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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 76 (1998), S. 413-420 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Endocrine tumors ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent developments in the field of endocrine cell biology and pathology at both morphological and molecular levels are briefly outlined and discussed as a basis for endocrine tumor characterization. The main tools available for identifying the endocrine nature of the tumors, their pathogenetic interpretation, and experimental reproduction with special emphasis on tumor antecedents are reported. Based on this, classifications of endocrine tumors of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are developed, covering most clinical (hyperfunctional syndromes included), pathological, and biological patterns, with special emphasis on tumor prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Selbstheilendes Kollodiumbaby ; Lamelläre Ichthyose ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Key words Self-healing collodion baby ; Lamellar ichthyosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Collodion baby is a clinical description for a transient condition of the newborn which is caused by various disorders of cornification. The majority of cases are due to autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. In up to 10% of cases „self-healing” of the skin occurs. We report about a mature male baby who at birth was covered entirely with a shining, collodion-like membrane. There also were marked ectropion of the eyelids and eversion of the lips. After shedding of the membrane almost complete clearing of the skin occurred until the age of three months. In the case reported here skin biopsies taken on the 20th day of life showed discrete and non-specific ultrastructural changes, with no features of lamellar ichthyosis or other cornification disorders. Discussion: From these findings and those reported in the literature we conclude that the prognosis of a collodion baby is unpredictable on clinical evaluation. However an ultrastructural examination can contribute to early assessment of prognosis in this heterogeneous neonatal condition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das klinische Bild des Kollodiumbabys wird durch verschiedene Verhornungsstörungen hervorgerufen; in der Regel entwickelt sich später eine lamelläre Ichthyose. Eine Selbstheilung wird in bis zu 10% der Fälle beobachtet. Wir berichten über ein männliches Reifgeborenes, welches bei der Geburt vollständig in eine glänzende, kollodiumähnliche Membran gehüllt war. Weiterhin fanden sich ektropionierte Augenlider und evertierte Lippen. In den ersten Lebenswochen löste sich die Membran gänzlich ab und bis zum Alter von 3 Monaten war die Haut des Patienten weitgehend erscheinungsfrei. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung einer am 20. Lebenstag entnommenen Hautbiopsie zeigte bei unserem Patienten keinen auf eine lamelläre Ichthyose oder eine andere Verhornungsstörung hinweisenden Strukturdefekt der Keratinozyten. Es fanden sich lediglich unspezifische Veränderungen im Sinn einer Abräumreaktion. Diskussion: Unter Berücksichtigung der Literatur läßt sich folgern, daß das klinische Bild eines Kollodiumbabys keine Rückschlüsse auf den weiteren Verlauf zuläßt. Dagegen kann die Elektronenmikroskopie prognostisch richtungsweisende Aussagen beim ätiologisch heterogenen Erscheinungsbild des Kollodiumbabys erlauben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 13 (1998), S. 400-405 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Biofilms ; Aetiology ; Bacteria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biofilms form on all implanted foreign materials. In venous access ports (VAPs), the biofilm with entrapped organisms may be the source of recurring bacteraemia. At present, little is known of the development of biofilms in VAPs. In this study light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the evolution of biofilms in VAPs implanted in 15 African children with Wilms' tumour. The VAPs were removed either emergently because of infection (n = 6) or blockage (n = 3), or electively at the end of chemotherapy (n = 6). Intact biofilms were obtained from lengths of the catheter attached to ports that had been in place for 11 days to 3 years. Each was prepared for light and electron microscopy. In infected ports, shortly after implantation biofilms were thin and comprised of apparently healthy erythrocytes (RBCs) and occasional platelets, leucocytes (WBCs), and bacteria enmeshed in a network of fibrin. Three weeks after implantation, RBCs had autolysed and large numbers of WBCs and bacterial colonies were present within and on the luminal surface. In 1 instance, the lumen of a VAP had been occluded by a “plug” of WBCs. In non-infected patients, the biofilms in long-standing VAPs were of varying thickness and primarily composed of an amorphous granular material. In most cases, healthy and necrotic bacteria were present both within the core and on the surface of the biofilms. The results suggest that while bacteria, per se, are an important factor, the presence and degradation of blood components may be an equally important factor in the development of biofilms in VAP catheters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 432 (1998), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Follicular dendritic cell tumour ; Nasopharynx ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report the first case of an extranodal follicular dendritic cell (FDC) tumour localized in the nasopharynx of a 44-year-old male patient. The tumour cells were characterized immunohistochemically by strong expression of CD21, HLA-DR and vimentin and focal expression of CD68 and cytokeratin. Electron microscopic examination revealed desmosomal cell junctions between adjacent cell processes. Molecular genetic analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed germline configuration of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes were detectable by PCR. After complete surgical tumour removal and radiotherapy the patient is disease-free 20 months after the initial diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 432 (1998), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Atopic dermatitis ; Pruritus ; Cutaneous nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although pruritus is the cardinal symptom of atopic dermatitis, its mechanism is not well understood. Free nerve endings in the skin are involved in pruritus as itching receptors. We studied the cutaneous nerve fibres in lichenified lesions of 16 patients with adult atopic dermatitis. On immunohistochemistry, fibres immunoreactive for neurofilament, neuron-specific enolase, and protein gene product 9.5 were observed in the papillary dermis and dermoepidermal junctions as well as in the epidermis. In these areas, no fibres stained positively for substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta endorphin, somatostatin or serotonin. On electron microscopy, the ultrastructure of subepidermal and intraepidermal free nerve endings appeared to be essentially normal. However, the distribution density of the cutaneous nerve fibres was much higher than in normal controls, and the diameter of these fibres was much larger, because of the large number of axons in each nerve fibre. Degranulation of mast cells was not seen. These findings suggest that pruritus in lichenified atopic skin is probably not caused by damage to the cutaneous free nerve endings. In such lesions, the number of the cutaneous free nerve endings is greatly increased, but they may have a normal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Cell surface ; Cell nucleus ; Blebs ; TNF-α ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced apoptosis is associated with several nuclear and cell surface alterations, in particular with the condensation of chromatin and the fragmentation of the cell nucleus, formation of blebs on the cell surface and breakdown of the plasma membrane. However, there is little information about the relationship between the cell surface alterations and the nuclear changes during apoptosis. To study this, cultured WEHI cells were exposed to TNF-α over different time periods. The cytological changes were studied using a correlative approach, which allowed observation of the same cell consecutively under light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The earliest sign of cell alteration was a reduction of the number of microvilli after 15 min of TNF-α exposure. This reaction was reversible (reappearance of microvilli) and took place during the first hour, in which neither nuclear alterations nor plasma membrane breakdown were observed. The changes in the nucleus began with condensation of chromatin after approximately 1 h of TNF-α-exposure. After 4–5 h the microvilli disappeared again, particularly in areas where the formation of blebs (blebbing) was observed. Strikingly, cell surface alterations (bleb formation) were detected only in those cells that presented with condensed chromatin, and not in cells with a normal chromatin pattern, proving at least a close correlation between nuclear and cell surface changes during the process of apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Adult ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Kufs’ disease ; Electron microscopy ; Extracerebral biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In almost all of the earlier reported cases of Kufs’ disease, the adult form of ceroid lipofuscinosis, the diagnosis was ascertained by cerebral tissue examination, while peripheral biopsy examination revealed an apparent poor diffusion of specific lipofuscinic deposits, the finger print profiles (FPs). We report the ultrastructural data from skin, muscle and rectal biopsy specimens from two siblings, both still living, who present clinical features of Kufs’ disease. We observed the presence of FPs in locations that differ from the previous classic reports. Our results emphasize the value of extracerebral biopsies for the diagnosis of Kufs’ disease in vivo, and suggest some physiopathological assumptions based on vascular wall involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 197 (1998), S. 359-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Guanylin ; Mucus secretion ; Goblet cells ; Small intestine ; Edema ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Guanylin, structurally related to the heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli, is a 15-amino-acid peptide isolated from rat small intestine. We investigated the morphological effects of an intravenous injection of rat and human guanylin upon the rat intestine. Various doses of rat guanylin were injected intravenously in anesthetized rats. After 5, 10 and 30 min, rats were killed by intracardiac perfusion with aldehyde fixative, and specimens of the intestine were then prepared for light and electron microscopy. Intravenously injected rat guanylin rapidly induced mucus secretion from crypt goblet cells in the duodenum. About half of the crypt goblet cells secreted mucous granules by compound exocytosis within 5 min. The villus goblet cells, in contrast, were not sensitive to guanylin. Goblet cells in the jejunum were less responsive than those in the duodenum. This secretory response was rare in the ileum and colon. Human guanylin produced similar results. The mucus secretion induced by guanylin was inhibited by a prior-injection of atropine, but not hexamethonium. Moreover, guanylin induced intense edema in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine 5 min after the injection, which disappeared after 30 min. A prior-injection of atropine did not block the appearance of edema. In conclusion, the intravenous injection of guanylin induces two phenomena related to water movement: (1) compound exocytosis of mucous granules from crypt goblet cells in the rat duodenum and jejunum; (2) perineural, inter-epithelial and intra-epithelial edema in the rat small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neuropathy ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; implant ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that causes long-term secondary complications such as neuropathy. The occurrence of diabetic neuropathy has generally been thought of as being associated with hyperglycaemia. However, in a previous light microscopic examination of plantar nerves in diabetic BB/Wor rats treated with insulin implants we found that eu-/hyperglycaemic rats present a normal picture, whereas eu-/hypoglycaemic rats show severe changes. The aim of the present work is to supplement our previous light microscopic report with electron microsocpic data from the lateral plantar nerve of normal, eu-/hyperglycaemic and eu-/hypoglycaemic BB/Wor rats. Under the electron microscope lateral plantar nerves collected from eu-/hyperglycaemic rats presented a qualitatively normal picture. In addition, the fibre numbers and the size distribution of the myelinated fibres were normal. In contrast, specimens from eu-/hypoglycaemic BB/Wor rats showed severe qualitative changes, interpreted as signs of axonal de- and regeneration. The total number of axons was somewhat subnormal and the sizes of the myelinated fibres were strongly shifted towards smaller diameters. These data confirm our previous light microscopic observations. We conclude that eu-/hypoglycaemic BB/Wor rats treated with insulin implants, but not similarly treated eu-/hyperglycaemic animals, develop a neuropathy in their plantar nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cat ; Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Purkinje cell ; Distal dendrite ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human spinocerebellar degeneration is one of the intractable diseases. We studied the detailed neuropathology of cats with hereditary cerebellar degeneration obtained from the experimental breeding. The findings included almost total loss of Purkinje cells with an increase in Bergmann’s glia in the cerebellar hemisphere, preservation of some Purkinje cells in the vermis and moderate neuronal depletion of the olive nucleus. Cerebellar and pontine nuclei were normal. The cerebrum and spinal cord as well as the peripheral nervous system appeared normal. Electron microscopic examination revealed swelling of the distal dendrites of Purkinje cells in the less-affected nodule of the vermis, and clusters of presynaptic boutons without any synaptic contact in the severely affected folia where Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites disappeared. Prolonged existence of presynapses in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers was confirmed by positive immunoreactivity to anti-synaptophysin. Quantitative analysis using electron microscopy demonstrated an apparent increase in the density and mean size of presynapses in the molecular layer of the severely affected folia. These findings indicate that degeneration of Purkinje cells started at the most distal part of the dendrite in this animal model of cerebellar degeneration, and that presynapses, axon terminals of the granular cells and basket cells can exist for a long time even after complete degeneration of the Purkinje cells. Further investigation of this novel animal model may promote a better understanding of pathogenesis of human hereditary cerebellar degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Sensory neurons ; Autonomic neurons ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The innervation of the knee joint synovial membrane of the guinea pig, i.e., the synoviocyte layer, the subjacent connective tissue and the connective tissue region beneath, was analyzed with immunohistofluorescence and electron microscopy. A screening of the innervation with antibodies against the general axon marker – protein gene product (PGP) 9,5 – revealed the presence of nerve fibers distributed in various regions of the knee joint synovial membrane. Confirmating previous studies, some of these nerve fibers stained with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). In addition, dynorphin (DYN)-containing fibers were detected, which have not been reported previously in normal joints. In general, the immunoreactive fibers were observed close to the synoviocytes and at blood vessels. Fibers with colocalization of NPY- and TH-like immunoreactivities (LIs), as well as of DYN- and TH-LIs were demonstrated. In the electron microscope, bundles of unmyelinated fibers as well as single fibers were found in the connective tissue region below the synoviocytes. Varicose parts of the nerve fibers contained mainly small, clear vesicles. Small and large dense-cored vesicles were also seen, but less frequently. Denser portions of the plasma membranes of some axons were observed in these regions, facing the extracellular space. Myelinated fibers were also observed in some nerve bundles. These findings emphasize the complex innervation of the synovial membrane, with nerve fibers containing a host of neuroactive substances. Altogether, these fibers are probably involved in many functions such as vasoregulation and control of synovial secretion in addition to being a source of mediators in joint inflammation.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Glutamate receptors ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Human cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Specimens of human cerebral cortex were obtained during neurosurgical operations and studied by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, using antibodies to the metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit mGluR1a and the ionotropic glutamate receptor GluR2/3. A small number of non-pyramidal neuronal cell bodies were labelled for mGluR1a. Double immunolabelling with mGluR1a and GluR2/3 showed that most pyramidal cell bodies were labelled for GluR2/3 but not for mGluR1a. Despite the non-colocalisation of these two receptor subtypes in cell bodies, however, many dendrites and dendritic spines were double-labelled for mGluR1a and GluR2/3 at electron microscopy. As there is evidence that most neurons positive for GluR2/3 are pyramidal cells, this suggests that mGluR1a is present in dendrites of pyramidal neurons, despite absent or low levels of immunoreactivity in their cell bodies.