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  • 1970-1974  (880)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1971  (880)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (788)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (59)
  • Electron microscopy  (33)
Material
Years
  • 1970-1974  (880)
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Neurone ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopical observations have been made on the afferent synaptology of neurones in laminae V and VII of the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Both laminae contain large bouton-covered polydendritic neurones of the type seen in the brainstem reticular formation. Each lamina contains two other categories of neurone. One of these, in lamina V, is peculiar in having a very high proportion of afferent boutons filled with dense-core vesicles; similar neurones exist in lamina VII, but their presynaptic afferents do not contain unusual quantities of dense-core vesicles. The third type of neurone in laminae V and VII seems to be identical with an oligodendritic neurone type found in the brainstem reticular formation and parafascicular-centromedian complex.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Psychotropic drugs ; Rabbit hippocampus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of psychotropic drugs, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special references to glycogen granules in the hippocampus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day) or trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), glycogen granules appeared diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells and small nerve cells and in the myelinated nerve fibers, and were accumulated in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and in the astrocytic cytoplasm. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. The administration of the drugs might inhibit the glycolytic metabolism in neurons and glial cells of the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diastereomers of Nonactin Acid and Epimers of 2-Desmethylnonactin AcidNonactin acid 8a was prepared in only four reaction steps starting from the furan 3a. - In an attempt to prepare nonactin acid by intramolecular cyclisation of 13, the tetrahydropyran 15 was obtained in addition to the desired tetrahydrofuran 14. Treatment of 14 + 15 with sodium cyanide under the conditions of the Kolbe reaction led to the formation of the isomeric acids 16 + 17.
    Notes: Ausgehend von dem Furan 3a gelangt man in vier Reaktionsschritten zur Nonactinsäure 8a, einem 2.5-disubstituierten Tetrahydrofuran. - Beim Versuch der Darstellung von Nonactinsäure durch intramolekulare Cyclisierung von 13 entstand neben dem gewünschten Tetrahydrofuran 14 durch Ringerweiterung auch das Tetrahydropyran 15. Die Umwandlung von 14 + 15 mit Natriumcyanid nach Kolbe führte zu den stellungsisomeren Säuren 16 + 17.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 40-49 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aromatic Solvent Induced Shifts (ASIS) in the N.M.R. Spectra of tert-Butyl-, tert-Butoxy-and Nitro(tert-butyl)benzene DerivativesThe n.m.r. spectra of aromatic tert-butyl and tert-butoxy groups which are not separated in CCl4 may always be resolved in benzene and pyridine solution. In some cases (e. g. 15) assignements for these signals are obtained empirically from their solvent shifts. The signals of the aromatic protons in 2.6- and 3.4-dinitro-1-tert-butylbenzene show remarkable solvent effects (CCl4→C6D6) which cannot be explained by the 1:1 complex models. The shifts induced by aromatic solvents must originate rather from the time average over all orientations of the anisotropic molecules in the nearest solvent schell. The interpretation of such solvent shifts should be based on values derived from an absolute standard.
    Notes: In CCl4 nicht getrennte NMR-Signale für aromatisch gebundene tert.-Butyl- und tert.-Butyloxygruppen werden in Benzol und Pyridin stets aufgelöst und können in bestimmten Fällen (z. B. 15) an Hand der Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit empirisch zugeordnet werden. Die Ringprotonensignale bei 2.6- und 3.4-Dinitro-1-tert.-butyl-benzol zeigen beim Lösungsmittelwechsel CCl4→C6D6 sehr unterschiedliche und z. T. sehr starke Verschiebungen, die nicht mit dem Modell spezifischer 1:1-Komplexe erklärt werden können. Die Wirkung des aromatischen Lösungsmittels muß vielmehr durch das Zeitmittel über alle Orientierungen aller anisotroper Moleküle in der engsten Solvathülle zustandekommen. Auf die Verwendung eines absoluten Standards bei der Deutung von Lösungsmitteleffekten in der NMR-Spektroskopie wird hingewiesen.
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  • 35
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 473-478 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 7-β-Neohesperidosyl-4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)naringenin, a Flavanone Triglycoside from Citrus FruitsThe glycoside 7-β-neohesperidosyl-4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)naringenin (3), isolated from the segments of Citrus paradisi Macf, by Mizelle et al., was synthesized by condensation of phloracetophenone 4-β-neohesperidoside (1) with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and by cyclisation of the resulting chalkone glykoside. Dehydrogenation of the flavanone triglykoside undecaacetate and subsequent saponification leads to the formation of 7-β-neohesperidosyl-4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)apigenin (7), the first synthetic apigenin triglycoside.
    Notes: Das von Mizelle und Mitarbb. aus Citrus paradisi Macf. isolierte 7-β-Neohesperidosyl-4′-β-D-glucopyranosyl-naringenin (3) wurde durch Kondensation von Phloracetophenon-4-β-neohesperidosid (1) mit 4-Hydroxy-benzaldehyd-4-β-D-glucopyranosid (2) und Cyclisierung des entstandenen Chalkonglykosids synthetisiert. Durch Dehydrierung des Flavanontriglykosid-undecaacetats (3a) wurde nach Verseifen das 7-β-Neohesperidosyl-4′-β-D-glucopyranosyl-apigenin (7) als erstes synthetisches Apigenintriglykosid dargestellt.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical and Spectroscopic Investigations of Indigo Dyes, XI. Compounds with the Basic Chromophore of Thioindigo: Preparation and Properties of 3.4-Bis(alkylthio)hex-3-ene-2.5-dionesThe nucleophilic exchange of halogen in trans-3.4-dibromo- and -3.4-dichlorohex-3-ene-2.5-dione (4 and 5) with alkanethiols is studied. With bromine as leaving group substitution and reductive debromination leads to the formation of trans-3-methylthiohex-3-ene-2.5-dione (7a). With chlorine the expected trans-3.4-bis(alkylthio)hex-3-ene-2.5-diones (6a-c) are formed. These have the same structure and geometry as the basic chromophore of thioindigo, but they do not show the corresponding typical chemical and spectroscopic properties. They rather behave spectroscopically like β-alkylthio-α,β-unsaturated ketones. Conformation and spectroscopic properties of 6a-e are discussed with respect to the sterical requirements of the different groups at the sulfur atoms.
    Notes: Der Austausch der beiden Halogenatome von trans-3.4-Dibrom- und -3.4-Dichlor-hexen-(3)-dion-(2.5) (4 und 5) gegen Alkylmercaptane wird untersucht. Mit Brom als Abgangsgruppe erfolgt neben einfachem Austausch quantitativ eine reduktive Entbromierung zu trans-3-Methylmercapto-hexen-(3)-dion-(2.5) (7a), während mit Chlor als Abgangsgruppe zweifacher Austausch zu trans-3.4-Bis-alkylmercapto-hexen-(3)-dionen-(2.5) (6a-e) stattfindet. Diese zeigen nicht die spektroskopischen und chemischen Eigenschaften, die man für dieses - in der Verknüpfung ihrer funktionellen Gruppen dem Thioindigogrundchromophor entsprechende - System erwartet, sondern sie verhalten sich wie einfache β-alkylmercapto-α,β-ungesättigte Ketone. Die Abhängigkeit der Konformation und der spektroskopischen Eigenschaften von der Größe der Alkylreste am Schwefel wird diskutiert.
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  • 37
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 549-557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, LIV. Chemical Properties of Tris(2.2-dimethylhydrazino)boraneIn contrast to the ready cleavage of BN-bonds in tris(dialkylamino)boranes by BCl3, (BH3)2, HCl or CH3J the prefered reactions of these acids with tris(2.2-dimethylhydrazino)borane (1) are additions. Due to the greater basicity of the dimethylamino group as compared to the NH moiety, additions occur at the group (CH3)2N before the group NH is attacked. Solvolysis of B[NH—N(CH3)2]3 (1) by H2O or C2H5OH yields (CH3)2 N—NH2 and B(OH)3 or B(OC2H5)3, respectively, but no mixed compounds XnB[NH—N(CH3)2]3 n are formed in these reactions or by ligand exchange with B(OCH3)3 or B[N(CH3)2]3. 1 is stable up to 280° at higher temperature condensation with formation of N.N-dimethylhydrazine occurs.
