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  • Electronic Resource  (80)
  • 1985-1989  (56)
  • 1965-1969  (24)
  • 1955-1959
  • Obesity
  • Pancreas
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 144-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Phospholipase A1 ; Phospholipase A2 ; Inflammation ; Pancreas ; Phagocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of a photometric procedure to measure phospholipase A activity has extended previous observations that this enzyme activity increases in several pathological states including pancreatic and inflammatory diseases. Serum phospholipase A in pancreatitis was characterized as a mixture of the pancreatic enzyme and a different phospholipase with a pH optimum at 8.0. The latter enzyme was also observed in nonpancreatic diseases like septicemia and acute lung failure which are characterized by an increase in tissue phagocyte activity. The possible pathogenic role of phospholipase(s) A, their intracellular regulation and the proposed mechanisms of release into the blood stream are discussed with respect to the present pathobiochemical knowledge. This includes the mechanism of activation of phagocytosis and the possible role of lipocortins known to be stimulated by glucocorticoid treatment.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1989), S. 614-617 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Obesity ; Children ; Exercise test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-three obese children, aged 9 to 14 years, ranging in percentage overweight from 26% to 83% (median 51.6%±16.3%), and 37 normal-weight children, matched for sex, age and height, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed by determination of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) expressed in ml O2/min per kg and as a percent of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max). VAT and VO2max related to body weight were significantly lower (P〈0.01) in the obese than in the normal-weight children. VAT % VO2max was similar in the two groups. A significant correlation was found between VAT and VO2max both in the obese (r=0.85) and in the control groups (r=0.79). The habitual level of physical activity was lower in the obese subjects compared to the control subjects (P〈0.001). In conclusion our study shows that physical fitness of overweight children is quantitatively lowered and that it can be assessed by VAT. VAT does not require a maximal test and is particularly useful in the ergometric study of subjects with exercise intolerance.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aesthetic plastic surgery 13 (1989), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Abdominoplasty ; Radical surgery ; Lipodystrophies ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Even in the age of liposuction there exist certain situations for which abdominoplasty in its radical form is indicated—for example, redundant skin after radical weight loss, the stigmata of postpregnancy syndrome, and localized accumulation of adipose tissue—the lipodystrophies and resistant generalized obesity. Redundant skin after radical weight loss is resected simultaneously around the abdomen, the lumbar regions, the perineum, and the thighs. The typical stigmata of postpregnancy syndrome may be excised through an extended abdominoplasty combined with simultaneous excision and pexy of the inner aspects of the thighs leaving a “bikini” scar behind. A mastopexy may be added. Genetically predisposed localized lipodystrophies in the abdominal lumbar, and upper thigh region may be resected through a circular abdominoplasty with or without simultaneous resection of the perineum and inner thighs. Abdominal aprons often contain umbilical or ventral, hernias that may need to be repaired simultaneously. Representative cases are presented and dangers and complications are discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insulin-related peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunochemical characterization ; Pancreas ; Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreas of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods for the presence of immunoreactivity to a number of antisera raised against mammalian insulins. All anti-insulin antisera tested revealed substantial amounts of reaction products confined solely to the aldehyde-fuchsinophilic B cells of the endocrine pancreas. The reactive cell population was detected by use of one polyclonal antiserum against bovine insulin and eight different monoclonal antibodies against insulins from various mammalian species. Six of these antibody clones have known specificity to sub-regions of the insulin molecule. Additionally, fractions of an ethanol-HCl extract of pancreatic tissue from Ambystoma was studied in both conventional dot-blot tests by means of the same panel of antibodies and a two-site sandwich time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for human insulin involving two of the monoclonal antibodies. These experiments support the immunocytochemical observations by demonstrating the existence of an insulin-related peptide with a great deal of structural resemblance to mammalian insulins and displaying antigenic determinants in common at least with the amino acid residues A8–10 and B26–30. In conclusion, we interpret the findings as indicating that the immunocytochemically revealed tissue bound antigen in the Ambystoma pancreatic B-cells may be a peptide related to human insulin.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: [3H] thymidine ; [3H] uridine ; Parotid ; Pancreas ; Isoproterenol ; Rat (Long-Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA of the parotid (PA) gland of adult and 20-day-old rats and into DNA of the pancreas (PANC) of 20-day-old rats was increased markedly following a 2-day regimen of isoproterenol (ISO) administration. However, when the submandibular-sublingual (SM-SL) glands had been removed just prior to initiation of the ISO injections, the [3H] thymidine incorporation into PA and PANC was inhibited, and cpm/mg protein of these organs was even lower than that of organs of untreated rats with SM-SL glands present. Removal of the PA glands just prior to initiation of the ISO regimen had no effect on the ISO-induced [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA of PANC but partially inhibited that of the submandibular (SM) gland. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects on DNA and RNA synthesis that follow removal of SM-SL glands are attributable to the growth factors (epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor) found in the rat SM gland. These factors appear to regulate normal DNA synthetic activity of exocrine glands as well as β 1-adrenoceptor mediated DNA synthesis. Cellular hypertrophy induced by the ISO was less markedly affected by absence of the SM glands, but a partial inhibition of [3H] uridine incorporation into RNA of PA of adult rats also occurred when SM-SL glands were removed prior to initiation of the ISO-regimen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 4 (1989), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Obesity ; ageing ; morphology ; Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nearly half the adult males of our population are obese. The biological consequences of this obesity were measured as they developed through physiological testing. Individuals with adipose tissue greater than 25% of body weight are compared with those of less than 10% adipose tissue. Physiological differences between the two groups are the same whatever the age of the indiviudals, being roughly a 6 years difference between actual and physiological age.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-5604
    Keywords: Ectopic ossification ; Paravertebral ligamentous ossification ; Obesity ; Hyperinsulinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Insulin has been shown to stimulate bone formation, and there is a high incidence of obesity and disturbance in the glucose metabolism of patients with paravertebral ligamentous ossification (PVLO). In an effort to clarify whether there is any alteration in insulin status in PVLO patients, and whether such changes play any role in the development of PVLO, glucose metabolism and serum insulin levels are examined in 11 PVLO patients and compared with 6 control patients of similar age and activities of daily living. More than half of the patients with PVLO exceed 110% of ideal body weight, and their fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels are significantly higher than those of control patients. In addition, there is a significant correlation between fasting IRI and % ideal body weight in PVLO patients. These results indicate that hyperinsulinism is present in many patients with PVLO, and that obesity further aggravates the hyperinsulinism in this disorder. Thus, it is suggested that hyperinsulinism is involved in the development or aggravation of ectopic ossification in PVLO patients. The relationship between hyperinsulinism and the other factors such as genetic and physical factors as well as the changes in calcium metabolism in the development of PVLO remains to be clarified.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 10 (1988), S. 121-135 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Lymphatic system ; Cancer ; Macroscopic anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude détaillée du drainage lymphatique du pancréas a été effectuée afin de poser les bases théoriques d'un curage lymphatique idéal dans la chirurgie d'exérèse du cancer. Une dissection minutieuse des lymphatiques a permis d'obtenir le résultat suivant. Trois voies de drainage principales ont été identifiées: la voie supérieure appartient à la chaîne hépatique commune, les voies moyenne et inférieure rejoignent le groupe ganglionnaire mésentérique supérieur. Tous ces drainages se terminent dans un nœud lymphatique situé à droite de l'origine du tronc cœliaque et de l'artère mésentérique supérieure. Les lymphatiques provenant du col du pancréas convergent également vers le même nœud. Derrière celui-ci existe un autre lymphonœud où se terminent les lymphatiques provenant de la face postérieure de la tête. Ces 2 nœuds adhèrent intimement l'un à l'autre, séparés seulement par le plexus nerveux de la tête du pancréas. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé pour ces nœuds les termes de lymphonœud cœliaco-mésentérique droit superficiel et profond. Deux voies de drainage distinctes ont été identifiées au niveau de la moitié gauche du pancréas. L'une longe les vaisseaux spléniques et l'autre accompagne l'artère pancréatique inférieure. Par ces 2 voies différentes les lymphatiques de la moitié gauche du pancréas se terminent dans un nœud situé à gauche de l'origine du tronc cœliaque et de l'artère mésentérique supérieure. Nous l'avons appelé le lymphonœud cœliaco-mésentérique gauche. A partir de ces relais lymphatiques situés de part et d'autre de l'origine des deux artères, des vaisseaux efférents se dirigent vers les nœuds juxta-aortiques: du côté droit, les lymphatiques efférents rejoignent les nœuds inter-aortico-veineux situés au-dessus et en dessous de l'abouchement de la veine rénale gauche dans la veine cave inférieure; du côté gauche ils rejoignent les nœuds latéro-aortiques gauches situés au-dessus et en dessous de la veine rénale gauche; à partir de ces relais les voies efférentes rejoignent l'espace rétro-aortique où elles forment un courant lymphatique ascendant. Notre travail n'a pas permis de découvrir des vaisseaux lymphatiques communiquant avec le système rétro-aortique au-dessus du niveau des artères rénales.
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the lymphatics around the pancreas was carried out in order to provide a theoretic basis for ideal lymph-node resection in radical cancer operations. The following results were obtained as a result of minute macroscopic dissection of the lymphatics. Three major pathways are identified on the anterior surface of the head of the pancreas. The upper pathway belongs to the common hepatic group. The middle and lower routes are associated with the superior mesenteric nodal group. All these pathways terminate in the node situated to the right of the origins of the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. The lymphatics arising from the neck of the pancreas also converge at the same node. Behind this node, there is a terminal node for the lymphatics which arise from the posterior surface of the head. Both nodes are firmly adherent, with only the nerve plexus of the head of the pancreas intervening. In this study, we have named these lymph-nodes Lnn celiacomesenterici dextri superficialis et profundi. Two distinct pathways are identified in the left half of the pancreas. One follows the splenic blood vessels and the other accompanies the inferior pancreatic artery. By way of these routes, lymphatics from the left half of the pancreas terminate in the node situated to the left of the origins of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. We have applied the term Ln celiacomesentericus sinister to this node. From these lymphatic terminalis on both sides of the origins of the two arteries, efferent vessels are sent to the abdominoaortic nodes: on the right side, efferents reach the inter-aorticovenous nodes lying in the upper and lower angles formed by the inferior vena cava and the left renal vein; and on the left side, they arrive at the left latero-aortic nodes lying above and below the left renal vein. The efferents of these nodes then extend to the retro-aortic space, where they compose an ascending lymphatic system. Our study revealed no lymphatic vessels communicating with the retro-aortic system at levels above the renal arteries.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Fat distribution ; Hyperinsulinemia ; Obesity ; Glucose tolerance ; Non-insulin dependent diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Relationship between body fat distribution, serum insulin, and glucose tolerance in obese, non-diabetic women. Recent studies suggest that hyperinsulinemia and upper body obesity are predictive factors for the development of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. To further characterize the relationship between body fat distribution, serum insulin, and glucose tolerance an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 48 obese, nondiabetic women. Fasting insulin levels were correlated to both total body fat calculated as body mass index (r=0.58,p〈0.001) and upper body fat distribution expressed as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR,r=0.47,p〈0.01). In the women with upper body fat localization (WHR〉0.90) significantly higher basal and glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were established than in the women with a lower body type of obesity (WHR〈0.78) (basal insulin 27.4±11.5 vs. 15.4±8.8 mU/l,p〈0.05, insulin area 779±320 vs. 468±237 U,p〈0.05). They also had impaired glucose tolerance (glucose area 925±139 vs. 633±147 U,p〈0.01). Fasting triglyceride concentrations were correlated both with WHR (r=0.63,p〈0.001) and fasting insulin (r=0.33,p〈0.05) but not with BMI (r=−0.02, n.s.). A positive association was found between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and both WHR (r=0.43 andr=0.44 resp.,p〈0.01) and BMI (eachr=0.35,p〈0.05). Interestingly, basal insulin was also associated with blood pressure (r=0.30,p〈0.1, andr=0.40,p〈0.01 resp.). These results suggest a close relationship between upper body obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Women with an upper body tpye of obesity also show tendencies to hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. Obese women with upper body obesity represent a subgroup of the obesity population with an increased risk to develop type-II diabetes.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Pancreatic arteries ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude angiographique a permis d'étudier les variations du nombre, de l'origine, du trajet et des anastomoses des artères du pancréas ainsi que leur diamètre moyen en fonction des groupes d'âges (20–40, 40–60 et plus de 60 ans); cette étude quantitative a été effectuée par artériographie cœliaque sélective chez 72 patients ne présentant aucune lésion pancréatique. Les différentes artères du pancréas ont bien été visualisées dans la majorité des cas, excepté l'arcade pancréatico-duodénale inférieure qui est mal explorée par l'angiographie cœliaque. Ce travail confirme les grandes variations d'origine et d'anastomoses des artères pancréatiques transverse (artère pancréatique inférieure) et dorsale et permet de proposer des explications embryologiques et des applications cliniques. De plus, un pourcentage important d'artères multiples (4 ou plus) et d'artères de la queue du pancréas a été noté, permettant d'évoquer le rôle fonctionnel de cette distribution particulière. Enfin il n'a pas été trouvé de différence significative du diamètre des artères en fonction de l'âge, ce qui est probablement dû au maintien d'un contrôle nerveux périvasculaire réflexe des vaisseaux pancréatiques chez les sujets âgés. La méthode angiographique a une sensibilité satisfaisante qui permet une bonne visualisation des artères du pancréas et de leurs anastomoses in vivo.
    Notes: Summary The angiographic visualization of the pancreatic arteries, their numerical variations, origins, course and anastomoses, as well as their mean diameter by age-group (20–40, 41–60, 〉60 years) have been quantitatively investigated by selective celiac angiography in 72 patients without pancreatic disease. Visualization of the various arteries was achieved in a high percentage of cases except for the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arches, due to undervaluation of this vessel by celiac angiography. Confirmation of the great variability of the origin and anastomoses of the dorsal and transverse pancreatic arteries was obtained and possible embryologic reasons and clinical implications of this fact are discussed. Furthermore, a high percentage of multiple (quadruple or more) pancreatica magna and caudae pancreatis arteries has been observed and a functional role of this peculiar arrangement is suggested, Finally, no statistically significant differences were found in the diameter of any artery due to increasing age probably reflecting maintained neural perivascular control of the pancreatic vessels in the elderly. Satisfactory sensitivity of the angiographic method has been found with respect to the evaluation of visualization and anastomoses of the pancreatic arteries in vivo.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 10 (1988), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Pancreatic segments ; Anatomicosurgical segments ; Pancreatic segmental transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de 30 pièces d'injection-corrosion a permis de reconnaître dans le pancréas humain 2 segments anatomochirurgicaux, confirmant ainsi les études antérieures. Le segment droit (cervicocéphalique) et le segment gauche (corporéocaudal) sont séparés par aire paucivasculaire. Ils sont reliés par le canal pancréatique et souvent par une petite artère, qui peut être une branche de la gastroduodénale, de la gastroépiploïque ou de l'artère pancréatique dorsale. Ces 2 segments sont utilisables pour une transplantation pancréatique segmentaire.
