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  • 1985-1989  (157)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1830-1839
  • 1986  (157)
  • Life Sciences (general)  (107)
  • Electron microscopy
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 409 (1986), S. 417-431 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary neoplasms ; Pituitary hormones ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Alpha-subunit ; Acromegaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistological techniques demonstrate the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in the majority of endocrine-inactive, undifferentiated pituitary adenomas and pituitary oncocytomas. In about one-fifth of endocrine-active adenomas, the alpha-subunit is produced in combination with either adrenocorticotropic hormone or prolactin, and it is found in combination with growth hormone in about half of those adenomas causing acromegaly. Pure alpha-subunit-producing, endocrine-inactive adenomas characteristically have small secretory granules that are destroyed by direct osmium fixation, but are well preserved after prefixation with glutaraldehyde. As only a few atypical prolactinomas show similar secretory granules, and as they display a positive reaction for the alpha-subunit only exceptionally, this ultrastructural feature can serve as a guide to differentiate such adenomas.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1986), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pulmonary fibrosis ; Asbestosis ; Chrysotile ; Macrophages ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single instillation of 1 mg chrysotile B with a fiber length between 0.05 and 0.2 µm in 0.1 ml tricaprylin was made via a polyvinyl catheter into the lower lobe of the right lung of 120 six-week-old Wistar rats under anesthesia. The animals were killed at intervals between five minutes and two years. The lower lobes of the right lung were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The process of pulmonary fibrosis induced by asbestos can be subdivided into four phases: these are the phase of phagocytosis (five to 15 min), the phase of granuloma formation (between one and two weeks), the phase of septal fibrosis (between two and six months) and finally the scar stage (after one year). After instillation of small asbestos fibers into the alveoli, a major proportion of these fibers is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages after five minutes and leaves the lungs via the airways. A proportion of the fibers penetrates through the alveolar wall (mostly conveyed by type I pneumocytes) and reaches the interstitium of the lungs. There, the fibers are taken up by pulmonary tissue macrophages and giant cells. Within the phagolysosomes, the fibers are broken down into fragments less than 0.01 µm in length. Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant in excess. These cells become necrotic, tubular myelin and lamellar bodies pass into the alveoli and into the interstitium. Surfactant is phagocytosed by resident macrophages. These macrophages phages can break down. Besides asbestos and surfactant, mediators of fibrillogenesis are released. Macrophages following up from blood monocytes ingest surfactant and asbestos. This process is perpetuated up to complete scarring. After two years, small asbestos fibers less than 0.01 µm long are present in fibroblasts and pleural mesothelia.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant-cell ; Virus-like inclusion ; Intranuclear inclusion ; Giant cell tumour of bone ; Paget's disease of bone ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the paramyxovirus-like intranuclear inclusions observed in giant cells tumours of bone (GCTB). Twenty-one (49%) of 43 cases of GCTB (1977–1985), either fresh and/ or cultured, show these ultrastructural inclusions. Fifty samples of various bone lesions in which giant cell lesions occurred, including aneurysmal cysts, hyperparathyroidism, osteoblastoma, human and rat osteopetrosis, GCT of tendon sheaths, and non skeletal granuloma were used as controls. These, together with 20 samples of normal bone (osteoclasts) did not contain intranuclear or intracytoplasmic viral inclusions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cytotoxicity ; Cell morphology ; RL-4 hepatocyte ; Electron microscopy ; In vitro study ; Allyl isothiocyanate ; Benzyl isothiocyanate ; Tert-butylhydroperoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since allyl isothiocyanate has been reported to be a bladder carcinogen and benzyl isothiocyanate is a known anti-carcinogen, it is important to know the mode of their cytotoxic action. This was investigated in a RL-4 hepatocyte cell line by studying the morphological effects of increasing concentrations of the isothiocyanates and their glutathione and cysteine conjugates. These effects were compared with those induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide which supposedly has its primary effect upon the cytosolic glutathione status and thus upon the integrity of Ca2+-sequestrating mitochondria. The results agree with the previously postulated role of conjugation in the exposure of cells to isothiocyanates: Conjugates show effects similar to those produced by the free parent compounds because conjugates release free isothiocyanates in aqueous solution. The cytomorphological effects increase in a more or less dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of isothiocyanate or exposure time. Probably due to increased exposure, suspended RL-4 cells are more sensitive to the toxic action than cells growing on a substrate. No qualitative differences were found between the effects of allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate, indicating that their different effects in vivo are perhaps related to organ-specific differences in equilibrium between the conjugated and unconjugated forms of the test substances. The first cytomorphological effects of isothiocyanates consist of surface blebbing (zeiosis) and swelling of dictyosomal cisternae. At higher concentrations swelling extends to vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are not affected until the cells reach the necrotic phase of injury. In contrast, tert-butylhydroperoxide causes mitochondrial damage in an early pase of toxic injury. The cellular symptoms suggest that the primary target of isothiocyanates is in the plasma membrane and the cellular membrane system, affecting the monovalent cation and water balance of the cell organelles rather than the Ca2+ homeostasis as in cells exposed to tert-butylhydroperoxide. Differences in lipophilicity may be at the basis of this differenc in primary action.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Basement membrane ; Laminin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-eight human pituitary adenomas (24 endocrine active and 14 endocrine inactive tumors) were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of the basement membrane component, laminin, and ultrastructurally for the presence of basement membrane. Immunoreactivity of laminin delineated staining of epithelial and endothelial basement membranes, the reaction product being confined mostly to the perivascular zones. Moreover, a hitherto undescribed presence of intercellular laminin-positive droplets was observed in ten of the active adenomas (nine patients with hyperprolactinemia and/or acromegalia and one patient with Cushing's syndrome). Concurrently, at the ultrastructural level, bunches of basement membrane-like material intermingled between the adenoma cells were demonstrated in seven of these ten active adenomas. Furthermore, secretory granules were entrapped occasionally in this intercellular matrix, indicating a mutual dependence between excessive hormone extrusion and an increase of “misplaced” deposits of basement membrane components, e.g., laminin.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscular diseases ; Capillar pathology ; Grave's disease ; Hyperthyroidism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary an electron microscope study of needle biopsies from the quadriceps muscle was carried out in 11 non=selected patients (ten females and one male), with clinically and laboratory-diagnosed hyperthyroid disease. Alterations of the normal structure of muscle fibres were found in all cases. Changes in capillaries were found in ten patients, and ranged from an increase in basement membrane thickness with reduplication, to total destruction of the capillaries. The importance of the vascular involvement in the muscles of patients with Graves-Basedow disease is stressed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Folliculo-stellate cell ; Pituitary adenoma ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; S-100 protein ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Folliculo-stellate cells (FS cells) in 40 pituitary adenomas and portions of anterior pituitary adjacent to the tumor in 26 cases were investigated immunohistochemically, using polyclonal antisera to S-100 protein (S-100) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The objective was to clarify the histological behavior of the FS cells. In most pituitary adenomas there were few or no S-100-or GFAP-positive cell, in comparison with numerous positive cells in the parts of the adenohypophyses compressed by adenomas. However, positive FS cells were observed in some types of pituitary adenomas. Growth hormone and prolactin producing adenomas frequently contained significant amounts of FS cells. In non-functioning adenomas, an unique case of FS cell adenoma was present. The adenoma was composed mainly of FS cells and immature glandular cells. The FS cells were sometimes located around follicles containing Periodic acid Schiff-positive material. Therefore, the FS cell adenoma is characterized by S-100- and GFAP-positive FS cells and PAS-positive follicles. In this type of adenoma, FS cells seemed to be the main proliferating component. In parts of the adenohypophyses adjacent to the adenomas, GFAP0-positive FS cells were numerous. In the pathological conditions FS cells may possess the potential of reactive proliferation.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1986), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: E. coli relA +/relA ; Starvation survival ; Guanosine tetraphosphate ; Electron microscopy ; Glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amino acid-starved cells of Escherichia coli relA +, which contain a large number of glycogen particles, are able to survive in phosphate buffer for a longer time period than their relaxed counterparts. With regard to NH 4 + starvation differences in the survival of both strains were not found. NH 4 + starved cells of E. coli relA are able to synthesize glycogen but amino acid-starved cells of the relA strain are not. We suggest that the synthesis of glycogen triggered by guanosine tetraphosphate during amino acid starvation is responsible for the prolonged viability of the E. coli relA + strain.