activities evaluated by the surface tension of the macromonomer in water were fairly good. Emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate with the macromonomer was carried out. The macromonomer acted as a polymeric surfactant, as well as a comonomer. The resulting copolymer latex particles were spherical and their diameter was in the sub-micron range. The effects of the composition of the macromonomer on the emulsion copolymerization and the resulting latex particles were examined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310114
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymers of PBT and nylon 4T (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 575-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: PBT copolymer ; polyesteramide ; diaminobutane ; nylon 4T copolymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polybutylene terephthalate-nylon 4T copolymers (PBT-PA 4T) are synthesized from the diamide of diaminobutane and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with butane diol and more DMT in a concentration range of up to 50% PA 4T. The polymerization conditions were similar to those for PBT: first, a melt polymerization, followed by solid-state post-condensation. The materials were studied by differential scanning analysis (DSC) (melting and crystallization behavior) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) (glass transitions and torsion moduli). The water absorptions were determined at 100% RH. By increasing the PA 4T content in the copolymers, melting temperatures increased strongly, heats of fusion decreased slightly, and glass transition temperatures increased linearly. The torsion moduli above the glass transition temperature were higher. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310231
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Frontiers in supramolecular organic chemistry and photochemistry, Hans-Jorg Schneider and Heinz Durr, eds., VCH, New York, 1991, 485 pp. (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 593-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310236
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  • 100
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    A new class of aromatic polyetheraroylhydrazides. I. Synthesis and chemical-physical characterization (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1315-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: aromatic polyhydrazides ; heat-resistant polymers ; synthesis ; thermal analysis ; structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of new aromatic polyetheraroylhydrazides incorporating 4-oxybenzoyl units has been synthesized, whose general formula was [CONHNHCO—O—O-(CH2)x—O—phenyl O-CONHNHCOO]n with x values in the range of 2 to 12. The increasing number of methylene units in the backbone gave rise to polymers which melted before the hydrazidic linkage underwent thermal cyclation to oxadiazole. Moreover, many polymers showed multiple endotherms on melting. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed a crystalline organization of polyhydrazides for methylene units above 4. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310527
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