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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 158-166 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gentechnikspezifische rechtliche Vorgaben sind beim Herstellen von gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen (GVP), Arbeiten mit GVP und dem Vermarkten von GVP einzuhalten. Diese reichen von der Anmeldung oder Genehmigung der gentechnischen Arbeit in einer gentechnischen Anlage, der Dokumentation der Arbeiten, bis zu den erforderlichen Genehmigungen von Freisetzungen oder des Inverkehrbringens der GVP.Die Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben erfordert ebenso wie die praktische Überwachung geeignete Nachweisverfahren. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der gesetzlichen Etikettierungsvorschriften für gentechnisch veränderte Organismen sollen diese Verfahren hier vorgestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 184-187 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 192-192 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 115
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 200-207 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Es ist schon erstaunlich: Man setzt sich eine einfache Brille auf, die als “Gläser” zwei farblose Folien enthält, und schon spielt die räumliche Sehwelt verrückt. Farbige Felder in bunt gemusterten Flächen springen in der Wahrenhmung auf uns zu, und andere weichen zurück. Betrachtet man eine Person vor dunklem Hintergrund, die einen roten Pullover and eine blause Hose anhat, so sieht man die obere Hälfte viel näher als die untere. Und noch verrückter: Ähnlich wei bei Michael Endes “Scheinriese” Tur-Tur ‘1’ nimmt der Tiefeneindruck zu, je weiter man sich von dem betrachteten Objekt entfernt. Wie kommt dieser Effekt zustande?Das Grundprinzip der ChromaDepth-Brille (C3DTM glasses), die von der Firma Chromatek in Georgia/USA hergestellt wird, ist die Farbdispersion: Rotes Licht wird durch das Gitter der brillenfolie stärker seitlich abgelenkt (gebeugt) als blaues Licht (Abbildung 1). Das dies für beide Augen gegensinnig erfolgt, ergeben sich Bildunterschiede zwischen rechtem und linkem Auge; Disparitäten, die das Sehsytem im Gehirn wie gewohnt als Raumtiefe deutet(Farbtiefeneffekt, Abbildung 2) Deshalb seiht man mit der ChromaDepth-Brille bunt gemusterte Flächen räumlich, genauer formuliert: Setzt man die Brille auf, so springen die Bilder, die wir mit unseren beiden Augen sehen, etwas aufeinander zurote Bildteile mehr, blaue weniger, Die Folge ist: Vor dunklem hintergrund erscheinen rote Flachen näher als blaue. Vor hellem Hintergrund ist es genau umge Kehrt: Rot erscheint hinter Blau. Das Ausmaß der wahrogenommenen Tiefe ist beträchtlich. So scheint der rote Fleck eines Laser-Pointers, auf eine vier Meter entfernte weiße Wand fällt, 110 Zentimeter vor dieser Wand in der Luft zu schweben. Im einzelnen kan der Sachverhalt sehr kompliziert sein. Auch wenn wir meinen, eine bestimmte Farbe zu sehen, handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit meist um ein kompliziertes Gemisch verschiedener Wellenlängen, die alle mit der ChromaDepth-Brille auseinan-dersortiert werden und ganz unerwartete Tiefenstaffelungen erzeugen können.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 218-222 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scheinbar hat es Vortelie, Zwitter zu sein. Die Erstbesiedlung neuer oder gestörter lebensräume wird durch die Möglichkeit zur Selbstbefruchtung vereinfaht oder bei Abwesenheit von Sexualpartnern sogar erst möglich. Aus einem einzigen Samen einer selbstbestäubenden Pflanze kann sich bei gleichzetig hoher Reproduktionsrate, schnell eine große Population aufbauen. Viele kleine Brassicaceen (Kreuzblülter), wie etwa die Ackerschmalwand Arabidopsis thaliana, sind dafür gute Beispiele. Doch uneingeschränkte Selbstbefruchtung hat offensichtliche Nachtelie. Ungünstige Mutationen häufen sich im Genom an, und die durch Durchmischung des Erbgutes bewirkten heterosiseffekte entfalten sich nicht. Daher finden sich in etwa der Hälfte aller pflanzenfamilien Arten, bei denen Selbstbefruchtung (Autogamie) ausgeschlossen ist ‘5’. Verbreitete Mechanismen, die eine Allogamie (Frembdefruchtung) begünstigen, sind unterschiedliche Reifezeitpunkte und -orte der weiblichen und mänlichen gameten auf einer Pflanze oder die Diözie (Zweihäusigkeit), bei der weibliche und männliche Gameten auf unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet werden. Weiterhin gibt es eine Vielzahl morphologischer Barrieren, die das zufällige Bestäuben mit dem eigenen Pollen behindern und Pflanzen häufig an Tiere als Pollenüberträger von Blüte zu Blüte binden. “Echte” selbstinkompatible pflanzen können den eigenen Pollen oder den der “näheren Verwandtschaft” erkennen und abn der Befruchtung hindern, sie sind aber nicht etwa steril, wie der früher gebrächliche Begriff Selbststerilität nahelegte, da sie fertile Gameten bilden. Erkannt wurde das Phänomen schon 1764 von Köreuter für die Königskerze Verbascum phoenichicum, doch die erste eingehende Analyse und Zusammen fassung dieser Daten und eigener Befunde erfolgte später (1867) durch Charles Darwin. Er erkannte als erster, daß die beobachtete Unfruchtbarkeit durchaus als “Begabung” angesehen werden kann.Viele landwirtschaftlich genutzte Arten sind heute selbstkompatibel, weil im Laufe ihrer Kulturgeschichte die Selbstinkompatibilitäts- Mechanismen verlorengegangen sind oder bewuß darauf verzichtet wurde. Dies hat gute Gründe: Einer davon ist vor allem eine Ertragssteigerung durch die ungehinderte (Selbst-) Befruchtung. Allerdings ist mit solchen Pflanzen die Produktion von Hybridsaatgut zur, “Handarbeit” des Züchters geworden. Im Zeitalter teurer menschilcher Arbeitskraft hat daher jede Art von Pollensterilität nicht zu unter schätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung gewonnen. Die (Rück-) Übertragung eines funktionierenden Selbstinkomatibilitätssystems auf kulturpflanzen erscheint hier als ein Lösungsweg, insbesondere da solche Pflanzen weiterhin fertilen Pollen produzieren könnten, also nicht steril wären. Allerdings ist man heutzutage noch zu weit von einem umfassenden Verständnis der natürlichen Selbstinkompatibilitäts Systeme entfernt, um deren übertragung auf selbstkompatible Methoden, erreichen zu Können.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 118
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nur bei wenigen Wachstumsprozessen wird eine so groß Genauigkeit gefordert und erreicht wie bei der Abstimmung der Augenlänge auf die Brennweite von Linse und Hornhaut. Wenn das Auge um nur ein Prozent zu lang ist, besteht bereist eine Kurzsichtigkeit (Myopie) von fast einer Dioptrie (dpt). Dabei fällt die Sehschärfe in der Ferne auf etwa ein Drittel. ab. Ist das Auge daggen zu kurz (Weitsichtigkeit-Hyperopie), so kann man zwar in der Ferne meist noch gut sehen, aber die Arbeit in der Nähe wird schwierig, weil mehr Akkommodation aufgebracht werden muß. Die hat nichts mit der “Alterweitsichtigkeit” (Presbyopie) zu tun, wo zwar der Bau des Auges normal ist, aber der altersbedingte Verlust der Akkommodation scharfes Sehen in der Nähe unmöglich macht.Beim Menschen, einigen Afen und Vögeln erreicht die Abbildungsgüte im Bereich der Stelle des schärfsten Sehens (Fovea) die Grenze der physikalischen Möglichkeiten. Nicht optische Schwächen oder Ungenauigkeiten im Bau des Auges, sondern die Lichtbeugung an der Pupille, die zwangsläufig aus den Welleneigenschaften des Lichtes folgt, begrenzen weitere Auflösung. Es ist schwer vorstellbar, wie diese Genaukeit erreicht werden kann, wenn nicht eine Steuerung des Wachstums durch einen rückgekoppeltn Regelkreis erfolgt, der sein Fehlersignal aus dem Netzhautbild entnimmt. Bis vor wenigen Jahren herrschte dennoch die Meinnung vor, daß das Augenlängenwachstum weitgehend genetisch bestimmt ist. Inszwischen ist aber durch Experimente mit brillentragenden Hühnern und Affen gezigt worden, daß “normale” Seherfahrung tatsächlich Voraussetzung für genaues Wachtsum ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, ber bisherige Ergebnisse lassen Schlüsse über mögliche Ursachen von Kurzsichtigkeit zu.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 120