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Membrane structure ; Electron microscopy ; Ectothiorhodospira ; Serial thin sectioning ; Three dimensional reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The three dimensional organization of the complete photosynthetic apparatus of the extremely halophilic, bacteriochlorophyll b containing Ectothiorhodospira halochloris has been elaborated by several techniques of electron microscopy. Essentially all thylakoidal sacs are disc shaped and connected to the cytoplasmic membrane by small membraneous “bridges”. In sum, the lumina of all thylakoids (intrathylakoidal space) form one common periplasmic space. Thin sections confirm a paracrystalline arrangement of the photosynthetic complexes in situ. The ontogenic development of the photosynthetic apparatus is discussed based on a structural model derived from serial thin sections.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Sugar beet ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial (mt) DNAs from normal (N) and male sterile (S) cytoplasms of sugar been have been isolated and investigated by electron microscopy. The results showed that mtDNA was composed of a heterogeneous population of circular molecules. Their contour lengths varied from 0.28 to 51 μm, but unlike in the case of maize, a large difference was not observed in the distribution of molecular classes greater than 1.0 μm between N and S cytoplasms of sugar beet. On the other hand, N and S cytoplasms were shown to contain their own characteristic combinations of small circular mtDNA species with lengths between 0.28 μm and 0.6 μm. Mitochondrial DNAs from various sources of male-sterile cytoplasms were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the extent of cytoplasmic variation. Additional low molecular weight DNA bands appeared in all male-sterile lines examined, and as a result, three distinctive banding patterns were recognized. These data are in general agreement with those based upon restriction endonuclease digestion of mt and chloroplast DNAs and the genetic analysis of fertility restoration in test crosses.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 422-427 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: CFU-E ; BFU-E ; Electron microscopy ; Sideroblastic anaemia ; Dyserythropoiesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the morphological and functional characteristics of erythroblasts derived from marrow erythroid progenitor cells grown in a methylcellulose microculture, which were taken from a female child with rate atypical sideroblastic anaemia (SA) partially responsive to pyridoxine. Colony formation was within the normal range in three successive cultures (median values: 82.25 CFU-E and 16.4 BFU-E derived colonies/6.6×104 cells) compared to growth by normal cells (65-315 CFU-E and 9-40 BFU-E). We evaluated in vitro differentiation by biochemical microassay of a cytosol enzyme involved in the haeme pathway: uroporphyrinogen I synthase (UROS). The UROS values in the erythroid colonies from SA marrow were at the lower end of the normal range (median values: 6.7±0.3 and 14.4±3.8 pmol uroporphyrinogen/h in CFU-E and BFU-E-derived colonies respectively versus 17.4±7.3 and 25±7.2 pmol/h in CFU-E and BFU-E colonies from normal subjects. Ultrastructural examination of the SA erythroblasts from non-cultured bone marrow or derived from cultured BFU-E revealed the characteristic deposition of iron in mitochondria around the nucleus of most cells (ringed sideroblasts). However, the majority of cultured cells had marked dyserythropoietic featuress, with a large number of bilobulated or trilobulated crythroblasts, multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, numerous abnormalities of the nucleus, and excessive membrane material beneath the plasma membrane, all features difficult to observe in non-cultured marrows.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbiosis ; Transposon Tn5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genome of the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was mutagenized with transposon Tn5. A total of 1623 kanamycin/streptomycin resistant derivatives were screened in soybean infection tests for nodulation (Nod) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix). In this report we describe 14 strains possessing a stable, reproducible Nod+Fix- phenotype. These strains were also grown under microaerobic culture conditions to test them for free-living nitrogen fixation activity (Nif). In addition to strains having reduced Fix and Nif activities, there were also strains that had reduced symbiotic Fix activity but were Nif+ ex planta. Analysis of the genomic structure revealed that the majority of the strains had a single Tn5 insertion without any further apparent physical alteration. A few strains had additional insertions (by Tn5 or IS50), or a deletion, or had cointegrated part of the vector used for Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the insertions was found in a known nif gene (nifD) whereas all other mutations seem to affect different, hitherto unknown genes or operons. Several mutant strains had an altered nodulation phenotype, inducing numerous, small, widely distributed nodules. Light and electron microscopy revealed that most of these mutants were defective in different stages of bacteroid development and/or bacteroid persistence. The protein patterns of the mutants were inspected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after labelling microaerobic cultures with l-(35S)methionine. Of particular interest were mutants lacking a group of proteins the synthesis of which was known to be under oxygen control. Such strains can be regarded as potential regulatory mutants.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat optic nerve ; Gliogenesis ; Myelination ; In vitro ; In vivo ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The question of whether the development of CNS glial cells requires the presence of axons or not can be studied with in vitro systems. In order to compare the differentiation of glial cells during development in vitro with that in situ, we have selected the optic nerve, which is anatomically as well as histotypically a well defined structure. For the in vitro investigations, small explants, called minisegments, of newborn rat optic nerves were cultivated taking four major conditions into account: (1) the regular size of the minisegments should guarantee a permanent exchange of the culture medium in order to avoid cell death, (2) neither mechanical nor enzymatic dissociation of the tissue were applied, (3) the minisegments were explanted into flasks without substrate for cell adhesion and (4) the minisegments were under constant gyratory agitation. The following in situ results were obtained: optic nerves of newborn rats are morphologically characterized by the presence of naked axons, astrocytes, glial precursors, and the absence of both differentiated oligodendrocytes and myelin. At postnatal day 5 myelin sheaths are still absent. Two weeks after birth, differentiated oligodendrocytes and microglial cells are present and numerous axons are surrounded by compact myelin. The in vitro experiments show the following main results, which were obtained after 14 h, 2 d, 5 d and 14 d in culture: during time in culture, the shape of minisegment of newborn rat optic nerves undergoes drastic changes, which indicate high cellular dynamics. After 14 h in vitro, axonal profiles, cells with pyknotic nuclei as well as clusters of astrocytes and glial precursors are present. After 2 days in culture the axonal profiles disappeared and the number of degenerating cells decreased drastically. Many large cells, probably phagocytes containing inclusions and more cells are differentiated. At the stage of 5 d in vitro 4 major types of cells can be distinguished: differentiated oligodendrocytes, which form compact and loose myelin, astrocytes, large and small glioblasts and phagocytes. Immunoprecipitates for myelin basic protein and/or myelin associated glycoprotein were found in oligodendrocytes, in their processes and associated to the myelin. Processes of some astrocytes showed immunoreactive products of glial fibrillary acidic protein. After two weeks in culture, the minisegments were mostly composed of astrocytes, whereas oligodendrocytes became rare and phagocytes disappeared. It can be concluded that CNS glial cells can attain their structural and immunocytochemical characteristics in the total absence of neuronal cell bodies and axons. However, it can be speculated that neurons (or neuronal factors) could regulate the number of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and keep these glial cells in a physiological equilibrium.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebral vasospasm ; Myonecrosis ; Myofilament ; Calcium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic data on the development of myonecrosis following cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage, meningitis and trans-sylvian surgery are presented. The basic feature of myonecrosis was dissolution of myofilaments with resultant fine granular or filamentous material. The disintegrating cytoplasm often contained numerous glycogen granules, dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles and myelin-like membranous bodies. A well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum was preserved despite myofilament dissolution, while mitochondria showed marked sweling. The nuclei showed either dilution of chromatin or pyknotic change. The basal lamina was remarkably thickened and maintained an irregular outline of the necrotic smooth muscle cells. Enlarged intercellular space contained abundant cellular debris, vesicular structures and connective tissue fibres. