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  • 1985-1989  (268)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1900-1904
  • 1987  (268)
  • Rat  (195)
  • Ultrastructure
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region during winter hardening and spring dehardening in Salix dasyclados Wim. grown at two nutrient levels (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 151-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Frost hardiness ; Phenology ; Salix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region of Salix dasyclados Wim. (clone 78056) was studied during the development of winter hardiness and the onset of cambial activity in spring. Plants were grown at relative growth rates (RG) of 8% and 12% respectively, resulting in different nitrogen content in the stems. Frost hardiness of the plants was estimated by standardized freezing tests. Plants with a higher nitrogen status ceased growth later and started re-growth earlier in spring than plants with lower nitrogen content. Differences in ability to withstand low temperatures during autumn and spring were found between plants grown in the two nutrient treatments. During the development of frost hardiness in the autumn, the number of meristematic cells in the cambial region decreased. The cessation of meristematic activity was accompanied by cell wall thickening and ultrastructural changes in the cells. Frost hardiness increased from the ability to survive -6° C in October to survival of -80° C at the beginning of December. From November to February the cambial region comprised a layer of 2–3 thick-walled cells with conspicuous ultrastructural features. Starch accumulated in plastids in September, decreased during November to March and then increased again in accordance with changes of frost hardiness. Onset of cambial activity began between the end of March and the beginning of April, as shown by increased vacuolization of meristematic cells and mitotic activity. By April, the starch content had increased and lipolysis was observed. Frost hardiness had decreased, and plants with low and high nitrogen content were able to survive -15° C and -10° C, respectively. After budburst, all axillary shoot parts were damaged at temperatures below-3° C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193558
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of gliomatosis cerebri (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gliomatosis cerebri ; Brain tumour ; Ultrastructure ; Glial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of five biopsies of gliomatosis cerebri (GC) are described. Four main types of tumour cells are seen: anaplastic astrocytes poor in organelles with a variable amount of glial microfilaments; atypical oligodendrocytes with scanty cytoplasm in which microtubules are present; intermediate forms with aboundant cytoplasm rich in organelles, with microtubules and microfilaments; and small cells with round nuclei and a very scanty rim of cytoplasm. In two cases several concentrically folded cytoplasmic lamellae of glial processes were arranged either around themselves or around the perikaryon of other cells. This ultrasructural study indicates that GC is a neoplastic process of small undifferentiated elements, transitional forms of astroglia (to oligodendroglia) and anaplastic cells of astrocytic origin in all stages of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00734520
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The existance of rhabdoid cells in specified soft tissue sarcomas (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Soft tissue neoplasm ; Sarcoma ; Rhabdoid cell ; Rhabdoid tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the occurrence of rhabdoid cells in several specified soft tissue sarcomas of round cell variety. The rhabdoid cells had an acidophilic cytoplasm containing a globular perinuclear inclusion and were characterised ultrastructurally by the presence of aggregates of 10 nm intermediate filaments. These filaments contained both cytokeratin and vimentin, as demonstrated immunohistochemically. Extensive sampling of soft tissue sarcomas revealed the presence of such cells in different types of soft tissue round cell sarcomas as follows: 12 of 13 cases of epithelioid sarcomas, 8 of 13 synovial sarcomas (composed predominantly of round cells), 6 of 20 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas and 4 of 4 round celled malignant mesotheliomas. We wish to stress that the appearance of rhabdoid cells is not a monopoly of one particular type of tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713281
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endothelial cilia in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: “Primary” endothelial cilia ; Endothelial centrioles ; Human atherosclerosis ; Ciliary transitional fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary “Primary” cilia were present in the endothelial cells of human aortic fatty dots and streaks but not in those of normal intima. They had the features of cilia of the “9+0” axonemal configuration observed in many other cells. A lateral foot process and transitional fibers “anchored” the ciliary basal body in the cytoplasm, but rootlets were not identified in material examined. Ladder-like configurations interconnected the two centrioles (=diplosome) of control endothelium. The “primary” cilia of endothelium differed from those of the rudimentary type observed in smooth muscle cells in similar lesions of man, but shared many features with cilia of those present in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbit. Cilia were rarely described in vascular endothelium. It is believed that, to date, they were not reported to occur in normal or pathological arteries in man. It is being stressed that whereas the significance of these unusual organelles remains uncertain, their widespread occurrence may indicate that their role is more important than was believed previously, and they should cease being a curiosity only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711288