    Notes: Während die Verbindungen BCl3, (BH3)2, HCl und CH3J die B N-Bindungen von Tris(dialkylamino)-boranen spalten, lagern sie sich an Tris(2.2-dimethyl-hydrazino)-boran (1) an. Dabei erfolgt zunächst Addition an die stärker basische Dimethylaminogruppe, danach reagiert auch die schwächer basische NH-Gruppe. Solvolysen von 1 mit H2O und C2H5OH oder Komproportionierungen mit B(OCH3)3 oder B[N(CH3)2]3 führen nicht zu gemischten Verbindungen XnB[NH—N(CH3)2]3 n(X—OH, OR, N(CH3)2). Im Vergleich zu Tris(alkylamino)-boranen ist 1 thermisch sehr stabil. Erst oberhalb 280° spaltet sich N,N-Dimethylhydrazin ab.
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  • 38
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 605-638 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: o- and p-(Dicyanomethylene)quinocyclopropenes. Synthesis, Mechanisms of Formation and Propertieso- and p-quinocyclopropenes of the benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and fluorene series (9, 12-15, 29, 30b, 37, 38) are prepared a) by thermolysis of 1:1 adducts of 3-ethoxy-1.2-diaryl-cyclopropenylium cations 6 and arylmalodinitrile anions, b) by reaction of diarylcyclopropenones with arylmalodinitriles in acetic anhydride. The reaction mechanisms suggested by isolation of intermediates are discussed. - Polarography of the quinocyclopropenes shows reversible formation of a radical cation in a one-electron step. This is in agreement with calculations according to the simple HMO model, which give satisfactory correlations with polarography, u. v. and i. r. spectroscopical data.
    Notes: o- und p-Chinocyclopropene der Benzol-, Naphthalin-, Anthracen-, Phenanthren- und Fluorenreihe (9, 12-15, 29, 30b, 37, 38) werden dargestellt a) durch Thermolyse von 1:1-Addukten aus 3-Äthoxy-1.2-diaryl-cyclopropenylium-Kationen 6 und Arylmalodinitril-Anionen, b) durch Reaktion von Diarylcyclopropenonen und Arylmalodinitrilen in Acetanhydrid. Die sich aus der Isolierung von Zwischenprodukten ergebenden Reaktionsmechanismen werden diskutiert. - Durch polarographische Untersuchungen wird festgestellt, daß die Chinocyclopropene reversibel im Einelektronenschritt in ein Radikal-Kation übergehen. Dies wird durch Rechnungen nach dem einfachen HMO-Modell bestätigt, die befriedigende Korrelationen mit den polarographischen sowie UV- und IR-spektroskopischen Daten ergeben.
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  • 39
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 665-667 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 668-670 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 41
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Bromination of Hydrocarbons in Liquid BromineThe bromination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in liquid bromine in the presence of catalytic amounts of hydrobromic acid is described. Hydrocarbons with neighbouring tertiary carbon atoms and tetraalkylated ethylenes give definite bromination products. From the corresponding hydrocarbons were obtained 1.4-Dibromo-2.3-bis(bromomethyl)but-2-ene (1), 1.4.5-Tribromo-2.3-bis(bromomethyl)pent-2-ene (2), 1.4.5-Tribromo-2.3-bis(bromomethyl)-hex-2-ene (3), 1.4.5-Tribromo-2-bromomethyl-3-(α.β-dibromoethyl)pent-2-ene (4), and 1.4.5.8-Tetrabromo-Δ4a(8a)-octalin (5).
    Notes: Bei der Bromierung in flüssigem Brom in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen Bromwasserstoffsäure bilden aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe mit benachbarten tertiären Kohlenstoffatomen und tetraalkylierte Äthylene definierte Bromierungsprodukte. Im einzelnen werden 1.4-Dibrom-2.3-bis-brommethyl-buten-(2) (1), 1.4.5-Tribrom-2.3-bis-brommethyl-penten-(2) (2), 1.4.5-Tribrom-2.3-bis-brommethyl-hexen-(2) (3), 1.4.5-Tribrom-2-brommethyl-3-[α.β-dibromäthyl]-penten-(2) (4) und 1.4.5.8-Tetrabrom-Δ4a(8a)-octalin (5) aus den entsprechenden Kohlenwasserstoffen erhalten.
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  • 42
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 110-130 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemistry of Four-Centre π-Systems, III. Colour, Solvatochromy and Reduction Potentials of (1.4-Diazabutadiene)molybdenum TetracarbonylsMolybdenum tetracarbonyl complexes of the =N=C=C=N-system (1,4-diazabutadiene=DAB) show an intense, low energy electronic transition, which is antiparallel to the ground state dipole moment; its solvent dependance is measured for 33 mostly new compounds and shows directly the amount of metal-ligand interaction, and thus of π-backbonding. The π-delocalisation of metal-D-electrons strongly depends on the substituents of the DAB-system, but the complex ground state has still molybdenum in the valence state 0. The competing mesomeric, inductiv and steric effects of the DAB ligands can be separated, too, by polarographic reduction potentials of complexes and ligands. The results can be understood in terms of simple perturbation theory.
    Notes: Molybdäncarbonyl-Komplexe des =N=C=C=N-Systems (1.4-Diaza-butadien=DAB) zeigen eine antiparallel zum Grundzustandsdipolmoment gerichtete intensive farbgebende Elektronenanregung, deren an dreiunddreißig meist neuen Verbindungen untersuchte Solvatochromie direkte Aussagen über die Größe der Metall-Ligand-Termwechselwirkung und damit über die π-Rück bindung gestattet. Die Delokalisierung der Metall-D-Elektronen ist abhängig von den Substituenten des DAB-Systems, der Komplexgrundzustand enthält aber formal 0-wertiges Molybdän. Die konkurrierenden induktiven, mesomeren und sterischen Effekte der DAB-Liganden sind in den polarographischen Reduktionspotentialen der Komplexe und Liganden selbst ebenfalls genau abgrenzbar, bestätigen die Solvatochromie-untersuchungen und lassen sich im Rahmen einfacher Störungstheorie widerspruchsfrei deuten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reductive Silylation of NaphthaleneThe reaction of naphthalene with trimethylchlorosilane and sodium has been found to afford 1.4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1.4-dihydro- and 1.2-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1.2-dihydronaphthalene (1, 2), whereas potassium reacts to give mainly 1.2.3.7-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-naphthalene (3) besides 1.2.4-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1.4-dihydro-(4) and 1.2.4-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1.2-dihydronaphthalene (5). The configuration has been determined by n.m.r. spectroscopy.
    Notes: Bei der reduktiven Silylierung von Naphthalin mit Natrium und Trimethylchlorsilan werden vorwiegend nur 1.4-Bis-trimethylsilyl-1.4-dihydro- und 1.2-Bis-trimethylsilyl-1.2-dihydronaphthalin (1, 2) gebildet. Ersetzt man jedoch das Natrium durch Kalium, so erhält man 1.2.4-Tris-trimethylsilyl-1.4-dihydro- (4) sowie 1.2.4-Tris-trimethylsilyl-1.2-dihydro-naphthalin (5) und vor allem 1.2.3.7-Tetrakis-trimethylsilyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-naphthalin (3). - Die Aufklärung der Konfiguration erfolgte NMR-spektroskopisch.
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of 4-Chloro- and 4-Bromo-2H-chromenes and of 3-Bromo-2H-chromenesDehydrobromination of trans-3,4-dihalochromans yields the 4-halo-2H-chromenes 1-4. Dehydration of cis-3-bromo-4-hydroxychromans leads to the 3-bromo-2H-chromenes 5 and 6.
    Notes: Durch Abspaltung von Bromwasserstoff entstehen aus den trans-3.4-Dihalogen-chromanen die entsprechenden 4-Halogen-2H-chromene 1-4. Die 3-Brom-2H-chromene 5 und 6 erhält man durch Dehydratisierung der cis-3-Brom-4-hydroxy-chromane.
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  • 45
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 210-219 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinylogous Acyl Compounds, IX. Hydrolysis of Vinylogous Carbonamidium SaltsThe hydrolysis of vinylogous carbonamidium salts 10 in aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution does not lead - as hitherto supposed - to meso-(2-acylvinyl)acylacetaldehydes 8, but to bis(2-acylvinyl)ethers 11. The structure of these compounds results from n. m. r. and i. r. spectra and is confirmed by independent synthesis.