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otitis media with effusion ; Electron microscopy ; Human temporal bones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the middle ear mucosa appear to be of significant value in better understanding the pathology of otitis media with effusion (OME). Our present study was undertaken in order to take advantage of the use of electron microscopy in investigating all areas of the middle ear mucosa. Tissues studied were obtained from the fresh postmortem temporal bones of three patients with OME and terminal head and neck malignancies. In the mucoid type of effusion (cases 1 and 2), goblet cells were seen to proliferate and secretory activity was greatly enhanced. In contrast, there was no evidence of secretory cell proliferation in the serous type of effusion. It was noteworthy that accumulated fluid was not homogeneous in the same ear, as exemplified by case 1, in which both mucoid and serous effusions were present. This occurrence was possibly the result of topographic diversity involving the secretory activity of the middle ear.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 296-303 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Experimental tympanosclerosis ; Induced calcifications ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rat animal model was used to study the ultrastructure of submucosal calcifications induced in the middle ear following inoculation with Streptococcus pyogenes and high doses of parenteral vitamin D3. The morphological changes present in affected animals resembled the classical picture of tympanosclerosis. While calcification occurred about bacterial remnants and myelin structures, the most important calcification centers were lysosomal and non-lysosomal matrix vesicles in the extracellular spaces. These formed band-like calcifications close to the basal membrane without affecting the epithelial layer. This animal model offers the possibility of studying the effect of various therapeutic regimens in the treatment of the dynamic tympanosclerotic process.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 70 (1986), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astroblastoma ; Immunohistopathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The very existence of astroblastoma has been a question of considerable controversy, although there appears now to be sufficient documentation to establish it as a tenable entity. Due to the rarity of this tumor, little information exists in the literature as to its natural history, efficacy of therapy and its pathological and radiological appearance. We report three cases of astroblastoma, describing their natural history, the response to therapeutic interventions and their light microscopic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 314-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles ; Transplantation to the brain ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In adult inbred rats of the AVN strain, branches of the crural interosseous nerve were dissected out from donors and transplanted into the brain of recipients, together with a cluster of Pacinian corpuscles, (either into a suction cavity or the cerebral cortex) into a slit 1–2 mm deep. The grafts were fixed and processed for electron microscopy 10 days to 6 months after the operation, and their ultrastructure was examined. Sporadic axons of small diameter grew into the nerve branches of some of the grafts from 11 days onward, and became myelinated during the 2nd month after the operation, but none of the transplanted Pacinian corpuscles became reinnervated. The corpuscles, however, survived denervation and grafting. Most of them retained a well-preserved inner core and an intact capsule, consisting of a normal complement of 29.2±1.0 (mean ±SE) capsular layers (n=8), as did the corpuscles previously examined after denervation in situ. Some of the corpuscles underwent degenerative changes, presumably due to a delayed or restricted revascularization. In this group of corpuscles, the inner core underwent disintegration and was gradually replaced by collagen fibrils, whereas the capsule remained preserved but the number of its layers eventually reduced by 40%. It is assumed that the lack of reinnervation of the grafted Pacinian corpuscles was due to the paucity of regenerating axons, and their failure to form correct projections along those Schwann cell columns connected with the corpuscles.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Farber's disease ; Peripheral nerve ; Subcutaneous nodules ; Electron microscopy ; Ceramidase deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two siblings born from consanguineous tunisian parents are reported. They showed a severe form of Farber's disease with prominent involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system: low conduction velocity was noticed in both children. Macular cherry red spots were observed in one of them. The diagnosis for the girl investigated was confirmed by evidence of ceramidase deficiency in cultured fibroblasts. Here we report the pathological findings in the subcutaneous nodules using light and electron microscopy (one case), and in sural nerves using morphometric studies (both cases). Varying morphological aspects of intracellular inclusions, depending on the tissues involved, are described and discussed. A review of all cases reported since Farber's first paper in 1952 is given.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofibroma ; von Recklinghausen's disease ; S-100 protein ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nature of the cells in neurofibromas was studied by electron microscopy and immunoelectron-microscopic examination of S-100 protein. Ultrastructurally, all five neurofibromas studied were found to be composed of Schwann cells, perineurial cells, and intermediate cells, which had features of both perineurial cells and fibroblasts. The Schwann cells had complex, branched cytoplasmic processes and a continuous basal lamina. The perineurial cells were distinguishable from Schwann cells by the presence of numerous pinocytotic vesicles, unbranched slender cytoplasmic processes and a discontinuous basal lamina. The intermediate cells had no basal lamina, but were topographically related to Schwann cells and had a similar fine structure to that of perineurial cells. Thus, they seemed to be modified neoplastic perineurial cells. Immunoelectron-microscopic studies showed the presence of cells with and without S-100 protein in the neurofibromas: cells with S-100 protein resembled Schwann cells ultrastructurally, and those without S-100 protein were perineurial and intermediate cells. Some Schwann cells with S-100 protein in one neurofibroma had numerous pinocytotic vesicles characteristic of perineurial cells, suggesting that Schwann cells and perineurial cells, are functional variants of the same cell type. Thus this study showed that neurofibromas were composed of Schwann cells with S-100 protein and perineurial and intermediate cells, including socalled endoneurial fibroblasts, without S-100 protein. Morphological and functional transition seems to occur between Schwann cells and perineurial cells, and between perineurial cells and intermediate cells.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ia antigen ; Central nervous system ; Experimental allergic encephalitis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ia antigen, encoded within the major histocompatibility complex, plays an important role in the activation of T lymphocytes. Since experimental allergic encephalitis is an essentially T cell-mediated disease, Ia antigen in the central nervous system (CNS) may be pathogenetically relevant. The occurrence of Ia antigen in the CNS of normal rats and of rats with experimental allergic encephalitis was studied by light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies Ox 4 and Ox 6. In normal, unsensitized animals a distict population of stellate cells in the meninges and some perivascular mononuclear cells in the nervous tissue carried Ia antigen. In rats with experimental allergic encephalitis a dramatic increase of Ia-positive cells was found. In addition to the positive cells found in normal animals, monocytes, macrophages and many lymphocytes in the meningeal perivascular and parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates as well as “activated microglia” stained for Ia antigen. We did not find evidence for Ia expression on endothelial cells, astrocytes or other components of the CNS in either normal or diseased rats.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Guinea pig ; Spermatic cord torsion ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy ; Leydig cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural stereological analysis of Leydig cells of the guinea pig testis was carried out following surgically induced testicular torsion. Morphometric analyses of the Leydig cells of the experimental group of animals revealed an increase in the nucelar and mitochondrial volume and a decrease in the lipid volume, in comparison to those in the Leydig cells of the control group of animals. We believe that these changes in the Leydig cells of the experimental group of animals are indicative of cellular hypertrophy. The possible mechanisms of the Leydig cell hypertrophy in the guinea pig testis following the induction of spermatic cord torsion are discussed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA of plants ; Electron microscopy ; Suspension culture ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparative analysis of the Vicia faba mitochondrial genome in whole plants and in longterm suspension culture has been conducted. Restriction fragment patterns of the mtDNA isolated from these two sources were notably different. Electronmicroscopic analysis also revealed significant differences. Large circular mtDNA patterns shifted from a 37–80 kb subpopulation, which was predominant in whole plants, to 18–34 kb subpopulations although in both classes notable quantities of circular molecules of 80 to 120 kb and more were also found. Both in whole plant and suspension culture cells very large circular DNAs were observed. Some of them had lengths nearly 290 kb and could be considered as evidence of the existence of master chromosomes. The minicircular DNA population was also altered. In the suspension culture we observed a notable increase of percentage of minicircles with sizes near 1 kb. Simultaneously, the percentage of minicircles with sizes near 3.5–10 kb significantly increased in suspension culture cells. In addition, a new peak (10–12 kb) of minicircles appeared. Copy number alterations for some sequences homologous to CCC1A, CCC1B and CCC2 (Negruk et al. 1982, 1985) were shown. Southern hybridization revealed the existence of a family of minicircles having sizes 1.4–2 kb with predominance of CCC1A, CCC1B and CCC2. The copy numbers of CCC1B and some minor minicircles was changed in the suspension culture when compared with the whole plants.