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yawning is elicited by D2 dopamine agonists but is blocked by the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 330-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yawning ; D1 and D2 DA receptors ; DA agonists ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The subtype of dopamine (DA) receptors mediating the yawning response to DA agonists was determined in rats. Yawning was elicited both by the mixed D1–D2 agonist apomorphine and by the specific D2 agonist LY 171555, but not by the selective D1 agonist SKF 38393. Both apomorphine- and LY 171555-induced yawning were antagonized not only by the selective D2 antagonist sulpiride but, unexpectedly, also by the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390. The results suggest that DA receptors mediating the yawning response are of the D2 type, and that these receptors are connected with D1 receptors in such a way that the blockade of the latter results in the functional inactivation of the former.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518186
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of grooming and other behavioural responses to the D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SK & F 38393 and its R- and S-enantiomers in the intact adult rat (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: SK & F 38393 ; Behavioural assessment ; Stereotypy ; Behavioural check list ; Grooming ; Dopamine ; Apomorphine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural effects of the D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SK & F 38393 were assessed in the intact adult rat using a conventional stereotypy rating scale and a rapid time sampling behavioural check list procedure. This combination technique allowed description of the nature of any behavioural response and quantification of the number of counts of individual behaviours. Using this combined procedure, SK & F 38393 clearly failed to induce typical stereotyped behaviour. However, in the well-habituated animal, SK & F 38393 dose-dependently increased the number of recordings of non-stereotyped sniffing, locomotion and grooming; some occasional rearing was also noted. An unusual pattern of intense grooming behaviour was a characteristic response to this drug. Using the resolved R-and S-enantiomers of SK & F 38393, promotion of sniffing, locomotion, rearing and grooming resided stereoselectively in the R-configuration. Under appropriate experimental conditions, specifically a requirement for prolonged habituation and the use of a rapid sampling behavioural check list to supplement the rating scale, it is possible to demonstrate that SK & F 38393 is behaviourally active in the whole animal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177909
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opioid modulation of the discriminative stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentylenetetrazol ; Morphine ; Fentanyl ; U 69 593 ; Mr 2034 ; Bremazocine ; Phencyclidine ; Drug discrimination ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to detect the stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 16 mg/kg, and prototypic drugs for mu, kappa and sigma opioid receptors were tested for their ability to block or substitute for PTZ. Only the sigma agonist, phencyclidine, showed any capacity for blocking the PTZ stimulus. Drugs with selective kappa or sigma actions did not substitute for PTZ. However, morphine, fentanyl and Mr 2034 did substitute for the PTZ stimulus. This substitution was found to be centrally mediated in that quaternary morphine did not produce a PTZ-like stimulus. In contrast to the substitution of these drugs for PTZ, in rats trained to detect the stimulus properties of fentanyl, no substitution of PTZ for the fentanyl stimulus occurred. In tests of the capacity of various drugs to block the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists, the stimulus produced by morphine or fentanyl was blocked by naloxone, diazepam and haloperidol, but not by scopolamine. These results demonstrate that drugs with mu agonist properties show a one-way substitution for the discriminative stimulus produced by PTZ. The observation that haloperidol blocked the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists suggests the possible involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in the mediation of the effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210836
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of neuroleptic drugs, clonidine and lithium on the expression of conditioned behavioral excitation in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine-conditioned excitation ; Neuroleptic drugs ; Clonidine ; Lithium ; Animal model ; Mania ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats with a history of daily (21 days) amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) treatment showed enhanced activity when under placebo in their amphetamine-associated environment. We found that this conditioned effect was reduced by haloperidol (0.06; 0.125; 0.25 mg/kg), pimozide (0.25; 0.5 mg/kg) and sulpiride (8; 16; 32 mg/kg) but only at doses similar to or, in the case of pimozide, higher than those required to antagonize the unconditioned stimulant effects of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg). Conversely, we observed that clonidine (7; 15; 30; 60 μg/kg) or lithium regimen (between days 15 and 21) leading to lithium plasma levels of 1.3±0.1 mEq/1, abolished amphetamine-conditioned hyperactivity but did not affect the unconditioned stimulation of amphetamine or locomotor activity in control rats. Moreover, we found that hyperactivity induced by the daily anticipation of food delivery shared identical pharmacological sensitivity with the behavioural excitation produced by a conditioning history with amphetamine. In light of the antimanic properties of lithium and clonidine and the ability of this latter drug to reduce noradrenergic transmission, our findings raise the posibility that incentive activity may model noradrenergic-dependent aspects of mania.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210850