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 121
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 268-277 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 286-291 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kein Schiff überquert sden Ozean ganz ohne blinde passagiere. Muscheln undAsseln bohren sich in Holzplanken. Algen und Seepocken heften sich mi Unterwasserbereich an die Schiffsrümpfe. Planktische sporen und Larven gelangen in das Ballastwasser, das jedes moderne Schiff zur Stabilisierung mit sich führt ‘1 und 3’. Je größer und schneller ein Schiff ist, desto, besser ist dies für die unbeachteten Tramper der Weltmeere. Wer solch eine lange Seereise überlebt, ist auch widerstands- und anpassungsfähig genug, um sich an neuen Küsten zurechtzufinden (Abbildung 2). Günstige Gelegenheiten zur Mitreise ergeben sich auch, wenn Austern oder andere Meerestiere für die Weiterzucht an ferne Küsten versandt werden. Solch ein Handel hat weltweit zugenommen, ebenso wie der interkontinentale Schffsverkehr. Diese Entwicklung führte dazu, daß mehr und mehr Arten zu Bewohnern weit voneinander entfernter Küsten wurden. Der mensch half die natürlichen Ausbreitungsbarrieren zu überwinden und leitete eine Globalisierung der Lebensgemeinschaften an den Küsten ein. - Welchen Umfang aber hat dies im Bereich der Nordsee angenommen? - Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich? - Kann und soll dieser Trend aufgehalten werden? - Diese brisanten Fragen stellen sich weltweit für die Meeresküsten und ebenso auch für die Süßwasser und das Land ‘11-13’.
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  • 123
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu en vielen Schutz- und Verteidigungsstrategien, die von den Organismen entwickelt wurden, um dem Gefressenwerden zu entgehen, Zählen ein sperrigerwerden der Individuen, die Bildung von Panzern, Stacheln und Dornen, das Produzieren und Speichern von schwerverdaulichen Stoffen und Giften, aber auch die Entwicklung eines komplexen verhaltensrepertoires zur Vermeidung von Freßfeinden ‘8’. Bis zur dieses Jahrhunders glaubte man, daß die der Verteidigung dienenden Maßnahmen dauerhaft seien, also im Laufe der Evolution entstanden sind und im Verlauf ddes Lebens eines Individuums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Ausprägung, gelangen, unabhängig von der gerad herrschenden Bedrohung. Heute wissen wir, daß neben einer solchen kionstitutiven Verteidigung in vielen Organismengruppen auch induzierbare Verteidigungsmechanismen existieren, welche nur dann wirksam werden wenn Freßfeinde im Biotop in größerer Dchte auftreten und somit eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung darstellen. Das Spektrum induzierbarer Feindabwehrmechanismen ist der Palette der kionstitutiven Abwehrmaßnahmen dabei durchaus sehr ähnlich. Der entscheidende Unterschied ist jedoch der, daß der bedrohte Organismus erst auf ein bestimmtes Signal hin von seinem genetisch festgelegten Schutzmechanismus Gebrauch macht. Dadurch werden die Kostenfür die Feindabwehr minimiert. Neben physikalischen Signalen (wie Licht und Temperatur), welche dem Organismus indirekt Auskunft über den Grad einer aktuellen Bedrohung geben können, spielen von den Freßfeinden abgegebene chemische Signale (Kairomone) eine entscheidende Rollen als Auslöser der induzierbaren Verteidigungsmechanismen. An der Aufklärung der chemischen Natur der Kariomione wird zur Zeit intenxiv gearbeitet.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Früher wurden über 90% aller Vogelarten als monogam klassifiziert, also als in Einehen lebend ‘5’. Manhatte zwar auch schon damals vereinzelt beobachtet, daß es bei einem Teil dieser Arten manchmal zu Kopulationen mit anderen Individuen als dem Paarpartner kommen kann, maß diesem Verhalten jedoch keine größere Bedeutung bei. Man dachte vielmehr, daß es sichhierbei um eine Art krankhaftes Verhalten handele. Dises Ansicht änderte sich erst, als verschiedene Methoden von Elternschaftsnachweissen gezielt auch bei Vögeln angewenden wurden, um damit Jungtiere zu identifizieren, die aus solchen “Fremdkopulationen resultieren”. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß die Häfigkeit dieses Verhaltens aufgrund der wenigen Beobachtungen stark unterschätzt worden war und daß bei einer beeinduruckenden Zahl von Vogelarten mit einem monogamen paarungsssytem Jungtiere zu finden sind, die nicht von dem Männchen abstammen, welches die Brut versorgt ‘1’.Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werfen eine Reihe weiterführender evolutionsbiologischer Fragen auf. So stellt sich unter ande rem die Frange nach dem Anpassungswert, halb des Paarbundes. Während der Nutzen f¨r die Männchen auf der hand zu liegen scheint, sie können durch, “Fremdkopulationen” die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen erhöhen, ist der evlutionsbiologische Vorteil für die Weibchen nicht nämlilck durch Ko pulationen außerhalb des Paarbundes normalerweise nicht die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen steigern. Sie erhöhen durch Kopulationen mit einem anderen Männchen allenfalls die genetische Variabilität ihree Nachkommen.Ein weiterer Fragenkomplex ergibt sich durch den Umstand, daß brutpflegende Männchen vermeiden sollten, für Jungtiere zu sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen. Dises Erwartung basiert darauf, daß Brutpflege gewöhnlich mit Kosten (Enegie und Zeit) verbunden ist: Wenn die Männchen für Jungtiere sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen, dann reduzieren sie auf längere Sicht ihren eingene Fortpflanzungserfolg.Im fogenden Aufastz soll versucht werden, die beiden genannten Fragenkomplexe beispielhaft an Untersuchungsergebnissen zum Paarungsverhalten von Kohleisen zu vertiefen. Dabei soll zunächst gezeigt werden, wie mit Hilfe moderner molekulargenetischer Methoden, namentlich dem DNA-Fingerprinting, das Fortpflanzungsverhalten einer Vogelart analysiert werden kann, um dann anschließend auf die eben genannten evolutionsbiologisch relevanten Aspekte einzugehen.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 309-309 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seit 1989 organisieren die beiden Zoologen Prof. Dr. H. K. Schminke aus Oldenburg und Prof. Dr. W. Westheide aus Osnabrück im Sommer einwöchige Intensivkurse zur Vermittlung taxonomisch-ökologischer Kenntnisse über einheimische Tiergruppen. BIUZ wollte mehr über diese Kurse und ihre Ziele wissen.
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  • 126