    Notes: Summary Two anatomicosurgical segments of the human pancreas were recognized in 30 corrosion casts after injection of the pancreatic arteries thus confirming prior anatomico-surgical studies. The right (cephalocervical) and the left (corporocaudate) segments of the pancreas are separated by a paucivascular area. They are linked by the pancreatic duct and often by a single, small artery, which may be a branch of the gastroduodenal, gastroepiploic (gastromental), or dorsal pancreatic artery. Both segments are suitable for segmental pancreas transplantation.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 411 (1988), S. 546-553 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Isolated perfused ducts ; Luminal membrane ; Cl− conductance ; Cl−/HCO 3 − antiport ; cAMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate by what transport mechanism does HCO 3 − cross the luminal membrane of pancreatic duct cells, and how do the cells respond to stimulation with dibytyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP). For this purpose a newly developed preparation of isolated and perfused intra-and interlobular ducts of rat pancreas was used. Responses of the epithelium to inhibitors and agonists were monitored by electrophysiological techniques. Addition of HCO 3 − /CO2 to the bath side of nonstimulated ducts depolarized the PD across the basolateral membrane (PDbl) by about 9mV, as also observed in a previous study [21]. This HCO 3 − effect was abolished by Cl− channel blockers or SITS infused into the lumen of the duct: i. e. 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB, 10−5 M) hyperpolarized PDbl by 8.2±1.6 mV (n=13); 3′,5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DCl-DPC, 10−5 M) hyperpolarized PDbl by 10.3±1.7 mV (n=10); and SITS hyperpolarized PDbl by 7.8±0.9 mV (n=4). Stimulation of the ducts with dbcAMP in the presence of bath HCO 3 − /CO2 resulted in depolarization of PDbl, the ductal lumen became more negative and the fractional resistance of the luminal membrane decreased. Together with forskolin (10−6 M), db-cAMP (10−4 M) caused a fast depolarization of PDbl by 33.8±2.5 mV (n=6). When db-cAMP (5×10−4 M) was given alone in the presence of bath HCO 3 − /CO2, PDbl depolarized by 25.3±4.2 mV (n=10). In the absence of exogenous HCO 3 − , db-cAMP also depolarized PDbl by 24.7±3.0 mV (n=10). The present data suggest that in the luminal membrane of pancreatic duct cells there is a Cl− conductance in parallel with a Cl−/HCO 3 − antiport. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases the Cl− conductance of the luminal membrane. Taking together our present results, and the recent data obtained for the basolateral membrane [21], a tentative model for pancreatic HCO 3 − transport is proposed.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1988), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Insulin and C-peptide ; Metabolism ; Receptor ; Obesity ; Weight loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationship between childhood obesity, weight loss, hyperinsulinaemia and the erythrocyte insulin receptor, we measured the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide and the binding of 125I-insulin to erythrocytes in 12 obese children with a mean age ±SD of 11.4±2.5 years and a mean relative weight score ±SD of 4.8±1.4 and 12 age-matched normal-weight children. Eight obese children were re-evaluated after 1 year's participation in a weight reduction programme. The obese children had higher fasting plasma concentrations of IRI (P〈0.01) and C-peptide (P〈0.05) and a lower C-peptide to IRI molar ratio (P〈0.01) than the normal-weight children. The obese children had in addition a reduced erythrocyte insulin binding (P〈0.05 or less) over the physiological range of circulating insulin concentration. There was a negative correlation (r=−0.60; P〈0.01) between the insulin tracer binding and the relative weight. The weight reduction programme resulted in a decrease of 1.0SD (P〈0.05) in the mean relative weight score. At the end of the therapy the obese children had lower fasting blood glucose levels (P〈0.05) and lower plasma IRI concentrations at 90 min (P〈0.05) after an oral glucose load than at the onset of therapy. There were no significant differences between the insulin binding characteristics at the commencement and at the end of the treatment. The low C-peptide to IRI molar ratio in obese children provides evidence of a decreased insulin clearance likely to contribute to their hyperinsulinaemia. The inverse relationship between insulin tracer binding and relative weight suggests a mechanism by which weight changes may be directly reflected in the peripheral insulin sensitivity. A moderate weight loss reduces hyperinsulinaemia in childhood obesity but does not normalize the impaired binding of insulin to its receptor.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Isolated perfused ducts ; HCO 3 − transport ; K+ conductance ; (Na++K+)-ATPase ; Na+/H+ antiport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the mechanism of pancreatic HCO 3 − transport, a perfused preparation of isolated intra-and interlobular ducts (i.d. 20–40 μm) of rat pancreas was developed. Responses of the epithelium to changes in the bath ionic concentration and to addition of transport inhibitors was monitored by electrophysiological techniques. In this report some properties of the basolateral membrane of pancreatic duct cells are described. The transepithelial potential difference (PDte) in ducts bathed in HCO 3 − -free and HCO 3 − -containing solution was −0.8 and −2.6 mV, respectively. The equivalent short circuit current (Isc) under similar conditions was 26 and 50 μA·cm−2. The specific transepithelial resistance (Rte) was 88 Ωcm2. In control solutions the PD across the basolateral membrane (PDbl) was −63±1 mV (n=314). Ouabain (3 mmol/l) depolarized PDbl by 4.8±1.1 mV (n=6) within less than 10 s. When the bath K+ concentration was increased from 5 to 20 mmol/l, PDbl depolarized by 15.9±0.9 mV (n=50). The same K+ concentration step had no effect on PDbl if the ducts were exposed to Ba2+, a K+ channel blocker. Application of Ba2+ (1 mmol/l) alone depolarized PDbl by 26.4±1.4 mV (n=19), while another K+ channel blocker TEA+ (50 mmol/l) depolarized PDbl only by 7.7±2.0 mV (n=9). Addition of amiloride (1 mmol/l) to the bath caused 3–4 mV depolarization of PDbl. Furosemide (0.1 mmol/l) and SITS (0.1 mmol/l) had no effect on PDbl. An increase in the bath HCO 3 − concentration from 0 to 25 mmol/l produced fast and sustained depolarization of PDbl by 8.5±1.0 mV (n=149). It was investigated whether the effect of HCO 3 − was due to a Na++-dependent transport mechanism on the basolateral membrane, where the ion complex transferred into the cell would be positively charged, or whether it was due to decreased K+ conductance caused by lowered intracellular pH. Experiments showed that the HCO 3 − effect was present even when the bath Na+ concentration was reduced to a nominal value of 0 mmol/l. Similarly, the HCO 3 − effect remained unchanged after Ba2+ (5 mmol/l) was added to the bath. The results indicate that on the basolateral membrane of duct cells there is a ouabain sensitive (Na++K+)-ATPase, a Ba2+ sensitive K+ conductance and an amiloride sensitive Na+/H+ antiport. The HCO 3 − effect on PDbl is most likely due to rheogenic anion exit across the luminal membrane.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of anesthesia 1 (1987), S. 148-154 
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Enflurane ; Flurometabolites ; Obesity ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma fluoride concentrations and urinary fluoride excretions were measured following enflurane anesthesia (1.5%, 2 hours) in obese (8 cases) and non-obese (9 cases) patients. At the end of anesthesia, there was no significant difference in plasma fluoride concentrations between the two groups. In the several days following anesthesia, however, plasma fluoride concentrations in obese patients were higher than those in non-obese patients. Urinary fluoride excretions after anesthesia were greater in obese patients than those in non-obese patients, and the period of increased fluoride excretion was prolonged in obese patients. These results suggested that obese patients metabolized more enflurane than non-obese patients during the postanesthetic period. In obese patients, their excess fatty tissue may cause a greater and more prolonged elevation of blood enflurane concentrations after anesthesia. (Tohyama Y: Plasma fluoride concentration and urinary fluoride excretion in obese and non-obese patients following enflurane anesthesia. J Anesth 1: 148–154, 1987)
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: TRH ; Brain ; Pancreas ; Human ; Plasma ; Selective blood sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endogenous TRH levels were determined in plasma obtained selectively via percutaneous transhepatic and femoral catheterization. TRH was measured using a very sensitive RIA method. In the pancreatic veins, internal jugular vein, left testicular vein, and other described veins, normal peripheral levels were found. An involvement of the TRH degrading enzyme (TDE) or a rapid intravasal dilution leading to normal peripheral TRH levels in the veins leaving the brain or pancreas, respectively, is discussed.
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  • 17
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 803-811 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Differentiation ; Obesity ; Preadipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Obesity is regarded as a heterogeneous syndrome, which may appear in different forms. Various causes have been found to contribute to its pathogenesis. During recent years investigations of adipose tissue cellularity and its dynamic changes have gained growing interest. An important progress was the discovery of adipose tissue precursor cells. These cells have not yet been precisely identified by morphological and biochemical methods in intact tissue. However, due to methodological developments such precursor cells can be cultured both as primary cultures and as established cell lines. These culture systems have proven to be valuable models for the study of the processes involved in the formation of new fat cells.
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  • 18
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    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 812-817 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Differentiation ; Obesity ; Preadipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell culture systems have proven to be valuable models for the study of the processes involved in the formation of new fat cells. Two separate steps may be distinguished in adipocyte development. First, the determination of a mesenchymal stem cell into a preadipocyte, second, its conversion into a mature fat cell. In cloned cell lines adipose conversion depends on at least one postconfluent mitosis possibly induced by insulin-like growth factors or by as yet unknown mitogens. In addition growth hormone, glucocorticoids, and insulin are needed for conversion to take place. The adipose conversion of preadipocytes originating from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue does not depend on postconfluent mitoses and needs only insulin and glucocorticoid hormones in physiological concentrations. However, the ability to undergo adipose conversion is not stable in these cells, but gets lost after repeated subcultures or seeding at low densities. In addition to stimulating hormones an increasing number of factors inhibiting the conversion process have also been detected, the physiological function of which remains unclear at the moment.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Obesity ; Very low calorie diets ; Zero diet ; Nitrogen balance ; Body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnitude and composition of weight loss obtained in obese women on two forms of very low calorie protein-supplemented diets (Cambridge diet, Dresden drink) as well as by complete starvation has been investigated. With the VLCD, nitrogen equilibrium was reached on the 10th day of fasting, the cumulative nitrogen balance also being compensated. Nearly half of the body weight loss is due to loss of fat. In order to assess the benefit of fasting regimes, we propose to measure at least two parameters which are independent of each other, e.g., nitrogen balance and total body water. Both types of VLCD were equally effective, safe, and acceptable in achieving rapid body weight reduction.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Diet ; Ethanol ; Pancreas ; Proteolytic enzymes ; Protease inhibitors ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of dietary composition in combination with chronic ethanol ingestion on pancreatic proteolytic-antiproteolytic systems were studied by submitting 192 male Wistar rats to a 12-week dietary period. The rats were fed with a standard (S), fat-rich (F), protein-rich (P), or carbohydrate-rich (C) diet after randomized division into four groups. Half of the animals in each dietary group received water and the other half a mixture of 15% (v/v) ethanol and water as their drinking solution. The C-diet caused a significant increase of BAPNA hydrolysis, which was even more pronounced in rats receiving ethanol. Casein hydrolysis was increased significantly by the C-diet, but ethanol did not have any significant effect on this. Hydrolysis of ATEE was decreased significantly by the P- and C-diets, and ethanol in combination with the S- and F-diets decreased hydrolysis of ATEE in comparison with the corresponding water-receiving groups. The trypsin-inhibiting capacity of the pancreatic tissue was significantly increased in the group receiving C- and F-diets as compared to the S-diet-receiving group of animals. It seems that the composition of the consumed diet in combination with chronic ethanol ingestion may play a role in regulating the pancreatic proteolytic-antiproteolytic system. However, these changes were not parallel. The trypsin-inhibiting capacity of pancreatic tissue was also affected by the quality of the diet.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreas ; islets of Langerhans ; antigen-immune response ; autoimmunity ; Type 1 diabetes mellitus ; major histocompatibility complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-three patients with recent onset Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in whom residual insulin secreting B cells were present and 12 patients with disease of more prolonged duration (maximum 9 years), 8 of whom had residual B cells, were studied. Aberrant expression of Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules was demonstrated immunohistochemically on insulin secreting B cells in 21 out of 23 patients with recent onset disease and 6 of the patients with more prolonged disease. No such expression was seen on glucagon secreting A cells or somatostatin secreting D cells. Islets where there was marked hyperexpression of Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules on islet endocrine cells were seen in all cases in which residual B cells were present. Ninety-two per cent of insulin containing islets but only 1% of insulin deficient islets exhibited this phenomenon (p〈0.001, Chi-squared test). There was evidence to suggest that both these abnormalities of major histocompatibility complex expression preceded insulitis within a given islet. They also appeared to be unique to Type 1 diabetes, being absent in pancreases of patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, graft-versus-host disease and Coxsackie B viral pancreatitis. The development of autoimmunity to B cells in Type 1 diabetes may be a “multistep” process in which abnormalities of major histocompatibility complex expression on islet endocrine cells are crucial events.
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  • 22
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    Abdominal imaging 12 (1987), S. 35-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Pancreas ; duplication cyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enteric duplication cysts (enterogenous cysts) are found most commonly in the distal ileum, the posterior mediastinum, and the third part of the duodenum. Rarely, enteric cysts can occur distant from the gut. This paper describes the clinical and radiologic features of a cystic lesion in the body of the pancreas which was shown on resection to be an enteric cyst.
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  • 23
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    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 508-511 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Ultrasound ; Haemosiderosis ; Cystic Fibrosis ; Pancreatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An increased echogenicity of the pancreas (“white pancreas”) was sonographically found in 25 children with various pancreatic and systemic diseases. Fifteen patients with cystic fibrosis had a small white pancreas. Five patients with haemosiderosis, two with pancreatitis and one with Shwachman-syndrome presented with a normal-sized or slightly enlarged pancreas. Fatty infiltration and calcifications of the pancreas can also increase its echogenicity.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing factor ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity ; Somatomedin-C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) 1-44 on growth hormone and somatostatin release in plasma has been studied in 20 obese children. Twenty age and sex-matched children with normal weight served as controls. Mean peak growth hormone response in obese children after 1 μg/kg body wt. GRF 1-44 was significantly lower than in controls (23.7±3.6 ng/ml vs. 41.1±3.0 ng/ml;P〈0.01), as were mean integrated growth hormone response areas (1544±272 ng×ml-1×2 h vs. 2476±283 ng×ml-1×2 h;P〈0.01). Mean plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity did not change after GRF in both goups. Mean somatomedin-C levels in obese children were significantly higher compared to controls (1.6±0.4 U/ml vs. 0.86±0.4 U/ml;P〈0.01). Somatomedin-C levels were not related to the integrated growth hormone responses. In conclusion there is no relation between somatomedin-C levels and the reduced growth hormone-releasing effect of GRF in obese children. GRF does not alter peripheral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity levels either in normal or obese children.
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  • 25
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 113 (1987), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Computed tomography ; Liver ; Pancreas ; Adrenals ; Lymph nodes ; Autopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The value of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing localized involvement of liver, pancreas, adrenals, and lymph nodes was evaluated in 117 patients with suspected or known malignant tumors by correlation with autopsy findings. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT for localized liver disease was calculated to be 80% (84%), 96% (97%), and 90% (92%); for pancreatic tumors: 81% (86%), 98% (100%), and 95% (97%); for adrenal tumors: 65% (92%), 100% (100%), and 92% (98%); and for lymph node enlargement 75 (88%), 97% (98%), and 87% (94%), respectively. Results of routine evaluation could be improved, especially in the adrenal region, when scans were reevaluated by highly experienced examiners (results given in parenthesis). Computed tomography is a highly valuable diagnostic tool in the primary diagnosis and in the follow-up of tumor patients. The high costs are offset by a reduction in invasive procedures and a shortened hospital stay.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Solid-cystic tumour ; Neuron specific enolase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to neuron specific enolase (NSE) was demonstrated in a solid-cystic (papillary cystic) tumour of the human pancreas, employing immunohistochemical methods. Positive staining for NSE was found with two different antisera. In addition, sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel-electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE) of tumour homgenate revealed a distinct band reacting with a NSE antiserum. However, we failed to detect any hormonal products or neuroendocrine granules in the tumour. Therefore the authors advise caution in using the enzyme as a differential diagnostic tool, especially in surgical pathology of epithelial pancreatic neoplasms occurring in young females. In individual cases electron microscopy will be necessary since solid-cystic tumours of the pancreas consistently show large intracytoplasmic zymogen-like granules.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pancreas ; Insulin secretion ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intrapancreatic localization and the effects on basal and stimulated insulin secretion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated in the mouse. Immunocyto-chemistry showed NPY to be confined to intrapancreatic nerve fibers mainly associated with blood vessels. Fine varicose NPY fibers were also detected in the exocrine parenchyma and occasionally also within the islets. Double-staining experiments with the use of antisera for both NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicated that most of the NPY fibers were nonadrenergic in nature. Only a population of the NPY fibers occurring around blood vessels showed TH immunoreactivity. Under in vivo conditions, NPY was found to elevate plasma insulin levels slightly when injected intravenously at the high dose level of 8.5 nmol/kg. At lower dose levels, NPY did not affect basal plasma insulin levels, but instead inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thus, the glucose-induced increment in plasma insulin levels, which was 120±7μU/ml in controls, was reduced to 87 ±5 μU/ml by NPY at 4.25 nmol/kg (p〈0.01) and to 98±6μU/ml by NPY at 1.06 nmol/kg (p〈0.05). In contrast, the insulin secretory response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol was not affected by NPY. We conclude that NPY nerve fibers occur in the mouse pancreas and that most of these NPY nerve fibers are nonadrenergic. Furthermore, in the mouse, NPY enhances basal plasma insulin levels at high dose levels and inhibits glucose-induced, but not cholinergically induced insulin secretion at lower dose levels under in vivo conditions.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: TRH ; Insulin ; Pancreas ; Streptozotocin ; Regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin treatment at birth induces, in the pancreas of rats, first depletion of insulin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and then early regeneration ofβ cells and insulin, but not TRH. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the reduction in pancreatic TRH content can be associated with changes in the intensity and the distribution of TRH-immunoreactivity, and to follow the pattern of regeneration ofβ cells through insulin- and TRH-immunoreactivity. In control animals, strong TRH-immunoreactivity was seen in insulin-containing cells on days 1–4 after birth. At day 7, the TRH-immunoreactivity was already decreased. In contrast, insulin-immunoreactivity was present throughout the neonatal period. A sparse population of cells near ducts also contained both TRH- and insulin-immunoreactivity at 1–2 days age. In streptozotocin-treated animals, TRH-immunoreactivity is found only in a few scattered insulin-containing cells in altered islets on days 1–4. Near the ducts, there were new insulin-containing cells which did not contain TRH. From day 7 regeneration of endocrine cells was characterized by new, typical islets, but these contained insulin-, but not TRH-immunoreactivity. These findings suggest a differential control of the biosynthesis of insulin and TRH within the pancreas.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Exocrine glands ; Islets of Langerhans ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The islet cells of the mammalian pancreas are comprised of four different endocrine cell types, each containing a specific hormone. Islet cells also contain two enzymes of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The cell lineage relationships of these different cell types have not been examined and it is not known whether, during development, they originate from the same or from different precursor populations. In this study we used immunocytochemical procedures to determine whether developing pancreatic cells express markers common to endocrine and exocrine cell types. We found that acinar cell precursors express AADC prior to the appearance of an exocrine marker and that the expression of AADC in acinar cells persists throughout embryogenesis to the first month of postnatal life. At this time, acinar cells do not contain AADC. We also found that exocrine cells containing AADC never express other islet-cell markers. These findings suggest that while acinar and islet cells both arise from precursor cells containing AADC, these progenitor cells do not express a combined endocrine-exocrine phenotype.