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Nerve injury ; Retrograde reaction ; Spinal cord ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this electron-microscopic study was to analyze the distribution of synaptic contacts on the cell bodies and dendrites of permanently axotomized adult cat spinal α-motoneurons. Following transection and ligation of the medial gastrocnemius nerve, the synaptic covering of the cell bodies and three different dendritic compartments of homonymous α-motoneurons was analyzed quantitatively at 3, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The synaptic boutons were classified according to their size and the shape of their synaptic vesicles. On the soma, a transient increase in the number of boutons was noted at 3 weeks and 6 weeks postoperatively, while after 12 weeks the bouton number had decreased to half of its normal value. The transient increase was mainly due to an increase in the number of F-type boutons. At 12 weeks postoperatively, the synaptic covering was reduced by 83% on the soma and by 57% on the proximal dendrites. In the distal dendritic regions, the values for synaptic covering remained largely unchanged. In summary, axotomized motoneurons exhibit a reduction in synaptic covering which is maximal on the cell body and becomes less pronounced centrifugally along the dendrites. However, if also taking into account the loss of distal dendritic branches that occurs in axotomized motoneurons, the total loss of boutons is several times larger in the dendrites than on the soma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsV. cholerae O139 ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-substitution technique ; Capsule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and physical characteristics of the capsule of Vibrio cholerae O139 were examined. An electron microscopic study using the freeze-substitution technique showed that all of the V. cholerae strains of the O139 serogroup examined have a very thin fibrous layer on the outside of the outer membrane. In contrast, the mutants of strain O139, strain MO10T4 (which lacks capsule synthesis), and strain Bengal-2R1 (which fails to synthesize both the capsule and the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide) were all found to have lost the surface layer. In addition, the capsule layer could also not be observed on the surface of V. cholerae strain O1. To determine the biological characteristics of the capsule of strains of the O139 serogroup, we investigated the serum killing activity and bacterial phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The O139 strains were more resistant to the serum killing activity than were the V. cholerae O1 strain and the O139 mutant strains, thus suggesting that the existence of the capsule gave a serum-resistant character to the O139 strains. The surface character of the O139 strains had the same hydrophobic character as did that of the O139 mutant strains and the O1 strain. In addition, all the V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains examined, including the mutant strains, were effectively ingested by the human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The number of ingested bacteria was not significantly different among the strains, and the ingestion of the acapsular O139 mutants thus showed that the capsule does not play an antiphagocytic role. These data suggest that the capsule of V. cholerae O139 has a physiological function different from that of the ordinal hydrophilic capsule that is found in invasive bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic bacteria ; Biomineralization ; Magnetite ; 16S rRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural enrichments of magnetic bacteria from the Itaipu lagoon near Rio de Janeiro were dominated by coccoid-to-ovoid morphotypes that produced unusually large magnetosomes. To determine the phylogenetic position of these unusual microorganisms, 16S rRNA genes were retrieved from bacteria magnetically separated from sediment of the Itaipu lagoon by in vitro amplification and cloning of PCR products into a plasmid vector. Partial sequencing of the obtained clones revealed two clusters of closely related sequences affiliated to a distinct lineage consisting exclusively of magnetic bacteria within the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. For a detailed phylogenetic analysis, several almost complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes were determined. One representative clone of each cluster provided a PCR template for the in vitro transcription of group-specific polynucleotide probes complementary to a variable region of the 16S rRNA molecule. At least three different morphotypes of magnetic bacteria were reliably identified by post-embedding hybridization of ultra-thin sections. Electron microscopic analyses of hybridized cells enabled for the first time a detailed description of the morphological variety and ultrastructure of phylogenetically identified, uncultured magnetic bacteria. Two distinct coccoid bacteria were identified by the transcript probe complementary to the 16S rRNA sequence mabrj12, whereas the probe complementary to the sequence mabrj58 allowed the identification of an ovoid morphotype that displayed magnetosomes with the largest volumes observed to date.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Transformation ; Clay-DNA complexes ; Nucleases ; X-ray diffraction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract DNA bound on clay minerals, sand, and humic acids has been shown, both in vitro and in situ, to be capable of transforming bacteria and to resist degradation by nucleases, which could result in the crypticity of genes in soil and other natural habitats. To determine where DNA is bound on clay minerals, which may help to explain how bound DNA becomes resistant to degradation by nucleases but retains the ability to transform competent cells, chromosomal DNA from Bacillus subtilis bound on montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K) was examined by X-ray diffractometry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the basal spacings of M and K were not altered, indicating that this DNA did not significantly intercalate the clays. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the binding of this DNA was primarily on the edges of M and K, although some binding was also apparent on the planar surfaces. Based on the results of these studies, it is postulated that: 1.extension from the edges of the clays enables the unbound end of DNA to interact with receptor sites on competent cells and result in their transformation; and 2.binding on clays alters the electron distribution and/or conformation of DNA, which reduces its hydrolysis by nucleases.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Prion protein (PrPc) ; Electron microscopy ; Secretory granules ; Membrane ; Extracerebral tissues ; Hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), such as scrapie in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, the central event is the conversion of a host-encoded amyloidogenic protein (PrPc) into an abnormal isoform (PrPsc) that accumulates as amyloid in TSE brain. PrPc is a membrane sialoglycoprotein synthesized in the central nervous system and elsewhere. We have examined the ultrastructural localization of PrPc in numerous hamster and some human extracerebral tissues, by means of a post-embedding electron-microscopic method combined with immunogold labeling. In stomach, intestine, lung, and kidney from hamsters, and in stomach, kidney, and spleen from humans, immunogold labeling specific for PrPc is observed on various cellular substructures related to secretory pathways: Golgi apparatus, secretory globules, and plasma membrane. In mucous epithelial cells of stomach and intestine, PrPc appears to be concentrated in secretory globules, suggesting a role for PrPc in the secretory function of the digestive tract. The secretory aspect of PrPc may be a key to understanding the physiopathological mechanisms underlying TSE.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Piecemeal degranulation ; Histamine ; Charcot-Leyden crystal protein ; Anaphylactic degranulation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The evidence for vesicular transport as a mechanism for secretion by human basophils is reviewed. Initially, direct electron-microscopic inspection of experimentally produced and sequentially biopsied contact allergy skin lesions revealed a unique form of secretion termed piecemeal degranulation, characterized by the slow emptying of secretory granule contents (with retention of empty containers) in the absence of extrusion of entire granules. Budding of small vesicles to/from secretory granules was observed, and cytoplasmic vesicles were abundant. A generalized degranulation model was proposed to unify classical regulated secretion and this new form of secretion. Investigation of the mechanism(s) of secretion from human basophils required the development of numerous tools and resources. Chief among these were: (a) isolation and purification of circulating basophils; (b) identification of specific growth factors to increase the supply of this rare granulocyte; (c) understanding of secretogogue mechanisms and reliable analyses of secreted basophil products; and (d) development of ultrastructural preparations allowing imaging of small vesicles and quantifiable small electron-dense tags for granule materials in small vesicles. Applications of these tools to well-defined models of basophil secretion have established a role for vesicles as a mechanism for effecting secretion of histamine and the Charcot-Leyden crystal protein from activated human basophils.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Dendritic cells ; Maturation ; Intrahepatic translocation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specific populations of hepatic sinusoidal cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies that recognize monocytes/macrophages (ED1), tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells) (ED2), MHC class II (Ia) antigen (MRC OX6), and dendritic cells/γ,δ T-cells (MRC OX62) and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The majority of ED1+ and/or ED2+ cells were localized to the hepatic parenchyma, whereas OX6+ and/or OX62+ cells were more densely distributed within Glisson’s sheath than in the hepatic parenchyma. Double-immunoperoxidase staining of normal liver for ED1, ED2, and OX6 identified dendritic cells (DC) of two different phenotypes, ED1+ED2–OX6+ and ED1–ED2–OX6+. DC can be classified into three different types based on ultrastructural characteristics. The first type (type I) is characterized by one or more long cytoplasmic processes and a well-developed lysosomal system. The second type (type II) has an inconspicuous lysosomal system, abundant hyaloplasm, and characteristic short cytoplasmic processes. The third type (type I–II) has cytologic features intermediate between those of type I and type II DC. At the electron-microscopic level, these three cell types are found in the sinusoidal lumen, whereas the majority of type II DC are located in the space of Disse and Glisson’s sheath. Furthermore, some OX6-labeled elongated DC appeared to traverse the lumen of sinusoids through endothelial pores to enter the space of Disse. One hour after intravenous injection of latex particles (0.81 μm in diameter), numerous latex-laden dendritic cells (ED1+OX6+, type I and type I–II) were detected in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids, but not in the space of Disse or Glisson’s sheath. These findings suggest that normal rat liver contains resident dendritic cells which downregulate phagocytic activity and mature into potent accessory cells during migration from the portal vein toward the central vein. These DC then traverse the sinusoidal lumen to the hepatic lymph system via the space of Disse.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Bacteriophage λ ; DnaA-DNA interactions ; Electron microscopy ; DNA-protein complexes ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interaction of the Escherichia coli DnaA (replication initiator) protein with restriction fragments of phage λ DNA demonstrated differential binding of DnaA along the whole λ DNA. Interaction of DnaA with the λ replication region (from the promoter p R to the origin of replication, oriλ) demonstrated a strong binding of DnaA to the region around the p o promoter where synthesis of a short antisense oop RNA is initiated. The four sequences protected by DnaA (two 9mers and two 5mers) are not related even to a relaxed DnaA box. The pattern of protection of these four sequences and the location of three DNase I hypersensitive sites in the λ DNA r strand, together with results of mobility shift assays and electron microscopy studies, may indicate an interaction involving DnaA monomers bound to different DNA positions on one side of the helix and the formation of higher-order nucleoprotein structures. Therefore, it is tempting to suggest that DnaA, in addition to its activity in regulation of replication and transcription, could be considered as a factor which structures certain chromosomal regions.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Sporopollenin ; Solubilisation ; 2-Aminoethanol ; Reaggregation ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microscopy ; Thypha angustifolia L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Exines fromTypha angustifolia L. pollen were dissolved in hot 2-aminoethanol. The solubilisate was successively fractionated and reaggregated via a dialysis cascade with dialysis tubings of different exclusion volumina. Four fractions of reaggregated material with different molecular mass were obtained. Fraction 1 with a molecular mass above 25,000 Da, fraction 2 with a molecular mass between 10,000–25,000 Da, fraction 3 with a molecular mass between 5,000–10,000 Da, and fraction 4 of a molecular mass lower than 5,000 Da. The fractions were comparatively analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy. The material of the fractions with a molecular mass above 10,000 Da exhibit high congruence to the initial material. Analysis of the reaggregated material with the lowest molecular mass revealed special distinct substructures which in form and size showed high similarities to substructures of exines described in literature. In detail, spherical substructures consisting of an electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-transparent corona and in addition elongated substructures with a distinctive surface sculpture were detected.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Callose ; Electron microscopy ; Gasteria verrucosa ; Phenolics ; Phytomelan ; Seed coat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the seed coat ofGasteria verrucosa the deposition of phytomelan takes place during seed development in three stages. Phytomelan is a black cell wall material which is chemically very inert. First the radial walls and part of the transverse cell wall of the outer epidermis of the outer integument become thickened by exocytosis of dictyosome vesicles. Callose is deposited at the tangential plasma membrane against those walls. After the callose deposition about two thirds of the original cell volume is filled with callose. During the second stage the callose is broken down, probably into glucose monomers or small polymers. At the same time cellulose is deposited at the outer tangential plasma membrane, forming a wall between the dissolving callose and the plasma membrane. In the third phase small granules appear in the solution of dissolved callose. which grow out and finally fuse to form a block of phytomelan, consisting of spherical 15-nm units. Remarkable is the function of the callose: it determines the size of the phytomelan block, and it probably functions as carbohydrate source for the phytomelan synthesis and/or for the cellulose inner layer. In this study transmission electron microscopy and cryo scanning electron microscopy are used to study the three developmental stages of the formation of the phytomelan layer.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Algae ; Virus assembly ; DAPI staining ; Electron microscopy ; Hincksia hincksiae ; Immunofluorescence ; Marine double-stranded DNA virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The filamentous brown algaHincksia hincksiae can be infected by a large icosahedral double-stranded DNA virus (HincV-1). The virus shows extended latency and is replicated only in cells homologous to sporangia. Virus formation was studied by transmission electron microscopy, DAPI staining, and β-tubulin immunofluorescence. Inhibition of cytokineses results in multinucleate cells, which are the first indication of virus replication in productive cells; the microtubular cytoskeleton does not seem to be affected by the virus. Replication of viral DNA begins in the nuclei, which increase in size and eventually disintegrate. Virus assembly takes place in a mixed nucleo-/cytoplasm. Capsids bud from cisternae, which are interpreted as modified endoplasmic reticulum aggregated to virus assembly centres. The internal membranous component of the virus is thus derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. The particles are empty (electron translucent) when assembled, and the nucleoprotein core seems to be packaged subsequently through an opening in the capsid. A number of fine structural features not previously reported from brown algae and related to virus formation are described. Our results on Hincksia hincksiae virus are compared with observations made on various other icosahedral DNA viruses infecting eukaryotic algae and animals.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    International journal of legal medicine 111 (1998), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Experimental drowning ; Tracer study ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract In animal experiments, studies on the mechanisms involved in drowning were carried out using latex and gold tracers of defined size and concentration. The tracers were detectable by fluorescence microscopy (latex tracers) and by electron microscopy (gold tracers) in the lungs, kidneys and lymph nodes and were analysed further by X-ray microanalysis using a transmission scanning electron microscope. Tracers with small diameters were shown to penetrate intercellular gaps of the alveolar epithelium and the larger tracers were incorporated into the epithelial and endothelial cells by active pinocytotic mechanisms thus passing through the air-blood barrier. The detection and analysis of tracers in organs of the systemic circulation originating from the immersion fluid can assist in understanding the pathophysiology of drowning and in some selected cases, in making a more definitive diagnosis.