    Notes: Die Hydrolyse vinyloger Carbonamidiumsalze 10 in wäßriger Natriumhydrogencarbonat-Lösung führt nicht - wie bisher angenommen - zu meso-[2-Acyl-vinyl]-acylacetaldehyden 8, sondern zu Bis-[2-acyl-vinyl]-äthern 11. Die Strukturzuordnung dieser Verbindungen gründet sich auf NMR- und IR-spektroskopische Befunde sowie auf eine unabhängige synthese.
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  • 46
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 160-167 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.2.3-Tricarbonyl Compounds, V. Hydrate-forming 1.2.3-Tricarbonyl Compounds as Dienophiles in Diels-Alder ReactionsThe 1.2.3-tricarbonyl compounds 5-8 react as dienophiles and add isoprene or 2.3-dimethylbuta-1.3-diene to yield the spiro-dihydropyranes 9-16. I.r., mass, and n.m.r. spectra are discussed.
    Notes: Cyclische 1.2.3-Tricarbonylverbindungen (vgl. 5-8) reagieren als Dienophile mit Isopren und 2.3-Dimethyl-butadien-(1.3) unter Bildung der Spiro-dihydropyrane 9-16. Die IR- und Massenspektren der Reaktionsprodukte sowie die NMR-Spektren von 9 und 10 werden diskutiert.
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  • 47
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbiological 11β-Hydroxylation of 3β-Hydroxy-5α.6α-epoxysteroidsSome 3β-Hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxysteroids are hydroxylated specifically in 11β-position without formation of by-products by the fungus Curvularia lunata.
    Notes: Eine Reihe von 3β-Hydroxy-5α.6α-epoxy-steroiden wird mit dem Pilz Curvularia lunata ohne Bildung von Nebenprodukten spezifisch in 11β-Stellung hydroxyliert.
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  • 48
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 248-258 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isoquinolines, II. 3.3-Dialkyl-3.4-dihydroisoquinolines from Alkyl-aryl-cyclopropanesUnder the conditions of the Graf-Ritter reaction alkyl-aryl-cyclopropanes 8 react with nitriles 2 via dialkyl-benzyl-carbonium ions 1 to give 3.3-dialkyl-3.4-dihydroisoquinolines 3. The effect of the substituents R1, R2, and R3 in 8 on the reaction is discussed.
    Notes: Alkyl-aryl-cyclopropane 8 reagieren unter den Bedingungen der Graf-Ritter-Reaktion über Dialkyl-benzyl-carboniumionen 1 mit Nitrilen 2 zu 3.3-dialkylsubstituierten 3.4-Dihydroisochinolinen 3. Der Einfluß der Substituenten R1, R2 und R3 in 8 auf den Reaktionsverlauf wird besprochen.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 270-278 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XVIII. Concerning the Existence of trans-ErythrinanesWolff-Kishner reduction of the 6α-bromo-ketolactam 2 affords, among other products, the 6β-hydroxyerythrinane-8-one 8. This is the first compound of the trans-erythrinane series.
    Notes: Bei der Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion des 6α-Brom-ketolactams 2 entsteht neben anderen Produkten auch das 6β-Hydroxy-erythrinanon-(8) 8, der erste Vertreter der trans-Erythrinan-Reihe.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 320-332 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ionization of Organomagnesium Compounds, IV. Formation of Carbanions from Organomagnesium Compounds by Means of Hexamethyl-phosphortriamideStepwise addition of hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPT) to the solutions of benzyl-like organomagnesium compounds in diethylether results in drastic changes which can be observed spectroscopically. First, the absorption maxima are shifted to longer wave lengths in an apparently continuous manner, until two equivalents of the strongly donating cosolvent have been added. Further addition of HMPT leads to ionization of the C—Mg-bonds. This can be seen from the development of new bands characteristic of the carbanions, as represented by the alkali metal derivatives.
    Notes: Der Zusatz von Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid (HMPT) zu den ätherischen Lösungen von benzylartigen Organomagnesium-Verbindungen führt zu drastischen, spektral beobachtbaren Veränderungen. Zunächst tritt eine scheinbar kontinuierliche Verschiebung der Absorptionsmaxima nach längeren Wellen ein, bis zwei Äquivalente des starken Donor-Solvens zugesetzt sind. Weitere Zugabe von HMPT führt zur Ionisation der C—Mg-Bindungen und Freisetzung der betreffenden Carbanionen, die sich durch das Aufkommen der (von den Alkalimetall-Verbindungen bekannten) Carbanion-Banden zu erkennen gibt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 343-343 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 391-401 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemistry of Small Rings, 23. Carbenacyclopentadienes and Alkynes. - Photochemical Synthesis of Benzindenes and SpirocyclopropenesPhotolysis of phenyl-substituted diazocyclopentadienes 3 in alkynes leads via the intermediate carbenacyclopentadienes to the formation of 1H-benz[e]indenes 5. 5c was degraded to the known compound 3-phenyl-2.3-dihydro-1H-benz[e]indene (8). - On irradiation 3a, f in dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yield the spiro[2.4]heptatrienes 9 instead of 5. 9a was rearranged by further irradiation to the benz[e]indene 5f. - The mechanism of the benzindene formation is discussed.
    Notes: Die Photolyse phenyl-substituierter Diazo-cyclopentadiene 3 in Alkinen führt über die Carbena-cyclopentadiene zu 1H-Benz[e]indenen 5. 5c wurde zum bekannten 3-Phenyl-2.3-dihydro-1H-benz[e]inden (8) abgebaut. - Die Bestrahlung von 3a, f in Acetylendicarbonester ergab jedoch nicht 5, sondern die Spiro[2.4]heptatriene 9. 9a wird durch weitere Belichtung in das Benz[e]inden 5f umgelagert. - Der Mechanismus der Benzinden-Bildung wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Michael Additions with Ethyl β-Arylacrylates: The Synthesis of 3-Aryl-2.2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-pyrrolidonesThe Michael reaction of ethyl β-arylacrylates with diethyl acetaminomalonate followed by cyclisation directly yielded the 3-aryl-2.2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-pyrrolidones (4).
    Notes: β-Aryl-acrylsäure-äthylester werden mit Acetamino-malonsäure-diäthylester nach Michael unter nachfolgender Cyclisierung direkt zu 3-Aryl-2.2-bis-äthoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidonen-(5) (4) umgesetzt.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 461-472 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Chalcogen Compounds Diphenyldithiophosphinato Complexes of Vanadium(III), Vanadium(IV) and Molybdenum(VI)The preparation and properties of the compounds [(C6H5)2PS2]2MoO2 (3), [(C6H5)2PS2]2-VO (4) and [(C6H5)2PS2]3 V (5) are described. Their vibrational and electronic spectra are reported. The parameters 10 Dq = 13 200/cm and B = 395/cm were calculated from the electronic spectrum of the vanadium(III) compound.
    Notes: Die Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Verbindungen [(C6H5)2PS2]2MoO2 (3), [(C6H5)2PS2]2-VO (4) und [(C6H5)2PS2]3 V (5) werden beschrieben. Die Schwingungs- und Elektronenspektren werden mitgeteilt und letztere mit der Kristallfeldtheorie interpretiert. Für die Vanadin(III)-Verbindung lassen sich aus den Übergängen ν1(3T1g→3T2g) und ν2(3T1g(F) → 3T1g(P)) die Werte für 10 Dq 13200/cm und B 395/cm berechnen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reaction of Boron-Nitrogen Compounds with Excited Carbon Atoms Generated in an ArcThe interaction of carbon vapor from a carbon are with dimethylaminoborane, (CH3)2N—BH2 (1), yields as the main reaction product (dimethylamino)methylborane, (CH3)2 N—BH—CH3 (3), which combines with the starting material to form the four-membered ring compound 5. Other compounds formed in this reaction are (dimethylamino)dimethylborane, (CH3)2N—B(CH3)2 (2), and dimethylaminborane, (CH3)2NH—BH3, as well as the previously unknown compound (CH3)2N—BH—O—BH—N(CH3)2 (6), which could be isolated.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von im Lichtbogen erzeugten Kohlenstoffatomen mit Dimethylaminoboran, (CH3)2N—BH2 (1), ergibt als Hauptreaktionsprodukt das Dimethylamino-methylboran, (CH3)2N—BH—CH3 (3), das sich mit dem Ausgangsmaterial zur Vierringverbindung 5 umsetzt. Weiterhin findet man Dimethylamino-dimethylboran, (CH3)2N—B(CH3)2 (2) und Dimethylamin-boran, (CH3)2NH—BH3. Schließlich kann die bisher noch nicht bekannte Verbindung (CH3)2N—BH—O—BH—N(CH3)2 (6) isoliert werden.