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  • 30
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    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 479-481 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Obesity ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Obese and control women were immersed in a bath of water kept at 37° C. Oral temperature was measured. The subjects left hand was placed outside the bath for the local application of thermal stimuli between 20° and 45° C, subjects reporting the most pleasant temperature. The lower oral temperatures and lower levels of skin temperature rated as pleasant by obese women as compared with women of normal body weight or less suggests that in obesity the setpoint of body temperature is lowered.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Obesity ; Hypercapnic response ; Hypoxic response ; % body fat ; Judoist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory sensitivities were compared in twenty-one judoists and 24 control subjects with similar degrees of moderate obesity. Data from ten non-obese control subjects were also included as a reference. Mean body weight (BW) and % of ideal body weight in the judoists and the obese and non-obese controls were 100±14.8, 94.4±5.3 and 63.4±6.1 (mean±SD) kg, and 142.3±16.7, 142.2±12.9 and 98.4±10.7%, respectively. Mean body fat in the judoists was 16.2±13.9%, being 25.3±7.7% in the obese control group, the difference being significant (p〈0.01). Hypercapnic sensitivities in terms of the CO2 ventilatory response slope (S) and its normalized value for 70 kg BW (SN) of the obese controls were higher than the judoists. These findings were also verified by the CO2-occlusion pressure responses. S and SN in the obese controls were significantly correlated with BW and % body fat. However, no positive correlation was found between BW and S or SN in the judoists as well as between lean body mass and S or SN in the obese control. Hypoxic sensitivity in terms of the $${\text{P}}_{{\text{ETO}}_{\text{2}} } {\text{ - }}$$ ventilation hyperbola slope (A) and its normalized value (AN) in the obese control was significantly higher than the non-obese control, but the difference from the judoists was not significant. A and AN were found to increase with increasing % body fat in both judoists and obese controls. We conclude that respiratory compensation to mechanical limitation due to fat accumulation may be one of the possible factors to enhance hypercapnic as well as hypoxic ventilatory chemosensitivities in moderate obesity.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Coronary heart disease ; Obesity ; Polynesians ; Urban-rural comparison ; Wallis Island ; New Caledonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of hypertension, and indicators of and risk factors for coronary heart disease was undertaken in samples of rural Wallisians of Wallis Island, and first generation Wallisian migrants in the urban centre of Noumea, New Caledonia. Approximately 20% of the adult population of the two communities was included in the study. Higher mean blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in Wallisians in Noumea compared to those in Wallis was documented. There was no significant rise in blood pressure with age in rural Wallisian males. Wallisians in Noumea tended to be more obese than those in Wallis (particularly females). Although differences in the extent of obesity appeared to explain some of the differences in blood pressure between populations of Wallis and Noumea, other environmental factors (such as salt intake) are probably important. There was a trend for a higher prevalence of O wave changes on the ECG in urbanized Wallisians compared to their rural counterparts. There was no significant or consistent differences in plasma lipid concentrations between the two groups. The prevalence of diabetes was 7 and 4 times higher in Noumea compared to Wallis for males and females respectively. Differences in diabetes and hypertension prevalence are more likely to account for the variation in ischaemic heart disease than plasma lipid levels.
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance image ; Anteversion ; Obesity ; Remodeling ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The degree of femoral anteversion in a group of obese adolescent children and a group of adolescent children of normal weight was determined by either magnetic resonance imaging or computerized axial tomography. Compared with the children of normal weight, the obese children showed a significantly reduced angle of femoral anteversion. Increased biomechanical forces generated across the hip joint of obese children leads to increased remodeling of the femoral neck. This may account for the association of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, reduced femoral anteversion, and obesity in the adolescent population.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cold ; Thermogenesis ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is well known that cold and diet-induced thermogenesis, which is mediated in small rodents by the hypothalamic-noradrenergic fibersbrown adipose tissue axis, is impaired in genetically obese mice. To test whether these adaptive mechanisms are also impaired in obese humans, 12 young males who were otherwise healthy (6 lean and 6 obese) were examined. The obese subjects had an early-onset type of obesity with a strong family history of it as well. Deep body temperature was measured by using a deep body thermometer furnished with three thermocouples. They were respectively placed on the sternum, on the interscapular area immediately under the neck (HIS), and on the 4th intercostal space (LIS) in order to study core temperature as well as heat production where brown adipose tissue could also be present in adults. Both lean and obese subjects were kept in a thermoneutral environment (28° C) until they reached a steady-state body temperature and then rapidly transferred into a cold room (6–8° C) where they remained up to 60 min. Body temperature decreased in both groups, but the decrease was more marked in the obese individuals on the sternum (P〈0.01), on HIS (P〈0.05) and on LIS (P〈0.05) when compared to lean individuals. In conclusion, cold-induced thermogenesis is impaired in familial early-onset human obesity and in genetically obese mice.
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  • 35
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    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 248-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Obesity ; protein synthesis ; soleus muscles ; work-induced hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of work-induced hypertrophy on skeletal muscle protein metabolism was studied in lean mice and in mice rendered obese with goldthioglucose. After tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle, the adaptative growth of soleus muscle was less pronounced in obese than in lean mice. Protein turnover was studied in the isolated soleus muscle 4 days after the operation. Tyrosine incorporation in total proteins and tyrosine release in the incubation medium (indices of protein synthesis and degradation) were increased by 3- and 2-fold in overloaded (i. e. work-induced hypertrophied) muscles of lean and obese mice, respectively, compared to the control muscles isolated from the non-operated leg. The qualitative modifications in the pattern of proteins synthetized from 35S-methionine were identical in both groups of mice. This increase in protein turnover in overloaded muscles results from an increased rate of polypeptide chain initiation (3-fold in lean mice, 2.2-fold in obese mice) without any modification of peptide chain elongation rates. Work-induced hypertrophy was also able to reverse the defect in amino acid uptake which is present in soleus muscles of GTG-obese mice. These results suggest that the work-induced increase of skeletal muscle protein turnover is diminished in obese mice.
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  • 36
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    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 655-660 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreas ; acinar cell ; amylase ; chymotrypsinogen ; immunocytochemistry ; diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylase and chymotrypsinogen in pancreatic tissue from normal and diabetic rats were revealed by immunocytochemistry and analyzed biochemically. In acinar cells of control animals, both enzymes were localized with high resolution in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, immature and mature secretory granules. Quantitative evaluations of the intensities of labelings have demonstrated, for both enzymes, the presence of an increasing gradient which followed precisely their secretory pathway. This gradient reflects the normal processing of both proteins through secretion. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals, labeling for amylase in acinar cells was markedly reduced (remaining about 11% of the normal values). The gradient along the secretory pathway was abolished, indicating an alteration in the processing and secretion of amylase. On the other hand, labeling for chymotrypsinogen was significantly increased (to 170%p 〈 0.0005), and its processing remained normal. In insulin-treated diabetic animals, immunolabeling for amylase was restored and the gradient re-established, indicating a normalization of the secretion. Labeling for chymotrypsinogen was reduced towards normal values. These results were found to be in agreement with those obtained by biochemical approaches and demonstrate that, in the diabetic condition, secretion of amylase is selectively impaired.
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  • 37
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    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. S107 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ouabain ; Ba ; TEA ; K channels ; Na pump ; Pancreas ; Submandibular gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the importance for transepithelial salt secretion of current flow across the baso-lateral membrane, we studied the effects of ouabain (1 mmol/l), Ba (3 mmol/l) and tetraethylammonium (TEA: 10 mmol/l) on secretion by the acinar (caerulein stimulated) and ductal (secretin stimulated) epithelia of the perfused rat pancreas. Within 10 min, ouabain caused a 79% inhibition of acinar secretion which was resolvable into two exponentials with half-times, respectively, of 0.24 min±0.19 (S.D.) and 6.40±0.46 min. In contrast, it caused only a monoexponential inhibition of ductal secretion (61% in 10 min) with a half-time of 5.08±0.26 min. Ba caused a monoexponential inhibition of acinar secretion (70% in 10 min) with a half-time of 1.82±0.27 min, but it had no inhibitory effect on ductal secretion. The action of TEA was similar to that of Ba: it caused monoexponential inhibition of acinar secretion (26% in 10 min) with a half-time of 1.82±0.03 min, and it too had no effect on ductal secretion. For comparison, we also studied the effect of these drugs on the more rapidly secreting rat mandibular gland (stimulated with acetylcholine). All three drugs were strongly inhibitory: within 10 min, ouabain caused a 95%, Ba an 89% and TEA an 83% inhibition. The decay curves appeared to be monoexponential with halftimes, respectively, of 1.49±0.12, 0.51±0.3 and 0.56±0.02 min. The results support the hypothesis that current flow across the baso-lateral membrane is an important concomitant of secretion by the pancreatic acinar epithelium and by mandibular glands, but they suggest that such a current is not important for secretion by pancreatic ducts.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron immunocytochemistry ; Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system ; Gut ; Pancreas ; Prosomatostatin ; Rat somatostatin cryptic peptide (RSCP) ; Rat somatostatin-28
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera raised against rat somatostatin cryptic peptide (RSCP; corresponding to amino acids 63–77 of rat pro-somatostatin), somatostatin-28-(1–12) and somatostatin-28-(17–28) were used to compare the morphological distribution of these pro-somatostatin-derived sequences within the gastroenteropancreatic system of six mammalian species, including man. Using the immunogold staining procedure, RSCP, SS28-(1–12) and SS28-(17–28) immunoreactivity was found to be present in all the D cells of the tissues investigated. Extra-islet RSCP and SS28-(1–12) immunoreactive cells were also identified in some species. RSCP, SS28-(1–12) and SS28-(17–28) immunoreactivities were also present in a single case of human duodenal somatostatinoma. Immunostaining of serial ultrathin sections from all specimens in this study revealed that RSCP and both somatostatin immunoreactivities were co-localised in a majority of the reactive cells. Corroborative evidence was obtained by double immunogold staining which further showed that RSCP, SS28-(1–12) and SS28-(17–28) immunoreactivities were co-localised to individual secretory granules in D type cells, both normal and tumour. RSCP and SS28-(17–28) immunoreactivities were invariably co-localised, whereas SS28-(1–12) immunoreactivity was restricted to a sub-population of secretory granules. Our findings suggest that RSCP immunoreactivity is conserved in a number of mammalian species and is stored in each secretory granule type. Consequently, detection of the RSCP sequence may serve as a useful marker for somatostatin-producing systems throughout the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Zinc Zn62 ; Zinc Zn65 ; Zn-EDDA ; Zn-NTA ; Pancreas ; Zn radiopharmaceuticals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There have been many attempts to develop zinccontaining radiopharmaceuticals for use as pancreas-seeking agents, but little consideration has been given to Zn-complex structure as being a factor that contributes to Zn utilization by the pancreas. In the present study, various ligands having N-O donor groups (amino acids and amino-polycarboxylic acids) with variable numbers of coordination sites (2–6) were investigated with regard to the coordination of the radiometal Zn. As an experimental model, freshly prepared slices of rat pancreas were studied, and Sephadex-column chromatography analysis was also performed. The structure and stability of Zn complexes were found to affect the accumulation of Zn in pancreas slices. In particular, the administration of tetradentate ligand complexes of 65Zn-ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (EDDA) and 65Zn-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) resulted in high Zn utilization in the pancreas. Also, Zn complexes of intermediate stability (as demonstrated by elution behavior at Sephadex-column chromatography) produced the best results.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Zinc 62 ; Zinc 65 ; Radiopharmaceutical ; 62Zn-EDDA ; Pancreas ; Positron CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The functionality of various zinc complexes of amino acid derivatives as a zinc radiopharmaceutical for pancreas PCT imaging was tested using 65Zn, which has a long half-life, and 62Zn, which has a short half-life. Because of the favorable results obtained in previous in vitro panceas section studies, the ability of those Zn complexes to retain their integrity in the presence of blood serum or in living organisms was screened using Sephadex column chromatography and mice biodistribution studies. A relationship between the structure and stability of Zn complexes played a determining role on the in vivo availability of Zn for the pancreas or liver. Among the Zn complexes tested, the tetra-coordinated structure of the Zn-EDDA complex at an equimolar ratio showed proper accumulation in the pancreas, inducing an appropriate pancreas PCT image in the dog with the positron emitter 62Zn-EDDA administered at 1 mg Zn/kg body weight.
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  • 41
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 369 (1986), S. 859-860 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Intraoperative ultrasonography ; Pancreas ; Liver ; Intraoperativer Ultraschall ; Pankreas ; Leber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intraoperative Ultraschalluntersuchung (IOUS) mit kleinen, gassterilisierbaren Schallapplikatoren hat sich in folgenden Anwendungsbereichen bewährt: 1. IOUS des Pankreas zur Lokalisation von endokrinen Pankreastumoren und zur ultraschallgezielten Feinnadelpunktionscytologie. 2. IOUS der Leber zur Lokalisation von nicht tast- oder sichtbaren Tumoren und zur ultraschallgesteuerten Subsegmentresektion. 3. IOUS der Gallenwege zur Konkrementsuche. 4. IOUS der Gefäße zur Anastomosenkontrolle.
    Notes: Summary Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) using small, gas-sterilized probes is helpful in the following surgical procedures: (1) Localization of endocrine pancreatic tumors and ultrasonographically guided fine-needle cytology in pancreatic carcinoma; (2) To locate nonpalpable and nonvisible tumors of the liver and for ultrasound-guided subsegmentectomy; (3) Biliary tract; (4) Control of vascular anastomoses.
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  • 42
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 7 (1985), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Pancreas ; Stomach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs attirent l'attention sur le ligament gastro-pancréatique dont la description ne figure pas dans les traités classiques d'Anatomie. L'existence de cette formation anatomique permet d'évoquer de nouvelles interprétations du développement embryologique du pancréas
    Notes: Summary The authors whish to draw attention to the gastro-pancreatic ligament (gastropancreaticus), no description of which is to be found in the usual anatomy text-books or in literature. The presence of this anatomic element can suggest new interpretations of the embryological development of the pancreas
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cushing's syndrome ; Obesity ; Cortisol ; Dexamethasone test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Urinary free cortisol (UFC) was measured in the basal state and on 2nd day of the low-dose dexamethasone (2 mg daily for 2 days) suppression test (LDDT) in 182 subjects. At first examination the results were in good agreement with the definite diagnosis in 21 of 27 patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and in 145 out of 155 obese subjects. In two obese subjects the basal UFC was increased and the response to the test insufficient. At re-examination their laboratory findings became normal. In 14 subjects the basal UFC was increased but the response to the test was normal. With nine of them, repeated examinations were performed over a period of 1–7 years. Six subjects progressed into obvious CS, while in two hypercortisolism spontaneously regressed and in one it remained unchanged. The combination of elevated basal UFC with a normal suppressibility during the LDDT is considered a borderline adrenocortical impairment.