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naloxone fails to block the effects of chlordiazepoxide on acquisition and performance of successive discrimination (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 119-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Successive discrimination ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Naloxone ; Benzodiazepines ; Opiates ; Nonreward ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Naloxone reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on punishment and on acquisition of differential reinforcement of low rates of response. The present experiments tested whether naloxone also reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on a second type of nonreward schedule — successive discrimination. Rats were tested on a variable interval baseline of responding for food with signalled intrusion periods when food was no longer available. Naloxone (3 mg/kg IP) failed to change the effects of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg IP) on either acquisition or performance of this successive discrimination. DRL and successive discrimination differ both in their timing of events and their use of explicit visual stimuli. If these or similar parametric differences account for the present results they considerably weaken conventional accounts of the control of behaviour by reward omission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690939
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rats and marmosets respond differently to serotonin agonists and antagonists (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 478-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Marmoset ; Serotonin agonists ; Serotonin antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The actions of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimetyltryptamine (MeODMT) and quipazine (QPZ) and the antagonists cyproheptadine, methysergide and metergoline, were studied in the rat and in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The precursor and agonists elicited head shakes, forepaw padding, splayed hindlimbs, tremor and Straub tail in the rat. However, head shakes were not observed after MeODMT and Straub tail was not observed after QPZ. Carbidopa plus 5-HTP potentiated only head shakes, while tranylcypromine (TCP) plus 5-HTP potentiated all the behaviors above. In the marmoset, the action of these drugs elicited drowsiness, teeth chattering, ataxia, vomiting and decreased motor activity, although vomiting was not elicited by MeODMT and ataxia and drowsiness by QPZ. Although TCP plus 5-HTP potentiated all these behaviors, carbidopa plus 5-HTP was not effective. Rats treated with the antagonists (1.0, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg doses) did not show any of these behaviors, but marmosets treated with the same drugs developed “drowsiness”, vomiting, and decreased motor activity; nonetheless, cyproheptadine (5.0 and 10 mg/kg doses) did not elicit “drowsiness”, while increasing motor activity and the number of head shakes. Pretreatment of marmosets with these antagonists blocked only teeth chattering elicited by MeODMT (4.0 mg/kg) and QPZ (10 mg/kg). Pretreatment with haloperidol, p-chlorophenylalanine and α-methyl-P-tyrosine had no effect. The data obtained show that rats and marmosets present differential behavioral responses to the 5-HT drugs used. Marmosets have a richer behavioral repertoire and show greater sensitivity to 5-HT agonists and antagonists. The data suggest that this animal might become a useful biological model for the study of central 5-HT systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176482
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opiate reinforcement and naloxone aversion, as revealed by place preference paradigm, in two strains of rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opiates ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Place preference ; Saccharin ; Genetic strain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of rats — LC2-Hi and LC2-Lo — selected for high and low self-stimulation rates, respectively, were tested for responses to opiates and to naloxone using conditioned place preference paradigm. In the two experiments which used opiates as UCS, conditioning was carried out in the non-preferred compartment while in the experiment which used naloxone, conditioning was performed in the preferred compartment. The preference changes were determined on the basis of times spent in the compartments before and after conditioning with drugs. LC2-Hi rats showed positive changes in the preference to the initially non-preferred side when morphine or heroin (5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) were used; no such effect was observed with LC2-Lo rats. Both lines exhibited aversive reactions to naloxone by diminishing the time spent in the environment paired with this drug, but again the response of LC2-Hi animals was significantly larger than the response of LC2-Lo rats. Chronic intake of a sweet solution (3 mM saccharin for 4 weeks) tended to amplify the aversive reaction to naloxone in both lines. It may be inferred from the present findings that there exists a common genetic factor, as revealed by the conditioned place preference paradigm, underlying positive reinforcing properties of opiates and aversive effects of naloxone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176481