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 528-532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Simple Pathway to Azide-Bridged Palladium and Platinum(II) ComplexesSalts of azide-bridged dimeric cations are prepared in quantitative yields by reaction of the monomeric diazido complexes (Ph3P)2 M(N3)2 with nitrosyl- or triethyloxonium salts, and diethyl sulfate, respectively.
    Notes: Salze der azidverbrückten dimeren Kationen entstehen in praktisch quantitativer Ausbeute durch Umsetzung der monomeren Diazidokomplexe (Ph3P)2 M(N3)2 mit Nitrosyl- oder Triäthyloxonium-Salzen bzw. mit Diäthylsulfat.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 558-576 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, LV. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in (2.2-Dimethylhydrazino)boranesN. m. r. spectroscopic investigations on (2.2-dimethylhydrazino)boranes demonstrate the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in these compounds, and this is further proved by comparison with isopropylaminoboranes. The planar configuration of B[NH—N(CH3)2]3 and B2[NH—N(CH3)2]4 is determined by this bonding. The N—H … N bond energy has been estimated as ∼2.5 kcal/mole from the temperature dependence of the n. m. r. spectra. Intermolecular association is indicated in the compounds R2B—NH—N(CH3)2. - The basicity towards the acid CDCl3 decreases in the isopropylaminoborane series for (2.2-dimethylhydrazino)boranes the series has been found confirming the effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
    Notes: Kernresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an (2.2-Dimethyl-hydrazino)-boranen belegen durch Vergleich mit Isopropylamino-boranen intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen. Diese sind insbesondere für B[NH—N(CH3)2]3 und B2[NH—N(CH3)2]4 konfigurationsbestimmend. Ihre Bindungsenergie beträgt ∼2.5 kcal/Mol. In R2B—NH—N(CH3)2 erfolgt Assoziation über intermolekulare N—H … N-Bindungen, die in Lösung leicht aufbrechen. - Basizitätsbestimmungen mit der Referenzsäure CDCl3 ergeben die Reihe für die Isopropylamino-borane, jedoch für die (2.2-Dimethyl-hydrazino)-borane in Übereinstimmung mit den durch intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen bewirkten Effekten.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Structure of Thioamides and their Derivatives, XI. N.M.R-Spectroscopic Studies and the Mechanism of Isomerization of Thioamide anionsIn the n. m. r. spectra of thioformamide anions 2 a larger trans long-range coupling constant is observed than in the spectra of the corresponding thioformamides 1. In spite of this spectral evidence indicating that 2 has the stronger partial double bond character, 2 isomerizes faster than 1. This suggests that isomerization proceeds via an inversion mechanism, an assumption which is verified by the steric effects of o-substituents in thioformanilide anions 4. On the other hand, in the case of thioformanilides 3 a rotation mechanism is observed.
    Notes: In den NMR-Spektren von Thioformamid-Anionen 2 wird eine größere trans-Fernkopplungskonstante als in den entsprechenden Thioformamiden 1 gefunden. Trotz des daraus zu folgernden größeren Doppelbindungscharakters wird bei 2 eine schnellere Isomerisierung als bei 1 beobachtet. Der dadurch nahegelegte Inversionsmechanismus wird durch den sterischen Einfluß von o-Substituenten in den Thioformanilid-Anionen 4 belegt, während für die Thioformanilide 3 ein Rotationsmechanismus gefunden wird.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 50-58 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions with Carbodiimides, 1. Influences of Substituents in the Cycloaddition of Ketenes to CarbodiimidesCarbodiimides and ketenes yield 4-imino-2-azetidinones (1-14) in a cycloaddition reaction. Aliphatic carbodiimides show higher reactivity than aromatic carbodiimides. In mixed aliphatic-aromatic substituted carbodiimides, therefore, preferentially one of the C=N bonds undergoes reaction. The structures of the resulting compounds were confirmed by chemical transformations, i.r., and n.m.r. spectra.
    Notes: Carbodiimide gehen mit Ketenen Cycloadditionen zu 4-Imino-azetidinonen-(2) (1-14) ein. Aliphatisch substituierte Carbodiimide sind reaktiver als aromatisch substituierte. Bei aliphatisch-aromatisch substituierten Carbodiimiden gelingt es daher, bevorzugt eine der beiden C=N-Doppelbindungen zur Reaktion zu bringen. Die Konstitutionen der 4-Iminoazetidinone-(2) ergeben sich aus IR- und NMR-Spektren in Verbindung mit chemischen Umwandlungen.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 75-77 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Higher Ring Systems with the Structural Characteristics of the Diamond-type Lattice, 1. Enamine Formation and Ring Fusion in the Case of Bicyclo[3,3,1]nonane-3,7-dioneBicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3.7-dione can be condensed with pyrrolidine to form 1.3-dipyrrolidino-2-oxaadamantane. From this system the mono- and bis-pyrrolidinoenamine of bicyclo[3.3.1]-nonane-3.7-dione (3,5) can be obtained. The reaction of the bis-enamine 3 with ethyl bromomethylacrylate leads to the pentacycle 4.
    Notes: Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonandion-(3.7) (1) kann mit Pyrrolidin zum 1.3-Dipyrrolidino-2-oxa-adamantan (2) kondensiert werden. Aus diesem System sind das Mono- und Bis-pyrrolidin-Enamin des Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonandions-(3.7) (3.5) erhältlich. Über das Bis-Enamin 3 kann mit α-Brom-methyl-acrylsäure-äthylester der Pentacyclus 4 auf gebaut werden.
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  • 62
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 92-109 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Copper(I)-diazabutadiene Halides1,4-Diazabuta-1,3-dienes react with cuprous halides to form strongly coloured, monomeric 1:1 adducts 2-11, 16-20, 24, 25, containing copper with threefold coordination. This coordination number determines the spectroscopic behaviour. While diazabutadiene complexes of other metals in low oxidation states show a long-wavelength absorption with strong metal-to-ligand CT character, in the copper complexes 2-11, 16-20, 24, 25 the metal terms are about equally important in the ground and excited state without showing the typical solvatochromism and the extremely high intensity of the chromogenic transition.
    Notes: 1.4-Diaza-butadiene-(1.3) bilden mit Kupfer(I)-halogeniden stark farbige, monomere 1:1-Komplexe 2-11, 16-20, 24, 25 mit dreifach koordiniertem Kupfer. Diese Koordination bestimmt das elektronenspektroskopische Verhalten. Während in Diazabutadien-Komplexen anderer Metalle in niedrigen Oxydationsstufen die längstwellige Absorption sehr starken Metall-Ligand-charge-transfer-Charakter hat, fehlt hier bei etwa gleich starker Beteiligung von Metalltermen im Grundzustand und angeregten Zustand die typische Solvatochromie und die extrem hohe Intensität des farbgebenden Übergangs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and N.M.R. Spectra of Trimethyl(allylidene)- and -(benzylidene)phosphoraneThe title compounds (1 and 2) have been prepared in a pure state for the first time. Their 1H n. m. r. spectra could be completely analysed and the data obtained are taken as evidence for a delocalisation of the ylidic carbanionic charge into the π-system.