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 127
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. IX 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 128
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 129
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 318-318 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 130
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 330-335 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Blütenpflanzen können nur über ihre Ausbreitungseinheiten oder Diasporen wandern. Das sind Keimkörper, die entweder auf ungeschlechtliche oder geschlechtliche Weise gebildet werden. Im folgenden werden nur die auf geschlechtlichem Weg entstandenen und für die Bluütenpflanzenevolution so wichtigen Ausbreitungskörper diskutiert.Im einfachsten Fall sind die Ausbreitungskörper bei en Blütenpflanzen die Samen selbst. Es können jedoch auch andere Blütenteile (Fruchtblätter, Blütenaches) und sogar Pflanzenteile außerhalb der Blüte (Tragblätter) in den Aufbau der Diasporen einbezogen sein. Mannigfaltig sind dabei die Anpassungen an die verschiedenen Vektoren, die für den Transport der Diasporen verantwortlich sind. Wind, Wasser, Tiere oder die Pflanzen selbst sorgen für eine geeignete Ausbreitung. Oft wirken mehrere Vektoren zusammen. Große Unterschiede bestehen in der Größe der Diasporen und in der Anzahl, die eine Blütenpflanze hervorbringt. experimente deuten jedoch immer wieder auf ein einheitliches Grundmuster der Ausbreitung hin.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 346-352 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A Is unerläßliches Nebenprodukt fördert der Steinkohlenbergbau unverwertbares Gestein, die “Berge”. Nur ein geringer Prozentsatz dieses Materials kann wieder unter die Erde zuruckgebracht werden, der weitaus größte Teil wird zu Bergehalden aufgeschüttete man die Halden in Form von Spitzkegeln auf, später wurden sie als terrassierte Tafelberge gestaltet. Heute versucht man, die Bergehalden als eine Art “Landschaftsbauwerk” in die Umgebung zu integrieren.Das nackte, schwarze Gestein der Aufhaldungen findet bei der Bevölkerung keine Akzeptanz, darüber hinaus verursacht eine unbegrünte Bergehalde erhebliche Staubentwicklung. Diese Gründe machten es erforderlich, die Bergehalden zu begrünung bestockte man die Halden mit Gehölzpflanzen, mittlerweile versucht man, die Halden unter Einbeziehung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse nach ökoogischen Gesichtspunkten zu bepflanzen ‘22’. Von besonderem Interesse ist die Frage nach dem Wert dieser Flächen seitens des Naturschutzes. Dies gewinnt insbesondere deshalb an Bedeutung, da gerade in den industriellen Ballungsräumen im städtischen Bereich oft ein großer Verlust an Grünflaächen Stattgefunden hat. Eine Bewertung der Bergehalden hinsichtlich ihres Nutzens für naturschutzorientierte Zwecke kann jedoch nur anhand mehrjähriger Untersuchungen erfolgen.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 372-373 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 374-374 
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 135
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 377-377 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 137
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  • 138
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  • 139
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 384-384 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 140
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential of using indigenous microorganisms in beach sediments to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons emanating from marine oil spillages in the Straits of Singapore was investigated. A field trial was conducted using oil contaminated beach sediments from Pulau Semakau - a small island 15 km south of Singapore. The results clearly show that the addition of inorganic nutrients to beach sediments significantly enhanced the activity of indigenous microorganisms (measured using the dehydrogenase enzyme assay and viable cell count techniques), as well as the removal of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPH) over a 50-day study period (with up to 44% in the case of nutrient addition). The potential of exploiting in-situ bioremediation techniques for oil spill clean-up operations in tropical marine environments is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 141
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum was optimized by numerically finding the maximum of an arbitrarily chosen second order polynomial model function of several variables (describing the dependence of the cellulose production on the concentrations of the medium components), using multivariable linear regression analysis. The chosen function appeared to describe the analyzed correlation sufficiently well. Consequently, three to six stages of optimization made the determination of the optimum medium compositions possible for 16 days of fermentation at 30°C in a medium based on fructose (wt%: fructose, 3.68; yeast extract, 5.02; (NH4)2NO3, 0.001; KH2PO4, 0.3; MgSO4 × 7 H2O, 0.05; resulting in a cellulose production equal to 0.505 wt.% - namely 5.6 times higher than before the optimization) and for 7 days fermentations at 30°C in a medium based on sucrose and ethanol (wt.%: sucrose, 5.0; ethanol, 1.36; yeast extract, 1.27; (NH4)2SO4, 0.5; KH2PO4, 0.3; MgSO4 × 7 H2O, 0.05; resulting in a cellulose production equal to 0.251 wt.% - namely 1.5 times higher than before the optimization).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) preparation from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor during a process for the enzymatic decrease of the phenolic content of commercial canola meal (CM) was investigated. The effects of temperature, pH, protein origin and concentration, and meal particles were considered. The results showed that the thermal stability of the enzyme preparation was significantly increased in the presence of CM. The half-life times for the enzyme preparation, pre-incubated with CM at 50, 60, 70 and 75°C, were 45, 10.5, 3.5 and 1.5 hours, respectively; this represents an increase in the thermal stability of the enzyme preparation of up to four times in the presence of CM compared to the stability in the absence of CM. This effect was caused by the protective actions of both the CM particles and CM proteins, with the former responsible for 90% of the observed effect. The thermal stability of the enzyme in the presence of CM, from which 20% of the extractable proteins was extracted, was 5% lower compared to the stability in the presence of untreated CM. Changes in pH level from 5.0 to 3.2 resulted in a loss of stability comparable to that observed when the pre-incubation temperature was increased from 50 to 70°C.A semi-empirical model describing the changes in the concentration of the active enzyme pre-incubated in the presence and absence of CM at various incubation temperatures was proposed. A very good agreement between the model and experimental data was obtained. The proposed model, together with a general set of model parameters, can be used as a tool for the optimization of a process for the upgrade of CM by enzymatically decreasing the meal's phenolic content.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 143