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that the amygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects on punished responding but not on discrimination (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 491-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Midazolam ; GABA ; R0 15-1788 ; CGS 8216 ; FG 7142 ; Serotonin ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Methysergide ; Amygdala ; Conflict ; Successive discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between the benzodiazepines (BZs) chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and midazolam (MDZ), the BZ antagonist R0 15-1788, the inverse BZ receptor agonists CGS 8216 and FG 7142, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), the 5-HT2 antagonist methysergide and the putative 5-HT agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated using peripheral and intra-amygdaloid treatments. A multiple schedule consisting of rewarded, nonrewarded (Time out: TO) and conflict periods was used to compare in parallel effects on successive discrimination between rewarded and nonrewarded periods and punished responding. The three components were presented in both a fixed order (Experiment 1) and a random order (Experiments 2 and 3). Intra-amygdaloid treatments with GABA and the BZs selectively increased rates of punished responding. CDP given systemically, on the other hand, increased both TO and conflict rates, suggesting an additional impairment of discrimination, which was more marked in the random than the fixed order condition. R0 15-1788, CGS 8216 and FG 7142 given by both routes counteracted the anti-conflict effects of CDP given centrally or systemically. However increases in TO rates induced by IP CDP were antagonized only by IP treatments with these compounds. The two inverse agonists, but not R0 15-1788, also counteracted increases in punished responding which were found after intra-amygdaloid GABA infusions. In Experiments 2 and 3 where baseline rates of pressing in Conflict periods were sufficiently high to detect decreases, CGS 8216 and FG 7142 reduced responding below control level, suggesting a specific anxiogenic activity. Evidence for effects of R0 15-1788 by itself was inconclusive. 5-HT injected into the amygdala also reduced punished responding below control level, whereas methysergide increased it with both central and peripheral treatment. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT varied according to route of administration. With IP treatment Conflict rates were increased, but after amygdaloid infusion both TO and Conflict rates were marginally reduced below control level, with a more consistent depression of punished responding. These results provide evidence that effects of BZs on punished responding are mediated by a GABAergic system which includes the lateral/basolateral amygdala, but which does not participate in BZ-induced disruption of discrimination. They also indicate that the antagonistic effects of CGS 8216 and FG 7142 involve a decrease in GABA transmission, and that these compounds may also be anxiogenic. Finally, the results suggest that 5-HT utilizes the same system for regulating resistance to punishment, but plays no significant part in reward-nonreward successive discrimination, which is impaired after systemic BZs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176484
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of classical conditioning to tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of ethanol (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 524-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Tail-flick ; Classical conditioning ; Rat ; Antinociception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats, ethanol increases the latency of the tail-flick reflex to radiant heat. Three experiments examined the contribution of classical conditioning to the acquisition of tolerance to this antinociception. Experiment 1 showed that the antinociception produced by ethanol was dose dependent. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that rats exposed to a series of ethanol injections paired with a distinctive environment developed tolerance to this antinociception. In Experiment 3, tolerance was more pronounced in animals that had been exposed to ethanol and tested in the distinctive environment than in animals that had received ethanol in a nondistinctive environment. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, these results show that animals need not practice the tail-flick reflex while intoxicated in order to develop tolerance. Additionally, the data suggest that classical conditioning may contribute to tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176489
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Latent inhibition is not affected by acute or chronic administration of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 345-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Latent inhibition ; Conditioned suppression ; Animal model of schizophrenia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Latent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which animals learn to ignore a repeatedly presented stimulus not followed by meaningful consequences. We previously reported that LI was disrupted following the administration of 1.5 mg/kg dl-amphetamine. The present experiments investigated the effects of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine administration on LI in a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure consisting of three stages: pre-exposure, in which the to-be-conditioned stimulus, tone, was repeatedly presented without reinforcement; conditioning, in which the pre-exposed stimulus was paired with shock; and test, where LI was indexed by animals' suppression of licking during tone presentation. The three stages were conducted 24 h apart. In Experiment 1, the drug was administered in a 2×2 design, i.e. drug-no drug in pre-exposure and drug-no drug in conditioning. LI was obtained in all conditions. In Experiment 2, animals were given either 5 days of 6 mg/kg amphetamine pretreatment and amphetamine in pre-exposure and conditioning or 7 days of saline. LI was not obtained under amphetamine, but this outcome reflected a state-dependency effect. In Experiment 3, animals received either 5 days of amphetamine pretreatment and amphetamine in pre-exposure, conditioning and test or 8 days of saline. LI was obtained in both the placebo and amphetamine conditions. Experiments 4a and 4b compared the effects of two drug doses, 1.5 (4a) and 6 mg/kg (4b), administered in pre-exposure and conditioning. LI was abolished with the 1.5 mg/kg dose but not with the 6 mg/kg dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518189