    Notes: Trimethyl-allyliden- und -benzyliden-phosphoran (1 und 2) wurden erstmals rein dargestellt. Die 1H-NMR-Spektren ließen sich vollständig analysieren und im Sinne einer Delokalisierung der negativen Ladung in das π-System deuten.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Organophosphorus CH-acidic Compounds with Schiff Bases in the Presence of Acid and Alkaline Catalysts, V. Reaction of Esters of Propylbenzylphosphinic Acid in the Presence of Sodium AmideThe reaction of esters 1 of propylbenzylphosphinic acid with Schiff bases 2 in the presence of sodium amide has been studied. In ether at -33° esters of (2-arylamino-1,2-diarylethyl)-propylphosphinic acids (3 and 4) are obtained in 20-81% yields. In ether at 10° and in liquid ammonia small amounts of trans-olefins (5) are formed along with the adducts 3 and 4 (the yields of which decrease). The reactivity of 1 is compared with that of the esters of benzyl-phosphonic acid, and the mechanism of the reaction of 1 with 2 is discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung der Propyl-benzyl-phosphinsäureester 1 mit Schiffschen Basen 2 in Gegenwart von Natriumamid entstehen in Äther bei -33° Ester der [2-Arylamino-1.2-diaryläthyl]-propyl-phosphinsäuren (3 und 4) in 20-81 proz. Ausbeute. In Äther bei 10°, in geringem Umfang auch in flüssigem Ammoniak, bilden sich neben den verringert auftretenden Addukten 3 und 4 auch noch trans-Olefine (5). Die Reaktionsfähigkeit von 1 im Vergleich zu den Benzylphosphonsäureestern sowie der Mechanismus ihrer Umsetzung mit 2 werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 65
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 220-227 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: cis- and trans-3.3′-Dimethoxy-5.5′-di-tert-butyldiphenoquinone-(4.4′)The two geometric isomers of 3.3′-dimethoxy-5.5′-di-tert-butyldiphenoquinone-(4.4′) (1) were isolated. The configurational assignment was made on the basis of n.m.r. spectra and the X-ray diffraction pattern from single crystals. The free enthalpy of activation for the cis/trans-isomerisation was determined. -p-Diphenoquinones with different substituents in both rings, which were needed as model compounds, could be prepared for the first time.
    Notes: Die beiden geometrischen Isomeren des 3.3′-Dimethoxy-5.5′-di-tert.-butyl-diphenochinons-(4.4′) (1) wurden isoliert. Die Konfigurationszuordnung gelang anhand der NMR-Spektren sowie von Einkristall-Röntgenaufnahmen. Die Freie Aktivierungsenthalpie der cis/trans-Isomerisierung wurde bestimmt. -p-Diphenochinone mit verschiedenen Substituenten in beiden Ringen, als Vergleichssubstanzen benötigt, konnten erstmals dargestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 290-300 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reductive Rearrangements of the Retrobenzilic Acid Type Induced by Lewis Acids, VI. Crossing ExperimentsBy a series of crossing experiments the reductive retrobenzilic acid rearrangements of 5,5-diaryldithiohydantoins (1) and 4,4-diaryl-2-imidazoline-5-thiones (3), induced by aluminium chloride and yielding the corresponding 4,5-diaryl-4-imidazoline-2-thiones (2) and 4,5-diarylimidazoles (4), respectively, were shown to proceed intramolecularly.
    Notes: Durch eine Serie von Kreuzungsversuchen wird der intramolekulare Verlauf der durch Aluminiumchlorid ausgelösten reduktiven Retrobenzilsäure-Umlagerung von 5.5-Diaryl-dithiohydantoinen (1) und 4.4-Diaryl-Δ2-imidazolin-thionen-(5) (3) zu 4.5-Diaryl-Δ4-imidazolin-thionen-(2) (2) bzw. 4.5-Diaryl-imidazolen (4) erwiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 348-349 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 353-359 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Are Absolute Asymmetric Photosyntheses Possible?The addition of carbenes, generated from diazoalkanes by circularly polarized light, to trimethylethylene (1) yielded optically inactive cyclopropanes. Attempts to obtain a chiral photochemical cyclodimerisation of cyclopent-1-en-3-one (4) or to reproduce two absolute asymmetric photosyntheses described earlier also failed. Thus such syntheses appear to be questionable.
    Notes: Mit zirkular polarisiertem Licht aus Diazoalkanen erzeugte Carbene lieferten bei der Reaktion mit Trimethyläthylen (1) optisch inaktive Cyclopropane. Ebenso negativ verliefen Versuche, eine chirale photochemische Cyclodimerisierung von Cyclopenten-(1)-on-(3) (4) zu erzielen oder zwei früher beschriebene absolute asymmetrische Photosynthesen zu reproduzieren. Die Möglichkeit derartiger Synthesen scheint damit in Frage gestellt.
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1:1-Complexes of Mercuric Halides with MethyldiphenylstibineThe complexes [HgX2·SbCH3(C6H5)2]2 mit X=Cl (5), Br (6), J (7) precipitated on combination of equimolar amounts of the components in methanol or acetone solution. Dimeric, halogen-bridged structures for these complexes have been derived from infrared spectra (300-33/cm). The ligand methyldiphenylstibine (4) has been obtained in 89% yield by reaction of dijodomethylstibine (3) with phenylmagnesium bromide.
    Notes: Die Komplexe [HgX2·SbCH3(C6H5)2]2 mit X=Cl (5), Br (6), J (7) fallen bei der Vereinigung äquimolarer Mengen der Komponenten in Methanol- oder Aceton-Lösung aus. Dimere, halogenverbrückte Strukturen dieser Komplexe werden aus Infrarotspektren (300-33/cm) abgeleitet. Der Ligand Methyldiphenylstibin (4) wird durch Reaktion von Dijodmethylstibin (3) mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid in 89 proz. Ausbeute erhalten.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 70
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 407-411 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds with the Guanidine System. II. Reaction of ω-Bromoacetophenone with Anilinoguanidineω-Bromoacetophenone reacts with anilinoguanidine to give 2-amino-1-anilino-4-phenylimidazole (1a). On treatment with boiling hydrochloric acid 1a undergoes benzidine-like rearrangement yielding 2-amino-4(5)-phenyl-5(4)-[p-aminophenyl]-imidazole (6).
    Notes: ω-Brom-acetophenon reagiert mit Anilino-guanidin zu 2-Amino-1-anilino-4-phenyl-imidazol (1a), das durch siedende Salzsäure benzidinartig in 2-Amino-4(5)-phenyl-5(4)-[p-amino-phenyl]-imidazol (6) umgelagert wird.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-3-Aryl-2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-pyrrolidonescis-3-Aryl-2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-pyrrolidones (6) are obtainable from 3-aryl-2,2-bis(ethoxy-carbonyl)-5-pyrrol idones(1) via their dicarboxy-derivatives (3) or their half-esters (5) by moderate stereoselective decarboxylation.
    Notes: Aus 3-Aryl-2.2-bis-äthoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidonen-(5) (1) lassen sich über die Dicarboxy-Verbindungen (3) oder über die Halbester (5) durch mäßig stereoselektive Decarboxylierung cis-3-Aryl-2-äthoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidone-(5) (6) gewinnen.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 72
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 456-460 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemical Synthesis of 2.4-Dithiopyrimidine Nucleoside-5′-mono- and -polyphosphatesThe synthesis of 2-thiothymidine-5′-phosphate (3), 2.4-dithiothymidine-5′-triphosphate (8c), 2.4-dithiouridine-5′-diphosphate (7a), 2.4-dithioribothymidine-5′-diphosphate (7b), and 2.4-dithiouridine-5′-triphosphate (8a) is reported. The behaviour in paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis as well as the phosphate content have been used as criteria of the purity.
    Notes: 2-Thio-thymidin-5′-phosphat (3), 2.4-Dithio-thymidin-5′-triphosphat (8c), 2.4-Dithio-uridin-5′-diphosphat (7a), 2.4-Dithio-ribothymidin-5′-diphosphat (7b) und 2.4-Dithio-uridin-5′-triphosphat (8a) wurden synthetisiert. Als Reinheitskriterien dienen das Verhalten in Papierchromatographie sowie Papierelektrophorese und der Phosphatgehalt.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 519-523 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: E.S.R. Investigation of the Dinaphtho[2.3-c:2′.3′-h]phenothiazinyl Radical8H-Dinaphtho[2.3-c : 2′.3′-h]phenothiazine (1), obtained by reaction of di-2-anthrylamine with sulfur, yields the stable free radical 4 by dehydrogenation. For the solid state a free radical content of 85% has been determined by e. s. r. Solutions of 4 gave a complex e. s. r. spectrum which is discussed in connection with Hückel calculations.
    Notes: Das aus 2.2′-Dianthrylamin durch Umsetzung mit Schwefel zugängliche 8H-Dinaphtho-[2.3-c: 2′.3′-h]phenothiazin (1) liefert bei der Dehydrierung das stabile freie Radikal 4. Der Radikalgehalt beträgt im Kristall nach ESR-Messungen 85%. Lösungen von 4 liefern ein linienreiches ESR-Spektrum, das im Zusammenhang mit Hückel-Rechnungen diskutiert wird.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 544-548 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: SO3-Insertion into Organopentacarbonylrhenium(I) CompoundsThe hitherto unknown sulfonato complexes CH3SO3ReI(CO)5 (4), C6H5SO3ReI(CO)5 (5), and p-CH3—C6H4SO3ReI (CO)5 (6) are obtained according to equation (1) by insertion of SO3 into the metal-carbon bond of CH3Re(CO)5 (1), C6H5Re(CO)5 (2), and p-CH3—C6H4Re(CO)5 (3). The composition and the structure of these compounds result from 1H n. m. r., mass, and i. r. spectroscopic investigations.