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 111-145 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A non-comprehensive review of several technical developments in the field of aerobic biological waste-water treatment engineering is carried out, considering the active role the engineers have to play in this field. This paper brings together conventional and advanced problems in the field of aerobic biological waste-water treatment.Such an overview of biological waste-water treatment also precedes comments on some important aspects concerning the microorganisms responsible for waste-water treatment as well as considerations of the application of fundamentals and kinetics to the analysis of the biological processes used most commonly for aerobic biological waste-water treatment.A survey of the development of the biological activated-sludge process and some modifications are given. Some problems implied in the conventional activated-sludge waste-water treatment are analyzed, considering conventional processes and bioreactor models (the continuous stirred-tank reactor model and the plug-flow reactor models of the activated-sludge process) as well as aerated lagoons.Further, modifications of the activated-sludge process are presented. These include additional details on the bioreactor progress and applications, with emphasis on aspects concerning airlift bioreactors and their variants, deep-shaft bioreactors and reciprocating jet bioreactors which are considered as the third generation of bioreactors owing to their important advantages in design, operation and performance in waste-water treatment. Sequencing-batch reactors and aerobic digestion processes, including conventional aerobic digestion, high-purity oxygen digestion, thermophilic aerobic digestion and cryophylic aerobic digestion are also reviewed.Finally, some aspects regarding the operational factors that are involved in the selection of the reactor type are included.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 144
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of the experiments, the mechanical properties of 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan and 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan/locust bean gum (LBG) gels stored in various concentrations of propionic and acetic acids and their mixtures were examined. The stability of these materials was measured by uniaxial compression between two parallel plates using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. A mathematical model explaining the dependence of the destroying force on the storage time was chosen for data analysis. Using this model, the average rate of gel deterioration was calculated. The structural properties of the examined gels were most influenced by the highest concentration of propionic and acetic acids and their mixtures (1% acetic acid and 2% propionic acid). The addition of LBG to carrageenan decreased the gel destroying force and increased its resistance to acids.In the second part of the experiments, the Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii NCFB 1081 and NCFB 566 were immobilized in a living state in 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan and 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan/LBG gels. The ammonia consumption, glucose utilization, production of propionic and acetic acids and the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 were examined. An increase in the productivity of propionic acid and a significant decrease in the vitamin B12 produced in the biosynthesis were observed when immobilized cells were used. The immobilization of cells enhanced the productivity of propionic acid by up to 40% compared to free cells. The best results were obtained for the second and third applications of immobilized cells in all concentrations of carrageenan gels and 2% and 3% carrageenan/LBG gels The results showed that carrageenan/LBG is a better support material for the immobilization of propionic acid bacteria than the pure carrageenan.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 145
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  • 146
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 147
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bioaccumulation of cadmium by the white rot fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju onto dry biomass was investigated using aqueous media with concentrations in the range of 0.125 mM-1.0 mM The highest cadmium uptake (between 88.9 and 91.8%) was observed with aerobic fungal biomass from the exponential growth phase. Up to 1.0 mM cadmium gradually inhibited mycelium development, but never blocked it completely. Freeze-dried, oven-dried and non-metabolizing live Pleurotus sajor-caju biomass types were tested for their capacity to adsorb the test ion Cd2+ within the pH range of 4.5 to 6.0. Freeze-dried biomass proved to be the most efficient biomass type for Cd2+ metal adsorption. Therefore, Pleurotus sajor-caju may be used for heavy metal removal and bioremediation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 148
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of cellobiose hydrolysis was studied using β-glucosidase from Penicillium funiculosum, both free and immobilized on nylon powder, at different temperatures, pH values, enzymatic activities and initial cellobiose and glucose concentrations.The experimental results were fitted to a kinetic model by considering the substrate and product inhibitions as well as the thermal deactivation of β-glucosidase with a mean deviation of less than 10%. The immobilization of β-glucosidase led to an increase in the stability of the enzyme against changes in the pH value.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 150
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol has been reported to be a gaseous pollutant, originating from the agricultural industry. Interest in its biodegradation has increased over the last two decades. Most of the current studies have focused on its elimination by mixed cultures. This study is part of a broader project intended to utilize Candida utilis strains for gaseous ethanol elimination and to eventually bioconvert them into biomass and/or volatile metabolites. We present here the study of six strains (one from the ATCC and five from the ICIDCA collection) cultivated in a liquid medium, with initial ethanol concentrations of 16 g/l and 32 g/l. At 16 g/l, a maximum ethanol elimination rate of 0.13 g/l × h was obtained in four of the six strains (ATCC 9950, L/375-1, L/375-5 and L/375-10). This rate increased to 0.21 g/l × h with an initial ethanol concentration of 32 g/l. The L/375-5 strain was the best biomass producer (3.3 g/l) at 32 g/l, while the highest ethyl acetate production (0.80 g/l) was obtained with the L/375-1 strain. The L/375-25 and L/375-26 strains which showed very low ethyl acetate production were, by way of contrast, efficient acetaldehyde producers, with 0.54 g/l and 0.66 g/l measured in the broth. While biomass production reached its maximum after two days of culture, the production of acetic acid and ethyl acetate continued during the third day. The results for biomass and metabolite production obtained with the ICIDCA collection strains (L/375-1, L/375-5 and L/375-10) were better than those obtained with the ATCC 9950 strain, although the latter often has been reported to be particularly suitable for metabolite production.