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of social memory in male rats by neurohypophyseal peptides (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory ; Neuropeptides ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult male rats spend a great amount of time investigating novel juveniles. In contrast, rats re-exposed to the same juvenile 30 min after the initial exposure display little investigatory behavior. If the re-exposure occurs 2 h later, the juvenile is thoroughly investigated. These results have been interpreted to mean that rats form a transient memory for a particular juvenile. In the present study, memory was enhanced when the initial exposure to the juvenile was followed by another exposure to the same juvenile (retroactive facilitation) and impaired when exposure to the original juvenile was followed by exposure to another juvenile (retroactive interference). Arginine vasopressin had retroactive facilitating effects on social memory and these effects were blocked by the vasopressor antagonist dPTyr(Me)AVP. Moreover, the antagonist had retroactive interfering effects, since it impaired the recognition of a familiar juvenile. Oxytocin shared the same inhibitory pattern of action. These results suggest that neurohypophyseal peptides may have a prepotent role in modulating the mnemonic processing of chemosensory information associated with social interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518192
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neonatal desipramine or zimeldine treatment causes long-lasting changes in brain monoaminergic systems and alcohol related behavior in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic neonatal antidepressant treatment ; Desipramine ; Zimeldine ; Active (REM) sleep deprivation ; Open field behavior ; Alcohol intake ; Monoamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationship between neonatal antidepressant administration, active (REM) sleep and adult alcohol-related behavior, rat pups were treated daily with 5 mg/kg despramine (DMI) or 25 mg/kg zimeldine SC from the 6th to the 19th postnatal days. Movement sensitive mattress (“SCSB”) measurements showed that zimeldine treatment suppressed active sleep throughout the whole treatment period, but DMI was more effective during the first 8 days than during the last treatment days. At the age of 70 days, the zimeldine-treated rats expressed a selective increase of some components of activity in the open field test, and the DMI rats had a higher defecation score compared to the controls. Furthermore, the zimeldine-rats responded with a decrease in ambulation in the open field to an alcohol dose which generally stimulates locomotion in rats. At the age of 3 months the DMI and zimeldine rats showed increased voluntary intake of 10% (v/v) alcohol. Measurement of brain monoamines revealed that the neonatal treatment with DMI or zimeldine interfered with the normal development and function of the monoamine neuronal systems: the concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and their metabolites were altered in several brain regions. The results thus suggest that neonatal treatment with DMI or zimeldine suppresses active sleep and has an influence on later alcohol-related behavior, possibly due to a long-lasting defect in brain monoaminergic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216004
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphetamine impairs the discriminative performance of rats with dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions on a 5-choice serial reaction time task: New evidence for central dopaminergic-noradrenergic interactions (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 458-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Attention ; Discrimination ; Dopamine-Noradrenaline interaction ; Dorsal noradrenergic bundle ; alpha-Flupenthixol ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments examined the effects of lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB), induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on the behavioural response to systemic and intra-accumbens amphetamine, using a rat analogue of Leonard's 5-choice serial reaction time task for humans. Although the 6-OHDA DNAB lesion produced a profound depletion of cortical noradrenaline (NA) (to around 5% of control levels) it did not impair any aspect of performance on this task. Both systemic and intra-accumbens amphetamine increased behavioural measures of impulsivity of responding, but neither impaired discriminative accuracy in the sham-operated control rats. However, the DNAB lesioned rats did show a discriminative impairment following both low doses of systemic amphetamine, and intra-accumbens amphetamine. The latter effect was antagonised by systemic administration of the specific dopaminergic (DA) antagonist alpha-flupenthixol. The DNAB lesion did not alter the effect of amphetamine on any other behavioural measure, including speed and impulsivity of responding. These results suggest that although DA and NA participate in qualitatively different behavioural processes, the effects of DNAB lesions on attentional processes depend on the level of DA activity within the nucleus accumbens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216011
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  • 18