    Notes: Durch Einschiebung von SO3 in die Metall-Kohlenstoff-Bindung von CH3Re(CO)5 (1), C6H5Re(CO)5 (2) und p-CH3—C6H4Re(CO)5 (3) gelingt gemäß Gl. (1) die Darstellung der noch unbekannten Sulfonato-Komplexe CH3SO3ReI(CO)5 (4), C6H5SO3ReI(CO)5 (5) und p-CH3—C6H4SO3ReI(CO)5 (6). Die Zusammensetzung und Struktur dieser Verbindungen wurde mit Hilfe von 1H-NMR-, massen- und IR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 577-592 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Peroxides, IX. Preparation and Thermolysis of tert-Butyl α-Aryloxy- and α-ArylthioperacetatesEleven tert-butyl α-aryloxyperacetates and four tert-butyl α-arylthioperacetates were prepared and characterized by spectra and analyses. The products and rates of their thermolyses are explained by a homolytic fragmentation mechanism. The rates are predominantly influenced by a polar effect. This is supported by the observation of Hammett relations in both series (σ = -1.1 and -1.3).
    Notes: 11 α-Aryloxy-peressigsäure-tert.-butylester und 4 α-Arylmercapto-peressigsäure-tert.-butylester wurden synthetisiert und durch Spektren und Elementaranalysen charakterisiert. Die Thermolyse dieser Peroxide erfolgt durch homolytische Fragmentierung. Ihre Geschwindigkeit gehorcht in beiden Reihen der Hammett-Beziehung mit σ = -1.1 bzw. -1.3 und unterliegt somit einem polaren Effekt.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 653-660 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Preparation of Fluorocyclotriphosphazenes with Phosphazene Side ChainsFluorocyclotriphosphazenes with phosphazene side chains were prolonged by the alternating reactions of hexamethyldisilazane and phosphorus pentachloride (1-8). The compounds formed contain up to six alternating (PN) bonds. Reactions of heptamethyldisilazane and methylamine give 9 and 10. Substitution reactions with the higher ring compounds yield 11-14. The properties of these substances are described and their structures could be likely prooved on the basis of 31P and 19F n. m. r. investigations. The compounds are further characterized by analysis and i. r. spectra.
    Notes: Fluorcyclotriphosphazene mit Phosphazenseitenkette werden durch alternierende Reaktionen mit Hexamethyldisilazan und Phosphorpentachlorid verlängert (1-8). Dabei entstehen Verbindungen, die bis zu sechs alternierende (PN)-Bindungen enthalten (7, 8). Umsetzungen mit Heptamethyldisilazan und Methylamin ergeben 9 und 10. Substitutionen an höheren Ringverbindungen führen zu 11-14. Die Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen werden beschrieben und ihre Struktur durch 31P- und 19F-NMR-Untersuchungen wahrscheinlich gemacht. Die Verbindungen werden weiterhin durch Analysen und IR-Spektren charakterisiert.
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 661-664 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 677-678 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 683-685 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 691-695 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Degradation Mechanism of Polyphosphoric Acid EstersPhenyl and methyl polyphosphates were reacted with small amounts of phenol, the course of the degradation reactions being followed by 31P n. m. r. spectroscopy of the obtained reaction mixtures. The analysis reveal general rules for the nucleophilic degradation of polyphosphate esters.
    Notes: Polyphosphorsäure-phenylester und -methylester wurden mit kleinen, Mengen Phenol umgesetzt und der Gang der Abbaureaktionen mit Hilfe der 31P-Kernresonanzspektren der entstandenen Reaktionsgemische untersucht. Die Analyse ergibt allgemeine Regeln für den nucleophilen Abbau von Polyphosphorsäureestern.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 705-716 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Course of the Pyridylation of Indoles and Pyrrolinones with Pyridine and BenzoylchlorideA mixture of pyridine and benzoyl chloride forms an SE reagent whose reaction with indoles and pyrrolin-2-ones is investigated. Indoles are converted to dihydropyridylindoles, e. g. 1, or to pyridylindoles, e. g. 3, whereas pyrrolinones undergo aromatization to pyrroles, e. g. 6, 7 or 10, with elimination of the amide oxygen. Reaction mechanisms are proposed and confirmed by the isolation of intermediates.
    Notes: Ein Gemisch von Benzoylchlorid und Pyridin stellt ein SE-Reagenz dar. dessen Reaktion an Indolen und Pyrrolinonen-(2) untersucht wird. Mit Indolen bilden sich Dihydropyridylindole (z. B. 1) bzw. Pyridylindole (z. B. 3), während Pyrrolinone unter Eliminierung des Amid-Sauerstoffs zu Pyrrolderivaten wie 6, 7 oder 10 aromatisiert werden. Reaktionsmechanismen werden vorgeschlagen und an Zwischenprodukten belegt.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 717-721 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Phosphorus Compounds, 68. Preparation and Properties of Tetrakis(diphenylphosphine)nickel(0)The title compound, 1, was prepared by reacting of diphenylphosphine with bis(π-allyl)nickel, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0) (2), nickel-powder, or nickel(II) bromide. The structure of 1 was elucidated by Zerewitinoff method, i. r. and n. m. r. spectra. The alkylation of metalated 1 was not successful.
    Notes: Die Titelsubstanz 1 wurde durch Einwirkung von Diphenylphosphin auf Bis-π-allyl-nickel, Tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)-nickel(0) (2), Nickelpulver oder Nickel(II)-bromid dargestellt. Ihre Struktur wurde durch Zerewitinoff-Bestimmung, IR- und NMR-Spektren abgesichert. Eine Alkylierung von metalliertem 1 gelang nicht.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 734-738 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 1-Oxo-1.3.6.7-tetrahydro-5H-furo[3.4-b]pyrans and -thiopyransVarious 2-methyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5.6-dihydro-4H-pyrans and -thiopyrans (1) react with bromine to form the corresponding 2-bromomethyl derivatives (2), which can be converted by heating to α.β-unsaturated γ-lactones (3) l. r. and n. m. r. spectra are reported and discussed.
    Notes: Die Bromierung verschiedener 2-Methyl-3-äthoxycarbonyl-5.6-dihydro-4H-pyrane und -thiopyrane (1) führt zu den entsprechenden 2-Brommethylverbindungen (2), die thermisch zu α.β-ungesättigten γ-Lactonen (3) cyclisiert werden können. Die Strukturen werden durch NMR- und IR-Spektren bewiesen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 722-733 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Chemistry of Boron, LVI. Derivatives of HydrazinodiphenylboraneHydrazinodiphenylboranes of the type XNH—NH—B(C6H5)2 are monomeric (1a). The acyl derivatives (1b—d) (X = C6H5CO, CH3CO, (C6H5)2P(O)) are all internally coordinated through BO-bonds. -N.N′-Bis(diphenylboryl)derivatives of hydrazines (2a—c) are obtained from (C6H5)2BN(C2H5)2 and N2H4, CH3NH—NH2, or CH3NH—NHCH3 but no N.N′-bis-(diphenylboryl)hydrazines can be prepared by this method. Compounds of the latter type (3) are accessible via N-lithiohydrazines. - The structures of the new compounds are discussed and some of their chemical properties reported.
    Notes: Hydrazino-diphenylborane des Typs XNH—NH—B(C6H5)2 sind monomer (1a); in den N-Acyl-N′-diphenylboryl-hydrazinen (1b—d) (X = C6H5CO, CH3CO, (C6H5)2P(O)) liegt vierbindiges Bor vor. - N.N′-Bis-diphenylborylierung an Hydrazinen gelingt durch Einwirkung von (C6H5)2BN(C2H5)2 auf Hydrazin, Methylhydrazin und N.N′-Dimethyl-hydrazin (Bildung von 2a—c). Diese Umaminierung kann zur Darstellung von N.N′-Bis(diphenylboryl)-hydrazinen nicht herangezogen werden; sie (3) sind jedoch über mit LiCH3 metallierte Hydrazinderivate zugängig. - Die Strukturen der neuen Verbindungen werden diskutiert und einige ihrer chemischen Eigenschaften beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 739-747 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pteridines, XL. Synthesis of 3.N2.N2-TrimethylpterinsThe synthesis of 2-dimethylamino-3-methyl-4-oxo-3.4-dihydropteridines (18 and 19) is described. Comparisons of u. v. spectra reveal that the predominant tautomeric form of pterin (20) in solution possesses the 2-amino-4-oxo-3.4-dihydrostructure. Various alkylations of 4-aminopyrimidine derivatives are included in these investigations.