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 77-78 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 152
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of the Rhizobium sp., isolated from the root nodules of the leguminous pulse yielding shrub Cajanus cajan, to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) was checked. A large amount of EPS (1, 128 μg/ml) was produced by the bacteria in yeast extract mannitol medium. Growth and EPS production started simultaneously, but the production reached its maximum level in the stationary phase of growth at 28 h. The EPS production by this Rhizobium sp. was much higher than by many other strains from nodules of Cajanus cajan which took a much longer time to reach maximum EPS production than this strain. The maximum EPS production (2,561 μg/ml) was obtained when the medium was supplemented with mannitol (1%), cetyl pyridinium chloride (2 μg/ml) and KNO3 (0.2%), in which the production was increased by 276% compared to the control. The EPS production rose in the period up to 65 h with increased mannitol concentration. The EPS contained arabinose, xylose and rhamnose monomers. The possible role of rhizobial EPS production in root nodule symbiosis is discussed.
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  • 153
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  • 154
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  • 155
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 331-339 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Rhizobium sp., isolated from the root nodules of the leguminous fodder herb Melilotus alba, produced large amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) (963.5 μg/ml) in a yeast extract mannitol medium. Growth and EPS production started simultaneously, but EPS production reached its maximum during the stationary phase of growth of the bacteria, at 20 hours. EPS production was increased with all of the thirteen sugars tested. Different nitrogen sources, such as nitrates, glutamic acid, casamino acid and L-asparagine, increased the EPS production although it was inhibited by glycine, nitrite and ammonium salts. Among the vitamins and metal ions, only pyridoxal phosphate and ZnSO4 promoted EPS production. Attempts were made to optimize the cultural requirements for growth and maximum EPS production. Maximum EPS production (1457.0 μg/ml) was obtained when the medium was supplemented with glucose (1%), pyridoxal phosphate (2 μ g/ml), ZnSO4 × 7 H2O (10 μg/ml) and glutamic acid (0.1%). Under these conditions, the production was increased by 254.3% compared to the control. The EPS contained arabinose, xylose and rhamnose monomers. The presence of arabinose and xylose in the EPS produced by a Rhizobium sp. was uncommon.
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  • 156
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the present work, the use of flame-burned WS as carriers of Z. mobilis and extracellular levansucrase and the effect of the cell fixation method by dehydration on system productivity were investigated. Lyophilization and convective drying of Z. mobilis biomass at 30°C to a moisture content of 10-14% gave the best results for the repeated batch fermentations of a sucrose medium to obtain levan and ethanol. Significant correlation between the product formation and the concentration of free cells in the fermentation medium was established. Clearly, the cells were weakly bound to the newly generated WS and were washed out into the medium during fermentation. Here the hypothesis is presented that components excreted from damaged cells during dehydration can intensify the reactivation of damaged living cells and influence the interactions between the cells and the wire surface.The passive immobilization of extracellular levansucrase in oxidized WS was also observed. The superiority of oxidized WS in comparison with non-treated WS is related to an increase in the number of OH groups. The potential regeneration of WS by burning after the termination of fermentation cycles was also considered.
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  • 157
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 146-146 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 158
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A xylanase was removed from crude extract of the fungus Penicillium janthinellum under optimized conditions: 0.10M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 0.2 M BDBAC (N-benzyl-N-dodeceyl-N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride), 7.5% hexanole, 30°C and an agitation time of 1 minute. At 1.42 mg per ml protein concentration, 73% of the xylanase activity was recovered and a 7-fold enrichment factor was obtained. The enzyme had a molecular weight (MW) of 20.1 kDa and the isoelectric point (PI) revealed the presence of two protein bands with a PI of 6.0 and 6.5. The optimum pH and optimum temperature were 4.2 and 50°C, respectively. The low pH differential between the aqueous medium and the protein PI seemed to influence the xylanase transportation into the reversed micelles.
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  • 159
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  • 160
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The morphogenetic response of Hypericum perforatum seedlings to different auxin and cytokinin concentrations was studied. A stimulation of the concentration-dependent rooting ability was observed under the influence of indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid. Rooting was not enhanced by the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1-naphtaleneacetic acid. Differentiated roots were isolated and cultured in liquid media with the same combination of growth-promoting auxins. Chromosome counts in root tip cells after long-term cultivation indicated a high degree of chromosomal instability. Multiple shoot formation occurred under the influence of 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin. Adenine and 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine did not stimulate shoot differentiation. No differences in the morphogenetic response to auxins and cytokinis were detected between diploid and tetrapoloid plants.
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  • 161
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999) 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 162
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Spores of Aspergillus niger were exposed to a pulsed electric field. After treatment by the electric field, the viability of the conidia of A. niger varied depending on the field strength, pulse width and frequency. In all cases, these parameters reduced the viability rate of the conidia from 2.0 × 107 to a range from 6.2 × 106 to 8.5 × 106 spores/ml (3.1 to 42.6%). After pulse treatment, the conidia were used as the inoculum for citric acid fermentation in shake flasks. The highest increase in citric acid yield (about 1.4-fold) was reached at a field strength of 2.85 kV/cm, a frequency of 1 Hz and a pulse width of 1 ms. When the parameters of the electric field increased there were important changes in the respiration rate of the Aspergillus niger mycelium (48-h-old) after electric shock treatment. The highest consumption of dissolved oxygen (22.9%) in the medium by Aspergillus niger mycelium was observed at an electric field strength of 2.85 kV/cm, a 1 Hz frequency, a pulse width of 1 ms and a 1-min exposure period. It seems that an electric-field stimulation of the conidia prior to inoculation may offer an important method of improving the efficiency of citric acid. The treatment of the conidia is both simple from the technical point of view and extremely rapid.
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  • 163
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  • 164
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of adding some inducers of lignolytic activity to semi-solid-state cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 (ATCC 24725) were investigated. The inducers assayed were veratryl alcohol and solid manganese (IV) oxide. The microorganism was cultured on corncob, which functioned both as physical support and source of nutrients.Supplementing the cultures with veratryl alcohol created the situation where manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) activities of approximately 1,500 U/l and 200 U/l, respectively, could be attained. These activities were considerably higher than those obtained in the reference cultures (about 5 and 4-fold).In the same way, the addition of manganese (IV) oxide led to MnP and LiP activity levels of about 2,000 U/l and 300 U/l, respectively. These activities were also notably above (about 6 and 5-fold, respectively) those achieved in the reference cultures.Moreover, laccase activity (around 200 U/l) was only detected in veratryl alcohol or manganese (IV) oxide supplemented cultures.