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    The relationship between hindlimb disturbances, forelimb disturbances and catalepsy after increasing doses of muscimol injected into the striatal-pallidal complex (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Striatum ; Limbic ; Catalepsy ; GABA ; Muscimol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To establish the role of the GABA-ergic mechanism within the striatal-pallidal complex in hindlimb disturbances, forelimb disturbances and catalepsy and the relationship between these phenomena, the effects of the locally injected GABA agonist muscimol (0.5 μl per side) were investigated in rats using several specific tests of catalepsy. The time required for retracting free-hanging hindlimbs was dose-dependently prolonged by 2–10 ng muscimol. The time required for releasing a rod that was clasped between the forelegs of otherwise free-hanging rats was dose-dependently prolonged by 5–10 ng muscimol. Likewise, the time required for retracting the free-hanging forelimbs was dose-dependently prolonged over the same dose range. Finally, the time during which standing rats kept their forelimbs on a block of 9 cm height (the dependent variable used in “classic” tests of catalepsy) was only prolonged at the highest dose (10 ng) of muscimol. The effects of the latter dose, which lasted at least 30 min, were inhibited by the GABA antagonist bicuculline (50 ng) for a minimum period of 5 min. The present data show that the GABA-ergic mechanisms within the striatal-pallidal complex are involved in hindlimb disturbances, forelimb disturbances and catalepsy, and that catalepsy requires a stronger dysfunctioning of these GABA-ergic mechanisms than do disturbances in hindlimbs and forelimbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215482
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  • 19
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    Antagonism of the stimulant and depressant effects of ethanol in rats by naloxone (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Naloxone ; Locomotor activity ; Open field ; Active avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The action of naloxone (0.5 and 2 mg/kg IP) on the behavioural effects of a low (2 g/kg PO) and a high dose (4 g/kg PO) of ethanol was studied in rats. Ethanol at the low dose increased spontaneous motility, enhancing open-field external ambulations and reducing shuttle-box latency. All these effects were antagonized by naloxone. Ethanol at the high dose produced hypomotility, decreasing open-field external ambulations and impairing shuttle-box performance. In this case, naloxone also reduced the ethanol effect, but its action was less consistent. Therefore, although mechanisms other than a specific opioid receptor blockade by naloxone must be considered, an involvement of opioid peptides in the effects of ethanol cannot be discounted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177918
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  • 20
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    Noradrenergic and behavioural effects of naloxone injected in the locus coeruleus of morphine-dependent rats and their control by clonidine (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine dependence ; Withdrawal syndrome ; Locus coeruleus ; Norepinephrine, clonidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Naloxone HCl (10 μg/0.5 ml) was injected in the locus coeruleus (LC) of morphine-dependent rats and the behavioural manifestations of morphine withdrawal and the cortical levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) were measured 30 min later. Naloxone precipitated a withdrawal syndrome and raised cortical MHPG-SO4 in animals made dependent by ascending doses of morphine for 11 days. An injection of clonidine intraperitoneally (200 μg/kg) or in the LC (5 μg/0.5 μl) blocked most aspects of the withdrawal syndrome except jumping and had no effect on the naloxone-induced rise in cortical MHPG-SO4. The findings confirm the hypothesis that the LC is one of the sites where naloxone and clonidine, respectively, precipitate and reduce the narcotic withdrawal syndrome but argue against a role of noradrenergic neurons originating in the LC and innervating the cortex in the ability of clonidine to suppress some aspects of withdrawal syndrome precipitated by naloxone in morphine-dependent animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187263
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  • 21
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    Low doses of cis-flupentixol attenuate motor performance (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 477-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cis-flupentixol ; Reinforced responding ; Motor effects ; Reinforcement efficacy ; Dopamine receptors (D1 and D2) ; Matching law equation ; Variable-interval schedule ; Water reinforcement ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the effects of cis-flupentixol on reinforced responding. The experimental subjects were rats and the reinforced response was a lever press. The procedure was a five-component multiple schedule that provided five different reinforcement rates. Cis-flupentixol produced dose-dependent decreases in reinforced responding. An equation, the matching law, was fitted to the results. One parameter of this equation represents the estimated response rate asymptote. Cis-flupentixol produced dose-dependent decreases in the asymptotes. A second parameter of the equation represents the rate of reinforcement that maintains a one-half asymptotic response rate. Cis-flupentixol did not appear to affect this measure. There is evidence that the response rate asymptote measures motor components of response rate and that the reinforcement parameter measures the efficacy of the reinforcement maintaining the response. According to these results, cis-flupentixol systematically affected the motor-component of reinforced responding — it slowed down lever pressing — without affecting the subject's sensitivity to the reinforcer maintaining the response. In contrast, other neuroleptics have decreased the subjects' sensitivity to reinforcement, according to the matching law measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207238
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  • 22