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  • 44
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture ; Intercellular junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation of gap junctions was studied in pancreatic exocrine cells of rats and mice during late embryonic and neonatal development by the freeze-fracture replica method. Small gap junctions were present in association with tight junctional strands near the cell apex during embryonic development. Independently of tight junctions, small gap junctions were sometimes seen more basally on day 13 to 15 of gestation. The gap junctions increased in number and were rapidly enlarged by day 18 to 20 of gestation. Large particles 12–13 nm in diameter were frequently associated with the gap junction, which consisted of 10 nm particles. The large particles were either irregularly distributed or arranged in hexagonal patterns. The number of large particles decreased with time, so that they sparsely rimmed the gap junction in postnatal animals. This suggests that large particles are precursors of typical gap junctional particles, and that they participate in rapid growth of the gap junction during late embryonic development. It may be also possible that large particles represent functionally different gap junctions.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreas ; endocrine cells ; morphometry ; development ; Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ; immunofluorescence ; pancreatic hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cell content of the pancreas of two cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with islet cell adenomatosis were studied. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively with the indirect immunofluorescence method and morphometry was used to establish the volume density of the four endocrine cell populations. This evaluation showed a marked increase of insulin and glucagon cells and a lesser augmentation of pancreatic polypeptide cells and somatostatin cells. However, the percent of somatostatin cells was decreased in comparison with controls. Qualitatively, the two pancreas were characterized by the lack of segregation of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide cells to distinct parts of the gland, with each cell type being abundant in the pancreatic region in which they are normally very sparse. The marked increase of endocrine cells often took the form of giant islet-like structures formed by smaller subunits; however, despite this increase, the distribution of insulin cells respected the normal pattern, i.e. clusters of B cells surrounded by non-B cells. These findings indicate that besides the proliferation of pancreatic endocrine cells maintaining a normal topographical distribution of B versus non-B cells, the pancreas of patients with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome may have undergone abnormal development with a consequent lack of segregation of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide cells to different parts of the gland.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pancreas ; islet ; patch clamp ; cell culture ; channels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonatal and adult rat pancreatic islet cells were maintained in dissociated cell culture for up to three weeks. The unexpected occurrence of giant (40–50 μm) cells was noted, some of which reacted positively to an insulin antiserum, indicating the presence of insulin. The giant cells were amenable to study using the extracellular patch clamp technique, which was used to demonstrate a population of membrane channels gating outwardly directed current in these cells.
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  • 47
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    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Growth hormone deficiency ; Obesity ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The daily excretion of C-peptide in the urine was measured in 105 healthy infants and children from birth to 14 years of age. For technical reasons no studies were performed from 1–3 years of age. The excretion of C-peptide showed a close positive correlation with age and weight. The relationship with weight was already apparent in the 1st days of life. The C-peptide/weight and the C-peptide/creatinine ratios were constant throughout most of childhood with the exception of the age range of 1 month-1 year when the C-peptide/creatinine was significantly higher. In obese children the C-peptide/weight and C-peptide/creatinine ratios were similar to those found in children with normal weight. In growth hormone deficiency these ratios were low and increased during the 1st week of growth hormone therapy. It is concluded that urinary C-peptide is a reliable indicator of integrated insulin production and gives new information about insulin secretion in various conditions.
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  • 48
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    European journal of pediatrics 144 (1985), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Food-induced thermogenesis ; Obesity ; Immunoreactive insulin ; Hyperinsulinaemia ; Growth hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 11 obese children aged 12.5 (±0.7) years with normal glucose tolerance and 7 lean, control children aged 11.9±0.7 years the preload resting energy expenditure and thermogenic response to a standardised meal was measured by indirect calorimetry. Preload energy expenditure was higher in obese children when expressed in absolute terms than in controls, but was not different when corrected for lean body weight. Four children with obesity of recent onset had lower food-induced thermogenesis and insulin response then seven overweight children with long-standing obesity. Food-induced thermogenesis and insulin response showed a significant positive correlation. It is concluded that food-induced thermogenesis is reduced in the early phase of childhood obesity but increased in the later phase when hyperinsulinaemia develops, pointing towards an important role of insulin in food-induced thermogenesis.
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  • 49
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    Aesthetic plastic surgery 9 (1985), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Obesity ; Abdominoplasty ; Gastric stapling ; Weight loss ; Panniculus ; Polio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An abdominoplasty technique is described that combines vertical and horizontal resection to restore abdominal contour to upper and lower abdomen and mons pubis. The results of this technique in 16 patients (13 women and 3 men) are reviewed. The procedure is suggested for patients with massive weight loss, obesity with a panniculus, and supra-umbilical dermatochalasis with or without multiple abdominal scars. A polio patient with an unexpected improvement in pulmonary function following this procedure is included in this series.
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  • 50
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 234 (1985), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Stroke ; Alcohol ; Obesity ; Hypertension ; Diabetes ; Preventive neurology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation of the staff of a car assembly plant (3,351 persons) revealed a similarity between the change in relative body weight and diastolic blood pressure with age. There is a good temporal correlation between the course of alcohol consumption during life and the change of the relative body weight. German women had significantly less blood pressure for the same relative body weight than German men, and foreign employees had lower blood pressure than Germans In both cases the main cause is the difference in alcohol consumption. Besides obesity and hereditary factors, alcohol is the main cause of “essential” hypertension today. Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that there are two ways from alcohol to high blood pressure, a more direct one and an indirect one via obesity. Alcohol causes obesity via a change in metabolism (hyperinsulinism) rather than by higher caloric intake. In both ways alcohol is an important cause of stroke. To reduce body weight and blood pressure, a reduction of alcohol consumption should be recommended in addition to reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity as means of preventive neurology.
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 633-639 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretin ; Pancreas ; Enzyme secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Fine structure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Infusion of synthetic secretin in conscious unrestricted rats for periods up to 24 h was used to study the structural and functional adaptation of pancreatic acinar cells to this secretagogue. Initial dose-response studies established 16 clinical units (CU) per kg and h (corresponding to 4.64 ug x kg-1 x h-1) as optimal dose for persistent stimulation of enzyme discharge. Infusion of this dose led to a slow but progressive depletion of enzyme stores with minimal content by 12 h stimulation. As a result of persistent stimulation total protein synthesis in the acinar cells increased after a lag period of 3 h and reached maximal values 90% above controls by 6 and 12 h secretin infusion. No structural equivalent for pronounced fluid and bicarbonate secretion was observed for either acinar or duct cells over the entire dose range (1 to 64 CU x kg-1 x h-1) and infusion period (1–24 h), except an increased number of coated vesicles in duct cells. Discharge of enzymes from acinar cells was paralleled by a high frequency of exocytotic images at the luminal plasma membrane and was accompanied by the occurrence of membrane fragments in the luminal space, especially after 3 and 6 h secretin infusion. An increased number of lysosomal bodies at these time points especially in the vicinity of the Golgi complex was interpreted in relation to membrane recycling following massive exocytosis. This pattern of structural and functional adaptation of acinar cells following secretin infusion corresponds to previously described changes following caerulein and carbamylcholine stimulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 641-644 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretin ; Pancreas ; Protein synthesis ; Enzyme synthesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intravenous infusion of synthetic secretin for periods up to 24 h in conscious rats was combined with invitro amino acid incorporation in isolated pancreatic lobules and high-resolution separation of individual enzyme proteins by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing and SDS gel electrophoresis. With this method persistent changes in the biosynthesis of ten enzyme and isoenzyme proteins can be studied as a result of prolonged secretin stimulation. Three major patterns of response were observed: progressive increases in the synthetic rates were found in six out of ten enzyme proteins with most pronounced changes in the synthetic rates of lipase (4.10-fold increase), two forms of proelastase (2.80-fold increase, respectively), the two acidic forms of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (2.60-and 2.40-fold increase, respectively), and of ribonuclease (2.30-fold increase). Only moderate changes (1.30- to 1.90-fold increase) occured in the synthetic rates of four isoenzymatic forms of procarboxypeptidase and the basic forms of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen, respectively. No absolute change in the rate of synthesis was observed in both forms of amylase. These data obtained after secretin stimulation differ significantly from previous results after caerulein stimulation, but it is not clear so far whether this is due to differential effects of the two second messengers released by each of the hormones on the level of transcription or translation.
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    European journal of nuclear medicine 11 (1985), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Ga-67-binding substances ; Stomach ; Small intestine ; Pancreas ; Muscle ; Acid mucopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Normal male rats were injected with either gallium citrate Ga 67 or sodium sulfate S 35. After 24 h, the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and muscle were excised and homogenized. After the removal of the nuclear fraction, each of these homogenates was digested with protease. After digestion, the supernatants of the reaction mixtures were applied to a Sephadex-G-100 column. The radioactivity was eluted with buffer solution. The resultant eluates were analyzed for radioactivity and the levels of proteins, uronic acids, and sialic acids. In all four organs, sizable amounts of 67Ga were bound to sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides with molecular masses of about 10,000 daltons and to sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides, a species whose molecular masses exceed 40,000 daltons. In the stomach, large amounts of 67Ga were bound to sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides with molecular masses of about 10,000 daltons. from these results, it is obvious that the main 67Ga-binding substances in these four organs are sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides, and that these acid mucopolysaccharides play the most important role in the concentration of 67Ga in these organs.
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 363 (1985), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Rats ; transplantation ; heterologous ; Ciclosporins ; Inbred strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pankreaticoduodenale Transplantate wurden auf streptozocindiabetische Empfänger übertragen. Empfänger syngener Transplantate überlebten langfristig mit funktionierenden Transplantaten. Zur Untersuchung der Abstoßungsreaktion gegen pankreaticoduodenale Allotransplantate wurden die Organe in einer MHC-kompatiblen, non-MHC-inkompati blen Stammkombination (AS → LEW) und einer sowohl MHC- als auch non-MHC-inkompatiblen Kombination (DA → LEW) übertragen. Die Funktionszeiten waren 12,4 → 4,0 Tage in der Gruppe AS → LEW und 8,2 → 0,6 Tage in der Gruppe DA - LEW. Eine histologische Verlaufsstudie des Abstoßungsprozesses zeigte, daß erst der exokrine Anteil der Transplantate, dann das endokrine Gewebe und zum Schluß das Duodenum zerstört wurde. Nach Behandlung der Empfänger von Allotransplantaten mit Ciclosporin (Sandimmun) in einer Dosis von 15 mg/kg/d für 14 Tage p. op. peroral kam es zur Verlängerung der Funktionszeiten der Transplantate in der Gruppe AS→ LEW auf 47,5 ± 14,4 Tage, in der Gruppe DA → LEW auf 26,0 ± 0,5 Tage. Beihistologischen Untersuchungen zeigte sich, daß während der Gabe von Ciclosporin nur perivasculäre Rundzellinfiltrate auftraten, ohne daß eine Transplantatzerstörung sichtbar war. Nach Absetzen des Medikamentes kam es zu prinzipiell gleichen histologischen Veränderungen wie in unbehandelten Allotransplantaten, allerdings in verzögertem Zeitablauf.
    Notes: Summary Pancreaticoduodenal grafts were transplanted into streptozocininduced diabetic recipients. Recipients of syngeneic grafts survived long term with functioning grafts. To investigate the rejection reaction in pancreaticoduodenal allografts, the organs were grafted in an MHC compatible but non-MHC incompatible strain combination (AS → LEW) and in a combination that is both MHC and non-MHC incompatible (DA → LEW). The functioning times were 12.4 ± 4.0 days in the AS → LEW group and 8.2 ± 0.6 days in the DA → LEW group. A histologic study of the course of the rejection process showed that first the exocrine portion of the grafts, then the endocrine tissue, and finally the duodenum was destroyed. After the recipients of allografts were treated with an oral dose of 15 mg/kg/day Ciclosporin (Sandimmun) for 14 days p. op., the functioning times of the grafts increased to 47.5 ± 14.4 days in the AS-LEW group and 26.0 ± 0.5 days in the DA-LEW group. Histologic investigations showed that during the period in which Ciclosporin was given, only perivascular round cell infiltrates appeared with no visible destruction of the graft. After discontinuation of the medication basically the same histologic alterations occurred as in untreated allografts, however with a delay.
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 366 (1985), S. 715-715 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Technique ; Transplantation ; Pankreas ; Ratte ; Techniken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Dauer endokriner Funktion allogener Pankreastransplantate mit unterschiedlicher Inselzellmenge and verschiedener Behandlung der exokrinen Sekretion wurde bei jeweils gleicher immunogenetischer Differenz untersucht. Die Dauer der „Abstoßungsreaktion”, besonders nach kurzfrisfger Immunsuppression mit Cyclosporin A, ist von beiden technischen Parametem abhängig. Bei gleicher Inselzellmasse funktionieren sekretdrainierte Transplantate hanger als gangligierte, bei gleicher Behandlung der exokrinen Sekretion verlängert vergrößerte Inselzellmasse die Funktion.
    Notes: Summary The duration of endocrine function of allogeneic pancreatic grafts, with varying amounts of islets and different management of exocrine secretion, was investigated under constant immunological conditions. The duration of the “rejection”, in particular after short-term immunsuppression with cyclosporin, is dependant on both technical variables. With the same mass of islets, secretion-drained grafts function longer than duct-(gated grafts. If the management of exocrine secretion is the same, the duration of endocrine function is prolonged by an increase in the mass of islets.
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 363 (1985), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Rats ; inbred strains ; Transplantation ; syngeneic ; Transplantation ; various techniques of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pankreasorgantransplantate bei der Ratte wurden mikro chirurgisch in fünf Techniken übertragen. Bei drei Techniken wurde eine Drainage des exokrinen Drüsensekretes ermöglicht, es waren dies die pankreaticoduodenale Transplantation, Transplantate mit Duodenalpatch und Transplantate mit Sekretableitung über eine Roux-Y-Schlinge. Segmenttransplantate mit ligiertem Gangsystem oder nach Auffüllung des Gangsystems mit Ethibloc wurden als Modelle ohne Sekretdrainage eingesetzt. Spender und Empfänger waren Lewis Ratten, die Empfängertiere wurden durch Streptozocin diabetisch gemacht. Regelmäßige Blutzucker- und Gewichtsmessungen dienten als Funktionskontrolle, die Transplantate wurden nach Ablauf der Beobachtungszeit makroskopisch und lichtmikroskopisch untersucht. Eine Normalisierung des Blutzuckers ist prinzipiell durch alle Transplantatformen möglich, wir beobachteten jedoch für gangligierte oder gangoccludierte Transplantate Funktionsversagen durch Fibrosen oder Abscesse. Eszeigt sich, daß alle Transplantate ohne Ableitung des Sekretes durch Umbauprozesse gekennzeichnet sind, die zum Verlust des exokrinen Gewebes, zur Proliferation der Pankreasgänge und zu Veränderungen der Inseln führen. Bei erfolgreich drainierten Transplantaten bleibt das Organ in seiner Morphe erhalten. Eine Sekretdrainage ist im Rattenmodell am sichersten bei pankreaticoduodenalen Transplantaten gewährleistet.
    Notes: Summary Pancreas transplants were grafted in rats using five different microsurgical techniques. Three of the techniques allowed exocrine drainage, namely pancreaticoduodenal transplantation, grafts with a duodenal patch, and grafts with exocrine drainage via a Roux-en-y-loop. Segmental transplants in which the duct system was ligated or occluded with Ethibloc were used as models without exocrine drainage. Donors and recipients were Lewis rats. Diabetes was induced in the recipients with streptozocin. Regular measurements of serum glucose and body weight served as functional controls. At the end of the observation period, the grafts were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Basically, all types of grafts allowed normalization of the blood sugar level. In grafts with ligated or occluded ducts, however, we observed functional failure due to fibrosis or abscesses. It became obvious that all grafts without exocrine drainage are subject to alterative processes that lead to the loss of exocrine tissue, to proliferation of the pancreatic ducts and to morphological changes in the islets. In successfully drained grafts, the morphology of the organ is lastingly preserved. In the rat model the most reliable management of exocrine drainage is afforded by pancreaticoduodenal grafts.