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  • 165
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  • 166
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 45-56 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The culture behaviour of Thermus aquaticus was characterized. The response of the bacterium to various carbon (tryptone, glucose, glycerol) and nitrogen sources (yeast extract, NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, leucine, thymine, thiamine, glutamic acid) was studied. Amino acids did not support growth, but CASTENHOLZ salt medium supplemented with yeast extract and glucose or tryptone resulted in good growth and production. A suitable medium composition giving the highest biomass concentration and enzyme yield was developed. The simple medium containing TYE-NaCl resulted in the highest biomass concentration, whereas CASTENHOLZ mineral medium supplemented with tryptone and yeast extract gave the highest specific activity and enzyme yield. The effect of inoculum age and size on growth was also investigated in order to improve the yield and process consistency. The use of shake flasks inoculated with precultures at their early or late stationary phase resulted in the same biomass concentration (0.56 ± 0.015 g/l) and similar maximum specific growth rates (0.258 ± 0.003 h-1). Inoculum sizes between 1 and 2.5 per cent were optimal for cell growth. As the other papers on thermophilic microorganisms, including the T. aquaticus YT-1 strain, gave qualitative information on growth, the results presented here cannot be compared with others on a quantitative basis. TaqI endonuclease was purified using a 5 step protocol including cell disruption, adsorption, precipitation, column chromatography and final dialysis. The enriched fraction had a specific activity of 33,600 U TaqI endonuclease per mg protein.
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  • 167
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 88-88 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 168
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 79-86 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methylobacterium rhodesianum MB 126, a pink-pigmented facultatively methylotrophic bacterium that uses that serine pathway for the assimilation of reduced C1 compounds, is able to produce poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) under certain limitation conditions. Mutants of this bacterium, which were isolated after the treatment with sodium nitrite, are impaired in their ability to synthesize PHB, but produce another polymer in addition to PHB, namely an exopolysaccharide (EPS). This paper attempts to explain this surprising behaviour.
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  • 169
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  • 170
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999) 
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  • 171
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 37-44 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Agar-agar, agarose, carrageenan and calcium alginate were used for the immobilization of Dunaliella salina cells. Out of the four, agar-agar was found to be the most effective and therefore the study was carried out on it using different pH values ranging from 6 to 10 and cell densities from 0.1 to 0.8 μg chlorophyll (chl, a) per bead to find which are is best suited for glycerol production. The maximum glycerol production of 9.2 μM/mg chl a was recorded in agar-agar immobilized algae and this was followed by 8.4 μM/mg chl a in calcium alginate. The maximum cell number 6.2 × 109/ml and the specific growth rate (μ) of 0.80 l/day were reached at pH 8 in agar-agar immobilized algae. It was shown that the maximum amount of glycerol was produced when the cell density was 0.8 μg chl a/ block. Changing the medium after 24 hours affected the rate of glycerol production at different pH values. Using a cell density of 0.8 μg chl a/block at 16 W/m2 light intensity increased the glycerol production in comparison with the use of free living cells.
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  • 172
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 235-250 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new low-cost β-galactosidase (lactase) preparation for whey permeate saccharification was developed and characterized. A biocatalyst with a lactase activity of 10 U/mg, a low transgalactosylase activity and a protein content of 0.22 mg protein/mg was obtained from a fermenter culture of the fungus Penicillium notatum. Factors influencing the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose, such as reaction time, pH, temperature and enzyme and substrate concentration were standardized to maximize sugar yield from whey permeate. Thus, a 98.1% conversion of 5% lactose in whey permeate to sweet (glucose-galactose) syrup was reached in 48 h using 650 β-galactosidase units/g hydrolyzed substrate. After the immobilization of the acid β-galactosidase from Penicillium notatum on silanized porous glass modified by glutaraldehyde binding, more than 90% of the activity was retained. The marked shifts in the pH value (from 4.0 to 5.0) and optimum temperatures (from 50°C to 60°C) of the solid-phase enzyme were observed and discussed. The immobilized preparation showed high catalytic activity and stability at wider pH and temperature ranges than those of the free enzyme, and under the best operating conditions (lactose, 5%; β-galactosidase, 610-650 U/g lactose; pH 5.0; temperature 55°C), a high efficiency of lactose saccharification (84-88%) in whey permeate was achieved when lactolysis was performed both in a batch process and in a recycling packed-bed bioreactor. It seems that the promising results obtained during the assays performed on a laboratory scale make this immobilizate a new and very viable preparation of β-galactosidase for application in the processing of whey and whey permeates.
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  • 173
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  • 174
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 263-272 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An acid α-amylase hyperproducing strain, designated as MIR-61, was isolated in a screening procedure from South American soil samples. MIR-61, a 60°C thermoresistant strain, was identified using 98 biochemical and morphological tests and characterized as Bacillus licheniformis by numerical taxonomy. Batch cultures of B. licheniformis MIR-61 showed extracellular α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities during the exponential growth phase.The production of α-amylase was studied at free and constant pH values at 37 and 45°C. Maximum α-amylase activity (4,767 kU/dm3 in a liquid medium) was detected at 45°C at a constant pH (7.0) in the late exponential phase. The α-amylase production by B. licheniformis MIR-61 is 10 to 300 times higher than the enzyme production reported in strains of the same species.Optimum α-amylase activity was found at 50 to 67°C in an acid pH range from 5.5 to 6.0. These properties would allow its use in starch industry processes.