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  • 25
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    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Congenital hydrocephalus ; Antipregnant rat kidney serum ; p53 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital hydrocephalus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of antipregnant rat kidney serum (APRKS) into rats at 9 days of pregnancy. To clarify a correlation between the oncogenes and expression of hydrocephalus, immunostaining of the fetal rat nervous system for p53 was carried out using Ab-1, a pantropic antirat p53 antibody, and Ab-3, raised against a mutant form of rat p53, Ab-1 staining was observed in cells of the neural plate of the fetus, the yolk sac, and the placenta. Because no staining occurred with Ab-3, it was likely that the p53 induced by antiserum injection was the wild-type protein. This result indicated that p53 may represent a reparative reaction to DNA damage from the APRKS; also, when DNA is irreparably damaged, p53 could induce apoptosis by favoring transcription of a gene encoding an inducet of apoptosis. Insufficient apoptosis, on the other hand, may induce failure of fetal development, contributing in particular to congenital hydrocephalus and other central nervous system anomalies.
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  • 26
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    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Subungual exostosis ; Bone formation ; Intranuclear inclusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 12-year-old Japanese boy noticed a red nodule on the distal portion of his right great toe about 2 months before entering our clinic. There was evidence of traumatic injury and infection before the appearance of the nodule. Histological examination showed the subcutaneous localization of bony spicules lined by osteoblasts. Haversian canals, which contained blood vessels and connective tissue, were also seen. Electron microscopic examination revealed normal bone structure, but, interestingly, mesenchymal cells that were localized around the tumor had intranuclear inclusions composed of filamentous bundles. From these findings, this case was diagnosed as subungual exostosis. It is suggested that the appearance of intranuclear inclusions, reported here for the first time, is related to the pathogenesis of subungual exostosis.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Sinusitis ; PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) ; Electron microscopy ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The maxillary mucosae of chronic sinusitis patients were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Although the epithelium was severely damaged by the chronic inflammation and the ciliated cells and goblet cells were degraded and had peeled off, most of the basal cells survived at the surface of the mucosa. The surviving basal cells extended their cytoplasmic processes toward each other and finally covered the bare surface of the mucosa. Cells having a few cilia and many microvilli were occasionally observed. Immunohistochemistry for PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) was also performed. The nuclei of many basal cells in the nonciliated area and those of a few ciliated cells were positive for PCNA. These findings suggest that the maxillary mucosa of chronic sinusitis has the ability to regenerate and that basal cells play the role of precursors to ciliated cells.
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  • 28
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    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Electron microscopy ; Leukemia cell ; DNA ; Cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine the morphological changes of HL-60 cells undergoing apoptosis, we induced apoptosis by etoposide treatment, and compared the findings obtained with an electron microscopic cytochemical method with those obtained with in situ end-labeling (ISEL) of DNA and a DNA fragmentation assay. Apoptotic cells were detected by ISEL of DNA 1h before the ladder formation in the DNA fragmetation assay, and an accumulation of DNA was observed simultaneously around the nucleoli and nuclear membrane by DNA-staining electron microscopy. These findings revealed that the apoptosis-related changes occurred in the DNA before the appearance of ladder formation. DNA staining with osmium ammine B revealed, at higher magnification, a rough fiber formation of DNA before apoptosis and an accumulation of small particles with the course of apoptosis. The number of primary granules stained for peroxidase in the cytoplasm decreased as apoptosis progressed. An examination by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) method revealed in number after the induction of apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis-related changes were observed not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy ; Disseminated intravascular coagulation ; Mitochondria ; Microvesicular fatty droplets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy specimens obtained from the liver of a 32-year-old woman, diagnosed with acute fatty liver of pregnancy, were examined by light and electron microscopy. The patient had become pregnant after artificial insemination. At the 36th week of gestation, she suffered simultaneous fetal distress and liver dysfunction, and a cesarean operation was done immediately. Liver biopsies were performed on the 7th and 38th day after the cesarean operation. The first biopsy revealed enlarged hepatocytes in pericentral areas. Many transformed mitochondria with tubular cristae, which were often seen in steroid hormoneproducing cells and adrenal cortical cells, and microvesicular fatty droplets were detected in some swollen hepatocytes, as revealed by electron microscopy. At the second biopsy, almost all hepatocytes had recovered normal morphology as the result of appropriate treatment.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Delaved neuronal cell death ; Apoptosis ; Microglia ; Electron microscopy ; Rat ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphological changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the rat cardiac arrest model were studied with the in situ nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method and light and electron microscopy. The TUNEL-positive pyramidal cells first appeared on day 1, increased in number with time, and reached a peak at 7 days after recirculation. At the ultrastructural level, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and an increased number of atuophagic vacuoles of the pyramidal cells were observed in the CA1 region. The brief ischemia activates the microglial cells in the CA1 region, and these cells were found to increase in number with time. The microglial cells were seen to adhere to degenerating pyramidal cells and to phagocytose the apoptotic neurons selectively.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Carcinoma ; Linitis plastica ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined a case of an 87-year-old man who had had a 1-month history of ileus of unknown cause. Postmortem examination revealed numerous foci of constriction and thickening throughout the small intestine, associated with perforation and panperitonitis. Histologically. diffuse infiltration of anaplastic atypical cells was found in the wall of almost the entire small intestine. The atypical cells were immunohistochemically positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen. In the electron microscopic examination, most of those cells had microvilli with filamentous core rootlets and terminal webs. There was no atypical cell infiltration in the stomach or large intestine. We concluded that this case was primary linitis plastica type carcinoma of the small intestine involving almost the entire small intestine.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Medium-chain triglyceride ; Intestinal absorption ; Lacteal ; Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intestinal absorption of a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) was studied by electron microscopy and biochemical analysis. In jejunal absorptive cells of rats fed tricaprylin, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical cytoplasm appeared to increase in number and contained one or two particles about 40–80 nm in diameter that were less electron dense and similar in size and profile to very low density lipoprotein. Similar particles were also observed packed in the dilated Golgi sacs and in the extended intercellular spaces. These particles were remarkably increased in number as compared with those in fasted rats. Biochemical analysis of lymph from the main intestinal lymph duct showed that caprylate was apparently demonstrated only in the lymph of rats given tricaprylin at the maximum rate 3h after oral administration. The study strongly suggests that medium-chain triglyceride is at least in part transported via lacteal, possibly in the form of very low density lipoprotein.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ovary ; Sarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary ovarian sarcoma is a rare neoplasm. The diagnosis sometimes becomes difficult by light microscopic examination alone because of the rarity and heterogeneity of these tumors. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are very useful for diagnosis. Here, we describe two cases of ovarian sarcomas: fibrosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, and a case of carcinosarcoma (homologous malignant mixed müllerian tumor). In addition to histological findings, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observation was undertaken to make a final diagnosis. Clinical outcome was variable in the three cases. It was unlikely to be related to the disease stage or treatment, such as surgical excision or anticancer drugs, whereas the mitotic index may be an important prognostic indicator in ovarian sarcomas.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Microsporon audouinii ; Pyrrolnitrin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that a ceiling quantity (1.56 mcg) of antifungal antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin caused heavy damage to dermathophyteMicrosporon audouinii Gruby CBS 313-54in vitro. Suitable preparation technique made it clear that the changes involved consisted of hyphal collapse on the edge of the culture, with loss of euplasmic organelles identity and cell autolysis. The cell wall, however, was apparently undamaged. These findings fit in with the suggestion that the mode of action of the antibiotic leads to generalised lipoproteic membranes damage. They must, however, be considered as representing the result of the terminal phase of cell distress.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; C-Cells of the thyroid and cells of the parathyroid glands ; Secondary hyperparathyroidism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Verlauf ein- bis achtwöchiger Behandlung von Wistar-Ratten mit täglich 300 mMRC Einheiten Schweinecalcitonin kam es in den C-Zellen der Schilddrüse, verglichen mit denen der Kontrollserien (unbehandelte und mit Acetatpuffer allein behandelte Tiere), einerseits zu einer morphometrisch signifikanten Abahme der Zahl der Sekretgranula, während andererseits sämtliche Zellorganellen (Mitochondrie,, Golgi-Apparat und auch das granuläre endoplasmatische Reticulum) besser entwickelt waren. In den in gleichen Zeitabschnitten untersuchten Parathyroideazellen fanden wir bei mit Calcitonin behandelten Ratten Strukturveränderungen, die auf eine erhöhte Aktivität hinwiesen: Einfaltungen des Kerns, Erweiterung der Intercellularräume mit Vermehrung und Verlängerung der in diese hineinragenden Mikrovilli, bessere Ausbildung des Golgi-Apparates und des granulären endoplasmatischen Reticulums sowie eine größere Menge freier Ribosomen. Die Zahl der Sekretgranula war eindeutig höher als bei den Kontrolltieren. Der Ca ++- und Mg++-Blutspiegel zeigte während der ganzen Versuchsdauer bei allen Tieren keine statistisch faßbaren Änderungen. Die Autoren vertreten die Hypothese, daß die Aktivierung der C-Zellen durch das Auftreten eines durch die Calcitoninverabreichung hervorgerufenen sekundären Hyperparathyroidismus zustande kommt.
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were injected for one to eight weeks with 300 mMRC units per day of porcine calcitonin. During this period C-cells (or “parafollicular” cells) of the thyroid gland and cells of the parathyroid glands were examined ultrastructurally. The C-cells were further studied morphometrically in animals treated with calcitonin dissolved in acetate buffer as well as in acetate buffer- and not-treated control animals. In the thyroid C cells the number of secretion granules significantly decreased following calcitonin administration, whereas the volume of all cell organelles (mitochondria, Golgi complex and granular endoplasmic reticulum) augmented. The cells of the parathyroid glands of the calcitonin-treated rats showed structural changes due to higher activity: invaginations of the nuclear envelope, enlargement of the intercellular spaces with increase in number and size of the microvilli, better development of the Golgi complex and the granular endoplasmic reticulum, larger population of free ribosomes and secretory granules. However, no significant differences in the blood calcium and magnesium levels were detected when a comparison was made of calcitonin-treated and control animals. All these observations support the hypothesis that the activation of the C-cells may result from a secondary hyperparathyroidism itself induced by the administration of moderate doses of calcitonin.