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  • 24
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Maxillary sinus mucocoele ; Mucociliary system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the mucociliary function present in a mucocoele of the maxillary antrum and have found certain abnormalities in the tissues studied. Our findings also indicate that the mucocoele's intrinsic pathology is too complex to be improved by any conservative treatment and justifies its surgical removal.
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  • 25
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 242-245 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Hyperlipoproteinemia ; Auditory dysfunction ; Cochlea ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We sought to clarify whether or not hyperlipoproteinemia induces auditory dysfunction. In so doing, we studied the general states and cochlear pathologies of guinea pigs after the administration of a hyperlipid diet for 3 months. Serum biochemistries indicated marked elevations of cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. An increased auditory threshold varying from 10 to 20 dB was observed in 40% of the guinea pigs using auditory brainstem responses. Histochemical study of the inner ear revealed variations in lipid metabolism and partial disorders of the outer hair cells. Electron microscopic observations showed vacuolar and parenchymal protrusions on the surfaces of the stria vascularis and Corti's organ, and vacuolar degeneration was seen around the capillary vessels of the vascular stria. Our data has shown that the auditory dysfunction present in the inner ear was less marked than were the morphological changes seen. Our findings suggest that other factors besides hyperlipoproteinemia are involved in the development of severe auditory damage.
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  • 26
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 202 (1986), S. 476-480 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Hydrogen bacterium ; Hydrogenase genes ; Megaplasmid pHG1 ; Localization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plasmids carrying hydrogenase genes in Alcaligenes eutrophus wild type H 16 and in two transposon Tn5 —induced mutants have been investigated by electron microscopy. Besides the pHG1 megaplasmid (458±27 kb) carrying genes coding for structural and regulatory properties of hydrogenases, small plasmids of unknown significance have been detected. The sizes of EcoRI fragments obtained from pHG1 were measured from electron micrographs. They were significantly different from sizes determined previously by agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmid pHG1 isolated from the wild type H 16 was shown to contain two inverted repeats (IR 16-1 and IR 16-2) with sizes similar to known transposons. From electron microscopic hybridization studies, it was deduced that the sites of insertion of Tn5 into a regulation gene on pHG1 for both soluble and membrane-bound hydrogenase, and of Tn5-Mob into the gene coding for structural properties of the soluble hydrogenase, are about 67.2 kb apart. One of the inverted repeats (IR 16-1) was localized in between these sites.
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  • 27
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 202 (1986), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Recombination intermediates ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To study the structure of in vivo mitochondrial DNA recombination intermediates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we used a deletion mutant of the wild type mitochondrial genome. The mtDNA of this petite is composed of a direct tandem repetition of an ∼4,600 pb monomer repeat unit with a unique HhaI restriction enzyme site per repeat. The structure of native mtDNA isolated from log phase cells, and mtDNA crosslinked in vivo with trioxsalen plus UVA irradiation, was studied by electron microscopy. Both populations contained crossed strand “Holliday” type recombination intermediates. Digestion of both non-crosslinked and crosslinked and mtDNA with the enzyme HhaI released X and H shaped structures composed of two monomers. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that these structures had pairs of equal length arms as required for homologous recombination intermediates and that junctions could occur at points along the entire monomer length. The percentage of recombining monomers in both non-crosslinked and trioxsalen crosslinked mtDNA was calculated by quantitative analysis of all the structures present in an HhaI digest. The relationship between these values and the apparent dispersive replication of mtDNA in density-shift experiments and mtDNA fragility during isolation is discussed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle receptor organ ; Electron microscopy ; Tubular body ; Mechanosensory transduction ; Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R.&F.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coxo-trochanteral muscle receptor organ of the hind leg of the locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R.&F.) has been investigated by use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with special emphasis on its distal attachment site. The overall morphology of the receptor muscle, the sensory neuron and its dendrites was found to share many common features with other arthropod sense organs of that type with two important differences: (1) the connective tissue segment (= intercalated tendon) is extremely short compared to that of other muscle receptor organs; (2) the naked dendritic terminals of the non-ciliated, multipolar sensory neuron of the organ contain clusters of microtubules, interconnected by an amorphous matrix, that resemble the tubular bodies of ciliated, epithelial receptor cells.
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  • 29
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    Neurological sciences 7 (1986), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Alzheimer disease ; Electron microscopy ; Epidemiological study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Viene descritto lo studio neuropatologico di un caso incluso nello Studio Multicentrico Italiano sulla Demenza sulla base di dati clinici. L'esame istologico ed ultrastrutturale conferma la diagnosi di malattia di Alzheimer avvalorando quindi il protocollo clinico.