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  • 175
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999) 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 176
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  • 177
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 279-292 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The continuous aerobic degradation of phenoxyalkanoate herbicides by Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH was investigated in a bubble reactor filled with modified polyurethane-foam (PU 90/51) as a carrier for the adsorptive immobilization of the bacterial cells. The PU-foam was applied in the form of plates (5 × 10 × 10 mm) and the amount added was equivalent to a PU-load of 1.25% [w/v]. Strain MH is capable of detoxifying the dichloro-substituted phenoxyalkanoates 2,4-DP, 2,4-D and 2,4-DB and the methylchloro-substituted phenoxyalkanoates MCPA, MCPP and MCPB. Degradation of the respective substrate was followed by HPLC analyses and by determination of the chloride release. No intermediates of the degradation pathways or “dead end” products were detected by HPLC analyses. The PU-bubble reactor with immobilized 2,4-DP-pre-grown cells was run continuously at 30°C at the high dilution rate of D = 0.5h-1 with 2,4-DP (0.2 g/l), and with subsequent changes to each of the other phenoxyalkanoates as a single substrate in the feed and with an intermittent return to 2,4-DP. Finally, after an intermediate substrate accumulation, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, MCPA and MCPP could be degraded under the aforementioned conditions corresponding to a maximum degradation rate of Qphen = 100 mg/l × h. In the case of 2,4-DB, a slightly reduced conversion rate of about 94% could be calculated. In contrast to these results, 0.2 g/l of the more recalcitrant MCPB could not be metabolized at this high dilution rate of D = 0.5 h-1 by the biofilm of Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH, but it was degradable at a reduced dilution rate of D = 0.25 h-1. Complete detoxification of a stoichiometric mixture of the dichloro- and the methylchloro-substituted phenoxyalkanoates including MCPB, respectively, at a total concentration of 0.2 g/l was achieved at D = 0.25 h-1, corresponding to a degradation rate of Qtot = 50 mg/l × h. Finally, the efficiency of the PU-immobilized cells of Sphingomonas herbicidovorans MH in detoxifying mixtures of all six herbicides could be increased to Qtot = 75 mg/l × h by the further addition of PU-foam particles corresponding to a final PU-load of 2.5% [w/v]. This PU-bubble reactor was successfully operated for more than 12 months to clean up synthetically concocted waste waters with fluctuations in phenoxyalkanoate concentration and composition.
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  • 178
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biodesulphurization of Mengen lignite by a mesophilic bacterium, Rhodococcus rhodochrus ATCC 53968, was investigated in a batch stirred and aerated reactor. The experiments were carried out at 28°C with an inoculum percentage, initial pH, initial sodium acetate and lignite concentration of the biodesulphurization medium of 8% [v/v], 6.5 mM, 20 mM and 20 g/l, respectively. Variations in the sulphur contents of the lignite relative to the biodesulphurization period were monitored. The effects of the stirring and aeration rates on the removal of different sulphur forms from coal were investigated in the ranges 450-1,200 rpm and 0.1-0.53 vvm and the optimum values were found to be 500 rpm and 0.18 vvm, respectively. An increase in the total sulphur reduction with increasing biodesulphurization time was observed. The maximum total sulphur removal percentage was found to be 15.2% at 1,200 rpm after four days of incubation. The highest total sulphur removal rate was calculated on the second day of microbial desulphurization for each run. The total and organic sulphur contents of the coal after biodesulphurization were correlated with the stirring and aeration rates by using the non-linear least squares regression method. In the experimental runs lasting 8 days, the highest organic sulphur reducing percentage of 10.1% was obtained at a stirring rate of 500 rpm and an aeration rate of 0.40 vvm.
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  • 179
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    Notes: Selected strains of basidiomycetes (Abortiporus biennis, Trametes versicolor and Cerrena unicolor) were shown to produce enhanced extracellular peroxidase (EP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and laccase activities following the exposure of 10-day-old fungal cultures to separate high and low temperature stress. The stressful conditions also caused an increase in the concentrations of phenol compounds and superoxide anion radicals in these cultures. At first, peroxidase activity was observed at 12 hours from the moment of temperature stress application. Laccase activity appeared at 96 hours after the maximum levels of superoxide anion radicals (48 h) and SOD activity (36-72 h). The concentration of phenolic substances grew steadily during the period of cultivation. These relations between laccase, SOD and EP as well as superoxide radicals and phenol levels in the environment of ligninolytic fungi seems to be important in the course of the biosynthesis or biodegradation of lignin, as the consequence of adaptation of these basidiomycetes to environmental temperature conditions.
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 356-356 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 181
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Comamonas acidovorans MC1, which is capable of degrading the chiral phenoxypropionate herbicides 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionate [dichlorprop, (RS)-2,4-DP] and 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionate [mecoprop, (RS)-MCPP] and of degrading the phenoxyacetate herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate (MCPA), was investigated with respect to the enzymatic basis of this broad substrate specificity. The initial steps of the degradation pathway of (RS)-2,4-DP and 2,4-D were studied. By applying either ion exchange chromatography or hydrophobic interaction chromatography it was possible to separate two enzyme fractions with etherolytic activity, which exhibited pronounced substrate specificity. One enzyme fraction was highly specific for the degradation of the R-enantiomer of 2,4-DP and did not essentially attack the S-configuration. The other enzyme fraction showed pronounced activity toward the cleavage of the S-enantiomer and additionally utilized 2,4-D with almost equal velocity; (R)-2,4-DP was even cleaved at a low rate by this enzyme. These results confirm the existence of phenoxyalkanoatedegrading enzymes with enantiospecific properties in strain MC1.
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    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 191-203 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The population of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-degrading microorganisms and the biodegradation of PHB in local landfill soils were examined in vitro and in vivo. Forty-two PHB-degraders consisting of 12 bacteria, 25 actinomycetes and 5 moulds were isolated. The total PHB-degraders averaged 4.7 × 107 and 20 × 104 colony forming units (cfu)/g for San Mateo wet and dry soils, respectively, and 2.3 × 107 and 8.5 × 104 cfu/g for Carmona wet and dry samples, respectively. The PHB-degraders formed 0-59% of the total microbial population in San Mateo and 8-42% in Carmona. Complete (100%) degradation of PHB powder was observed for Chryseomonas-27 and Aspergillus-39 on day 5 in shake flask culture and for Streptomyces-4 on day 7. Burial test in landfill soils showed a 90-91% weight loss of PHB film strips within four weeks; the weight loss of polypropylene film strips was up to 0.12% only. Scanning electron micrographs of degraded films revealed the attachment of microbial cells and fungal mycelium and spores on the surfaces. Holes and cavities were also noted due to the microbial degradation processes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 184
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of biotechnology in environmental processes is an enormous subject that could remain the topic of a university lecture course for many years. For this reason I wish to limit my lecture to a few examples and to attempt to sketch out particularly promising opportunities for future development.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 186