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  • 36
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    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human skeletal muscle ; Sarcolemma ; Isolation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An isolation procedure for sarcolemma of human skeletal muscle is described. The method includes the possibility to prepare sarcoplasmic reticulum from the same muscle fibres. Electron microscopy reveals a homogeneous final fraction of 80–90% myofibre enveloping membranes contaminated by blood vessel membranes. The typical three-laminar composition of isolated sarcolemma is demonstrated. The mechanism of muscle fibre emptying is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mammals ; Mole ; Ovary ; Interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ovar des Maulwurfs wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Der Feinbau der verschiedenen Follikel und der Keimzellen entspricht dem anderer Species. Die Granulosa wird vermutlich erst mit der Ovulation luteinisiert. Sie enthält reichlich rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum und Sprossen von glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum. Die Zellen der Theka interna leiten sich von Fibrocyten ab und enthalten neben reichlich glattem ER auch granuläres ER sowie Lipidtropfen und Mitochondrien mit Cristae und Tubuli. Diese Zellen ähneln in ihrer Feinstruktur stark den Zwischenzellen des ovarialen Marks. Dieses enthält in der Marksträngen Epithelien, die einer kräftigen Basalmembran aufsitzen. Sie werden teils als embryonal persistierende Vorstufen von Granulosa- oder Sertoli-Zellen, teils als Granulosasprossen aus der Rinde gedeutet. Für die Zwischenzellen des Marks erscheint eine Analogie mit den Hiluszellen des menschlichen Ovarialmarks bzw. eine Homologie mit den Leydig-Zellen des Hodens zweifelhaft. Als mögliche Quelle für diesen Zelltyp werden neben embryonal liegengebliebenen Anteilen auch Thekakeile und Epoophoronzellen sowie Fibroblasten diskutiert. Neben einer Steroid-synthese dürfte ihnen eine Reserve- und Speicherfunktion zukommen.
    Notes: Summary In order to make possible comparison between relatively primitive and relatively specialized gonads, the ovary of the mole was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles and of the germ cells is similar to that of other species. The granulosa cells of secondary and early tertiary follicles contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a small number profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The cells of the theca interna, which develop from simple fibrocytes are rich in smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and contain many lipid droplets and mitochondria, which possess both cristae and tubuli mitochondriales. At the time of ovulation, the granulosa cells are luteinized and their ultrastructure changes correspondingly. The medulla of the ovary is composed of the medullary cords and the interstitial cells. The medullary cords are solid epithelial cords, which are surrounded by a prominent basement membrane. They may be derived from embryonic precursors of granulosa—or Sertoli-cells or bud from the cortical zonae granulosae. There is a striking morphological similarity between the theca and interstitial cells. The interstitial cells of the ovarian medulla differ from the hilus cells of the human ovary and the Leydig-cells of the testis. They may develop either from embryonic rudiments of Leydig—or hilus-cell precursors, or bud from the theca or the epoophoron, or they may develop from fibrocytes. In addition to their suggested activity in steroid biosynthesis, the interstitial cells may have a trophic or storage function.
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  • 38
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    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Colonic mucosa ; Mouse ; Vacuolated cells ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Swiss ICR adult male mice were used to analyse regional morphologic differences in the mucosa of the colon. The three cell types recently described in the descending colon of the mouse were also observed in the transverse and in the ascending colon. However the vacuolated cells of the crypts have presented different morphological characteristics depending on their localisation. In the ascending colon, they exhibited small supranuclear vesicles in contrast to the large vesicles observed in the descending colon. Several cell combining features of argentaffin-vacuolated, goblet-vacuolated and goblet-argentaffin cells have been observed. Furthermore a special type of granule referred to as a secondary lysosome was observed in the peripheral area of the typical goblet cells.
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  • 39
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    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 85-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: X zone ; Electron microscopy ; Development ; Adrenal ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development and involution of the X zone in the mouse adrenal cortex of both sexes were examined using the light and electron microscopes. At 0–5 days of age, no special cell group could be distinguished for the developing X zone in the inner cortex. The inner cortical cells contained spherical or ellipsoidal mitochondria with vesiculotubular cristae, vesiculotubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and electron-lucent lipid droplets. The first sign of the developing X zone was the appearance of small groups of cells in juxtamedullary region differing from the cells in other part of inner cortex at 8 days. The electron microscopy showed that such cells contained nuclei of somewhat irregular outline and some parallel stacks of flattened sER. At 10–11 days, a thin layer of small eosinophilic cells were clearly identified as the developing X zone light microscopically in both sexes. Electron microscopically, the X zone cells showed a much dense cytoplas, which contained abundant sER, many mitochondria and numerous ribosomes. The typical X zone cells were characterized by the formation of peculiar mitochondrial complexes and whorled pattern of the sER. Mitoses were often found in the X zone, where mitotic cells even contained the whorled sER and bizarre mitochondria characteristic of the typical X zone cells. In the male the X zone rapidly involuted and might disappear by 30 days of age, whereas in the female X zone persisted as a thicker layer with the earlist sign of fatty degeneration. The origin of the X zone cell and the process of formation of its characteristic organelles are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Gonads/embryology ; Swine/embryology ; Sex determination ; Electron microscopy ; Sex characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pig embryos aged 21–22 days (d) were obtained from artificially inseminated sows for an ultrastructural study of the development and sex differentiation of the gonadal ridge. The chromosomal sex of the embryos was identified by a chromosome analysis. At the age of 21 d the gonadal ridge consisted of three different tissue: the surface epithelium, the primitive cords, and the mesenchyme. The surface epithelial cells contained elongate mitochondria with lamellar cristae, granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), the Golgi complex, free polysomes, coated vesicles and fine filaments. The epithelium was continuous with the primitive cords, which were composed of ultrastructurally similar cells. The epithelial basal lamina followed the cord surface, but covered it incompletely. Primordial germ cells (PGC) were located under the surface epithelium in the mesenchyme and in the cords. The nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, and the large mitochondria were round. The cytoplasm contained a pair of centrioles, the Golgi complex, solitary lamellae of the GER, free polysomes, lipid droplets and some coated vesicles. The PGC entered the gonadal cords before these were surrounded by the continuous basal lamina. A day later (22 d) the number and length of the cords were increased. The PGC were more frequent and seen also in deeper layers. All the structures studied at the age of 21–22 d showed that the gonadal ridge also at the ultrastructural level is at the sexually indifferent stage.
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  • 41
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lung ; Stretch receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lappenbronchien (3./6.) (Durchmesser bei mittlerer Inspirationslage 500–700 μ) von männlichen und weiblichen Wistarratten wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Diese Bronchien entsprechen im Wandbau den mittleren Bronchioli größerer Säugetiere. Freie, verzweigte lanzettförmige Terminalfasern werden im Bindegewebe der lamina propria beschrieben. Sie sind in das elastisch muskuläre System der Bronchuswand eingebaut. Die zugehörige markhaltige afferente Nervenfaser ist verzweigt und hat einen Durchmesser von 4–6 μ. Außerdem werden efferente motorische Endigungen an der glatten Bronchialmuskulatur beschrieben. Die freien lanzettförmigen und verzweigten Terminalfasern sind möglicherweise Dehnungsrezeptoren für den Hering Breuer Reflex.
    Notes: Summary In rats the 3rd to 6th bronchi, measuring 500–700 μ in diameter during inspiration, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The histological appearance of these bronchi is comparable to that of medium sized bronchioles of larger animals. The branched and lanceolate terminals are associated with the connective tissue of the lamina propria and the smooth muscle cell layer. In this way the terminals are bound to the myoelastic system of the bronchial wall. The myelinated afferent fiber is branched and the diameter measures about 4–6 microns. Besides afferent nerve terminals these are numerous efferent endings on the smooth muscle basement laminae. It is supposed that the described receptor represents the pulmonary stretch receptor of the Hering Breuer reflex.
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  • 42
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    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 95-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Thalamus ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An experimental electron microscopical study has been made on the mode of termination of the cerebellothalamic projections in the cat. Supporting experimental light microscopical studies of silver impregnated sections following a large lesion of the cerebellar nuclei and light microscopical autoradiographic studies of the thalamus following injections of tritiated leucine in parts of the cerebellar nuclei, have been made as well. Following large lesions of the cerebellar nuclei, only the largest occuring type of bouton in the cat's VL and VA (type LR bouton) degenerates. Following such lesions, type LR boutons undergo a filamentous hypertrophy before becoming electrondense. One degenerating LR bouton establishes complex synapses with the dendrites of both thalamocortical relay cells and interneurons. Not all type LR boutons in VL and VA degenerate following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. Light microscopical autoradiographic studies as well as experimental electron microscopical investigations indicate that cerebellothalamic fibers end in clusters within VL and VA, and that the areas of termination lie more rostrally within these thalamic nuclei than has been inferred from experimental studies of silver impregnated sections following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. The findings are discussed with respect to relevant morphological and physiological data.
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  • 43
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Globules ; Pyrophosphatase ; Calcification ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-day-old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and thin slices were cut of the first molar germs. The slices were treated with EDTA and “activated” with buffered solutions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ or Zn2+. Incubation was carried out in buffered solutions (pH 8.5) containing inorganic pyrophosphate and Pb2+. In the Mg2+-activated specimens incubation products were localized to the plasma membranes in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic area. Lead deposits were found on the periphery of the dentinal globules. Incubation products were more randomly distributed in Ca2+-activated specimens whereas those activated with Zn2+ displayed a deposition of lead precipitates mainly corresponding to that seen after activation with Mg2+. The findings are discussed in reference to the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the dentin-producing tissues and it is proposed that the results are indicative of the presence of an inorganic pyrophosphatase in these tissues.
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  • 44
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Shell Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acid phosphatase activity was mainly localized in the lysosomes in all the regions of the outer epithelium. The transitional portion of the outer epithelium showed more intense activity than the other regions. During shell regeneration the activity of this portion decreased to a minimum level at 12 hours and was restored to normal at 72 hours. The other regions showed no change of activity during shell regeneration. It is postulated that the acid phosphatase in the transitional protion is responsible for conferring calcifiability to the organic matrix of the shell.
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  • 45
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 32 (1974), S. 129-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead intoxication ; Lead line ; Electron microscopy ; Stomato-Logy ; Bleiintoxikation ; Bleisaum ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Stomatologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die histologischen Befunde beim Bleisaum im Licht- und Dunkelfeld werden kurz besprochen. Die Beobachtungen stimmen mit den bekannten Angaben aus der Literatur überein. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Gingivabiopsien von 3 Patienten mit Bleivergiftung und deutlichem Bleisaum zeigten, daß die Ablagerungen sowohl extra- als auch intracellulär zu finden sind. Extracelluläres Blei war hauptsächlich zwischen kollagenen Pasern, um die Blutgefäße und in die Basallamina an der dermo-epidermalen Grenze eingelagert. Intracelluläres Blei war in einer Gruppe von Zellen in membranbegrenzten Phagosomen vorhanden, während es in anderen Zellen diffus im Cytoplasma verteilt war, wobei es zu einer Einlagerung in die verschiedenen cytoplasmatischen Membransysteme, besonders in die mitochondrialen Membranen, kam. Reste von lytischen Zellen mit diffus im Cytoplasma verteiltem Metall wurden von Makrophagen aufgenommen. Es wird vermutet, daß ein Cyclus abläuft, der mit der Phagocytose von Blei beginnt und über progrediente Zellschädigung zur Lyse führt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Beobachtungen bei Argyrose verglichen. Das unterschiedliche Verteilungsmuster der Metalle bei diesen beiden Erkrankungen wird im Hinblick auf eine Hypothese über den Pathomechanismus von Schwermetallvergiftungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The histology of the lead line is briefly reviewed on the basis of light- and dark-field microscope studies. The observations correspond with published data. Electron microscope studies on gingival biopsies obtained from 3 patients with lead intoxication and marked lead lines showed extra- and intracellular deposits of the metal. Extracellular lead was preferentially deposited between collagen fibers, around blood vessels and on the basal lamina of the dermal-epidermal junction. Intracellular lead was present within membrane-bound phagosomes of one group of cells, whereas it was diffusely distributed within the cytoplasm of another cell group. In the latter it was deposited on the different cytoplasmic membrane systems, particularly on the mitochondrial membranes. Residues of lytic cells, which contained diffusely distributed metal, were phagocytized by macrophages. It is assumed that a cycle starts with the phagocytosis of lead and ends with increasing cellular damage and cytolysis. The results are compared with the observations in argyria. The different distribution patterns of the metal in the two diseases are discussed in the light of a proposed hypothesis on the pathomechanisms of heavy-metal poisoning.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Amaurotic Idiocy ; Late infantile Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis ; Mental retardation ; Electron microscopy ; Inclusion bodies ; Membrane bound neuronal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die lichtmikroskopischen, histochemischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde in der Gehirnbiopsie eines Frühfalles von später infantiler Form der amaurotischen Idiotie (oder einer frühen Form der Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt-Krankheit) beschrieben. An die Membranen gebundene cytoplasmatische Einschlußkörperchen sind in einigen wenigen Neuronen vorhanden. Die morphologischen Befunde werden mit Bezug auf die Ätiologie der Erkrankung diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The light microscopic, histochemical and electron microscopic findings in a brain biopsy of an early case of Late Infantile Amaurotic Idioty (early form of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease) are reported. Membrane bound cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are present in a small number of neurons. The morphological findings are discussed in relation to the etiology of the disease.