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    Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on steady-state operant behaviour (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 520-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Dorsal noradrenergic bundle ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Operant behaviour ; Herrnstein's equation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible role of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB) in the maintenance of operant behaviour by positive reinforcement was examined using a quantitative behavioural paradigm based on Herrnstein's (1970) equation which defines a hyperbolic relationship between steady-state response rate and reinforcement frequency in variable-interval schedules. Twelve rats received bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (4 μg/2 μl) into the DNAB; ten rats received sham injections. The rats were trained to steady state in a series of six variable-interval schedules of sucrose reinforcement affording reinforcement frequencies of 8–350 reinforcers per hour. Herrnstein's equation was fitted to the data obtained from each rat and to the averaged data obtained from the two groups. The values of both R max (the parameter of the equation expressing the theoretical maximum response rate) and K H (the parameter expressing the reinforcement frequency needed to maintain the half-maximal response rate) were significantly higher in the DNAB-lesioned group than in the sham-lesioned group. At the end of the behavioural experiment the rats were sacrificed for determination of catecholamine levels in the brain by high-performance liquid chromatography. The levels of noradrenaline in the neocortex and hippocampus of the DNAB-lesioned rats were approximately 10% of those of the sham-lesioned rats. The results indicate that destruction of the DNAB reduced the “value” of the reinforcer without impairing the animals' capacity to respond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207246
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  • 23
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    Rewarding properties of β-endorphin as measured by conditioned place preference (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Place preference ; Heroin ; β-endorphin ; Naloxone ; Reward ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of β-endorphin as a possible mediator in the reinforcing properties of opiates was investigated using a conditioned place preference paradigm. Heroin, a synthetic opiate known to have reinforcing properties, produced a strong preference for an environment previously paired with heroin injection at all doses tested (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg SC). No such place preference was observed following saline injections. Rats also showed dose-dependent place preference for the environment paired with β-endorphin when injected intracerebroventricularly (significant dose was 2.5 μg). At higher doses (5.0 and 10.0 μg) rats showed no preference for the paired environment, but were catatonic. Pretreatment with naloxone (0.04, 0.2, 1.0 mg/kg SC) attenuated the rewarding effect of β-endorphin (2.5 μg) at all doses tested. The lowest dose of naloxone which had no aversive effect when tested alone could also significantly block the positive effect of β-endorphin. The reinforcing dose of β-endorphin (2.5 μg) also produced an increase in locomotor activity, when tested in photocell cages. This suggests that the hyperactivity induced by β-endorphin may contribute to the preference for an environment previously paired with the same drug. The reinforcing effect of β-endorphin is most probably mediated by the mu and/or delta opioid subtype receptor, since β-endorphin has a high affinity for these receptors. These results demonstrate positive reinforcing properties of β-endorphin in the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690919
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    Attenuation by pimozide of the suppressant effect of d-amphetamine on operant behaviour (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pimozide ; d-Amphetamine ; Operant behaviour ; Variable-interval schedules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between pimozide (a selective D2-dopamine receptor antagonist) and d-amphetamine on the operant performance of rats maintained under variable-interval schedules of positive reinforcement was examined. In Experiment 1, eight rats responded under variable-interval 30-s and variable-interval 300-s. Pimozide (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg) suppressed performance maintained under both schedules in a dose-dependent manner, the degrees of suppression being equivalent in the two schedules. In Experiment 2, 12 rats responded under the same schedules. d-Amphetamine (0.1–3.2 mg/kg) suppressed performance under both schedules, the degree of suppression being somewhat greater in the case of variable-interval 30-s. Pre-treatment with pimozide (0.0625, 0.125 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the suppressant effect of d-amphetamine under both schedules. It is suggested that D2-dopamine receptors may be involved in mediating the suppressant effect of d-amphetamine on operant behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217071
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  • 25
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    Behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in the rat: an ontogenic study (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 316-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Sensitization ; Ontogeny ; Autoreceptor ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral effect of repeated methamphetamine (MAP) treatment was observed in young rat to establish the ontogenetic period crucial to methamphetamine sensitization. Animals were treated with MAP (2 mg/kg, SC) once daily for 5 days (Group 1: postnatal days 2–6, G-2: 7–11, G-3: 12–16, G-4: 17–21, G-5: 22–26, G-6: 27–31). Control animals were similarly treated with an equal volume of saline. On the 35th postnatal day, all rats were challenged with MAP (2 mg/kg, IP). Behavioral sensitization to MAP was not found in G-1, G-2, G-3 or G-4, although responsiveness to MAP was observed in rats after the 2nd postnatal day. The animals in G-5 and G-6 showed hypersensitivity to MAP in locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior. These findings indicate that the period crucial to behavioral sensitization to MAP corresponds to the period of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor formation in the rat brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518183