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    Pflügers Archiv 308 (1969), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pankreas ; Chloridsekretion ; Bicarbonatsekretion ; Sekretin ; Pankreozymin ; elektrische Potentialdifferenz ; Pancreas ; Chloride Secretion ; Bicarbonate Secretion ; Secretion ; Pancreozymin ; Electrical Potential Difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Micropuncture and microperfusion experiments were performed at the exposed pancreas of rabbits. In the free-flow samples Cl− concentration was determined, while in the stopped flow microperfusion samples the dilution of a plasma sample injected into the duct lumen was determined by measuring the change of Cl− and labeled inulin concentrations. Following results were obtained: 1. Within 3–6 min a plasma sample injected into interlobar ducts of unstimulated glands increased in volume by a factor of 1.15 by the admixture of secreted fluid. The corresponding Cl− concentration in the secreted fluid was in the mean 107 meq/l. After secretin stimulation the volume increased 2.33 fold and the mean Cl− concentration of the secreted fluid was 52 meq/l. 2. A higher Cl− concentration was measured along the entire duct under free-flow conditions during winter than during sommer. In each of both experimental series the Cl− concentration decreased along the entire duct system when the gland was stimulated, but increased in the unstimulated gland. 3. The Cl− concentration in samples obtained from the acini (probably from the centroacinar and adjacent intralobular duct) remained unchanged after secretin stimulation, while it decreased in the mean by 17 meq/l after pancreozymin stimulation. 4. Transtubular potential differences in all duct segments ranged between 2 and 6 mV (lumen negative). From the results in can be concluded that bicarbonate and water are secreted within the entire duct system. The Cl− concentration in the secreted fluid decreases and the HCO3 − and Cl− occurs in the ducts at small flow rates. Secretin does not change HCO3 − concentration in the duct segments near the acini but that of more distal duct segments. A different, season dependent factor, influences the level of the Cl− and HCO3 − concentrations of the pancreas. Measurements of potential differences support the hypothesis that ductular secretion consists of an active HCO3 − transport in addition to active Na+ transport postulated by others [3, 19].
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am freigelegten Pankreas von Urethan-narkotisierten Kaninchen wurden Mikropunktions- und stopped flow Mikroperfusionsexperimente durchgeführt. In den Freiflußproben wurde die Cl−-Konzentration gemessen. In den stopped flow Experimenten wurde in das ölblockierte bzw. abgebundene Ganglumen ein Plasmatröpfchen injiziert und die darin auftretende Konzentrationsänderung von Cl−-Ionen und zugefügtem radioaktiv-markiertem Inulin gemessen. Es wurde folgendes gefunden: 1. In den stopped flow Proben, die 3–6 min in interlobularen Gängen von nicht stimulierten Drüsen waren, stieg das Volumen der injizierten Plasmamenge durch hinzukommendes Sekret im Mittel nur um den Faktor 1,15 an. Die Cl−-Konzentration in der sezernierten Flüssigkeit errechnete sich dabei im Mittel zu 107 mÄq/l. In der Sekretin-stimulierten Drüse hingegen stieg das Volumen um den Faktor 2,33; die Konzentration des Sekretes war 52 mÄq/l. Unter Freiflußbedingungen wurde über das ganze Gangsystem im Sommer eine niedrigere Cl−-Konzentration gemessen als im Winter. In jeder der beiden experimentellen Serien wurde beobachtet, daß unter Sekretinstimulation die Cl−-Konzentration längs des Ganges abfällt, in der unstimulierten Drüse jedoch längs des Ganges ansteigt. 3. Im Acinuspunktat (das wahrscheinlich aus einer Sekretmischung aus den centroacinären Zellen und nächstliegenden intralobularen Gangabschnitten besteht) bleibt nach Sekretinstimulation die Cl−-Konzentration unverändert, während sie nach Pankreozyminstimulation im Mittel um 17 mÄq/l absinkt. 4. Die transtubulären Potentialdifferenzen liegen in allen Gangsegmenten zwischen 2 und 6 mV (Lumen negativ). Aus den Resultaten läßt sich folgendes schließen: Bicarbonationen und Wasser werden im Gangsystem sezerniert. Mit zunehmender Sekretionsrate nimmt die Cl−-Konzentration in der sezernierten Flüssigkeit ab und die HCO3 −-Konzentration zu. Bei kleiner Flußrate tritt eine Reäquilibrierung in den Gängen ein, indem HCO3 − aus dem Lumen heraus und Cl− ins Lumen hineindiffundiert. Sekretin verändert die HCO3 −-Konzentration in den nahe den Acini gelegenen Gangabschnitten nicht, jedoch in den mehr distal gelegenen Gangabschnitten. Es gibt offensichtlich einen jahreszeitlich bedingten Faktor, der die Höhe der HCO3 −-Konzentrationen in allen sekretorischen Abschnitten der Drüse festlegt. Die elektrischen Potential-differenzen sprechen dafür, daß neben dem von anderen Autoren nachgewiesenen aktiven Na+-Transport [3, 19] in den Gängen ein aktiver HCO3 −-Transport vorliegt.
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    Pflügers Archiv 311 (1969), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Pancreas ; Acetazolamide ; Ouabain ; Kaninchen ; Bauchspeicheldrüse ; Acetazolamide ; Ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Basal fluid and electrolyte secretion of the rabbit pancreas were studied in vitro. Acetazolamide added to the bathing solution in 0.3×10−3 to 3×10−3 M concentration reduced flow, with a maximal inhibition of 25–27% reached at 10−3-3×10−3 M diamox. Ouabain also inhibited pancreatic fluid secretion in vitro, 28% flow inhibition being observed after addition of 10−6 M ouabain. When both drugs were added together in these concentrations to the bathing solution a maximal average flow inhibition of 43% was observed, significantly higher than for each drug alone. This indicates that the effects of the drugs are additive and suggests that ouabain and acetazolamide act on different systems in the cells involved in the secretion of pancreatic fluid.
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    Pflügers Archiv 313 (1969), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Enzyme Secretion ; Ouabain ; Acetazolamide ; Bauchspeicheldrüse ; Sekretion von Enzyme ; Quabain ; Acetazolamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The isolated rabbit pancreas secretes protein and α-amylase at a relatively constant rate during an eight-hour period. Ouabain (10−5 and 10−6 M) did not alter enzyme secretion, but inhibited flow (65% and 28% respectively). Acetazolamide (10−3 M) had no effect on pancreatic enzyme secretion, while flow was inhibited by 25%. Na azide (10−2 M) failed to affect protein and α-amylase secretion. Flow was inhibited by approximately 88%. NaF (10−2M) increased both protein and α-amylase secretion, while flow remained virtually unchanged. Gassing of the bathing fluid with 95% N2−5% CO2 reduced protein and α-amylase secretion by 57 and 64% respectively, while flow was decreased by 77%. Lowering of the sodium concentration in the bathing fluid by 85% decreased α-amylase secretion by 46%. Flow was inhibited by 77%. Return to the standard solution caused initially an increase of α-amylase secretion (86%), followed by a decrease. These results strongly suggest that the enzyme secretion of the pancreas is not coupled to the sodium pump, responsible for fluid and electrolyte secretion.
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    Pflügers Archiv 313 (1969), S. 62-70 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Pancreozymin ; Methylxanthines ; Cyclic AMP ; Bauchspeicheldrüse ; Pancreozymin ; Acetylcholin ; Methylxanthin ; cyclisch AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The isolated rabbit pancreas secreted protein and α-amylase at a relatively constant rate during an eight-hour period. Both pancreozymin and acetylcholine caused a massive release of protein and α-amylase into pancreatic fluid. Theophylline (10−2 M) stimulated protein secretion in vitro maximally by 155%, while for α-amylase secretion a maximal average stimulation of 80% was observed. Theobromine (10−2 M) exerted a slight increase on enzyme secretion, equal to that given by 10−3 M theophylline. Cyclic AMP (10−3M) also increased enzyme secretion. For protein secretion a maximal average stimulation of 64% was observed, while α-amylase secretion was maximally stimulated by 31%. Theophylline (10−2 M) potentiated the stimulatory effect of pancreozymin (8.5 U/l) on pancreatic enzyme secretion. These results indicate that cyclic AMP is a mediator in enzyme secretion.
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    Pflügers Archiv 311 (1969), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Pancreas ; Secretin ; Kaninchen ; Pankreas ; Sekretin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Basal pancreatic fluid and electrolyte secretion by the isolated rabbit pancreas was studied. The hormone secretin stimulated pancreatic fluid secretion, with a maximal flow stimulation of 35 (S.E.: 1.4)% occurring after addition of 480 units/liter bathing fluid. The same dose of secretin also stimulated the22Na secretion by the rabbit pancreas in vitro. An average stimulation of 39 (S.E.: 2.1)% was observed, which is equal to the stimulation of fluid secretion. These results indicate that secretin stimulates pancreatic fluid production through increasing the active sodium secretion by the pancreas.
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  • 62
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    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes with obesity ; Hyperinsulinism ; Insulin secretion ; Insulinaemia in obesity ; Obesity ; Tolbutamide test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont étudié le comportement de la réaction insulinémique après stimulation par le tolbutamide intraveineux chez un petit groupe de sujets normaux normosomiques, obèses non diabétiques et diabétiques obèses. Chez tous les sujets l'augmentationmaxima de l'insulinémie (déterminée avec une méthode radio-immunologique) apparaît à 5 mp et elle est plus forte chez les obèses par rapport aux sujets normaux et aux diabétiques. La chute en pourcent du pic insulinémique montre une évolution parallèle chez les sujets normaux et les obèses, tandis qu'elle est beaucoup plus lente chez les diabétiques obèses. On discute les causes de ce comportement et la nature de l'hyperinsulinisme présent dans l'obésité avec et sans augmentation de la tolérance aux hydrates de carbone.
    Abstract: Resumen Los AA. han estudiado el comportamiento de la respuesta insulinémica luego de estimulación con tolbutamida intravenosa en un pequeño grupo de sujetos normales normotipos, obesos no diabéticos y diabéticos obesos. En todos los sujetos, el aumento máximo de la insulinemia (determinada con método radio-inmunológico) aparece a 5 mp y es mayor en los obesos que en los normales y los diabéticos. La caída en porcentaje del pico insulinémico demuestra un comportamiento paralelo en los normales y en los obesos, mientras es mucho más lenta en los diabéticos obesos. Se discuten las causas de este comportamiento y la causa del hiperinsulinismo presente en la obesidad, con o sin disminución de la tolerancia hacia los hidratos de carbono.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato il comportamento della risposta insulinemica dopo stimolazione con tolbutamide endovenosa in un piccolo gruppo di soggetti normali normosomici, obesi non diabetici e diabetici obesi. In tutti i soggetti il massimo aumento dell'insulinemia (determinata con metodo radio-immunologico) compare a 5 mp ed è maggiore negli obesi rispetto ai normali e ai diabetici. La caduta percentuale del picco insulinemico dimostra un andamento parallelo nei normali e negli obesi, mentre è molto più lenta nei diabetici obesi. Vengono discusse le cause di questo comportamento e la natura dell'iperinsulinismo presente nell'obesità con e senza diminuita tolleranza agli idrati di carbonio.
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    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 566-579 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Obesity ; Diabetes with obesity ; Insulin secretion ; Immunoreactive insulin ; Glucagon ; Proteins of the food ; Tolbutamide treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une élévation de la concentration plasmatique de l'insuline a été observée chez des diabétiques obèses à l'âge adulte, traités diététiquement, après une application de bouillon ou de glucagone, mais aussi bien après administration orale de protéine. Il était possible de démontrer des modifications de l'insuline immunoréactive chez ces malades, ainsi que chez les diabétiques traités par tolbutamide et ce en fonction de la nourriture. La possibilité d'un défaut du métabolisme des hydrates de carbone indépendant du pancréas comme cause de diabète à l'âge adulte est discutée.
    Abstract: Resumen Mujeres diabéticas obesas, con diábetes al inicio de la madurez, presentan aumento de las concentraciones plasmáticas de insulina si son tratadas con dieta, luego de administración de caldo y glucagón, y también después de ingestión proteica. Las variaciones de la insulinemia, tanto en este grupo como en el de pacientes tratados con tolbutamida, has resultado ser en dependencia de la ingestión de alimentos. Se discute la posibilidad de un trastorno del metabolismo glucídico independiente del pancreas, como causa de diábetes en mujeres obesas.
    Notes: Riassunto Donne diabetiche obese, con diabete ad inizio nella maturità, presentano un aumento delle concentrazioni plasmatiche dell'insulina, quando sono trattate con la dieta, in seguito alla somministrazione di brodo e glucagone ed anche dopo ingestione proteica. Le variazioni dell'insulinemia tanto in questo gruppo quanto in pazienti trattati con tolbutamide sono risultate dipendenti dalla assunzione di cibo. Viene discussa la possibilità di un disturbo del metabolismo glucidico indipendente dal pancreas quale causa di diabete nei soggetti obesi.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 74-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese Hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Insulin in Plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Pancreas ; Free fatty acids ; Detection of diabetes ; Muscle metabolism ; Adipose tissue metabolism ; Liver glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons dépisté le diabète chez le hamster chinois par des dosages qualitatifs de la glucosurie. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé chaque cas par la mesure quantitative du glucose urinaire, par des surcharges au glucose et par le dosage de la glycémie à jeun et non à jeun, des corps cétoniques, des acides gras libres (AGL) plasmatiques, de l'insuline plasmatique et pancréatique, et des taux hépatiques de glycogène. En outre, nous avons mesuré l'utilisation du glucose par le diaphragme et le tissu adipeux épididymaire, avec et sans stimulation par l'insuline. Les animaux nécessitant l'administration d'insuline ont reçu leur dernière injection au moins 24 heures avant chaque étude. Les taux de glucose dans l'urine ont varié entre 51 et 1600 mg par 24 heures. Le test de surcharge au glucose s'est révélé nettement anormal chez les animaux diabétiques, la surcharge étant de 250 mg de glucose par kg de poids. Chez les diabétiques, la glycémie après surcharge est fortement variable, contrairement à l'uniformité de la réponse observée chez les non-diabétiques. Le glycogène hépatique à jeun est de 3, 1±1,0% pour les diabétiques, et de 0,4±0,7% de poids frais d'organes pour les non-diabétiques. Les taux plasmatiques des AGL et des corps cétoniques sont manifestement élevés chez les hamsters chinois diabétiques et cétosiques alors que le contenu en insuline du plasma et du pancréas est abaissé de façon marquée. Ceci n'a pas été observé chez les diabétiques moins sévères qui se rapprochent des non-diabétiques. Les AGL plasmatiques sont élevés chez tous les hamsters chinois (moyenne pour les non-diabétiques 1800μE/l, pour les diabétiques sévères 2800μE/l) Les taux d'AGL sont les mêmes à jeun et non à jeun chez les animaux non-diabétiques ou souffrant d'un diabète léger. L'utilisation du glucose par le muscle et le tissu adipeux du hamster diabétique ne diffère pas significativement de celle des tissus non-diabétiques et leur stimulation par l'insuline est semblable. L'insuline immunoréactive des hamsters traités à l'insuline reste élevée dans le plasma pendant plus de 26 jours après la dernière injection. — Ces observations semblent indiquer que le pancréas des hamsters chinois diabétiques sécrète plus difficilement de l'insuline en réponse à une stimulation par le glucose. Les taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique chez les hamsters avec un diabète léger, mais présentant pourtant une nette glucosurie, une hyperglycémie et une réponse anormale à la surcharge en glucose, suggèrent l'existence d'une interférence avec l'action normale de l'insuline et peut-être une augmentation de la production de glucose par le foie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Beim chinesischen Hamster wurde der Diabetes durch qualitative Urinuntersuchungen auf Glucose aufgespürt. Es wurde dann jeder Fall näher charakterisiert durch quantitative Uringlucosebestimmungen, Glucosebelastungsproben und Messungen von Nüchtern- und Nichtnüchternwerten für Blutzucker, Blutketonkörper, freie Fettsäuren (FFS) und Insulin im Plasma, von Insulin im Pankreas, und von Nüchternwerten für Leberglykogen. Außerdem wurde der Glucoseverbrauch des Zwerchfells und des epididymalen Fettgewebes sowie mit, als auch ohne Insulin gemessen. Diejenigen Tiere, die Insulin erforderten, erhielten ihre letzte Injektion 24 Stunden vor dem Versuch. Glucosurie schwankte zwischen 51 und 1600 mg/24 Std. Bei einer Belastung von 250 mg/kg wiesen die diabetischen Tiere eine wesentlich verminderte Glucosetoleranz auf. Sie sprachen sehr unterschiedlich auf die Glucosebelastung an, während die nichtdiabetischen Tiere in ihrer Reaktion einheitlich waren. — Im Vergleich zu den nichtdiabetischen Hamstern, wo die Mittelwerte für Nüchternleberglykogen bei 0.4±0.7 Prozent des Frischlebergewichtes lagen, hatten die diabetischen Tiere einen Glykogengehalt der Leber von 3.1±1.0 Prozent. — Chinesische Hamster mit schwerem Diabetes haben deutlich erhöhte FFS-Werte und Ketonkörper, sowie einen wesentlich niedrigeren Plasma- und Pankreasinsulinspiegel. Bei Tieren mit leichter Diabetes hingegen sind diese Untersuchungen, im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren, unverändert. Alle chinesischen Hamster haben hohe Plasma-FFS-Werte (nichtdiabetische 1800μE/L, schwer diabetische 2800μE/L). Nüchtern- und Nichtnüchternwerte für FSS sind beim leicht diabetischen oder gesunden Tier etwa gleich hoch. Der Glucoseabbau durch Muskel- und Fettgewebe des diabetischen und nichtdiabetischen Hamsters unterscheidet sich nicht sehr, und beide Gruppen sprechen ungefähr gleich stark auf Insulinstimulierung an. Das im Plasma der insulinbehandelten Tiere vorkommende immunreaktive Insulin ist noch 26 Tage nach der letzten Injektion nachweisbar. — Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß der Pankreas des diabetischen Hamsters nur schwerlich in der Lage ist, nach einer Glucosestimulierung Insulin auszuschütten. Die Beobachtung, daß der Plasma-Insulinspiegel im leichten Diabetes normal ist, diese Tiere jedoch Glucosurie, Hyperglykämie und abnormale Glucosetoleranz aufweisen, führt zu der Annahme, daß ein leichter Diabetes beim chinesischen Hamster eine Beeinträchtigung der Insulinwirkung mit sich bringen, und Ursache einer vermehrten Glucoseproduktion durch die Leber sein kann.