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  • 47
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    Journal of neurology 208 (1974), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Neuroblastoma, central ; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ; Transplacentar carcinogenesis ; Neuronal differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die transplacentare Gabe von MNH an schwangere Ratten am 16. Tage der Gravidität, obwohl sie bei allen untersuchten Nachkommen zu Gehirnmißbildungen führte, erzeugte nur einen Tumor des Nervensystems. Dieser bösartige Tumor, bei dem am Lichtmikroskop die Diagnose Neuroblastoma gestellt wurde, wurde auch durch E.M. untersucht. Obwohl Strukturen stark andeutend auf unreife oder regressive synapsenartige Kontakte vorhanden waren, konnten gutentwickelte Synapsen jedoch nicht beobachtet werden. Bei den verschiedenen neuronalen Eigenschaften, die bei den Tumorzellen zum Vorschein kamen, besonders extensive Nissl-Schollen und zahlreiche „subsurface“ Zisternen, waren mehrere typisch für die embryonale Entwicklung der Nervenzellen: geästete Zellfortsätze mit Wachstumskonen und dense core, neurosekretorische Granula; diese Granula wurde als charakteristisch für neuerwachsende Nervenfasern angesehen. Die Anwesenheit dieser Entwicklungsmerkmale in einem Nervenzellenmalignom kann die vermutete embryonale Abstammung des Neuroblastomas als Abkömmling von unreifen Formen und nicht von entdifferenzierten Zellen bestätigen.
    Notes: Summary Transplacentar administration of MNU to pregnant Wistar-R rats at the 16th day of gestation, while inducing cerebral malformations in all the offspring examined, produced only one nervous system tumor. This malignant neoplasm, diagnosed optically as a neuroblastoma, was also examined at the EM level. Although structures strongly suggestive of incipient or abortive synaptic formations were present, well developed synapses were not observed. Among the various neuronal features displayed by the tumor cells, notably some extensive Nissl arrays and numerous subsurface cisternae, several were indicative of maturing nerve cells: branching tumoral processes provided with typical growth cones and dense cored “neurosecretory” vesicles. These vesicles are now considered to be one of the characteristics of newly developing nerve fibers. The presence of these developmental features in a nerve cell tumor helps to substantiate the embryonic origin of neuroblastomas postulated as arising from immature forms and not from dedifferentiated cells.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ommatidium ; Apis mellifica ; Ninth retinula cell ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Rhabdom im Ommatidium der Arbeitsbiene wird von 9 Retinulazellen aufgebaut. Die exzentrische Zelle = Zelle Nr. 9 (ca. 50–75 μ lang) liegt im distalen Bereich des Ommatidiums, unterhalb der Zelle Nr. 4 (nach Varela und Porter, 1969), die ihrerseits den Rhabdomverband verläßt und als Axon zur Basalmembran zieht.
    Notes: Summary The rhabdom in the ommatidium of the worker honey bee is built up of 9 retinula cells. The eccentric cell = cell No. 9 (approx. 50–75 μ long) is situated in the distal region of the ommatidium beneath the fourth cell (numbered according to Varela and Porter, 1969), which in its turn leaves the rhabdom and runs as an axon towards the basement membrane.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 397-406 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; “Nude” mouse ; Ciliogenesis ; Ciliary anomalies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of the “nude” mouse is composed of ciliated cysts. In the adult mouse, different steps of ciliogenesis can be observed. The ciliated cells exhibit several anomalies in the centriole and in the cilium itself; the most important ones are the half-centriole and the compound cilia. An explanation for the occurrence of frequent anomalies in ciliated cells is suggested. Finally, some single cilia are described in fat cells.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urethra (rat) ; Chromaffin cells ; Sensory neurons ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urethra of the rat was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Under a transmission electron microscope flask-shaped chromaffin cells containing membrane-bound osmiophilic granules were seen to possess microvilli at their apical surfaces. The microvilli projected into large extracellular spaces which were apparently in continuity with the lumen of the urethra. Using scanning electron microscopy, a surface view of the lumen of the urethra was obtained. It showed a gently undulating surface with distinct intercellular boundaries. Scattered over the surface were numerous deep depressions between individual cells. These were thought to correspond with the large extracellular spaces into which microvilli had been seen to project. It is suggested that urethral chromaffin cells may “trigger” the afferent part of a reflex causing contraction of the urethral longitudinal muscle.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat brain stem ; Synaptogenesis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and protein content of the five subfractions of the crude mitochondrial fraction from the brain stem of the 1-day old and adult rat was examined. The morphological composition of the subfractions after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmiumtetroxide in the adult rat brain stem resembled that previously reported for the whole brain; synaptosomes sedimented in a sucrose gradient in subfractions C and D. In the 1-day old rat, mature synaptosomes were found in subfractions A, B, C and D; E contained mainly free mitochondria. 80–95% of the processes in the adult and 10–30% in the 1-day old rat contained synaptic vesicles which were of four types: (1) small agranular vesicles (2) large dense core vesicles (3) large agranular vesicles (4) coated vesicles. Pre- and postsynaptic membrane thickenings were demonstrated in many nerve-ending particles. In the subfractions of the 1-day old rat the protein content was one half and the distribution resembled that in the adult. Evidently nerve endings develop faster in the brain stem than in cortical areas; a serotoninor adrenergic origin of the early synaptosomes is suggested.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Structural water ; Fibrinogen-Fibrinmolecule ; Molecular morphology ; Electron microscopy ; Heat drying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Standardgerinnsel aus Rinderfibrin wurden in der Kammer einer Versuchsanordnung einem mit Wasser nahezu gesättigten Luftstrom ausgesetzt. Die Gerinnsel kollabierten, und ihr Restwasser wurde in Zeitabständen durch Hitzetrocknung bei 105°C bestimmt. Es resultierte eine zeitabhängige Kurve, die aus 3 Phasen besteht. Elektronen-mikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, daß infolge eines Verlustes des freien Wassers während der ersten Phase das Pibringerüst des Gerinnsels kollabiert. Während der dritten Phase kollabiert das Proteingerüst der Fibrinmoleküle infolge des Verlustes von Strukturwasser. Während der zweiten Phase besteht das Gerinnsel aus raumfüllend gepackten Fibrinmolekülen. Das Strukturwasser beträgt dann etwa 5,25 g/g Trockengewicht; die Höhe ist etwa 180 μm und ergibt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert des Strukturwassers, 6,25 g/g Protein. Wenn dieser experimentelle Wert mit entsprechenden, theoretisch zu erwartenden Werten verglichen wird, die von elektronenmikroskopischen Molekularmodellen für Fibrin hergeleitet wurden, so ergibt das Gerinnsel, das aus raumfüllend gepackten Pentagondodekaeder-Modellen besteht, mit etwa 8 g Strukturwasser/g Fibrin die beste Näherung an den im Experiment erhaltenen Wert. Dieses Modell kann — im Gegensatz zu anderen Modellen — Massen-, Volumens- und Morphologieverhältnisse des Gerinnsels und des Moleküls erklären. Die verbleibende Differenz zwischen wahrscheinlichstem experimentellem und theoretischem Strukturwasser-Gehalt ist leicht durch experimentelle Ungenauigkeiten und Anwesenheit von Nicht-Fibrin im Molekularvolumen erklärbar. Mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit repräsentiert deshalb das Pentagondodekaeder-Modell die Allgemeinstruktur des Fibrin- und Fibrinogenmoleküls.
    Notes: Summary Standard clots of bovine fibrin collapsed in the highly humid air stream of a laboratory device. Their residual water, determined by heat drying at 105°C, resulted in a time dependent curve composed of 3 distinct phases. Electron micrographs show that during the first phase free water is released causing a collapse of the fibrous framework of the clot, during the third phase structural water is lost causing a breakdown of the molecular protein. The clot of the second phase consists of space fillingly packed fibrin molecules, whose directly determined structural water is approximately 5.25 g/g dry wt., but whose height (approximately 180 μm) results in the most probable value 6.25 g structural water/g protein. If this amount is compared with respective theoretical values of electron microscopic molecular models of fibrin, the clot consisting of space fillingly packed pentagon dodecahedron models yields approximately 8 g structural water/g fibrin, closely to the experimental value. In contrast to other models, this model explains simultaneously the shape of the curve, mass and volume relationships and morphology of clot and molecule. The remainding difference between the most probable experimental and this theoretical value can easily be attributed to experimental errors and impurities contained in the volume of the molecule. Consequently, the general structure of the fibrinogen and fibrin molecule is represented by the pentagon dodecahedron model.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 481-495 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Monoamines ; Amphibia ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the brain of Bufo poweri was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp method. Green fluorescence was observed in neurons of the diencephalic preoptic recess organ (PRO) and its so-called additional cells, in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and its so-called accompanying cells, in the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and in the mesencephalic nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). Yellow fluorescence was found in some cells of the PVO and NID and in neurons of the caudal part of the NRM. Extensive tracts of aminergic fibres are described running caudo-rostrally and mainly terminating in the septa and striata of the telencephalon. It is suggested that the aminergic nuclei mentioned above partly contribute to the ascending tracts. Other fibres, originating in the PVO and NID are curving centro-caudally towards the median eminence. Although with the electron microscope some apparently aminergic nerve fibres were detected in the pars intermedia, such fibres have not been observed fluorescence microscopically. The ultrastructural study of the PRO has shown the presence of two types of aminergic liquor-contacting neurons. Among the distal cells of the PRO, aminergic and peptidergic neurons were distinguished. The presence of PRO additional cells, which are considered as a rostral extension of the PRO, is discussed with regard to the terrestrial habitat of the species.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sea anemone mesoglea ; Collagen synthesis ; Epitheliomuscular cells ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy and autoradiography (H3-proline) were used to determine the cell(s) responsible for collagen synthesis and lamination in the mesoglea of the sea anemone, Aiptasia diaphana. Mesogleal collagen is synthesized by the epidermal epitheliomuscular cells which contain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles attached to microtubules which cross the basal plasmalemma and anchor in the basement membrane; these cells incorporate large amounts of H3-proline. The mesogleal collagen fibers are non-striated, have clear centers, and a diameter of 200–260 Å; their walls are composed of 65 Å diameter subunit fibrils which appear to be helically oriented. Epitheliomuscular cells rest upon a subepidermal basement membrane which is composed of mesogleal collagen fibers, 65 Å subunit fibrils, and dense granules. This subepidermal basement membrane labels definitively with H3-proline, and is the region where soluble collagen precursors apparently form subunit fibrils which associate to yield mesogleal fibers. The columnar mesogleal collagen fibers are arranged to form layers: the fibers of each layer have the same longitudinal orientation, while those of adjacent layers display an approximate orthogonal arrangement. It is felt that the subepidermal basement membrane is responsible for this organization of mesogleal fibers. Mesogleal amoebocytes do not label with H3-proline and show no ultrastructural evidence of collagen secretion.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Mouse ; Multinucleate spermatids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of the testes of five inbred and three outbred mouse strains show that the usual frequency of multinucleate spermatids is between one and two percent. In C57 BL/6J and A/Gr however it is higher (4–5%). The frequency of the shared acrosome condition, which would lead to the formation of an abnormal sperm, is 1.3 per thousand.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipofuscin ; Phagocytosis ; Vacuolization ; Capillary endothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dimethylaminoethyl p-chlorophenoxy acetate (80 mg/kg body weight) was administered (i. m.) to guinea pigs for 30 to 56 days. Electron microscopic examination of the hippocampus, mid-brain reticular formation and the area postrema revealed marked diminution in the electron density of the pigment granules and vacuolization. This type of lipofuscin was detected in some phagocytic cells and in the capillary endothelium. Conspicuous vacuolization of the capillary wall was discernible. These changes were not observed in the “control group” of animals.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula submandibularis (Mouse) ; Acinar ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the submandibular gland of the mouse was studied by means of electron microscopy, from the 14th day of gestation up to birth. In the first two days the acini are solid and their cells contain polyribosomes and a few lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning with the 16th day secretory granules appear and rapidly fill an increasing number of cells. The different electron density of the granules makes it possible to distinguish 1. two types of granules, dense and pale, and sometimes intermediate ones, 2. “polymorphic” granules. The latter consists of electron dense and electron pale parts combined in different configurations. The possible significance of the various types of granules is discussed.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 521-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Intrafusal fibres ; Myofilaments ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles contain two types of intrafusal muscle fibre, nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres. The intrafusal fibres of rabbit and guinea pig spindles have been studied using quantitative stereological techniques at the ultrastructural level. The crosssectional areas occupied by myofilaments have been measured in the polar and equatorial regions of both types of intrafusal fibre. There are considerably fewer myofilaments in the equatorial regions of both types of fibre compared with their polar regions.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; ACTH ; DNA-synthesis ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic ACTH administration (up to 12 consecutive days) on the 3H-thymidine uptake by the mitochondrial compartment of rat adrenal zona fasciculata were investigated by high resolution autoradiography, and compared with the changes in volume and number per cell of these organelles induced by the hormonal treatment. Up to the 9th day of treatment there is a significant increase in the tracer incorporation into adrenocortical mitochondria which is coupled with a significant increase in the volume of the organelles. After 12 days of hormone administration a significant decrease in the 3H-thymidine mitochondrial uptake is found, which is associated with a conspicuous increase in the number of mitochondria per cell and a net decrease in their average volume. The data are discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria possess a genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control. It is hypothesized that ACTH controls the growth and proliferation of adrenocortical mitochondria and that the mechanism of this action of ACTH involves stimulation of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 269-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis ; Adenosine triphosphatase ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two intracellular phospho-hydrolases are revealed in cells of Trichomonas vaginalis. One of the enzymes is an acid phosphatase and the other a nucleoside triphosphatase (ATP-ase). Both enzymes are found to be present in the Golgi saceuli and vesicles of the cells. The ATP-ase activity has prevalence to the more superficially positioned saceuli of the Golgi region and the acid phosphatase to the more deeply positioned saceuli. Both enzymes are also found in the phagolysosomes but only acid phosphatase could be demonstrated in the small primary lysosomal structures of the cell cytoplasm. The findings indicate that both enzymes are active in the hydrolytic processes associated with endocytosis of foreign matter.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Membrane particles ; Cockroach hemocytes ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Freeze-fracture studies were conducted on the membranes of normal cockroach hemocytes. The plasmalemma is asymmetric with the A fracture face containing 80–100 Å membrane intercalated particles at a concentration of ∼2500/μ2. The B fracture face contains 120–150 Å particles with a relatively low density (∼800/μ2). The nuclear envelope displays an asymmetry with the A fracture face containing ∼1500 particles/μ2 and the B face containing ∼300/μ 2. No significant particle size differences were observed in nuclear envelope fracture faces. Two types of symmetric membranes were also found in these cells. Both A and B fracture faces of the membrane surrounding the numerous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies contain particle sizes and concentrations similar to the B face of the plasmalemma. A second type of symmetry was observed in cells apparently engaged in “exocytosis”. Vesicles (∼0.1 μD) from this process were completely particle free on both fracture faces. Such particle free vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm, attached to the plasmalemma, or completely separated from the cell.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 433-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Rat) ; Development ; Renin ; Pools ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die perinatale Entwicklung des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere das Verhalten der epitheloiden Zellen wurde an 18 trächtigen Ratten and 65 Embryonen bzw. Jungtieren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Parallel dazu wurde die Reninkonzentration bzw. der Reningehalt bestimmt. Spezifische Sekretgranula finden sich erstmals am 18. Tag der Fetalzeit, und zwar in den epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates juxtamedullärer Nephrone. Die Granula machen einen Struktur- und wahrscheinlich auch Funktionswandel durch, der eine Einteilung in drei verschiedene Granulatypen nahelegt. Diesen drei Typen spezifischer (reninhaltiger) Sekretgranula werden die Lysosomen als unspezifische Einschlüsse der epitheloiden Zellen gegenübergestellt. Im einzelnen kommt es während der perinatalen Phase in den fetalen Epitheloidzellen zuerst, d.h. pränatal, zu einer Hypertrophie des rauhwandigen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-Apparates. Hierin sehen die Autoren einen Hinweis auf eine erhöhte Proteinsynthese mit entsprechender Zunahme der Transport- und Konzentrationsvorgänge. Nach der Geburt findet sich dann auch eine deutliche Zunahme der Sekretgranula vom Typ III, die als reife Reningranula (mature granules) angesehen werden. Die bisher noch nicht beschriebenen kleinen Sekretgranula vom Typ I dagegen kommen in weniger entwickelten Epitheloidzellen häufiger vor. Bestimmungen der Reninverteilung zwischen Zytoplasma und den durch Differential-zentrifugation gewonnenen Granula-Fraktionen ergeben auffallende Parallelen zu den morphologischen Befunden. Diese sprechen im allgemeinen dafür, daß “freies Renin” im Ergasto-plasma und “gebundenes Renin” in den Sekretgranula vorliegt. Mit zunehmendem Alter scheint es außerdem — parallel zur relativen Abnahme des Ergastoplasmas und Zunahme der reifen Reningranula — zu einer Verminderung des extragranulären zugunsten des granulär gebundenen Renins zu kommen.