    Notes: Die Synthese von 2-Dimethylamino-4-oxo-3-methyl-3.4-dihydro-pteridinen (18 und 19) wird beschrieben. Durch UV-Spektrenvergleiche läßt sich zeigen, daß von den möglichen tautomeren Formen des Pterins (20) die 2-Amino-4-oxo-dihydro-Struktur in Lösung bevorzugt wird. Verschiedene Alkylierungen von 4-Amino-pyrimidin-Derivaten sind in die Untersuchungen mit einbezogen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 787-791 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Investigation of Hydroacridines, VIII. Synthesis and Structure of 9-(4-Pyridyl)- and 9-(3-Pyridyl)-symm-octahydroacridineBy condensation of γ-and β-pyridinealdehyde with cyclohexanone, the tricyclic ketols 1 a and 1 b are obtained. Their oximes 2 give by thermal decomposition the corresponding 9-pyridyl-symm-octahydroacridines (3). The n. m. r. spectra are discussed.
    Notes: Durch Kondensation von γ-bzw, β-Pyridinaldehyd mit Cyclohexanon werden die tricyclischen Ketole 1 a und 1 b erhalten. Deren Oxime 2 ergeben durch thermische Zersetzung die entsprechenden 9-Pyridyl-symm-octahydroacridine (3). Die NMR-Spektren der dargestellten Verbindungen werden besprochen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 770-779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pteridines, XLI. Synthesis of Pteridine-N-8-ribosides5-Nitro-4-(ribofuranosylamino) pyrimidines (1—4) are reduced to the corresponding 5-amino derivatives (5, 6) and these condensed with ethyl glyoxylate (7, 8). On subsequent ringclosure the pteridine-N-8-ribosides (9—12) are formed. U. v. and n.m.r. spectra are used for characterization.
    Notes: Zur Synthese der ersten Pteridin-N-8-riboside (9—12) werden 5-Nitro-4-ribofuranosylamino-pyrimidine (1—4) zunächst zu den 5-Aminoderivaten (5, 6) reduziert, diese dann mit Glyoxyl-säureester kondensiert (7, 8) und 7, 8 anschließend cyclisiert. Zur Charakterisierung der Produkte dienen UV- und NMR-Spektren.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 780-786 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pteridines, XLII. A New Pteridine Synthesis from 4.5-Dihalouracils and EthylenediaminesA new approach for the synthesis of pteridine derivatives from 4.5-dihalouracils and ethylenediamines is described. pK values and u. v. absorption spectra of the synthesized products have been determined.
    Notes: Eine neue Synthesemöglichkeit für Pteridin-Derivate besteht in der Umsetzung von 4.5-Dihalogen-uracilen mit Äthylendiamin-Derivaten. pK-Werte und UV-Spektren der synthetisierten Verbindungen werden angegeben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 792-801 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, XV. Formation of Ketene Aminals and Enediamines by Reaction of Bis(dimethylamino)-tert-butoxymethane with AzinesThe reaction of bis(dimethylamino)-tert-butoxymethane (2) with azines of aromatic aldehydes (4, 8) affords ketene aminals (5). Diazomethanes (9, 10) are formed as intermediates. Aryldiazomethanes react with 2 to give a mixture of ketene aminals (5), trans-enediamines (6), and cis-enediamines (7). The reaction of 2 with bis(2-pyridylmethylene)- (4n), with difurfurylidenehydrazine (4o) or with the azines 8, obtained by treatment of aromatic aldehydes with diphenylmethylenehydrazine, yields only ketene aminals (5). The reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Bis-dimethylamino-tert.-butyloxy-methan (2) (Aminal-tert.-butyl-ester) mit Azinen aromatischer Aldehyde (4, 8) entstehen Ketenaminale (5) und als Zwischenprodukte Diazomethane (9, 10, ). Von diesen reagieren die Aryldiazomethane mit 2, zu Gemischen aus Ketenaminalen (5), trans- (6) und cis-Endiaminen (7). Bis-[Pyridyl-(2)-methylen]-(4n) und Difurfurylidenhydrazin (4o) sowie die aus aromatischen Aldehyden und Diphenyl-methylen-hydrazin dargestellten Azine 8 ergeben mit 2 ausschließlich Ketenaminale (5). Der Reaktionsablauf wird diskutiert.
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 748-769 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies in the Pyrimidine Series, XXVI. A New Synthesis of 4-(Glycosylamino)-5-nitropyrimidinesFusion of some 4-amino-5-nitropyrimidines (1 4, 33, 36) with acylated D-ribose, D-glucose or acylated methylglycosides of D-ribofuranose, 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose or L-arabinofuranose with an acidic catalyst produced the corresponding 5-nitro-4-(acylglycosylamino)pyrimidines (9-19 and others). In most cases both anomers were formed. which could be separated by preparative layer chromatography. The structure and configuration of the anomers were determined by u. v., n. m. r., and o. r. d. spectra. In the case of the ribofuranosides the thermodynamically more stable α-anomers were formed in larger amounts than the β-compounds. The influence of various catalysts and reaction conditions on the yield and the anomeric ratio was investigated.
    Notes: Die Schmelzkondensation verschiedener 5-Nitro-4-amino-pyrimidine (1—4, 33, 36) mit vollacylierter D-Ribose und D-Glucose sowie mit acylierten Methylglykosiden der D-Ribofuranose, 2-Desoxy-D-ribofuranose und L-Arabinofuranose zu den entsprechenden 5-Nitro-4-acylglykosylamino-pyrimidinen (9-19 und andere) wird beschrieben. Meist werden beide Anomere gebildet, die durch präparative Schichtchromatographie isoliert und mit Hilfe von UV-, NMR- und ORD-Spektren charakterisiert werden. Die Schmelzkondensation verläuft bei den angewandten Bedingungen unter thermodynamischer Steuerung. Im Falle der Ribofuranoside sind die α-Verbindungen stabiler als die β-Anomeren. Der Einfluß verschiedener Katalysatoren und Reaktionsbedingungen auf Ausbeute und Anomerenverhältnis wird untersucht.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 802-807 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XV. The Boron Hydride Reduction of Boron Difluoride-β-Dicarbonyl Complexes1.3-Dicarbonyl compounds in the indole series (3, 12) have been specifically reduced to the corresponding unsaturated ketones (6, 14) by sodium boron hydride after formation of the boron difluoride complexes (5, 13).
    Notes: 1.3-Dicarbonylverbindungen der Indolreihe (3, 12) werden nach Überführung in Bordifluorid-Komplexe (5, 13) mit Natriumborhydrid glatt und einsinnig in α-β-ungesättigte Ketone (6, 14) übergeführt.
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 808-821 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Decomposition of Diarylnitrosamines and -nitraminesThermal decomposition of the nitrosamines 1 and 8 in the absence of oxygen affords diarylamine radicals which form 4-7 and 9-11, respectively. The results support the radical mechanism for the thermal benzidine rearrangement. - The nitramines 13, 14 and 17 undergo a thermal nitramine rearrangement. - Heating of 1 and 16 in the presence of oxygen to give 2, 3 and 19, 20, respectively, proceeds as depicted in eqn. (1).