    Notes: Abstract The pathological findings in a case included in the Italian multicenter study of dementia on clinical grounds are reported. The histological and ultrastructural examination confirms the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease, evidence for the validity of the clinical protocol.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoplasm ; Electron microscopy ; Nucleolus ; Virus-like particles ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat roots from germinating seedlings of Chinese spring wheatTriticum aestivum grown for 36 hours at 20°C were examined by conventional thin-section electron microscopy. Virus-like particles were seen inside a large cytoplasmic intrusion into the nucleus having the appearence of a nucleolar vacuole. The particles were isometric and about 50 nm in diameter with a membrane-like coat and a small core. The cytoplasmic intrusion was bounded by nuclear envelope with pores apparent where it abutted nucleoplasm. The particles are similar to previously reported solitary particles “S bodies” from a range of plants but are also similar in size and morphology to the retroposon particles associated with copia like elements in other organisms. The position of the virus-like particles in the young wheat roots is discussed in relation to interactions with components of the cell skeleton.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chara corallina ; Charasome development ; Chloride transport ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Internodal cells ofChara, grown in culture either at pH 5.7, 6.5 or 7.5, were studied to determine their chloride influx capability, the quantitative aspects of charasome morphology and the degree to which these two parameters could be correlated. In cells grown at pH 5.7 the charasomes were relatively small, were widely spaced on the plasma membrane, and contributed only a 0.6% increase to the surface area of the plasma membrane in the acid region of the cell. In contrast, the charasome membrane surface area of cells grown at pH 7.5 had increased × 19, the density of charasomes on the cell surface increased × 42, thus producing a × 3.57 increase in the acid region plasma membrane surface area. Chloride influx in cells grown at pH 7.5 was × 8.7–12.7 greater than in cells grown at pH 5.7. Cells that had been starved of chloride exhibited a × 2.4 average increase in the rate of chloride influx. Our observations establish the existence of a positive correlation between the rate of chloride influx and the increase in membrane surface area due to charasomes, although other factors, such as the effect of pH on transport-related enzymes, and the effect of charasome structure on chemical equilibria, may also be of importance.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Inorganic phosphate ; Normoxia/anoxia ; ATP ; Glycogen ; Cardiac function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible role of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in depressing the contractility of oxygen-deficient myocardium was investigated by examining the effects of 30 mM Pi on the cardiac function and myocardial biochemistry and fine structure in normoxic and anoxic Langendorff-perfused isolated rat hearts. In normoxia, the intracellular Pi level increased three-fold, the ATP content remained normal, and there was moderate loss of glycogen only. Contractile performance (as assessed from systolic pressure recordings) was significantly depressed, as was the heart rate for the first 10 min. The myocardial fine structure showed persistent glycogen, marked relaxation of myofibrils, and a higher incidence of vacuolation than in hearts with normal Pi. In anoxia, the intracellular Pi level was comparable with that of the perfusate and both ATP and glycogen were severely depleted. Contractile performance and heart beat ceased completely at 15 min, although in anoxic controls both persisted at low levels for at least 25 min. In anoxia, Pi also depressed coronary flow rate. In the inner half of the ventricular wall of oxygen-depleted hearts, where flow became reduced after 15 or more min, Pi markedly reduced the formation of intramitochondrial densities and augmented mitochondrial swelling and ischaemic contracture, which extended out through the mid-myocardium. In the outer half of the wall, where flow remained high, it promoted severe dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and undifferentiated regions of the intercalated discs. The observed effects in normoxia are probably attributable at least in part to the lowering of the free Ca2+ concentration of the perfusate by the increased Pi level. The effects in anoxia may be related chiefly to the critical reduction of available intracellular Ca2+ and the more rapid and extensive development of ischaemic contracture.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cetaceans ; Lamellar bodies ; Epidermal lipids ; Permeability barrier ; Electron microscopy ; Phocena phocena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biochemical and ultrastructural analysis of epidermis from the porpoise, Phocena phocena, revealed certain similarities and differences between cetaceans and terrestrial mammals. The predominant cell of cetacean epidermis, not found in normal terrestrial mammals, is a lipoker-atinocyte, which elaborates not only keratin filaments, but also two types of lipid organelles: first, lamellar bodies, morphologically identical to those of terrestrial mammals, are elaborated in great abundance in all suprabasal epidermal layers, forming intercellular lipid bilayers in the stratum corneum interstices: and second, non-membrane-bounded droplets appear and persist in all epidermal layers. Although the porpoise lipokeratinocyte morpologically resembles the sebokeratocyte of avians in certain respects, nonmembrane-bounded lipid droplets are not released into the intercorneocyte space as they are in avian stratum corneum. Whereas phospholipid/neutral lipid gradients are similar in porpoise and terrestrial mammals, PAS-positive glycoconjugates, specifically glycosphingolipids, are retained in porpoise stratum corneum, but lost from these layers in terrestrials. The novel, non-polar acylglucosyl-ceramides, which also are lost during cornification in terrestrial mammals, are retained in porpoise stratum corneum. The lipid components of porpoise lipokeratinocytes appear to subserve not only barrier function in a hypertonic milieu, but also underlie the unique buoyancy, streamlining, insulatory, and caloric properties exhibited as adaptations to the cetacean habitat.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Uterus ; Decidua ; Mouse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of the features and distribution of collagen fibrils was performed in the endometrium of virgin and pregnant (2nd to 11th day) mice. Collagen-containing structures were observed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts on the 2nd day of pregnancy. Treatment of tissues with lanthanum nitrate established that these structures were intracytoplasmic. Their association with lysosome-like bodies suggested the occurrence of intracellular digestion of collagen, probably connected with remodeling of the endometrial stroma prior to decidualization. On the 4th day of pregnancy, very few collagen fibrils were present in the intercellular space. From the 6th day of pregnancy onwards, “thick” collagen fibrils were observed between decidual cells. The diameter of these fibrils measured up to 300 nm whereas the fibrils present in the endometrium of virgin mice measured 40–68 nm.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leech ; Nephridium ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy ; Cobalt filling ; Hirudo medicinalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The main organs for salt and water homeostasis in the medicinal leech, the nephridia, were found to be densely innervated by a single branch of the corresponding median anterior segmental nerve. The projections of two different neurons into the nephridia are described: 1. Dendritic projections of the previously identified, afferent ‘nephridial nerve cell’, a possible salt receptor, lie between the urine forming cells and the blood vessels supplying the nephridium without making any contact. 2. Projections of an unidentified neuron which contains dense-core vesicles (85 nm) as well as smaller clear vesicles (45 nm) contact the primary urine forming canaliculus cells. The neurosecretory role of these neurons is considered.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 649-654 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Peptidergic projections ; Aminergic projections ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Frog (Rana temporaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The median eminence (ME) of the adult frog, Rana temporaria, was studied by means of electron microscopy including quantitative electron-microscopic autoradiography. In frogs captured in May and June numerous peptidergic neurosecretory fibres extending via the internal zone to the pars nervosa display large swellings containing few granules, mitochondria, neurotubules and cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, few secretory globules up to 1.5 μm in diameter occur in these varicosities. In animals collected during the autumn period many of these neurosecretory swellings filled with neurosecretory granules and polymorphic inclusions resemble Herring bodies. Three types of granule-containing neurosecretory fibres were observed in the external zone (EZ) of the ME of adult R. temporaria. Peptidergic A1- and A2-type fibres are characterized by granules 150–220 nm and 100–160 nm in diameter, respectively. Monoaminergic fibres of type B with granules approximately 100 nm in diameter represent ∼ 50% of all neurosecretory elements in the EZ of the frog ME; ∼12% of the total number of granule-bearing axons in the EZ actively taking up radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan are thought to be serotoninergic terminals. Neurosecretory terminals of all types and glial vascular endfeet establish direct contacts with the perivascular space of the primary portal capillaries. Some neurosecretory terminals are separated from the lumen of the third ventricle by a thin cytoplasmic lamella of tanycytes. The possible physiological significance of this structural pattern is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 605-612 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation ; Tissue culture ; Autonomic ganglia ; Non-neuronal cells ; Cell interrelationships ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes the ultrastructure of non-neuronal cells and their interrelationships with intracardiac neurones present in cultures dissociated atria and interatrial septum from newborn guinea-pig. When compared with the in situ preparation, most of these features in culture were similar to those observed in situ, but some differences were also apparent. Both mature and immature Schwann cells were observed in culture, and as in situ, the latter were closely associated with intracardiac neurones, whilst the former were more widely separated. The ultrastructure of satellite cells was more variable in culture than in situ: three general types were distinguished on the basis of their 10-nm filament content. This variation could be due to conditions of culture. Interstitial cells were present in culture and closely resembled those described in situ, although there was less space between cultured interstitial cells and their associated cells. Many fibroblasts, some myoblasts and a few mast cells were also found in the culture preparations.