    Notes: Summary The perinatal development of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), with particular reference to the epithelioid cells, was studied. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on 18 gravid rats and 65 embryos with corresponding determinations of renin concentration and the renin contents by bio-assay. Specific secretory granules of the epithelioid cells of the JGA of juxtamedullary nephrons are first observed on the 18th day of gestation. The classification into three types of secretory granules suggests that they undergo a structural and probably also a functional transformation. All three types of secretory granule may be regarded as specific, renin-containing, cytoplasmic organelles. During the last days of gestation, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become hypertrophied in epithelioid cells, indicating an increased protein synthesis as well as transport and concentration processes. After birth, there is a definite increase in the number of Type III secretory granules-which may be regarded as mature granules. The small Type I secretory granulesnot previously described-are found more frequently in the immature epithelioid cells. Determinations of the renin distribution in the plasma and in fractions of cytoplasmic constituents (total homogenate, secretory granules) prepared by differential centrifugation showed striking congruence with the morphological findings. It is generally assumed that “soluble renin” occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and “bound renin” in secretory granules. A shift from extragranular to granular (bound) renin, occurs with increasing age, having its morphological equivalent in the relative decrease of the endoplasmic reticulum and increase in mature secretory granules.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 69-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Freshwater stickleback ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new approach to the ultrastructure of fish pituitary glands is presented. A morphometric analysis of the cell types in the pituitary gland of the adult, winter, fresh-water stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus form leiurus, reveals differences between both the relative and absolute volumes of the various organelles in different cell types. The morphometric data on the relative volumes of the organelles, together with section profile diameters of the secretory granules and information on the surface area: volume ratio of the nuclei are then used to build “reconstruction drawings” of “average” cells. A distinction is made between the ultrastructural description and identification of cell types.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sense organ ; Lateral line ; Synapses ; Ambystoma mexicanum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lateral line organs in young salamanders of the species Ambystoma mexicanum were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were found to differ from the lateral line organs in adult animals (1) by being lower, having short hair cells and supporting cells, (2) by the hair cells having areas of lateral contact, (3) by the occasional presence, at the edge of the organ, of hair cells at an early developmental stage. Two types of nerve endings are seen: (1) afferent, and (2) less commonly, efferent vesiculated ones. Synaptic bodies have been seen in the cytoplasm without association to afferent synapses.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 513-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Corpus luteum ; Innervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Qualitative and quantitative studies were made to determine the amount of nerve fiber supplying corpora lutea (CL) of rats during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy and sow CL during days 4–6 after ovulation. Fluorescence microscopy of freeze-dried, paraformaldehyde treated (Falck-Hillarp method) rat ovaries reveals adrenergic nerve fibers which run along with vessels and form a network among interstitial gland cells. Nerve fibers do not enter the granulosa cell layer in follicles or CL. In the CL circumference both vascular and non-vascular nerves occur the latter being related to the fibromuscular layer and probably innervating smooth muscle cells. No striking differences exist between the innervation of the ovary in non-pregnant and pregnant rats. Bodian and methylene blue staining did not contribute to a more detailed knowledge of rat ovary nerve supply. Electron microscopic quantitative analysis of rat and pig CL (rat: day 18 of pregnancy; pig: day 4–6 after ovulation) revealed no axon profiles in 2.000 grid squares (one square measuring 2.25×10-2 mm2) of randomly taken CL sections. Thus it was possible to calculate an upper limit of 133 μm of nerve fibers per 1 mm3 CL tissue, in case there were any at all.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 525-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nidation ; Mice ; Cell interaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction between the trophoblast and the maternal epithelium at early implantation was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The uterine horns were fixed in situ and a double-embedding method was used to locate implantation sites. Observations were made on mice killed at 2 hour intervals 90–116 h. post coitum which covered the following stages: pre-attachment (i) with zona pellucida intact (ii) with zona pellucida in dissolution (iii) after loss of the zona; attachment; adherence; and invasion. The intact zona pellucida was electron opaque and of uniform density. In the stage of apparent dissolution it became electron dense and was trapped between trophoblast and epithelium. At preattachment the trophoblast cells were round. Subsequently they became long and attenuated, often with lysosomes in the cytoplasm proximal to the epithelial layer. Epithelial cells, which could be seen in various stages of degeneration were apparently phagocytosed by the trophoblast. Occasional pyknotic epithelial cells were seen, as well as some apparently normal ones which contained cytosegresomes. The possible reasons for their presence are discussed. The microvilli of the epithelial cells changed from regular and pointed at preattachment to short and irregular at adherence and invasion.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Connective tissue ; Muscle, smooth ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tunica albuginea in ovaries of sexually mature rabbits is only a few cell layers thick but is much more densely packed with collagen bundles than the broad theca externa of the Graafian follicles. Smooth muscle cells were demonstrated in theca externa around the whole follicle; ultrastructural evidence of smooth muscles in the apical region of theca externa in rabbit follicles has not been presented previously. At 8 hrs after injection of an ovulatory dose of HCG oedema was observed below the germinal epithelium covering preovulatory follicles. In the oedematous area, dead or degenerating cells could be found, and the underlying tunica albuginea contained degenerated fibroblasts and showed dissociation and fragmentation of the collagen. The alterations gradually proceeded inwards, and, at 9.5 hrs and later, marked changes were obvious even in the innermost portion of theca externa. The observation that the changes started, and were most pronounced, in the collagen-rich tunica albuginea and gradually proceeded inwards, supports the hypothesis that lytic substances emanating from the surface epithelium covering preovulatory follicles play a central role in effecting follicle rupture.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinohypothalamic projection ; Passer domesticus ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility of a direct retinohypothalamic projection was reinvestigated in Passer domesticus by electron microscopy following left unilateral retinectomy. To avoid misinterpretation of non-specific degeneration, the course of degenerative changes was observed at intervals of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours after operation. Of the hypothalamic areas examined in only one, the contralateral suprachiasmatic nucleus, was it possible to identify reliable indications of secondary anterograde degeneration comparable to those observed in the contralateral optic tectum. Single dark profiles within the supraoptic nucleus and the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus showed neither internal changes in structure nor an increase in number per unit area in retinectomized birds. Since photoperiodically induced gonadal growth occurs in totally blinded birds the functional significance of the retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus is open to discussion.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Branchiostoma ; Kölliker's pit ; Hatschek's pit ; Wheel organ ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kölliker's and Hatschek's pit and the wheel organ in the head region of Amphioxus have been studied with the electron microscope. Kölliker's pit is lined by ciliated cells lacking specific ultrastructural characteristics which might suggest an olfactory function. No nerve terminals have been found near this structure. The wheel-organ consists of tall ciliated cells, which occasionally have been found to be innervated and which are clearly marked off the rest of the epithelial lining of the oral cavity. The epithelium of Hatschek's pit again is ciliated and possesses markedly euchromatin rich nuclei. In the area of Hatschek's pit numerous epithelial cells have been observed which possess accumulations of small granules and vesicles in their basal cytoplasm. Such basally granulated cells occur in the immediate neighbourhood of blood spaces of the glomus and other vessels; the connective tissue between blood and epithelium is loosened up or has completely disappeared. The question of homology of the structures investigated with the olfactory groove and hypophysis of vertebrates is briefly discussed.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Elastic fibres ; Notochord Rana rugosa ; Elastogenesis, Elastica interna ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elastica interna was studied in the notochord sheath of the caudal one third of the tail of Rana rugosa tadpoles. Dense amorphous bodies are present in depressions at the surface of superficial notochord cells. These bodies are intimately associated with microfibrils. The notochord basement membrane tends to cover the surface of the dense amorphous bodies but often appears to fuse with them and disappear. There is a striking close resemblance between the amorphous dense bodies and the elastica interna. These observations, together with the observation of dilated cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum with dense contents in the cytoplasm of superficial notochord cells, suggest that the amorphous dense bodies and the elastica interna are produced by superficial notochord cells.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 449-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Bufo bufo ; Macula densa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the toad, Bufo bufo was investigated.—It is suggested that the granules in the media cells of the afferent arteriole are formed from the Golgi apparatus. Many granules have a content of lamellar material. The media cells do not show the ultrastructural features of active secretory cells. In the media cells, the myofilaments are situated near the vascular lumen. The other cell organelles, including the granules, are preferentially located at the opposite pole of the cell in the neighbourhood of the macula densa cells and the adventitial nerve fibres. In these regions the media cells show many pinocytotic vesicles. The nerve fibres innervating the juxtaglomerular cells are non-myelinated and their varicosities contain dense core vesicles. The basement membranes of media cells and adjacent macula densa cells occasionally fuse, which may indicate a functional relationship between these cells.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Spleen (human) ; T and B cell regions ; Localization ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The capacity of certain B-lymphocytes to bind complement (demonstrated by erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes, EAC) was used as a marker of the B-lymphocyte regions of the human white splenic pulp. This was carried out on cryostat sections in order to correlate enzyme histochemical findings (5-nucleotidase, ATPase, acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase) to immunological functions. EAC were typically found in the follicle centers and marginal zone, whereas periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths remained negative. The enzyme histochemical patterns of lymphocytes and reticulum cells allowed a clear distinction between areas with and those without EAC-binding. This was shown most clearly when the following enzymes were demonstrated in combination: 5-nucleotidase (5-Nase) + alkaline phosphatase, ATPase + acid phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase + acid phosphatase. 5-Nase correlated best to EAC-positive areas with a positive reaction in follicle wall lymphocytes and dendritic reticulum cells, whereas periarteriolar sheaths contained no 5-Nase-positive structures. Reticulum cells around periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths at the margin of the red splenic pulp showed a particularly strong alkaline phosphatase reaction. The reticulum cells of the areas containing B-lymphocytes and those of the EAC-negative periarteriolar regions, which probably contain T-lymphocytes, were specifically labeled for different sets of enzymes. These findings suggest that specialized, morphologically different reticulum cells may be the “guide rails” for the different freely circulating lymphocyte populations.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 367-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rodlet cell ; Pear-shaped cell ; Rhabdospora thelohani ; fishes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rodlet cells from many species of fresh water fish were examined with the electron microscope. Observations of these cells in the epithelia of intestine, gill, and other organs favor the interpretation that rodlet cells are secretory cells rather than protozoan parasites (Rhabdospora thelohani). Evidence is presented that rodlet cells develop from undifferentiated cells near the epithelial basement membranes and migrate“upward” to secrete their contents in a holocrine manner at the epithelial surface. The major secretory product is packaged in unique club-shaped sacs which contain a central core of highly electron dense material with less dense material surrounding it. Secretion often appears to be accomplished by active contraction of a 0.5 μm fibrillar border resembling smooth muscle which lies just inside of the plasma membrane. Some rodlet cells, however, merely break apart and release their contents.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 437-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Fishes ; Polypterus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytochemical similarities between the polypterine and mammalian lung are presented. The ultrastructural localization of reaction products from ruthenium red and tricomplex flocculation staining indicates that the epithelial surface is coated by saturated phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides. Utilization of various chemical markers demonstrates the epithelial cell to be physiologically active in the transport of certain substances. Evidence supporting the concept that the lamellar inclusion bodies are responsible for the surfactant lining is presented.