    Notes: Die thermische Zersetzung der Nitrosamine 1 und 8 unter Sauerstoff-Ausschluß liefert Diarylamin-Radikale, die miteinander zu 4-7 bzw. 9-11 reagieren. Die Ergebnisse stützen den Radikalmechanismus für die thermische Benzidin-Umlagerung. - Die Nitramine 13, 14 und 17 gehen beim Erhitzen eine radikalisch ablaufende Nitramin-Umlagerung ein. - Für die Bildung von 2 und 3 bzw. 19 und 20 beim Erhitzen von 1 und 16 in Sauerstoff-Gegenwart wird der in Gl. (1) formulierte Reaktionsweg abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 822-829 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with Substituted Malondialdehydes, X. γ-Fluoropentamethinecyanine DyesCondensation of substituted malondialdehydes 2 and 4 with heterocyclic imonium salts 1 yields pentamethinecyanine dyes 3 and 5 in which the polymethine chain is γ-substituted with fluorine and other groups. The introduction of fluorine causes a bathochromic (!) shift of the long wave length absorption band (table 1). - The influence of substituents on the long wave length absorption band of pentamethinecyanine dyes (table 2) is quantitatively described by means of a Hammett correlation (fig.), and the deviations are discussed. - σp-Constants for 4-nitrophenyl and 2-pyrazinyl are estimated.
    Notes: Durch Kondensation substituierter Malondialdehyde 2 und 4 mit heterocyclischen Imoniumsalzen 1 werden symmetrische Pentamethincyanin-Farbstoffe 3 und 5 dargestellt, deren Polymethin-Kette mit Fluor und anderen Gruppen γ-substituiert ist. Die Einführung des Fluors bewirkt eine bathochrome (!) Verschiebung der längstwelligen Absorptionsbande (Tab. 1). - Der Substituenteneinfluß auf die längstwellige Absorptionsbande von Pentamethincyanin-Farbstoffen (Tab. 2) wird durch eine Hammett-Korrelation quantitativ beschrieben (Abbild.), Abweichungen werden diskutiert. - σp-Werte für den 4-Nitrophenyl- und den Pyrazinyl-(2)-Rest werden abgeschätzt.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 861-872 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tetramethoxyethylene, VI. Cycloadditions of Tetramethoxyethylene to Carbon SuboxideReaction of tetramethoxyethylene with carbon suboxide yields via the intermediary 1 : 1 cycloadduct 6 a 2 : 1-adduct 10 and a 2 : 2-adduct 19. The structural assignments rest on chemical reactions, spectroscopic data, and an X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Tetramethoxy-äthylen (1) mit Kohlensuboxid (2) entstehen als Folgeprodukte des intermediär auftretenden 1 : 1-Adduktes 6 ein 2 : 1-Addukt 10 und ein 2 : 2-Addukt 19. Die Strukturzuordnung stützt sich auf Reaktionen, spektroskopische Daten und eine Röntgen-Strukturanalyse.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 830-836 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 1.6-Anhydro-β-D-mannofuranose and 1.6-Anhydro-α-L-gulofuranoseVacuum pyrolysis of D-mannose yields 1.6-anhydro-β-D-mannopyranose besides 1.6-anhydro-β-D-mannofuranose (1a), which can be obtained in an overall yield of 3.3% by direct crystallisation. RuO4-Oxidation of the 2.3-O-isopropylidene derivative of 1 a leads to the formation of 1.6-anhydro-2.3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-lyxo-hexofuranos-5-ulose (3), which is reduced with LiAlH4 stereoselectively to the corresponding 1.6-anhydro-α-L-gulofuranose derivative 4.
    Notes: Durch Vakuumpyrolyse von D-Mannose ist neben 1.6-Anhydro-β-D-mannopyranose die 1.6-Anhydro-β-D-mannofuranose (1 a) direkt in 3.3 proz. Ausb. kristallisiert gewinnbar. RuO4-Oxydation der 2.3-Isopropyliden-Verbindung von 1 a ergibt 1.6-Anhydro-2.3-O-isopropyliden-β-D-lyxo-hexofuranos-5-ulose (3), die mit LiAlH4 selektiv zum 1.6-Anhydro-α-L-gulofuranose-Derivat 4 hydriert wird.
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polypodosaponin, a New Type of Saponin from Polypodium Vulgare L.From Polypodium vulgare L. a. saponin, polypodosaponin (1), was isolated. It is easily converted into 26-O-methyl-polypodosaponin (2) during the isolation with methanol. The structure elucidation was mainly made with 2. The corresponding aglykon (26-O-methylpolypodogenin) has been shown to have the structure of a 3β-hydroxy-26ξ-methoxy-22ξ.26ξ-epoxy-6-oxo-5α-cholest-7-ene (4). In the saponin 2, the 3β-hydroxy group is attached to an α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl moity. 2 shows the typical properties of a saponin, and it is representing a new type of steroid saponins.
    Notes: Aus Polypodium vulgare L. wurde ein Saponin, das Polypodosaponin (1), isoliert. Es geht bei der Isolierung mit Methanol leicht in das 26-O-Methyl-polypodosaponin (2) über, an dem vorwiegend die Konstitution aufgeklärt wurde. Dem zugehörigen Aglykon (26-O-Methyl-polypodogenin) konnte die Struktur eines 3β-Hydroxy-26ξ-methoxy-22ξ.26ξ-epoxy-6-oxo-5α-cholestens-(7) (4) zugeordnet werden. Im Saponin 2 ist die 3β-Hydroxygruppe an einen α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-Rest gebunden. 2 besitzt typische Saponineigenschaften und stellt eine neue Variante der Steroidsaponine dar.
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 847-860 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Type and Energetic Height of the Lowest Triplet Level in Dihalomaleic AnhydridesDichloro-, dibromo- and diiodomaleic anhydrides show on excitation in the edge of the longest wavelength absorption band a phosphorescence emission, which, due to a photodissociation process, disappears on excitation with light of shorter wavelength. Triplet energy, singlet-triplet splitting as well as the phosphorescence lifetime of the anhydrides were measured. The emitting triplet term belongs obviously to a 3(ππ
    Notes: Dichlor-, Dibrom- und Dijodmaleinsäureanhydrid zeigen bei Anregung in der längstwelligen Absorptionskante eine Phosphoreszenz-Emission, die aufgrund eines Photodissoziationsprozesses bei der Einstrahlung kürzerwelliger Erregerstrahlung verschwindet. Triplettenergie, Singulett-Triplett-Aufspaltung sowie Phosphoreszenz-Lebensdauer der Derivate wurden bestimmt. Der emittierende Term gehört offensichtlich zu einer 3(ππAbkürzung für Maleinsäureanhydrid.)Configuration.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 873-885 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tetramethoxyethylene, VII. 2 + 2-Cycloadditions to TetramethoxyethyleneTetramethoxyethylene (1) readily adds to electrophilic unsaturated compounds to form 2 + 2-cycloadducts in high yield with retention of stereochemistry. Thermolyses and photolyses of some of the cycloadducts are reported.
    Notes: Tetramethoxy-äthylen (1) addiert sich in hohen Ausbeuten an elektrophile, ungesättigte Partner in einer stereospezifischen 2 + 2-Cycloaddition. Die Thermolyse und Photolyse einiger Addukte wird beschrieben.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 886-894 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aminyls, 4. The Thermal Decomposition of p-Substituted TetraarylhydrazinesDepending on the nature of the p-substituent, the thermal decomposition of p-substituted tetraarylhydrazines yields diarylamin, o-semidine, m-Semidine, dihydrophenazine, as well as products of higher molecular weight.
    Notes: Abhängig von der Art des p-Substituenten werden bei der thermischen Zersetzung p-substituierter Tetraarylhydrazine Diarylamin, o-Semidin, m-Semidin, Dihydrophenazin und Produkte höheren Molekulargewichts gebildet.
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 902-908 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetic and Radical Efficiency for the Decomposition of Tertiary HyponitritesThe thermal decomposition of dicumylhyponitrite (1a) is a first order reaction with an activation enthalpy of 27.3 kcal/mole and an activation entropy of 8.5 e. u. in isooctane. The efficiency of radical formation is 84% for 1a but 92% for di-tert-butylhyponitrite. The rate constants for the decomposition of substituted dicumylhyponitrites follow the Hammett equation with σ=++0.34 by applying σ+ values.
    Notes: Der thermische Zerfall von Dicumylhyponitrit (1a) ist eine Reaktion erster Ordnung mit einer Aktivierungsenthalpie von 27.3 keal/Mol und einer Aktivierungsentropie von 8.5 cal/Mol·Grad in Isooctan. Die Radikalausbeute für 1a beträgt 84%, für Di-tert.-butylhyponitrit 92%. Die Zerfallskonstanten substituierter Dicumylhyponitrite gehorchen bei Verwendung der σ+-Werte der Hammett-Beziehung mit σ=+ +0.34.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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