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Acinetobacter sp. E11, isolated from Port Dickson Beach, Malaysia, was able to grow in media containing crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source. Substrate specificity studies showed that the bacterium exhibited substrate preference as growth was observed only in media containing aliphatic hydrocarbons, while aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons inhibited growth. With the aliphatic hydrocarbons, growth was seen only in the long-chain alkanes tested (pentadecane, dodecane and hexadecane). No growth was recorded in the short-chain alkanes (pentane, hexane and heptane) tested. With complex hydrocarbons, only crude oil and 4T SHELL engine oil supported growth. No growth was observed in kerosene and PETRONAS gasoline. The isolate could grow in up to 10% and 20% [v/v] of the crude oil and alkanes tested, respectively. Among the long-chain alkanes tested, hexadecane was the most preferred, followed by pentadecane and dodecane. Nitrogen and phosphorous supplements were essential for growth and the best growth was achieved with 3% nitrogen/phosphorous additions. Microscopic observation revealed that the bacterium adhered to the hexadecane and crude oil droplets. GC analysis showed that the bacterium was able to degrade more than 60% of the hydrocarbons in the crude oil in 15 days at 37°C compared to the uninoculated media.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 188
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 189
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 293-304 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mineralization of a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate (AEO) surfactant was investigated over the concentration range occurring in rinsing water from surfactant production processes. For this, an experimental set-up for respirometric batch experiments was developed. The set-up and the method were validated by experiments with glucose as the single carbon source. It was possible to calculate substrate decay from the time course of exogenously consumed oxygen during respirometric batch experiments. The kinetic coefficients calculated by respirometry showed a lower standard deviation than those calculated from emasured glucose concentrations.The degradation mechanism of AEO was investigated by identification of metabolities, occurring during the mineralization process of AEO, using Flow Injection Mass spectrometry (FI-MS). It was concluded that the degradation of AEO occurs in two main steps. First, the enzymatic hydrolysis of AEO into alcohol and polythylene glycol (PEG) is performed. Second, the mineralization of both substances takes place, while the mineralization of the alcohol is faster than that of the PEG. The mineralization kinetics were investigated in respirometric batch experiments. The model used is based on double MONOD kinetics for the substrates being produced by hydrolysis (μmax1 = 0.047 h-1, Ks1 = 15 mg/l DOC for alcohol; μmax2 = 0.027 h-1, KS2 = 4 mg/l DOC for PEG). The validation of the model by calculating the results obtained from measurements in a continuously operated lab scale CSTR with bacteria recycle was successful.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An increase in the molar growth yield (YX/S = 14.3-20.3 g/mol) on glucose (25 mM) was achieved after the transition of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 29191 from anaerobic to aerobic steady state growth at dilution rates of D = 0.31-0.40 1/h and under oxygen-unlimited conditions. The transfer of anaerobically or aerobically grown steady state cells into a fresh medium resulted in the higher values of YX/S. A positive correlation was established between biomass and acetaldehyde yield within the range of 5-9 mM acetaldehyde in the medium. An inhibitory effect of the exogenously added acetaldehyde (Ki = 16.7 ± 2.8 mM) on the ATPase activity was observed in vitro, using cell-free extracts of anaerobically grown Z. mobilis. The results obtained provide evidence that the increased values of biomass yield could be explained by the redirection of ATP usage during aerobic growth of Z. mobilis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 192
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 86-87 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 193
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pleurotus sajor-caju (FR.) SINGER was cultivated on different organic wastes, namely sericulture waste, Populus deltoides MARSH, and Eupatorium adenophorum SPRENG. Paddy straw was taken as the control and all the data were compared with it. The mineral contents of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju and the substrates on which the mushroom was grown were analyzed. Among the eight minerals determined (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese and zinc), the potassium content was highest followed by phosphorus, magnesium and sodium. Analysis of the mineral contents of the substrates before cultivation had also been carried out. The mineral contents of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju were found to be different on different substrates. It was also observed that the mineral contents of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju increase when cultivated on substrates with higher mineral contents. The maximum mineral contents per 100 g of the substrates before cultivation were Ca - 347 mg; P - 151 mg; K - 1,805 mg; Na - 127 mg; Mg - 227 mg; Fe - 53 mg; Mn - 10 mg and zn - 3.1 mg. The mineral contents of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju per 100 g ranged as follows: Ca - 25.1 mg to 35.3 mg; P - 448 mg to 602 mg; K - 2,146 mg to 2350 mg; Na - 139 mg to 229 mg; Mg - 153 mg to 224 mg; Fe - 9.74 mg to 20.75 mg; Mn - 2.5 mg to 4.0 mg and Zn - 2.2 mg to 3.1 mg.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 195
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 357-363 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An alternative microbiological method for the production of malate from fumarate is presented. The yeast Dipodascus magnusii was used for this bioconversion.The optimum cell growth temperature was 28°C and the working volume 120 ml. The highest level of fumarase activity during bioconversion was achieved at a pH of 7.5 and a temperature of 37°C. These conditions were determined as optimal. Using sodium fumarate (1M), the maximum specific productivity of malic acid obtained was 1.72 g/(gDCW × h) for intact cells. In the case of ammonium fumarate, it was 2.25 g/(gDCW × h).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 21 (1998), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0170-4214
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We study the large time asymptotics of solutions u(x, t) of the wave equation with time-harmonic force density f(x)e-iωt, ω≥0, in the semi-strip Ω= (0, ∞)×(0, 1) for a given f∊C∞0(Ω). We assume that u satisfies the initial condition u=(∂/∂t)u=0 for t=0 and the boundary conditions u=0 for x2=0 and x2=1, and (∂/∂x1)u=αu for x1=0, with given α, -π≤α〈∞. Let Dα be the self-adjoint realization of -Δ in Ω with this boundary condition. For -π≤α〈0, Dα has eigenvalues λj=π2j2-α2, j=1, 2, … For j≥2 these eigenvalues are embedded in the continuous spectrum of Dα, σc(Dα)=[π2, ∞]. For α≥0, Dα has no eigenvalues. We consider the asymptotic behaviour of u(x, t), t→∞, as a function of α. In the case α=0 resonances of order √t at ω=πj, j=1, 2, …, were found in References 5 and 10. We prove that for α=-π there is a resonance of order t2 for ω=0 and resonances of order t for every ω〉0 (note that 0 is an eigenvalue of D-π). Moreover, for -π〈α〈0 there are resonances of order t at ω=√λj. The resonance frequencies are continuous functions of α for -π〈α〈0 and tend to πj, j=1, 2, … as α goes to zero.On the contrary in the case α〉0 there are no real resonances in the sense that the solution remains bounded in time as t→∞. Actually in this case, the limit amplitude principle is valid for all frequencies ω≥0. This rather striking behaviour of the resonances is explained in terms of the extension of the resolvent R(κ)=(Dα-κ2)-1 as a meromorphic function of κ into an appropriate Riemann surface. We find that as α crosses zero the real poles of R(κ) associated with the eigenvalues remain real, but go into a second sheet of the Riemann surface. This behaviour under perturbation is rather different from the case of complex resonances which has been extensively studied in the theory of many-body Schrödinger operators where the (real) eigenvalues embedded in the continuous spectrum turn under a small perturbation into complex poles of the meromorphic extension of the resolvent, as a function of the spectral parameter κ2. © 1998 by B. G. Teubner Stuttgart-John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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