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 491-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Tilapia mossambica ; Arterio-venous anastomoses ; Specialized endothelia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in gill filaments of Tilapia mossambica exhibit a distinct polarity. Two different types of highly specialized endothelial cells, both of epitheloid shape, line these vessels: Type I cells, contacting the arterial lumen, are elongated and about two to three times as large as type II endothelial cells. Their surface is increased by tentacular protrusions which reach far into the arterial lumen. Filament whorls forming tubelike structures with centrally located glycogen granules are abundant in these cells. Type II endothelial cells are located proximal to the central venous sinus (CVS). Their less abundant and more electron dense cytoplasm is free of filament whorls. There are also intermediate cell forms at approximately the middle of each anastomosis. Short cell processes protrude from all endothelial cell types into the AVA lumen. Outside the indistinct vascular basement lamina, a layer of cover cells tightly envelopes the AVA. These cells are, however, absent around the part of the AVA adjacent to the CVS. Here the endothelial cells are in immediate contact with the interstitium. Endothelial cells sheathed by cover cells reach the interstitium through basal foot processes. Nerve fibre bundles regularly come into close contact with the AVAs. Possible functions of the AVAs, including osmoreception are discussed.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Avian follicles ; Oocytes ; Transosomes ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy has been utilized to determine fates of sacs of ribosomes (variously termed “transosomes”, “unique organelles”, or “lining bodies”) formed in the follicular cells of avian follicles and subsequently entering-or being taken in-by the oocytes. Small follicles (0.5 mm diameter) of laying hens, a hen afflicted with Marek's disease and prelaying pullets were examined in this regard. In the case of the hen with Marek's disease and the prelaying pullets, sacs of ribosomes were found to be present within the oocyte but those present in the interior of the cell were in the form of digestive vacuoles. In a fourth group of hens, receiving actinomycin D, larger oocytes (2.0 mm diameter) exhibited breakdown of the membranous vesicles in which the sacs of ribosomes entered the oocyte, as well as dissolution of membranes surrounding the forming yolk granules and the membranes of coated vesicles. Annulate lamellae were present in oocytes of the hen afflicted with Marek's disease and appeared within at least 24 hours in oocytes from hens receiving actinomycin D.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Hair ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palisade-shaped nerve endings of the small normal hairs of the rat snout were examined with the electron microscope (fixation by perfusion). The terminals are located inside the ‘glassy membrane’ in the area of the neck of the hair root. The 10–20 radially arranged terminal axons are in direct contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium of the external root sheath. The axons are surrounded on all sides by leaf-shaped processes of the Schwann cells. The surfaces of these cell processes are marked by numerous vesicle-like invaginations (approx. 1000 Å dia.). Transverse sections from several areas of the palisadeshaped nerve endings are compared with longitudinal sections. In the upper area ‘empty’ vesicles (approx. 500–600 Å in diameter) occur, along with electron-dense vesicles (approx. 800–1100 Å in diameter); in the middle area, the axons are distended and contain accumulations of mitochondria.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchiostoma ; Osmoregulation ; Cyrtocytes ; Podocytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory organs of Amphioxus occur as segmentally arranged structures throughout the pharyngeal region and may be divided into three components: the solenocytes, the renal tubule, and the renal glomerulus. The solenocytes possess foot processes that rest upon the coelomic surface of the ligamentum denticulatum. The tubular apparatus of the solenocytes consists of ten triangular rods surrounding a central flagellum. The distal end of the tubular apparatus enters branches of the renal tubule. The renal tubule eventually opens into the atrial cavity of Amphioxus. The renal glomerulus is a sinus within the connective tissue of the ligamentum dentieculatum where it connects elements of the branchial circulation with the dorsal aorta. The renal glomerulus, like other blood vessels of Amphioxus, lacks an endothelial lining. If Amphioxus is adapted to artificial sea water at different concentrations there is no change in kidney morphology suggesting that Amphioxus is either is osmotic with its environment or is osmoregulating with other organs.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; ACTH ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic administration of ACTH (up to 36 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex were investigated by stereologic techniques. It was found that, while the volume of the mitochondrial compartment significantly increases in relation to the duration of treatment, the size and number of mitochondria display a different pattern. Up to the 9th day of hormone treatment mitochondria significantly increase in volume, whereas their number per cell is only slightly increased. After 12 days of ACTH-treatment there is a tremendous increase in the number of organelles per cell, resulting in a significant decrease in their average volume. After 24 and 36 consecutive days of treatment the number of mitochondria per cell as well as their average volume both show a slight but significantly constant increase. The hypothesis that ACTH controls the processes of growth and division of adrenal mitochondria is discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria contain a complete genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat anterior pituitary ; FSH and LH-gonadotrophs ; Luteinizing releasing hormone ; “Signet cells” ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The action of luteinizing releasing hormone (LH-RH) on FSH and LH-gonadotrophs from the anterior pituitary glands of normal rats has been studied with electron microscopy. After 15 min. incubation with LH-RH, LH cells showed secretory granules undergoing exocytosis, but FSH did not appear to release secretory products. On the other hand, incubations with the releasing hormone for 3 and 6 hr stimulated exocytosis from both FSH and LH-gonadotrophs. Of more interest was the finding that FSH cells appeared as typical “signet cells” of castration when glands were incubated for 3 and 6 hr with the releasing hormone. The appearance of such “signet cells” was prevented if puromycin was added to the medium together with LH-RH.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Nerve cells ; Neurosecretion ; Hydra ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Major ultrastructural changes in neurons were studied during sequential periods of hypostomal regeneration in Hydra. Some neurons remain unaffected except that at certain periods following amputation, they become more active in neurosecretory production. Other neurons in various stages of differentiation were also observed. Most emphasis was placed on degenerating neurons showing a loss of organelles and destruction of the perikarya. Certain large, membrane-bounded structures (up to 1.7 μ in diameter) suggested tentatively to be of a lysosomal-like nature, may be partly responsible for the degenerative process. The neurites of these cells first assume a beaded appearance and/or contain bulbous endings. The eventual isolated fragments of neurites contain typical membrane-bounded neurosecretory droplets (850/1700 Å in diameter) which disintegrate forming particulate materials (350 Å in diameter). Following complete disruption of the neurites, some of the granules accumulate in the extracellular spaces before they are disintegrated. From the data presented in this and the preceding paper, it is suggested that these particles, derived from neurosecretory droplets, may be responsible for the stimulation of: 1) interstitial cell differentiation into neurons, 2) the increased activity in neurosecretory production in normal cells, 3) the conspicuous increase in neurite length and consequently the exaggerated degree of anastomosis, and 4) the possible capacity of neurons to regenerate neurites.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 481-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminiferous tubule, ovine ; Lamina propria ; Development ; Endocrine factors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lamina propria in the ovine seminiferous tubule was studied from 54 days (postcoitum) fetuses up to sexual maturity. In young animals (aged about two months) the effect of hypophysectomy and/or hormones was also analyzed. Initially, large areas of the lamina propria already show signs of morphological differentiation. The non cellular component is a single or sometimes double lamella. Outwardly, the cellular component is represented by rounded connective tissue cells or by elongated cells, exhibiting 80 Å filaments in the cytoplasm and arranged in 3 to 4 layers. By the first week after birth, the non cellular component is formed by 8 to 10 lamellae and the cellular component shows typical contractile cells, the fibroblasts being now located only in the periphery. Basically, the same aspect is found in the adult ram, thus differing from the more extensively studied prototypes of lamina propria architecture of rodents or primates. In as much as the sheep lamina propria differentiates precociously, probably induced by fetal testicular hormones, it is relatively insensitive to hypophysectomy or hormonal substitution. Hypophysectomy and cyproterone acetate administration cause intracytoplasmic lipid deposition in the contractile cells, the other components being not changed. Some questions are raised concerning the role of this peculiar lamina propria in the function of the blood-testis barrier.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin, rat ; Cytology ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural elements within the parenchyma of the sebaceous gland have not been reported previously. Nerve endings have been observed only in the connective tissue surrounding the gland or in close association with the undifferentiated basal cells. In this study, electron microscopy revealed the possible presence of nerve endings (or terminal portions of neural elements) in the suprabasal level of functional sebaceous glands of pinnae of white rats. Morphologically, there are two distinct types of nerve endings. Type 1 is bordered by a membrane of relatively irregular contour and contains a single mitochondrion, various-sized vesicles, numerous microtubules, fine neurofilament-like fibrils, and occasional ribosome-like granules. Type II is also bordered by a membrane, but its contour was relatively smooth and rounded. Moreover, Type II contains many mitochondria, varying in size, density, and the arrangement of cristae. While ribosome-like granules are scattered throughout the structure in relative abundance, there are scarcely any fine neurofilament-like fibrils or microtubules. Whether these two structures are sensory or autonomic fibers could not be determined by electron microscopic examination.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human fetal pineal gland ; Development ; Secretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of 18 human fetuses (crown-rump lengths 30–178 mm) was investigated. The pineal gland exhibits a pyramidal shape and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. Only one parenchymal cell type, the pinealocyte, was observed. Few neuroblasts were seen between the pinealocytes and in the extended perivascular space. The pinealocytes possess all the organelles necessary for hormone synthesis. No specific secretory granule could be observed. The organ is abundantly vascularized and richly innervated. The morphology of the capillaries indicates the existence of a blood-brain barrier. The ultrastructure of the human fetal pineal gland suggests that the gland has a secretory function in early intrauterine life.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 51-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin ; Ventral habenular nuclei ; Interpeduncular nucleus ; Rana esculenta ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural analysis of myelin in the ventral habenular and in the interpeduncular nuclei of the adult frog Rana esculenta has been carried out. In the ventral habenular nuclei, in addition to normally myelinated fibres, some myelin irregularities have been observed. They consist of myelin enwrapping the perikarya of some neurons and of isolated flaps of collapsed myelin. In the interpeduncular nucleus numerous myelinated fibres occur but few redundant myelin irregularities have been noticed. The morphological data suggest that myelination of fibres in these sites is due to the spiral wrapping mechanism from a glial cell process while the myelin irregularities described in the ventral habenular nuclei are probably due to membrane synthesis within the cytoplasm of the myelinated neurons and of the oligodendrocytes which are sometimes observed in contact with the ensheathed neurons. In the interpeduncular nucleus myelinated fibres indenting astrocytes and oligodendrocytes have been observed.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aedes aegypti ; Midgut epithelium ; Cytology ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur des Mitteldarmes von Aedes aegypti Weibchen wurde morphometrisch untersucht. Besonderes Interesse lag dabei auf quantitativen Unterschieden im Bau der Epithelzellen eines vorderen (A) und eines hinteren (P) Abschnittes des Mitteldarmes, um jedem dieser beiden Abschnitte bestimmte Funktionen zuordnen zu können. 5 physiologisch verschiedene Stadien wurden verglichen: 1 = unreife Weibchen; 2 = zum 1. Blutmahl (B.M.) bereit; 3 = Verdauung des B.M.; 4 = zum 2. B.M. bereit; 5 = alternde Weibchen. Wenn der Mitteldarm noch nicht funktionsbereit ist (Stadium 1) gleichen sich die Epithelzellen von A und P quantitativ ultrastrukturell. In den folgenden Stadien hingegen werden deutliche Unterschiede sichtbar. Das Zellvolumen und die Kern-Cytoplasma-Relation werden in P generell größer als in A. Parallel dazu nehmen der Mitochondriengehalt und die Oberfläche des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums in P gegenüber A zu. In A entwickeln sich mehr Microvilli, ein extensiveres basales Labyrinth und ein deutliches glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum. Vergrößerte Cytoplasmavolumina vor allem in den P-Zellen werden 24 Std. nach dem 1. B.M. gefunden (Stadium 3). Parallel dazu erreichen die Volumina der Organellen und/oder ihre Membranoberflächen ebenfalls Maximalwerte. Diese Vergrößerung des gesamten Zell-apparates läßt den Schluß zu, daß während der Blutverdauung die Funktionskapazität des Mitteldarmes erhöht ist. Basierend auf den quantitativ ultrastrukturellen Unterschieden zwischen den Zellen von A und P wurde postuliert, daß dem vorderen Abschnitt des Mitteldarms verstärkte Absorptionsfunktionen zukommen. Dem hinteren Abschnitt hingegen wurden gesteigerte Protein-syntheseleistungen im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von Verdauungsenzymen zugeordnet. Die vorliegenden Resultate wurden an einem, in Beziehung auf seine Ernährung, spezialisierten Insekt gewonnen (Blutverdauung). Trotzdem scheint die postulierte Zuordnung von Funktionen zu bestimmten Mitteldarmzonen mit dem “secretion—absorption”-Modell (Berridge, 1970) übereinzustimmen.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the midgut of Aedes aegypti females was investigated by means of morphometric techniques. The interest was focussed on quantitative differences in the composition of epithelial cells between the anterior (A) and posterior (P) part of the midgut. The aim was to attribute defined functions to each of these 2 parts. 5 different physiological stages were compared: 1 = immature female; 2 = ready for first blood meal (b.m.); 3 = digestion of b.m.; 4 = ready for 2nd b.m.; 5 = aging female. Whereas in stage 1, when the gut has not yet reached a functional state the epithelial cells of A and P resemble each other, distinct differences develop in subsequent stages. Generally the cell volume and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio become higher in P than in A. Concomitantly the mitochondrial content and the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are more prominent in P than in A. On the other hand more microvilli, a more extensive basal labyrinth and a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum are present in A. Enlarged cytoplasmic volumes, especially high in P, are found 24 h after the first b.m. (stage 3). In accordance with this increase the volume of organelles and/or their membrane surface areas also reach maximal values. This augmentation of the metabolic cell apparatus suggests that during blood digestion the whole organ develops an increased functional capacity. From the quantitative structural differences in A and P we concluded that the A-part of the midgut is especially involved in absorption. To the P-part more protein synthesis may be attributed, thus indicating an enhanced formation of digestive enzymes. Although this study deals with a rather specialised insect (blood digestion), it appears that our hypothesis attributing functions to defined midgut zones, agrees to a certain extent with the “secretion-absorption-model” of Berridge (1970).