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 595-604 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation ; Tissue culture ; Autonomic ganglia ; Neurones ; Small granule-containing cells ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cultured intrinsic neurones and SIF (small intensely fluorescent) cells dissociated from the atria and interatrial septum of newborn guinea-pig heart has been studied for the first time and compared with these cells in situ. Mononucleate and binucleate neuronal somata and their processes were observed in the culture preparation; their ultrastructure was similar to that of neurones in intracardiac ganglia observed in situ. The number of neurites associated with neuronal cell bodies increased after the first week in culture. A subpopulation of intracardiac neurones showed abnormalities in culture, comparable to the changes previously described in neurones of the monkey heart after unilateral vagotomy in situ. Small granule-containing cells were observed in culture, corresponding to those described in the heart in situ. One type of large process in the culture preparation containing densely packed mitochondria has not been seen in situ, suggesting that changes in cell ultrastructure due to the conditions of culture cannot be discounted. However, the ultrastructure of the cultured cells was, for the most part, consistent with that of the same cell type in situ, indicating that the culture preparation may be a useful model for investigation of the roles and interactions of intramural neurones in the heart, which are inaccessible for such studies in situ.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholinesterase ; Genital tract ; Mesenchyme ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the genital tract of male and female mouse embryos cholinesterase activity is described that is independent from innervation. The enzyme activity is localized in the mesenchyme at the junction of Wolffian and Müllerian ducts with the urogenital sinus. During male development prostate buds and vesicular glands grow out into the cholinesterase-active mesenchyme. During female development the active mesenchyme participates in the downgrowth of the vaginal anlage. Ultrastructurally the cholinesterase activity is localized in the perinuclear cisterna and in smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the mesenchymal cells. The enzyme activity disappears with definitive differentiation of the tissue. The embryonic cholinesterase is a component of a primitive muscarinic system. Its relation to the morphogenetic action of testosterone and its possible general functions are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Malaria parasites ; Merozoites ; Surface coat ; Maturation ; Plasmodium knowlesi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of extracellular merozoites of P. knowlesi is covered with a coat 15–20 nm thick, made up of clusters of filaments standing erect on the plasma membrane. Filaments have stems 2 nm thick, the peripheral ends of which are complex, branching or ending in long trailing threads. Coat filaments occur on the surface of the parasite in regular rows at an early schizont stage, and persist until well after merozoite release. They are sensitive to trypsin and papain, and bind ethanolic phosphotungstate, indicating a proteinaceous nature. They are also removed by exposure to phosphate-buffered saline. Filaments bear negative charges, binding cationised ferritin throughout the depth of the coat and staining with ruthenium red. They cover the whole merozoite surface and mediate intercellular adhesion at distances of 15–150 nm, membrane to membrane. It is suggested that these filaments correspond to a major merozoite surface protein, and are important in the initial capture of red cells.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cytoskeletal organization ; Filaments ; Triton extraction ; Replica technique ; Electron microscopy ; Amoeba proteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Various stabilization and extraction procedures were tested to demonstrate the ultrastructural organization of the cytoskeleton in normal, locomoting Amoeba proteus. Most reliable results were obtained after careful fixation in glutaraldehyde/lysine followed by prolonged extraction in a polyethylene glycol/Triton X-100 solution. Before dehydration in a graded series of ethanol and critical-point drying, the amoebae were split by the sandwich-technique, i.e., by mechanical cleavage of cells mounted between two poly-L-lysine-coated glass slides. Platinum-carbon replicas as well as thin sections prepared from such cell fragments revealed a cytoskeleton composed of at least four different types of filaments: (1) 5–7-nm filaments organized as a more or less ordered cortical network at the internal face of the plasma membrane and probably representing F-actin; (2) 10–12-nm filaments running separately or slightly aggregated through the cytoplasm and probably representing intermediate filaments; (3) 24–26-nm filaments forming a loose network and probably representing microtubules; and (4) 2–4-nm filaments as connecting elements between the other cytoskeleton constituents. Whereas microfilaments are responsible for protoplasmic streaming and other motile phenomena, the function of intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic microtubules in amoebae is still obscure.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 563-577 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chick retina ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Development, ontogenetic ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of cells and synapses in explants of 9-day-old chick embryo retina has been studied by light and electron microscopy over a period of 35 days in vitro, and samples of retina from the 9-day chick foetus were directly fixed and prepared for study. At the time of explantation the retinae were poorly differentiated and no lamination was apparent. From day 14 onwards, (i) outer and inner nuclear layers (ONL, INL) separated by a layer of neuropil corresponding to the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and (ii) a layer of scattered large ganglion cells separated from the INL by a zone of neuropil resembling the inner plexiform layer (IPL) were apparent, and (iii) a well-differentiated outer limiting membrane was established close to the surface of the explants. In the oldest cultures some development of photoreceptor outer segments occurred but a distinct optic nerve fibre layer did not form. Although cell identification presented problems even in the oldest cultures, the major retinal cell types described in vivo could be identified. Photoreceptor cells developed pedicles in the OPL which became filled with synaptic vesicles and synaptic ribbons and established ribbon synapses (including triads) with and were commonly invaginated by processes from horizontal and bipolar cells. Processes of bipolar cells in the IPL formed simple and dyad synapses. At least two types of presynaptic amacrine cells were also identified in the INL, one of which contained large numbers of dense-core vesicles. The ganglion cells, though sparse, were large and well differentiated. These findings show that all the major neuronal types of the retina are capable of developing and differentiating in vitro, lagging behind the time-table of development and differentiation in vivo by approximately 7 days, but resulting in a histotypically organised retina with synaptic neuropil showing many similarities to the corresponding neuropil in vivo.
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  • 43
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper deals with the analysis of the amount of oxygen utilized for oxidation of a small dose of carbon substrate in carbon limited Brevibacterium flavum culture. The ratio of the measured oxygen consumption (mo2) to the amount of added carbon substrate (ms) gives a stoichiometric coefficient of the biological oxidation equation. A linear relationship between mo2 and ms was observed. To compare the efficiency of different carbon substrate utilization there has been introduced a normalized value β = mo2exp/mo2theor. There exists a simple relationship between β and the thermodynamical growth efficiency η The theoretical considerations are proved by experimental results with β, η and Yx/s in a chemostat culture at various medium flow rates.
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  • 44
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 140-140 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experiences in the production of CO2-incubators [1] have been the basis for the development of a system of gassing incubation cabinets, which, starting from a basic structure with temperature and humidity control (climatic test cabinets), consist of modular built up devices with regulating circuits for carbon dioxide and oxygen content of the incubation room atmosphere. The performance of the system is considerably extended by the equipment of the devices with a microcomputer system, by which the dynamic control of the parameters of the incubation room atmosphere is possible the first time.Essential mark of the system is further the standardized structural module for all devices and the flexibility in the equipment of the incubation room according to the demands of special tests.
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  • 46
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 140-140 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 47
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimum conditions for autolysis of disintegrated cells of S. cerevisiae are at 50-53°C and pH 5.5; the process is terminated after 6 h. In the presence of sodium chloride (3-5%) the autolysis is complete after 5 h. The yield of autolysis of disintegrated yeast cells is about 70% of autolytic product per yeast dry weight. The product obtained after centrifugation, filtration and drying has very good sensoric and physical properties.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reduction of (-)-menthone ((-)-1), (+)-(R)-methyl-α-campholenone ((+)-2), (+)-carvone ((+)-3), and eucarvone (4) was carried out by means of cells of the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa species immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. Alcohols with the (S)-configuration, (+)-neomenthol ((+)-1a), (+)-(R)-methyl-α-campholenol ((+)-2a), (-)-neoisodihydrocarveol ((-)-3a), dihydroeucarveol ((-)-4a), and small amounts of (-)-dihydroeucarvone ((-)-5), were obtained. The cells of R. mucilaginosa maintained after this reaction ability to reduce standard acetophenone to (-)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol.