    Notes: Summary Diabetes in Chinese hamster was initially detected by qualitative tests for urine glucose. The disease was characterized by quantitating urine glucose, glucose tolerance tests and measurement of fasting and nonfasting blood sugar, blood ketones, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin and fasting levels of liver glycogen. In addition, basal levels of glucose utilization by diaphragms and epididymal adipose tissue and the response of these tissues to insulin was measured. Those animals requiring insulin received their last injection 24 hours prior to study. Glucosuria varied from 51 to 1600 mg/24 hours. Diabetics had significantly decreased tolerance to a 250 mg/kg glucose load. The response varied considerably in diabetics but was uniform in the nondiabetics. Diabetics had mean fasting liver glycogen levels of 3.1±1.0 compared with 0.4± 0.7 percent of fresh liver weight for nondiabetics. Severely ketotic, diabetic Chinese hamsters had significantly elevated FFA and ketone levels and significantly lower plasma and pancreatic insulin levels but mild diabetics did not differ from controls with respect to these parameters. All Chinese hamsters had high plasma FFA levels (nondiabetics 1800μE/l, severe diabetics 2800μE/l. Fasting and nonfasting FFA levels did not differ in mild diabetic and nondiabetic animals. Muscle and adipose tissues from diabetic hamsters had basal rates similar to nondiabetics and had similar responses to insulin. Hamsters maintained on insulin had greatly elevated immunoreactive insulin levels in their plasma, which persisted for 26 days. — The data suggest that severely diabetic hamsters may have a decreased ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin in response to a glucose stimulus. The observations that plasma insulin levels are normal in mild diabetics but that these animals have glucosuria, hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance suggest that mild diabetes in the Chinese hamster may involve interference with insulin action and/or increased hepatic glucose output.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in serum ; Insulin in pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Obesity ; Diet and diabetes ; Fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons induit par modification du régime chez le rat des sables égyptien un syndrome diabétique plus modéré que celui décrit dans la précédente communication (Miki et al., 1966). Maintenus à un régime végétal pendant une longue période après leur capture, la teneur en insuline du pancréas de ces animaux augmente de façon significative. Par contre, lorsqu'ils sont soumis au régime standard de laboratoire (granuléscomprimés) une hyperglycémie de degré variable s'installe chez environ un tiers des jeunes rats. L'hyperinsulinémie s'est révélée être encore plus élevée chez ces animaux que chez ceux décrits antérieurement et elle persiste même après un retour à la normale de la glycémie au cours du jeûne. Chez les rats hyperglycémiques, le contenu du pancréas en insuline diminue. Le rôle possible de la résistance du tissu adipeux à l'action de l'insuline dans la pathogénèse de ce syndrome est discuté.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mildere Form von diätinduziertem diabetischen Syndrom in der Ägyptischen Sandratte wird beschrieben. In Sandratten, die für längere Zeit nach der Gefangennahme mit Gemüse gefüttert worden waren, war der Pankreasinsulingehalt stark erhöht, der Blutzucker aber normal. Ein Drittel der jungen Tiere, hingegen, die mit Labor-Keks gefüttert wurden, entwickelte Hyperglykämie verschiedenen Grades. Hyperinsulinämie war sogar noch stärker ausgeprägt, als in der vorher beschriebenen Gruppe (Miki et al., 1966) und dauerte selbst dann an, wenn der Blutzucker durch Fasten auf normale Werte zurückgebracht wurde. Der Pankreasinsulingehalt hyperglykämischer Sandratten war gegenüber der Norm erniedrigt. Die Insulinempfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes wird im Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenese diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Compared with our previous report, a milder form of diabetic syndrome induced by diet in Egyptian sand rats is described. In sand rats fed vegetables for a prolonged period after capture, pancreatic insulin content was significantly increased. When fed chow, one-third of young animals developed hyperglycemia to a variable degree. Hyperinsulinemia was even more marked than in the previously reported group (Miki et al., 1966) and persisted even when the blood glucose returned to normal following fasting. Pancreatic insulin content was decreased in hyperglycemic sand rats. Insulin refractoriness of adipose tissue was discussed in relation to the pathogenesis.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Insulin resistance ; Liver enzymes ; Liver metabolism in vitro ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des rats des sables pesant environ 100, 140, et 220 gr, avec une glycémie normale, nous avons observé des taux élevés d'insuline circulante par rapport aux taux que l'on observe chez des rats albinos du même âge. Chez ces animaux, le tissu adipeux incubéin vitro n'est que peu sensible à l'insuline, par comparaison avec la sensibilité du tissu adipeux du rat albinos. La sensibilité à l'insuline diminue dans les deux espèces avec l'âge, mais cet effet est beaucoup plus marqué chez le rat des sables. Les dosages d'enzymes hépatiques et les études métaboliques sur tranches de foie ont donné des résultats semblables pour les deux espèces à l'exception d'une incorporation diminuée de glucose en glycogène hépatique pour le rat des sables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sandratten mit normalem Blutzucker und einem Körpergewicht von ungefähr 100, 140 und 220 Gramm wurden mit Albinoratten desselben Alters verglichen. Dabei wurde beobachtet, daß die Sandratten auch unter diesen Bedingungen erhöhte Seruminsulinspiegel aufwiesen. Ihr Fettgewebe zeigtein vitro eine verminderte Insulinempfindlichkeit, die mit zunehmendem Alter weiter fiel. Diese altersbedingte Abnahme war bei Sandratten ausgeprägter als bei Albinoratten. Untersuchungen von Leberstoffwechsel an Leberschnitten oder an Leberenzymmessungen deuteten nicht auf ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Leber der Sandratte, mit der einzigen Ausnahme eines verminderten Glucose-Einbaues in Glykogen.
    Notes: Summary Normoglycemic sand rats of approximately 100, 140, and 220 grams body weight were found to have increased circulating insulin levels compared with albino rats of matched ages. Adipose tissuein vitro demonstrated decreased insulin sensitivity, which became further diminished with increasing age in both type of rats, but this effect was much more marked in the sand rats. Liver enzyme determinations and metabolic studies on liver slices showed identical results in both rats, except for decreased glucose incorporation into glycogen in the sand rat.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3HfXI- Fl ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Strains of mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié la morphologie des îlots de Langerhans de souris hybrides de Wellesley (C3HfxI) et de souris albinos ordinaires soumises à deux régimes synthétiques de laboratoire. Nous avons observé une forte augmentation du volume des îlots de Langerhans des animaux diabétiques soumis aux deux types de régime, ces îlots étant composés presque exclusivement de cellules B actives. L'apparence des îlots de Langerhans d'animaux non-diabétiques était normale. Il existe chez ces animaux une excellente corrélation entre la présence de diabète, les taux d'insuline immunoréactive sérique, et l'apparence des îlots, ceci pour les deux régimes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An “Wellesley Hybrid” und normalen Laboratoriumsmäusen, denen zwei verschiedene Arten von synthetischem Futter gegeben worden war, wurden morphologische Studien durchgeführt. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln diabetischer Tiere beider Gruppen waren stark vergrößert und bestanden beinahe ausschließlich aus aktiv Insulin synthetisierendenβ-Zellen. Die Inseln der nicht-diabetischen Mäuse waren normal. Es bestand ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorhandensein von Diabetes, dem immunreaktiven Insulin Spiegel im Serum und der Inselmorphologie, unabhängig von Mäusestamm und Diät.
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies were performed in “Wellesley Hybrid” and commercial laboratory mice fed synthetic chow of two types. The pancreatic islets of diabetic animals of both groups were greatly enlarged, and were composed almost exclusively of beta cells actively synthesizing insulin. The islets of the non-diabetic mice were normal. There was excellent correlation between the presence of diabetes, the level of serum TRI and islet morphology regardless of mouse strain and dietary regimen.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Islets of Langerhans ; Endo-exocrine cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Acomys Cahirinus ou souris à piquants est un rongeur vivant dans les régions semi-désertiques de l'est de la Méditerranée. La découverte d'un diabète spontané chez certains de ces animaux a fait entreprendre l'élevage d'une colonie dans laquelle ce syndrome s'est maintenu jusqu'à maintenant. Il atteint environ 15% des animaux, qu'ils soient obèses ou non. Il apparaît sur un terrain insulaire très particulier puisque le pancréas endocrine montre une hyperplasie très importante jusqu'à constituer 15% du pancréas total. Cette hyperplasie existe chez tous les animaux, hyperglycémiques ou non. — L'étude au microscope électronique est encore trop incomplète pour une analyse corrélative détaillée entre les données métaboliques et morphologiques. Elle permet toutefois de décrire les différentes structures cellulaires de l'Acomys ainsi que leurs modifications dans les conditions pathologiques. Les changements du complexe de Golgi et des mitochondries et certains aspects plus pathologiques,comme l'accumulation de glycogène, sont décrits ainsi que des images plus particulières à l'Acomys, telles les confluences de vésicules et les cellules hypergranulées. — L'extrême hyperplasie du pancréas endocrine de la souris à piquants s'accompagne à son niveau d'un grand polymorphisme cellulaire. Les différentes cellules ainsi observées sont interprétées comme des aspects de différents moments physiologiques et non comme des types cellulaires particuliers. Ces données font conclure à la non-existence d'autres entités cellulaires que les cellules A, B et éventuellement D. Un aspect particulièrement intéressant de la souris à piquants est celui dela présence de cellules mixtes. Cette image est discutée dans le cadre très particulier du syndrome diabétique observé chez l'Acomys.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Acomys cahirinus, die Stachelmaus, ist ein kleines Nagetier, das in den an die Wüste grenzenden Gegenden des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes lebt. Da in dieser Tierart Spontandiabetes auftritt, zumindest in Laboratoriumszucht, halten wir dieses Tier am Institut de Biochimie Clinique seit etwas mehr als drei Jahren. Diabetes mellitus tritt bei ungefähr 15% der Tiere die ein Jahr alt werden ein; einige davon sind fettsüchtig, nicht aber alle. Diabetes erscheint trotz einer sehr stark entwickelten Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln, die bis zu 15% des erwachsenen Organs ausmachen können! Diese Hyperplasie ist bei allen Tieren zu sehen, unabhängig davon ob eine diabetische Stoffwechselstörung vorliegt oder nicht. Mit dem Elektronenmikroskop haben wir die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 22 Stachelmäusen untersucht und berichten hier über die verschiedenen beobachteten Zelltypen, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung der diabetischen Stoffwechselstörungen. Befunde an den B-Zellen dieser Tierart betreffen die hochgradige Entwicklung des Golgi Apparates, die große Unterschiedlichkeit und manchmal extreme Glycogen-Ablagerung in diabetischen Tieren, die häufige Verschmelzung der Membranen der Granula, und das Auftreten von ganz übermäßig hypergranulierten Zellen. — Die Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln in Stachelmäusen geht mit einem betrachtenswerten zellulären Polymorphismus einher. Die Autoren sind jedoch nicht der Meinung, daß diese Befunde auf das Vorhandensein von vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen in diesen Inseln deutet. Es scheint ihnen viel wahrscheinlicher, daß es sich um verschiedene funktionelle Zustände einer kleinen Anzahl von Zelltypen handelt, wobei nur A, B, und vielleicht D Zellen mit Sicherheit als identifiziert gelten können. Ein besonders frappanter Aspekt dieses zellulären Polymorphysmus istdie häufige Beobachtung von gemischten oder Intermediärzellen (exokrin-endokrin sowie auch endokrin A-B). Diese Beobachtung wirft die Frage auf ob die Stimulation, die zu der Hyperplasie des endokrinen Systems in dieser Tierart führt, vielleicht mit einer Verminderung der nuklearen Hemmung, die bei voll differenzierten Zellen die Regel ist, einhergehen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Acomys Cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is a small rodent living in the semi-desertic areas of the Eastern Mediterranean. The observation that diabetes may occur spontaneously in this species, at least under laboratory conditions, has led to its breeding at the Institut de Biochimie Clinique, where a colony has been maintained over the last 3 years. Diabetes occurs in approximately 15% of the animals reaching one year of age; some of these are obese, but not all. Diabetes occurs in the presence of, and despite a striking hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, which may make up as much as 15% of the total organ in adult mice. This hyperplasia is present in all animals, whether hyperglycemic or not. — The islets of Langerhans of 22 spiny mice have been examined with the electron microscope and form the basis for an analysis of the different cell types observed, at different times relative to the onset of diabetes. Findings in the B cells of this species have included the generally high degree of development of the Golgi complex, the great variability of glycogen accumulation in diabetic animals, the frequent fusion of the granular sacs, and the occurrence of grossly hyper-granulated cells. — The hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans in spiny mice is associated with a remarkable cellular polymorphism. However, the authors do not feel that this is the result of the presence in these islets of many distinct cell types. It would seem much more likely, that they represent different functional states of a small number of distinct types of cells, among which only A, B and perhaps D cells have been securely identified. Another feature of this cellular polymorphism is thefrequent presence of mixed or intermediate cells (exocrine-endocrine, or endocrine A-B), which suggests that the stimulation leading to hyperplasia of the endocrine cells in this species might result in the removal of some part of the nuclear inhibition usually associated with fully differentiated cells.