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Laryngeal muscles ; Female tree frog, Hyla arborea arborea (L.) ; Fine structure ; Motor endplates ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larynx musculature of female tree frogs is very poorly developed compared with that of males. This is probably due to the fact that they are less used; female tree frogs do not produce mating calls. The larynx muscles of the female are composed of fibers with small, medium, and large cross-sections. The distribution of the motor end plates varies correspondingly: in regions with fibers of very small diameter the density of synapses is about 33 times greater than in regions with large fibers. There is also a difference in fine structure between male and female laryngeal muscles. The muscles of females comprise red fibers, white fibers, and various transitional types. The arrangement of the triads and their number per sarcomere is the same in all fiber types. All fibers contain about the same amounts of glycogen, but the fat content varies widely among the different types.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell ; Human testis ; Nucleolus ; Nuclear bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nucleus of human Sertoli cells has been studied in testicular samples from normal adults and patients with hypospermatogenesis or absence of the germinal cell line (Sertoli cell only syndrome). In all cases the ultrastructure of the nuclear structures was alike. The nucleus is irregularly shaped and its membrane presents numerous pores. The inner aspect of the nuclear membrane is electron dense due to the presence of a fibrous lamina. The outer aspect presents a concentric arrangement of 50 Å cytoplasmic filaments. The chromatin is rather dispersed. Some perichromatin granules are found occasionally. The nucleolus is characteristic of human Sertoli cells and displays three clear components. In addition, sphaeridia of at least two principal morphological types were found. Their significance in the cell metabolism as well as relationship to either the nucleolus or the nuclear DNA are discussed. The need for further investigation on the functional meaning of the nuclear organelles of human Sertoli cells is stressed.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Granulosa cells ; Ovulation ; Basement mem-brane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Membrana granulosa in rabbit Graafian follicles was studied at accurately determined times after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). At 4 and 6 hrs after injection of HCG the granulosa cells were slightly dissociated around the whole follicle. So-called abutment nexuses (gap junctions) had decreased and continued to do so up to ovulation. At 8 hrs after HCG, membrana granulosa had thinned out apically and cell dissociation was even more evident in all parts of the follicle. Granulosa cell projections through the basement membrane were found, and, closer to the time of ovulation, more and larger granulosa cell protrusions penetrated the partly fragmented basement membrane. At 8 hrs spherical inclusions in the granulosa cells, corresponding to so-called annular nexuses, were significantly more numerous than before injection of HCG; the relative amount had more than doubled. Later, the number of annular nexuses decreased. The significance of annular nexuses and their variations is discussed. The decrease in the abutment nexuses probably means a decrease in cohesive force between the granulosa cells and facilitates follicle expansion; moreover, the simultaneous changes in the basement membrane, with more or less open channels into the antrum the last few hours before ovulation, presumably, permit rapid follicle growth by influx of fluid as soon as increased distensibility of the follicle wall allows further expansion without increase in pressure.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Capillaries ; Intercellular junc-tions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rabbit Graafian follicles are encircled by a capillary network between the theca interna and the avascular membrana granulosa. After injection of an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) the theca interna cells showed an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and mitochondria with tubular cristae. In addition, considerably more junctions, similar to the abutment nexuses of granulosa cells were found; annular nexuses also appeared. At 4 hours after injection of HCG a prominent oedema was evident in the theca interna layer, particularly in the apical region. Small fenestrations in the endothelium of the blood capillaries increased in amount after HCG injection, and close to the time of ovulation, large gaps or perforations, 1–3 μ in diameter, were found in the thin, distended part of the endothelial cells. The surrounding basement membrane became fragmented and partly lost, so that a seemingly free passage from the capillary lumen to the interstitium was eventually established. Leakage of fluid, causing interstitial oedema, presumably proceeds until the pressure in the pericapillary interstitium has risen to the pressure in the capillaries. Some hours before and up to ovulation the pericapillary interstitium has also broad communications with the cavity of the follicles. Therefore, both pressure and fluid can be passed from the capillaries-via the interstitium-to the follicle antrum. However, influx of fluid with subsequent follicle expansion and ovulation-at constant pressure-does not occur until the tensile strength of the follicle wall has decreased.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 79-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk nuclei ; Nassarius reticulatus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dotterkerne kommen in allen Blastomeren des 4- bis 16-Zellstadiums von Nassarius vor. Sie haben überwiegend kugelige Gestalt und liegen kernnah zwischen Kern und apikalem Plasmalemm. Feinstrukturell sind sie erstaunlicherweise nicht einheitlich aufgebaut, sondern treten in zwei Typen auf: Typ I besteht aus einer relativ kompakt erscheinenden kugeligen Ansammlung von Mitochondrien. Die Mitochondrien liegen in einer dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären intermitochondrialen Substanz eingebettet. Typ II besteht aus einer ebenfalls kugeligen Ansammlung vieler kleiner radiär angeordneter Golgi-Stapel, welche in der gleichen dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären Substanz liegen wie die Mitochondrien von Typ I. Die Funktion beider Typen von Dotterkernen wird diskutiert. Sicherlich haben sie nichts mehr mit der Dottersynthese zu tun wie möglicherweise die Dotterkerne der Oocyten, doch gibt es bisher auch keine Anzeichen dafür, daß sie bevorzugt am Dotter- oder Lipidabbau beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary In all blastomeres of Nassarius from 4- to 16-cell stage yolk nuclei occur. Most of them are spherical bodies, lying juxtanuclearly between the nucleus and the apical plasmalemma. Strangely they are not ultrastructurally uniform but fall into two categories (Fig. 5): Type I is a massive spherical accumulation of mitochondria embedded in a dense intermitochondrial substance, which appears to contain both granules and filaments. Type II is a ball of radially arranged small Golgi stacks clustered around a centre of Golgi vesicles and other organelles embedded in a ground cytoplasm structurally similar to the intermitochondrial substance of type I. The function of both types of yolk nuclei is unknown. These segmentation yolk nuclei have nothing to do with yolk synthesis any more. On the other hand there are no indications that yolk nuclei occurrence is correlated with the break-down of yolk because neither lipid droplets nor protein yolk granules are observed in or beside the yolk nuclei.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Embryo (Xenopus laevis) ; Spinal cord ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation found in vertebrate embryos has been utilized to examine the sequence of synaptic junction development in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis at a late embryonic stage. Uniform samples were taken at various points along the cord of a stage 27 embryo and examined in the electron microscope. The general ultrastructure of the cord demonstrated the rostro-caudal gradient of development. The sequence of synaptic junction development was like that in the cervical region (Hayes and Roberts, 1973). “Membrane-vesicle clusters” and “immature” synaptic junctions were found most caudally followed by synaptic junctions, first with cleft and subsynaptic membrane density, then with only cleft density and finally, most rostrally, with cleft, subsynaptic membrane, and subsynaptic cytoplasmic density. Mature synaptic junctions were found in increasing numbers from the mid to anterior trunk cord and could mediate alternating trunk flexions made by the embryos at this stage of development. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were found near processes containing irregular vesicles and also near membrane outlines. These may be signs of dendritic growth. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were also found in varicosities, facing the space around the spinal cord and in nerve fibres peripherally between the skin and myotomes. This suggests an association of early stages in synaptogenesis with axon growth. This and other possible inferences about axon and dendrite growth in relation to synaptogenesis are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 303-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body (Cat) ; Chemoreceptor ; Nerve endings ; Glossopharyngeal nerve ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of nerve endings in the cat carotid body was analyzed by serial section electron microscopy. In the normal animal, three types of intralobular endings can be recognized. The first type consists of large, calyciform endings which surround glomus cells. The second type includes small calyciform endings which arise from a thin axon and also contact glomus cells. Interstitial enlargements enveloped by sustentacular cells having no direct contact with glomus cells constitute a third type of nerve ending. Intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve caused no change in the number or appearance of intralobular endings, indicating that they are afferent terminals. Stromal axons in the connective tissue of the carotid body may be autonomicfibers as indicated by their degeneration following removal of the superior cervical ganglion.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Frog ; Water permeability and Ultrastructure ; Hyperosmolarity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Certaines informations récentes (voir introduction) nous ont conduits à reconsidérer la possibilité que l'action de l'hormone antidiurétique sur les tissus épithéliaux puisse s'exercer au niveau des jonctions intercellulaires. Une étude comparative des cinétiques d'apparition des altérations ultrastructurales et des variations de perméabilité à l'eau a permis d'établir que les décollements de la “tight junction” provoqués par l'hyperosmolarité muqueuse apparaissent avant tout accroissement significatif du flux net d'eau et ne peuvent donc pas en être la conséquence. L'examen à haute résolution, par cryodécapage, de la structure de la “tight junction” montre l'apparition dans ces conditions de plages plus ou moins circulaires où la membrane présente un aspect lisse et apparemment distendu et où la structure typique de la “tight junction” a disparu. Ces modifications rétrocèdent après stimulation hormonale et ceci conduit à penser qu'elles ne sont pas impliquées dans la réspone hydrosomotique physiologique.
    Notes: Summary The role of the tight junction in the hydrosmotic response of the frog urinary bladder has been analysed by comparative kinetic studies and freeze etching examination. The comparison of the time course of the variations in transepithelial water net flux and of the alterations of tight junction ultrastructure in bladders exposed to mucosal hyperosmolar solutions shows that blisters are present in the tight junction before any increase in transepithelial water net flux. This indicates that the two phenomena are dissociated. In the same experimental conditions, freeze etching examination shows the presence in the tight junction of large areas of smooth and apparently stretched membrane where the typical network structure has disappeared. These alterations are reduced by further treatment with oxytocin and are probably not involved in the physiological hydrosomotic response.
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