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  • 49
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The separation of xylanase from cellulolytic enzymes of A. terreus F-413 by affinity chromatography on xylan-containing supports was investigated. Xylanase purified over tenfold was obtained after column chromatography on xylan bound to controlled porous glass. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme has been found to be 140 000 daltons, and it is homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified xylanase also showed residual celluloytic activity (perhaps cross-specificity) with cellulosic substrates.
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  • 50
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The maximum production of cellulose enzymes (FPactivity, CMcellulase and β-glucosidase) in the culture filtrate was observed at 27°C and pH 5.0, except for β-glucosidase, being at 6.0. The levels of extracellular enzymes in shake and stationary culture conditions was almost equal although they reached their maxima earlier in the former. The distribution of the three enzymes in extracellular, cytosol and cell debris fractions revealed most of the FPactivity and CMcellulase occurring extracellulary. More than 50% of the β-glucosidase was present in the cell debris fraction.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 52
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method for the investigation of the water transport velocity in cereal kernel is described. The mechanism of the water transport is discussed. It is explained that data, place and strength of the effect of hydrolytic enzymes can be determined on the basis of the changed transport resistance from the temporal change of the different diffusion coefficient. The fundamentals of the modelling of steeping processes are given.
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  • 53
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 200-200 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0138-4988
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 205-205 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For ensiling of herbage which is rich in protein and therefore difficult to ferment a procedure is proposed. It is based on aerobic acidification using biological deoxydants. The crops are treated with a suspension of living cells of Acetobacter methanolicus and a water solution of ethanol. This treatment brings about environmental conditions which promote lactic acid fermentation: anaerobiosis, complex nutritional supply and protective concentrations of H+-ions. Preliminary attempts have confirmed the principle of conservation by aerobic acidification combined with biological deoxydation in agricultural practice. Damages of legume crops with high protein content are prevented. The advantages of the new ensiling process is discussed in comparison to traditional treatment.
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  • 57
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 205-205 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 206-206 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 59
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 60
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 220-220 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dry white wine with an alcoholic content of 10 to 14% v/v was produced by yeast fermentation of slurried ground soybeans, soybean milk and whey from tofu production. Wines from whey and soybean milk were judged by a 20 member taste panel to be acceptable and comparable to a commercial chablis control. Chemical analysis indicated that the high fat and protein contents of soybeans do not cause a problem in the production of wines from soybeans as the lipids and proteins are precipitated by the acid and alcohol formed during the fermentation. The less recovered following fermentation were dehydrated and ground to a flour having an enriched protein content due to the yeasts and an improved flavor resulting from the yeast fermentation.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overflow production of metabolites appears to be an energy spilling process in terms of life because part of the energy of the primary substrate remains in the metabolite produced. The other part of energy, which is liberated as reducing equivalents and/or ATP along the way to the product, must be wasted. This part is discussed to be responsible for the discrepancies between the theoretically possible and experimentally obtained product yields, because for the wasting process substrate or product are consumed. By reducing the amount of this superfluous energy the product yield should be increased. The auxiliary substrate concept occurs to be an appropriate method.
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  • 63
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By using particle electrophoresis and quantitative analysis the interaction of anionic surfactants (sodium dodecylculfate, sodium decylbenzene sulfonate) with a hydrocarbon-grown yeast and a commercial baker's yeast has been investigated to obtain further informations about the chemical composition of the surface region (3-6 nm) of the cell wall of this yeasts. A correlation is found between the chemical composition and the different adsorption behaviour of various batches of the same yeasts. It was found that surface-localized hydrophobic glycoproteins, probably proteophosphomannan are responsible for the strong pH dependent adsorption behaviour of a typical Candida species.In contrast the cell surface of a typical Saccharomyces species was strongly hydrophilic and showed no surfactant adsorption.This can be explained by the presence of a polysaccharide probably phosphomannan in the surface region only.The implication of proteins in the adsorption process is confirmed by model experiments too.The models for the yeast cell wall proposed by LAMPEN and KIDBY et al. were critically discussed in terms of our results.
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  • 64
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 232-232 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 65
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 233-238 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Finely ground ore material (90%-200 mesh) was subjected to acid microbiological leaching in 20% and 30% (wt/vol) suspensions. The rate of aeration was maintained at 2 and 4 1/min · 1. After the onset of the microbiological phase of leaching, the solubilization of iron was initially rapid but was succeeded by Fe(III) precipitation. Major differences were apparent between inoculated and uninoculated suspensions for each metal analyzed (Fe, Al, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn). The sulfur balance in leach residues indicated elevated levels of elemental S and sulfate in the inoculated systems.
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  • 66
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 239-243 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ethanol tolerance behaviour of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 5 regarding the growth is characterized by a threshold ethanol inhibitory concentration (P1' = 42.5 g/l) and a linear relationship between the specific growth rate and the ethanol concentration within the limits P1' 〈 P 〈 P′. The maximum ethanol concentration for growth amounts to P′ = 84 g/l.A general model for the inhibition of growth and alcohol production, respectively, caused by ethanol, is deduced from experimental and bibliographical data: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} \mu = \mu_0 - {\rm a}'(P - {P_{1}}^{\prime})^{{\rm b}'}, \\ \nu = \nu_0 - {\rm a}(P - P_1 )^{\rm b}.\end{array}$$\end{document}If the inhibitory effects are linear, the exponents b, b' become 1.
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  • 67
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 245-251 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Industrially acceptable production of ergot alkaloids in surface culture under sterile conditions is described. After elucidation of the biochemical and morphological differentiation in the production microorganisms it is possible to elaborate a relatively simple cultivation method with good yields. Surface cultivation is especially advantageous for the production of spores in large quantities which are used as inoculum in industrial fermentations or as infection material (field production of ergot alkaloids, mycoinsecticides).
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  • 68
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  • 69
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: L-Lysine decarboxylase (LL-Lysine carboxylase E.C. 4.1.1.18) is produced by a strain of the genus Klebsiella.The bacterial cells are cultivated at a temperature of 37°C with and without shaking. The production of LL-Lysine decarboxylase is increased by adding of LL-Lysine to the medium. At the end of cultivation the cells are killed by thymol, washed in water and dried by means of acetone and ether.Compared with specimen derived from other bacteria the LL-Lysine decarboxylase in the shape of dried cells shows a high specific activity. The preparations are free of disturbing enzyme activities, have a high level of stability and may be used for determining of LL-Lysine by means of enzyme electrodes.
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  • 70
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under the conditions of continuous cultivation studies were carried out on a mixed culture (association) with two strains of yeasts: Candida sp., assimilating animal fats, and Candida scottii, assimilating reducing sugars. A complex nutrient medium of wood hydrolysate was used.It was established that in this medium, at a rate of dilution of D = 0.25 h-1, the mixed culture assimilates the fats and the sugars simultaneously. As a result of this the yield of absolutely dry yeasts with regard to the total sum of fats and sugars amounts to 71% in the case of incineration fat and to 82% in the case of technical pork fat.The contents of protein, amino acids, lipids and ashy substances in the yeasts obtained from a medium with fats do not differ substantially from those obtained from the same medium without fats.