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  • 69
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 238-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/K5-db ; Diabetes in mice ; Mutation: diabetes ; Obesity ; Prediabetes ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Glucose utilization ; Gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mutation, diabète (db), a été observée dans la souche de souris C57BL/Ks. C'est un gène autosomal récessif avec pénétrance complète, et qui mène chez les homozygotes à un trouble métabolique ressemblant au diabète sucré chez l'homme. Une accumulation excessive de graisses se produit à l'âge de 3–4 semaines et est bientôt suivie par l'apparition d'hyperglycémie, de polyurie et de glucosurie. L'évolution clinique suit ensuite deux étapes. Durant la première, les taux d'insuline plasmatique sont élevés et la lipogénèse, la gluconéogénèse, ainsi que l'oxydation du glucose sont accélérées; il y a diminution de la granulation des cellulesβ et d'autres altérations suggérant l'existence d'une compensation d'un état nécessitant une utilisation insulinique accrue. La deuxième étape, par contre, est caractérisée par des taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique, avec diminution marquée de l'utilisation du glucose malgré la persistance d'une gluconéogénèse nettement exagérée. Ces observations nous semblent indiquer l'existence d'une utilisation défectueuse de l'insuline à la périphérie, plutôt qu'une anomalie primaire de la synthèse ou de la libération de l'hormone au niveau du pancréas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mutation Diabetes (db), die in dem Mäusestamm C57BL/Ks auftritt, ist ein autosomales rezessives Gen mit voller Penetranz und verursacht bei homzygoten Mäusen eine dem im Menschen auftretenden Diabetes mellitus ähnliche Stoffwechselstörung: übermäßige Ablagerung von Fett im Alter von 3–4 Wochen, mit anschließender Hyperglykämie, Polyurie und Glucosurie. Der klinische Verlauf erfolgt dann in zwei Phasen. In der ersten Phase ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Plasmainsulinwerte im Vordergrund, mit Beschleunigung von Lipogenese, Gluconeogenese und Glucoseoxydation. Das Abnehmen der Granula in denβ-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln und andere Veränderungen deuten auf eine Anpassung an einen steigenden Insulinbedarf. In der zweiten Phase, dagegen, sind die Insulinspiegel eher normal, und der Glucoseverbrauch nimmt ab, bei Weiterbestehen der beschleunigten Gluconeogenese. Diese Ergebnisse deuten eher auf eine mangelhafte periphere Insulinwirkung als auf eine ungenügende Synthese der Ausschüttung des Hormones durch das Pankreas.
    Notes: Summary The mutation, diabetes (db), that occurred in the C57BL/Ks strain of mice is a unit autosomal recessive gene with full penetrance, and causes metabolic disturbances in homozygous mice resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed by hyperglycemia, polyuria and glycosuria. The diabetic condition appears to develop in two stages. In the early stage, there are marked increases in the levels of plasma insulin, the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose oxidation, and there is a reduction ofβ-cell granules in the islet of Langerhans with other changes suggestive of a compensating adaptation to increased insulin demand. On the other hand, the late stage is characterized by a near normal level of circulating insulin, a marked decrease in glucose utilization but with a continued high rate of gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest a defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin rather than in the synthesis and release of the hormone from the pancreas.
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  • 70
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 249-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Dog ; Cat ; Diabetes in dogs and cats ; Pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; B cells ; Insulitis ; Hyalin ; Capillaries ; Kidney ; Retina ; Microaneurysms ; Pituitary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs présentent une étude histopathologique de 30 chiens et de 5 chats spontanément diabétiques. — Les îlots de Langerhans et les cellules B étaient fortement diminués en nombre chez la grande majorité des chiens. Les cellules B étaient souvent dégranulées et hydropiques. Chez les chiens dont le diabète avait évolué pendant longtemps, les îlots étaient très rares et les cellules B absentes. — Chez les 5 chats spontanément diabétiques par contre, les îlots et les cellules B étaient nombreuses. Les cellules B étaient dégranulées et hydropiques chez 4 chats. Chez 1 des chats, les cellules B paraissaient normales. De nombreux îlots présentaient des dépôts de substance hyaline dans le stroma. Chez un chat, il existait une infiltration lymphocytaire très dense dans un îlot. — Ni chez les chiens, ni chez les chats, il n'a été vu de lésions glomérulaires identiques à celles de glomérulosclérose diabétique humaine. Les lésions les plus fréquentes consistaient en un épaississement des axes membraneux des touffes glomérulaires et une hypertrophie de la paroi des artérioles afférentes.— Dans les rétines des chiens diabétiques il existait une acellularité focale ou généralisée de la paroi des capillaires. Un petit nombre de microanévrysmes ont été trouvés chez 3 chiens diabétiques. L'incidence plus faible des lésions de rétinopathie vasculaire, comparativement aux diabétiques humains, s'explique probablement par la durée de vie plus courte du chien et du chat. Il est possible aussi que les capillaires rétiniens de ces animaux soient moins susceptibles de développer des lésions dégénératives. — Un degré marqué de stéatose hépatique a été observé chez beaucoup de chiens et de chats. Les surrénales étaient souvent hypertrophiées et contenaient des adénomes, mais ces lésions ne paraissent pas différentes de celles que l'on peut trouver chez des chiens et des chats non diabétiques de même âge. L'hypophyse a été prélevée chez 7 chiens. Dans 2 cas, elle contenait un adénome. Une étude cytologique plus complète des hypophyses sera publiée ultérieurement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an 30 spontan-diabetischen Hunden und 5 spontan-diabetischen Katzen. Bei der großen Mehrzahl der diabetischen Hunde war die Zahl der Langerhansschen Inseln und der B-Zellen stark herabgesetzt. Die B-Zellen waren oft degranuliert und hydropisch. Bei Hunden mit schon lang anhaltender Krankheit waren die Inseln nur noch vereinzelt und B-Zellen überhaupt nicht mehr nachweisbar. — Im Gegensatz zu diesen Ergebnissen fanden sich bei allen 5 Katzen zahlreiche Inseln und B-Zellen. Bei 4 dieser Katzen jedoch waren die B-Zellen, wie bei den Hunden, degranuliert und hydropisch entartet. Bei einer Katze war das Aussehen der B-Zellen normal. Im Stroma der Inseln von 2 Katzen konnten starke Hyalinablagerungen nachgewiesen werden. In einem Falle zeigten die Inseln eine starke lymphocytäre Infiltration. — Weder bei den Hunden noch bei den Katzen waren typische Läsionen der Glomeruli, wie sie bei der Glomerulosklerose des menschlichen Diabetes auftreten, nachweisbar. Die häufigsten Veränderungen bestanden aus einer mehr oder weniger ausgeprägten Verdickung des mesangialen Teils der Kapillaren der Glomeruli und aus einer Hypertrophie der Wand der zuführenden Arteriolen. Bei einigen Hunden und Katzen bestanden auf chronische Pyelonephritis zurückführende Narben. — In der Retina der diabetischen Hunde waren zellenlose und funktionslose Kapillaren vorhanden, und degenerierte Pericyten (“ghostcells”) waren häufiger als bei normalen Hunden. In drei Hunden wurden einige Mikroaneurismen beobachtet. Daß diese für die Retinopathie des Diabetes typischen Läsionen beim Hund verhältnismäßig selten auftreten könnte mit der kürzeren Lebensdauer der Krankheit bei diesen Tieren zusammenhängen. Es ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen, daß die Retina von Hunden und Katzen weniger zu degenerativen Veränderungen neigt. — In der Leber vieler Hunde und Katzen wurde eine schwere Steatose beobachtet. In vier Hunden zeigte sich beginnende Lebercirrhose. In diabetischen Hunden und Katzen waren die Nebennieren oft hypertrophisch und enthielten Adenome, die allerdings auch bei nichtdiabetischen alternden Hunden beobachtet wurden. In 2 von 7 Hypophysen diabetischer Hunde fanden sich Adenome, über deren cytologische Untersuchung in einer späteren Veröffentlichung berichtet wird.
    Notes: Summary A histological study of 30 spontaneously diabetic dogs and 5 spontaneously diabetic cats is presented. — The islets of Langerhans and the B cells were strongly reduced in number in a large majority of the diabetic dogs. The B cells were often degranulated and hydropic. In cases of longer duration, the islets were scarce and B cells could no longer be found. — In contrast to the findings in diabetic dogs, all five cats showed numerous islets and B cells. However in 4 cats, the B cells showed complete degranulation and hydropic changes, as in the dogs. In one cat, the B cells had a normal appearance. Extensive hyalin deposits were found in the stroma of the islets in 2 cats. In one cat, an islet showed a dense lymphocytic infiltration. — No lesions identical to human diabetic glomerulosclerosis were found in any of the dogs or cats. The changes most frequently observed were a variable degree of thickening of the mesangial stalk of the glomerular capillaries, and an hypertrophy of the wall of the afferent arteriole. Scars resulting from chronic pyelonephritis, were found in a few dogs and cats. — Acellular, non-functional capillaries, with degeneration of pericytes (“ghost-cells”) were found in larger numbers in the retinas of the diabetic dogs than in non-diabetic control dogs. A very few microaneurysms could be found in 3 dogs. The lower incidence of the most typical lesions of diabetic retinopathy in dogs, as compared with the human diabetic, is probably related to the shorter duration of the disease in these animals. However, a lower susceptibility of the retina of dogs and cats to develop degenerative changes cannot be excluded. — A severe steatosis was observed in the liver of many dogs and cats. In 4 dogs, the liver showed early cirrhosis. In diabetic dogs and cats, the adrenal cortex often showed hypertrophy and contained adenomas; however, these changes have also been reported in non-diabetic aging dogs. An adenoma was found in 2 of the 7 pituitaries obtained from diabetic dogs; the cytological aspect of these adenomas and of the pituitaries will be reported in a later publication.
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  • 71
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 47-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Calcium ; Magnesium ; Insulin ; Secretion Rabbit ; Pancreas ; Foetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le glucose, le glucagon, le tolbutamide et la L-leucine stimulent la libération d'insuline par le pancréas de lapin étudié in vitro. Cette stimulation n'a pas lieu lorsque le milieu d'incubation est préparé sans calcium. L'absence de magnésium n'a pas d'effet sur la sécrétion insulinique stimulée par le glucose, alors que le magnésium à la concentration de 10mM exerce un effet inhibiteur. La concentration optimale du calcium extracellulaire pour la sécrétion insulinique est de 2.64 mM. La stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique par le glucose est également supprimée par l'absence de calcium pour le pancréas de foetus de lapin âgé de 27 jours.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Freisetzung von Insulin aus Kaninchen-Pankreas in vitro wird durch Glucose, Glucagon, Tolbutamid oder L-Leucin stimuliert. In allen diesen Fällen bleibt die Stimulation in Abwesenheit von Calcium in Inkubationsmedium aus. In Abwesenheit von Magnesium stimulierte Glucose die Insulinsekretion weiter, währenddem eine Erhöhung der Magnesiumkonzentration auf 10 mM deutlich hemmend wirkte. Die optimale Sekretion von Insulin erfolgte bei einer Calciumkonzentration von 2.64 mM. In Abwesenheit von Calcium wurde die Freisetzung von Insulin auch aus dem Pankreas von 27 Tage alten Foeten gehemmt.
    Notes: Summary Glucose, glucagon, tolbutamide and L-leucine stimulated insulin secretion from rabbit pancreas studiedin vitro. In each case stimulation was inhibited by omitting calcium from the incubation medium. The omission of magnesium had no effect on glucose stimulated insulin secretion but 10 mM magnesium inhibited secretion. Optimal secretion of insulin occurred at an extracellular calcium concentration of 2.64 mM. The omission of calcium inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreas of 27 day rabbit foetuses.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Diabetes in animals ; Genes for diabetes ; Mutations for diabetes ; Obesity ; Genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Ultrastructure ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Islets ; Alpha cells ; Nerve endings in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Basement membrane ; Capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné au microscope électronique les îlots de Langerhans de 15 hamsters chinois dont 7 étaient diabétiques et 8 étaient non-diabétiques, provenant soit des mêmes nichées, soit sans lien de parenté, mais concordant quant au sexe et à l'âge. Chez les animaux de contrôle, les cellulesβ prédominent et sont riches en granules, formés de vésicules de différentes tailles avec un contenu légèrement granulaire ou homogène. Dans de rares vésicules, on observe un noyau dense ou une barre centrale irrégulière et dense. Les granulations des cellulesα sont uniformément rondes, très denses et limitées par des membranes; elles sont assez clairsemées à l'exception de la périphérie des îlots. Au début du diabète, les cellulesβ sont abondantes mais, soit dégranulées, soit en voie d'infiltration glycogénique. Plus tardivement dans la maladie, les îlots ne contiennent presque que des cellulesα, les cellulesβ ayant graduellement disparu.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 15 chinesischen Hamstern (7 diabetischen und 8 entweder verwandten oder nicht verwandten Kontrolltieren gleichen Geschlechts und Alters) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den Kontrolltieren überwiegen dieβ-Zellen die reich an Granula sind. Die meisten davon sind Bläschen verschiedener Größe mit einem blassen, körnigen oder homogenen Inhalt. Nur einige weisen einen dichten zentralen Kern auf oder einen unregelmäßigen dichten zentralgelegenen Stab. Dieα-Zellen haben einheitlich runde und dichte, durch eine Membrane begrenzte Granula und sind spärlich verteilt, außer an der Peripherie der Inseln. Im frühen Diabetes mellitus sind dieβ-Zellen in großer Zahl vorhanden aber erscheinen entweder degranuliert oder in verschiedenen Phasen der Glykogenablagerung. In späteren Stadien der Krankheit, als Folge des allmählichen Verschwindens derβ-Zellen, bestehen die Inseln fast nur noch ausα-Zellen.
    Notes: Summary Islets of Langerhans of 15 Chinese hamsters (7 diabetic and 8 either related or unrelated controls of the same sex and age) have been examined by electron microscopy. Beta cells of control animals predominate and have abundant granules most of which are vesicles of varying sizes with a pale granular or homogeneous content. Only a few have a dense central core or irregular dense central bar. Alpha cells have uniformly round, dense, membrane-limited granules and are sparse except at the periphery of the islet. Early in diabetes mellitus beta cells are abundant but either agranular or in various stages of glycogen storage. Late in the disease the islets are reduced to almost all alpha cells, the beta cells having gradually disappeared.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Islet volume ; Beta cell volume ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié 3 groupes de hamsters chinois de la colonie des laboratoires Upjohn, soit (1) des animaux diabétiques ayant présenté des symptômes pendant 18 mois; (2) des animaux non-diabétiques des mêmes nichées; et (3) des animaux non-diabétiques et non-apparentés mais concordant par l'âge et le sexe. Le diabète spontané de ces animaux est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie, une glucosurie, une diminution du volume des îlots de Langerhans, une diminution du volume total des cellulesβ, une dégranulation des cellulesβ et l'infiltration en glycogène des îlots de Langerhans. Des anomalies de même type, mais moins marquées ont été observées chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques. A notre connaissance, c'est là la première description de la diminution de la masse des cellulesβ et de leur dégranulation avant l'apparition clinique d'un diabète spontané chez l'homme ou l'animal. Il en ressortirait que cette altération des cellulesβ pourrait bien être un mécanisme étiologique primaire de la pathogénèse du diabète spontané du hamster chinois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von chinesischen Hamstern aus der Upjohn-Zucht wurden untersucht. Dazu gehörten: diabetische Tiere, die seit 18 Monaten Symptome aufwiesen, nichtdiabetische Tiere aus gleichem Wurf und nichtverwandte nichtdiabetische Tiere, die in Alter und Geschlecht den anderen entsprachen. Der Spontandiabetes zeichnet sich aus durch Hyperglykämie, Glykosurie, Abnahme des Inselvolumens, Verminderung derβ-Zellmasse, Degranulierung derβ-Zellen und Glykogeninfiltration der Inseln. In den nichtdiabetischen Geschwistertieren wurden ähnliche aber weniger markante Veränderungen festgestellt. Unseres Wissens ist dies der erste Bericht einer Verringerung derβ-Zellmasse mit Degranulierung noch ehe sich ein Spontandiabetes bei Mensch oder Tier manifestiert. Dies deutet darauf daß diese Veränderungen derβ-Zellen einen primären etiologischen Faktor bei der Entstehung des Spontandiabetes beim chinesischen Hamster darstellen könnten.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied: these included diabetic animals in which symptoms were present for 18 months, non-diabetic siblings and non-related, non-diabetic animals of the corresponding age and sex. The spontaneous diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decreased islet volume, decreased beta cell mass, beta cell degranulation and glycogen infiltration in the islets. In the non-diabetic siblings, similar but less marked changes were noted. To our knowledge this is the first reported observation of decreased beta cell mass and beta cell degranulation occurring prior to clinical onset of spontaneous diabetes in man or animal. It suggests that the observed alteration of beta cells is a primary etiologic mechanism in the production of spontaneous diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin resistance ; Acetohexamide ; Diet and diabetes ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Infections ; Adipose tissue in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Certaines caractéristiques particulières du rat des sables en font un animal d'expérience de grande valeur. L'augmentation des taux plasmatiques d'insuline et de glucose est liée chez lui à une augmentation de la prise de nourriture. Tout comme c'est le cas pour le diabète humain de type adulte, il semble y avoir participation d'un élément de résistance à l'insuline qui peut être mis en évidencein vitro par la sensibilité diminuée du tissu adipeux du rat des sables à l'insuline de porc. Il semblerait qu'un traitement prophylactique par l'acétphexamide exerce un effet protecteur contre l'effet diabétogène d'un régime riche en calories. — Il semble raisonnable de penser que le syndrome diabétique du rat du sable, si facilement provoqué par la modification du régime, pourrait s'avérer être un instrument de grande valeur dans l'étude des mécanismes pathogénétiques possibles du syndrome diabétique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Sandratte verfügt über mehrere einmalige Eigenschaften, die aus ihr ein wertvolles Laboratoriumstier machen. Das häufige Auftreten von erhöhtem Plasma-Insulinspiegel und Hyperglykämie steht im Zusammenhang mit einer gesteigerten Nahrungsaufnahme. Wie im menschlichen Reife-Diabetes scheint auch hier eine Insulinresistenz aufzutreten, und diese istin vitro nachweisbar: das inkubierte Fettgewebe der Sandratte spricht auf eine Stimulierung mit steigenden Dosen von Schweineinsulin nur wenig an. Prophylaktische Behandlung mit Acetohexamid deutet auf eine Schutzwirkung gegen die diabetogenen Folgen einer kalorienreichen Diät. — Es ist zu erwarten, daß das diabetische Syndrom in der Sandratte, das so leicht durch Manipulationen der Diät erzeugt werden kann, ein nützliches Modell zur Untersuchung der möglichen Mechanismen der diabetischen Pathogenese darstellen wird.