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  • 71
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 286-286 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 72
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  • 73
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 287-291 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the customary technique will be used a fusion chamber with an inhomogeneous electric field. The disadvantage is that the fusion conditions are not constant in the chamber. Yet for di-electrophoretic collection of the cells their own field-inhomogenizing influence is sufficient that is, the electrofusion can proceed also in very simple chambers with homogeneous fields.
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  • 74
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 381-382 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 382-382 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 6-8 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 40-41 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: DNA clones representing two subfamilies A and B of legum in genes and a recombinant phage containing a complete legumin B gene have been isolated and characterized by DNA sequencing. A DNA fragment harbouring the legumin B gene and adjacent sequences was used for Ti-mediated transfer into tobacco cells.
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  • 78
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  • 79
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 44-44 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 80
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 54-54 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 45-53 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A batch fermentation is modelled with constant and variable yeild terms. It is shown that the model cannot exhibit oscillations if a constant yield term is used. Oscillations in the cell concentration, but not in the limiting substrate concentration, can be simulated if a variable yield function of the limiting substrate is used. Conditions, for which the variable yield needs to satisfy in order to generate oscillations in the cell concentration, are discussed. The primary condition is that the yield must become zero at the same time that the specific growth rate does. Experimental results exhibiting oscillatory behavior are presented and compared with the proposed model.
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  • 82
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 55-62 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production costs of ethanol are dependent on the efficiency of the substrate-ethanol conversion to a high degree. The more the substrate used during the fermentation is converted into alcohol the better is the economy of the process.Therefore the ethanol yield Y SP is an important object of the process optimization.In batch fermentation processes the most essential influence factors are the initial biomass concentration X0, the initial substrate concentration S0, the temperature T, and the pH-value.A model reflecting the complex relationships between these influence factors and the ethanol yield could be obtained by regression. It allows an exact valuation of these optimum process parameters which are necessary for realizing high ethanol yields in the batch fermentation.For the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 5 used in this research was found an ethanol yield maximum YSP = 0·5384 at the parameters X0 = 64.61 g/l S0 = 82.91 g/l T = 36.45°C pH = 6.54.
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  • 83
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 76-76 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 84
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 69-75 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of oxygen diffusion coefficients was carried out by a modified chronoamperometric method using a stationary platinum electrode.The determined diffusion coefficients are related to approximated η0-values.It was shown a relation of Di and η0 according to the HAYDUK-CHENG-potential equation.That means a strong relative lowering of oxygen diffusion coefficients already by low viscosities, but a little influence at high viscosities.A simple laboratory thin film reactor is described, in which the oxygen supply is maintained by diffusion. This reactor is suitable very well for fermentations of viscous fluids.
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  • 85
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  • 86
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Using a system analysis for the investigation of all processes which occur in a biochemical reactor on the micro and macro level, a mathematical model was worked out. It characterizes the model of the kinetics and stoichiometry of the growth of microorganisms and the rules of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in form of blocks. Relating to the discussed mathematical total model [11], experimental data on which the calculation of the model parameters is based are described in this second part of the paper. They were determined not only directly from the cultivation process, but also from experiments with model media.
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  • 87
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 167-174 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Upon sterilization, freeze-dried kefir grains are to be supplemented with yeast preparation, yeast showing the lowest survival in the course of freeze drying.A mixture of 20% sucrose solution and starch appeared to be the most efficient dispersing agent to protect yeast in the freeze-drying process.A starter which is produced with the kefir starter culture, does not differ in its microbiological, biochemical and organoleptic properties from a starter as obtained with kefir grains in the same time, such starter shows a better consistency.The preparation of such starters is less laborious and less complicated than the preparation of starters using kefir grains.
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  • 88
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dynamics of pH-controlled chemostat and pH-auxostat is considered. The medium flow governed by pH-controller is calculated using the ionic (mass-charge) balance equations. The generalized equations of pH-controlled continuous fermentation are developed for the case of two variables: cell biomass and residual substrate concentrations. The study of steady state solutions has shown a substantial dependence of the variable patterns on a concentration of alkali (or acid) in titrant medium flow. The generalized analytical expressions for eigenvalues (reciprocals of transient characteristic times) of the culture dynamics have been obtained. The rates of transients during the steady state establishment are considered using these eigenvalues.
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  • 89
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  • 90
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    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 259-264 
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By comparing different activity data of the buffered cellulase solution before and after contact with the substrate the interaction between Penicillium janthinellum cellulase and wheat straw, resp. its components (holocellulose and isolated lignin) has been investigated. The loss of activity due to sorption or denaturation has been found to differ widely between the different activity data and between the various substrates. A remarkable loss of enzyme activity was observed after contact with isolated straw lignin. The differences in activity decrease between the cellulose and the lignin moiety were found to be largent with the cellobiase activity.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 91
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 272-272 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The protein enrichment of citrus dried peel on solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger in packed bed column was optimized using a two factor central composit design with α = 2 considering the “initial moisture content of the fermentation mass” and the “temperature in the centre of the fermenter”. It results significance for the moisture content (optimum 56%) and non significance for the temperature in the conditions employed. This indicates that a considerable range of temperature increase for the investigated SSF system could be allowed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.47) from B. megaterium M 1286 was immobilized together with mutarotase (E.C. 5.1.3.3) on several organic carriers and by different methods. The storage stability of the enzyme at pH-values 〉 6 is slightly improved by immobilization and the pH-optimum is shifted from 8.3 to 8.0. Kinetic constants of the immobilized enzyme are: K′M(NAD+) = 5.36 × 10-4 mol/l K′M(glucose) = 3.76 · 10-2 mol/l and V′max = 5.54 · 10-5 mol/(l min g carrier) for the most active preparation (2.16 mg enzyme/g carrier).In reactor experiments the immobilized glucose dehydrogenase was used with glucose to regenerate NADPH in NADPH-dependent iron-III-protoporphyrin-IX-imidazole catalyzed hydroxylation and demethylation of model substrates of cytochrome P-450.The advantages of the coupling of both reactions with cofactor recycling are shown and discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 277-279 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of acetone/water (93 : 7 ··· 90 : 10, v/v) are favoured solvents for the extraction of ubiquinone-10 from Acetobacter methanolicus IMET B 346. Using these solvent mixtures ubiquinone-10 was extracted nearly completely. Other lipids were extracted partially. Extracts were obtained by optimal conditions with a ubiquinone content 〉 5%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The uptake of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution by living, resting, and dead biomasses was investigated. The dependence of the uptaked amounts on pH-value of the medium, temperature and concentration of cadmium ions is demonstrated as well as the rate of uptake.Maximum realisable concentrations were 12 mg/g biomass in living cells and about 20 mg/g biomass in resting or dead cells, respectively.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 380-380 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 380-381 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 369-379 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MC) by a Trichoderma reesei cellulase complex and by the individual endoglucanase (pI 4.4-5.2) and cellobiohydrolase (pI 4.0-4.2) has been studied. A flow chart for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose has been revealed, which formed a basis for a computer simulation of the kinetic regularities observed. As a result of it, the values of the catalytic rate constants for the individual stages of the enzymatic degradation of MC have been calculated. Then, the synergistic behaviour of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase in the hydrolysis of MC has been described both quantitatively and graphically. The relative efficiency of the individual stages for the MC hydrolysis in terms of glucose and cellobiose formation for cellulase complexes of various composition has been calculated. It was quantitatively shown that cellobiohydrolase plays the key role in the MC hydrolysis by T. reesei cellulase preparations, because it gives up to 80% glucose and up to 80-90% cellobiose in the presnce of endoglucanase which in turn plays a relatively minor role in a direct formation of both soluble products of the hydrolysis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 6 (1986), S. 381-381 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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