    Notes: Summary The sand rat has some unique attributes, which make it a valuable experimental animal. The occurrence of increased plasma insulin levels and of hyperglycemia is linked to an increased food intake. As in the human maturity-onset type diabetes, there seems to be an element of insulin resistance, and this can be demonstratedin vitro by the relative unresponsiveness of sand rat adipose tissue to increasing doses of pork insulin. Prophylactic treatment with acetohexamide seems to have some protective effect against the diabetogenic results of a high calory diet. — It is expected that the diabetic syndrome in sand rats, which can be so easily induced by dietary manipulation, will be a valuable tool in helping to clarify some of the possible mechanisms in the syndrome of diabetes mellitus.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 143-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Alpha cells ; Protein synthesis ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Obesity ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié avec les microscopes optique et électronique les îlots de Langerhans du pancréas de rats des sables normaux et diabétiques. Lorsqu'ils sont maintenus à un régime normal de laboratoire, on observe chez ces animaux une dégranulation des cellulesβ et les signes d'une synthèse protéique augmentée. Dès qu'apparaît le diabète, on voit apparaître une infiltration glycogénique avec déplacement des organelles cellulaires et, plus tard, une dégénérescence cyptoplasmique avec liquéfaction. L'apparition de ces anomalies morphologiques a été mise en corrélation avec les altérations du glucose sanguin et de l'insuline immunoréactive sérique. Ce qui est remarquable chez le rat des sables, c'est qu'il ne semble pas être à même de s'adapter à l'apport calorique plus concentré de la nourriture de laboratoire. Il réagit par une surproduction insulinique, surproduction qui, en général, évite la cétose. Parfois, cette surproduction suffit à ramener le sucre sanguin à la normale. Dans des cas plus rares, la stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique se termine par une dégénérescence et une nécrose des cellulesβ avec céto-acidose mortelle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über elektronen- und lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pankreas-Inseln normaler und diabetischer Sandratten berichtet. Nach Verabreichung einer synthetischen Keks-Diät wurden eine Degranulation derβ-Zellen und Zeichen einer vermehrten Proteinsynthese beobachtet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten von Diabetes erfolgte Glykogeninfiltration, begleitet von einer Verdrängung der Zellorganellen und gelegentlicher Degeneration und Verflüssigung des Cytoplasmas. Diese Veränderungen wurden mit Blutzucker-und immunreaktivem Serum-Insulinspiegel in Zusammenhang gebracht. — Sandratten sind einzigartig in der Hinsicht, daß sie nicht in der Lage sind, das vermehrte Kalorienangebot der synthetischen Diät auf normale Art zu bewältigen. Sie reagieren mit Mehrproduktion von Insulin. Die gesteigerte Insulmausschüttung hält das Tier gewöhnlich frei von Ketose, bringt den Blutzucker gelegentlich auf normale Werte zurück, endet aber in seltenen Fällen mit einer Degeneration und Nekrose derβ-Zellen mit anschließender fataler Ketoacidose.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastuctural and light microscopic studies of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic sand rats are reported. Following the institution of a synthetic chow diet, beta cell degranulation and enhanced protein synthesis were observed. With the appearance of diabetes, glycogen infiltration occurred, with displacement of cellular organelles and eventual cytoplasmic degeneration and liquefaction. These alterations were correlated with blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels. — The sand rats are unique in that they are not able to cope with the increased caloric load of synthetic chow. They respond by marked insulin production; an increase that usually maintains the animal free of ketosis, occasionally returns them to a euglycemic state, and may rarely be terminated by beta cell degeneration and necrosis with fatal ketoacidosis.
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  • 77
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    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype:C3Hf×I-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Insulin response ; Insulin resistance ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hybride F1 produit par le croisement des souches de souris C3Hf et I (souris de Wellesley) est prédisposé au diabète. Dans cette étude nous avons observé que les animaux devenus diabétiques avaient des taux élevés d'insuline immunoréactive sérique et que leurs tissus périphériques étaient moins sensibles à l'action de l'insulinein vitro. Un régime hypocalorique a pu prévenir l'apparition du diabète et maintenir une sensibilité normale à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzung von C3Hf und I Mäusestämmen ergibt ein F1 Hybrid (die “Wellesley” Maus) mit Veranlagung für Diabetes mellitus. Bei der Untersuchung dieser Tiere wurde festgestellt, daß solche, bei denen das diabetische Syndrom sich entwickelt hatte, erhöhte Spiegel von immunreaktivem Insulin im Serum aufwiesen, und daß ihre peripheren Gewebein vitro weniger empfindlich auf Insulin reagierten. Diät-beschränkung verhinderte das Auftreten von Diabetes und bewahrte die Insulinempfindlichkeit der peripheren Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary A hybrid of C3Hf and I strains of mice (the “Wellesley” mouse) results in an animal with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. In this study it was found that animals that developed the diabetic syndrome had elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in their serum, and peripheral tissues thatin vitro were less responsive to insulin. Dietary restriction prevented the diabetes from occurring as well as maintaining insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.
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  • 78
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3Hf XI-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Swiss-Hauschka mice ; Hauschka Swriss mice ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Beta cell hyperplasia ; Insulin in Serum ; Obesity ; Caloric Intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souris hybrides produites par le croisement des souches C3Hf et I ont été soumises à une alimentation standard de laboratoire, à deux niveaux de concentration calorique. De plus, des souris d'une souche ordinaire ont reçu leur nourriture sous forme de poudre ou de conglomérés. Dans tous ces cas, nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'hyperglycémie, l'accroissement de poids et les taux sériques élevés d'insuline immunoréactive résultant de l'apport augmenté de calories. Ces observations soulignent l'importance extrême du régime dans l'étude du diabète expérimental.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse, die aus der Kreuzung C3HfXI hervorgingen, und die zu einer milden Form von Diabetes und Hyperplasie der Bauchspeicheldrüse neigen, erhielten zwei Sorten Laboratoriumskeks von unterschiedlichem Kaloriengehalt. Einem Stamm gewöhnlicher Labormäuse wurde außerdem das Futter als Pulver oder in Keks-Form verabreicht. Hyperglykämie, vermehrte Gewichtszunahme und erhöhte Spiegel an immunreaktivem Insulin verhielten sich untereinander parallel und waren das Resultat vermehrter Kalorienaufnahme. Diese Untersuchungen heben die kritische Rolle der Diät bei Studien des experimentellen Diabetes hervor.
    Notes: Summary Hybrid mice that develop mild diabetes and pancreatic hyperplasia were fed chow rations at two caloric concentrations. In addition, a strain of commercial laboratory mice were fed these diets in both powdered and pellet form. In all animals, hyperglycemia, increased weight gain, and elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in serum were correlated with each other and resulted from increased caloric intake. These studies emphasize the critical role of diet in the study of experimental diabetes.
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  • 79
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 212-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; KK mice ; Japanese mice ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Pituitary ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Sex and diabetes ; Adrenal cortex ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un état diabétique est démontré chez des souris d'une souche japonaise, la souche KK, mis en évidence par une élévation du sucre sanguin et par une diminution de la tolérance au glucose. 2. Le poids corporel des souris KK dépasse la normale; il s'agit d'une obésité modérée. 3. L'activité insulinique du pancréas et le contenu en hormone de croissance de l'hypophyse de souris KK dépassent ceux observés chez des souris C57BL. 4. Histologiquement, on trouve chez les souris KK une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des îlots de Langerhans, une hypertrophie et une dégranulation des cellules B, une abondance de ribosomes et de réticulum endoplasmique des cellules B, un développement marqué de la région de Golgi des mêmes cellules, et une diminution du contenu en zinc des cellules insulaires. D'autres anomalies ont également été observées dans d'autres organes des souris KK, plus particulièrement pour l'hypophyse, le foie, les surrénales et la parathyroïde.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Mäusen des KK-Stammes (japanische Zucht) ist mit Bestimmung von Glucosetoleranz und Blutzuckerwerten ein diabetischer Zustand nachweisbar. 2. Das Körpergewicht von KK-Mäusen liegt über der Norm, und es besteht eine leichte Fettsucht. 3. Die Insulinaktivität des Pankreas und der Gehalt der Hypophyse an Wachstumshormon sind bei KK-Mäusen höher als bei C57BL-Mäusen. 4. Das Pankreas der KK-Mäuse zeigt auffallende Veränderungen, wie Hypertrophie und Degranulierung derβ-Zellen, reichlich Ribosomen und endoplasmatisches Reticulum in denβ-Zellen, sowie starke Ausbildung des Golgiapparates und Verminderung des Zinkgehaltes der Inselzellen. 5. Auch andere Organe (z.B. Adenohypophyse, Leber, Nebenniere und Nebenschilddrüse) der KK-Mäuse weisen Veränderungen auf.
    Notes: Summary This review demonstrates the following points:1. By glucose tolerance test and the determination of non-fasting blood sugar values, mice of KK strain (a Japanese strain) have been shown to be in a diabetic state. 2. KK mice have greater than normal body weights, and moderate obesity. 3. Pancreatic insulin activity and adenohypophyseal growth hormone content of KK mice are greater than those of C75BL mice. 4. The pancreas of KK mice presents many striking changes, such as the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets, the hypertrophy and degranulation of B cells, the abundance of B cell ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, the enlargement of the Golgi areas of B cells, and the diminution of the zinc content of insular cells. 5. In other organs (eg. adenohypophysis, liver, adrenal and parathyroid) of KK mice, many changes are also observed. The above features of KK mice are discussed in relation to the presumed metabolic disorder in the mice.
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  • 80
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 222-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Obese mice ; Genotype: obob ; Obese-hyperglycemic syndrome ; Screening ; for diabetes ; Testis ; Obesity ; β-glucuronidase ; Isocitrate metabolism ; Muscle ; Liver ; Adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons passé en revue quelques aspects du métabolisme des souris obèses-hyperglycémiques observés dans la colonie suédoise de ces animaux. Nous avons développé une méthode de dépistage qui permet de reconnaître très tôt les animaux qui, plus tard, deviendront obèses et hyperglycémiques. L'injection intrapéritonéale de glucose mène plus fréquemment à une glucosurie chez les souris homozygotes (obob) même avant le sevrage, suggérant donc que l'anomalie du métabolisme du glucose est une lésion primaire chez ces animaux. Le syndrome est en outre associé à une activité endocrine réduite du testicule. Une comparaison quantitative des structures testiculaires d'animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques soumis à un régime strict, et d'animaux obèses à la suite d'hyperphagie provoquée par l'injection d'aurothioglucose, permet d'affirmer que cette diminution de la fonction endocrine testiculaire est le résultat de facteurs autres que l'hyperphagie ou l'obésité. Une augmentation de laβ-glucuronidase sérique et artérielle ayant été décrite chez des malades atteints de diabète ou d'artériosclérose sévères, cette activité enzymatique a été mesurée chez les souris obèses-hyperglycémiques. Une activité enzymatique accrue n'a été observée que pour les surrénales. La déshydrogénation de l'isocitrate procède plus activement par la voie requérant le cofacteur NADP+ dans les tissus musculaires et hépatiques de souris obèses-hyperglycémiques, que ce n'est le cas pour les tissus de souris nonobèses. Pourtant, cette utilisation préférentielle de l'enzyme NADP+-dépendant n'est pas nécessairement liée à la lipogénèse accrue observée chez ces animaux, puisque cette même préférence ne se retrouve pas lorsqu'on compare le tissu adipeux d'animaux obèses et non-obèses de mêmes nichées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an der schwedischen Kolonie von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen werden hier einige Gesichtspunkte über den Stoffwechsel dieser Tiere dargestellt. Eine neue Arbeitsweise hat es uns ermöglicht schon früh Mäuse, die später zu Fettsucht und Hyperglykämie neigen, zu entdecken. Intraperitoneale Glucoseinjektionen führten häufiger zur Glucosurie in denjenigen noch nicht entwöhnten Tieren, die für das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Gen homozygot sind. Diese Tatsache weist auch darauf hin, daß die Störung des Glucosestoff-wechsels wahrscheinlich eine primäre Anomalie darstellt. Das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Syndrom geht parallel mit einer verminderten endokrinen Aktivität der Hoden. Quantitative mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hoden von sowohl fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen bei Beschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme, als auch von Mäusen mit Goldthioglucose-bedingter Hyperphagie und Fettsucht deuten darauf, daß andere Faktoren als Überfressen oder Fettsucht für das Abnehmen der Hodenfunktion verantwortlich sind. Im Serum oder in den Arterien von Patienten mit Diabetes oder Arteriosklerose ist eine Vermehrung derβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität nachgewiesen worden. Beifettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen war aber nur in den Nebennieren eine höhereβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität als bei nicht-fettsüchtigen Tieren nachzuweisen. Untersuchung der enzymatischen Dehydrogenierung von Isocitrat zeigte, daß Isocitrat im Skelettmuskel und in der Leber dieser fettsüchtig hyperglykämischen Mäuse vorwiegend über das NADP+-abhängige Enzym dehydrogeniert wird. Diese Beobachtung ist nicht unbedingt mit der Hyperlipogenese verbunden, da das Fettgewebe von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen im Vergleich zu dem der mageren nicht dieselbe Bevorzugung des NADP+- abhängigen Enzyms aufweist.
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of the metabolism of obesehyperglycemic mice are presented in the light of recent observations on the Swedish colony of these animals. A screening procedure has been elaborated, which allows early detection of those growing mice that will later develop the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. The observation that intraperitoneal glucose injections induce a higher frequency of glucosuria in those suckling mice which are homozygous for the obese-hyperglycemic gene furthermore suggests that the impairment of the glucose metabolism represents a primary lesion in these animals. The obese-hyperglycemic syndrome is associated with a reduced endocrine activity of the testis. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the testis, both from obese-hyperglycemic mice kept on a restricted food intake and from mice in which hyperphagia and obesity had been induced by injections of gold thioglucose, revealed that other factors than overeating and/or obesity are responsible for the depression of the testis function. An increased activity ofβ-glucuronidase has been reported in serum and arteries from inviduals with diabetes or severe arteriosclerosis. However, among the various tissues analysed in the obese-hyperglycemic mice only the adrenals displayed a significantly higherβ-glucuronidase activity than the lean litter mates. Studies of the enzymatic dehydrogenation of isocitrate revealed considerably higher ratios between the NADP+- and NAD+-specific enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. The observation that the liver dehydrogenation of isocitrate was more dependent on NADP+ in the latter animals must not necessarily be attributed to the presence of a hyperlipogenesis, since similar ratios were recorded for the NADP+- and NAD+-linked isocitric dehydrogenase activities when the adipose tissue from the obese-hyperglycemic mice was compared with that from the lean sibling controls.
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