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  • 26
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    DSP4 alters the effect of d-amphetamine on variable-interval performance: analysis in terms of Herrnstein's equation (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DSP4 ; Noradrenaline ; d-Amphetamine ; Operant behaviour ; Variable-interval schedules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of d-amphetamine (0.1–3.2 mg/kg) on performance in variable-interval 1-min and variable-interval 12-min schedules of positive reinforcement was examined in ten rats treated with the selective noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 and 12 control rats. In the control group d-amphetamine had a dose-dependent suppressant effect on response rates maintained under variable-interval 1-min; under variable-interval 12-min, response rates were increased by low doses and suppressed by higher doses of the drug. In the case of both schedules, lower doses of d-amphetamine were more suppressant and higher doses less suppressant in the DSP4-treated group than in the control group. The levels of noradrenaline in the parietal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum (determined by high-performance liquid chromatography) were reduced to approximately 15% of control levels in the DSP4-treated rats. The results indicate that treatment with DSP4 attenuated both the facilitatory and the suppressant effects of d-amphetamine on variable-interval performance. A formal model couched in terms of Herrnstein's (1970) equation is put forward to account for these results. It is suggested that the noradrenergic pathways emanating from the locus caeruleus are involved in both the facilitatory and suppressant effects of d-amphetamine on operant behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177924
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  • 27
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    The nucleus accumbens and antidepressants: modulation of ergometrine-induced hyperactivity by typical and atypical antidepressants and neuroleptics in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 350-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Ergometrine ; Neuroleptics ; Nucleus accumbens ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study assesses the behavioural significance of the (-)sulpiride binding sites in the rat nucleus accumbens that bind antidepressants with high affinity and neuroleptics with low affinity. The effects were measured by intra-accumbens injections of typical and atypical antidepressants or neuroleptics, either given alone or in combination with ergometrine (1 μg/0.5 μl per side) on rat locomotor activity in a familiar environment. In addition, the after-effects of the combined ergometrine-drug treatment upon locomotor activity were analyzed. The antidepressants shared a common profile of effects. Thus, none of the antidepressants significantly altered locomotor activity in naive rats. Moreover, each antidepressant produced after-effects which were similar to those elicited in the acute ergometrine experiments. However, some antidepressants (amitriptyline and zimelidine) potentiated the ergometrine response, while other antidepressants (desipramine, mianserin and clorgyline) attenuated this response. (-)Sulpiride (0.5 μg) decreased the ergometrine response when given together with ergometrine or 48 h earlier. Haloperidol had to be given in a dose that was 20 times higher than that of (-)sulpiride in order to be effective. Clozapine (1–10 μg) failed to alter the ergometrine response when given together with ergometrine. Only (-)sulpiride produced a dose-dependent attenuation of locomotor activity in naive rats. The present data are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that drugs with antidepressive effects mediate their behavioural effects via mesolimbic (-)sulpiride binding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210843
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    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned aversion after delay place conditioning with nicotine (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 376-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned place aversion ; Nicotine ; Rat ; Time-course ; Dose-response ; Chlorisondamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats received subcutaneous injections of either nicotine (NIC; 0.05–0.8 mg/kg) or vehicle [VEH (phosphate buffer); 1 ml/kg] immediately after conditioning sessions in a place-conditioning paradigm (delay conditioning). NIC was paired for three delay-conditioning sessions with one environment of a three-compartment place-conditioning apparatus; VEH was paired with another environment. The subjects were then tested for place preference or aversion by determining the proportion of time spent in each compartment during a 15-min test session. Delay conditioning with NIC only produced a dose-related place aversion (greater time was spent in the VEH-paired chamber on test day). Place aversion was evident when NIC, 0.8 mg/kg, was administered either immediately or 5 min after conditioning sessions but not when given 15 min after conditioning. Chlorisondamine (5 μg, lateral ventricle), but not saline, administered 2 weeks prior to delay conditioning with 0.8 mg/kg NIC completely blocked the NIC-induced place aversion. These data suggest that delay conditioning with NIC produces place aversion by a central mechanism. Since standard conditioning (NIC injection immediately before the place-conditioning sessions) with NIC only produced dose-related place preferences (Fudala et al. 1985; Fudala and Iwamoto 1986), the time of administration of the unconditioned stimulus is a strong determinant of the place-conditioning effects of NIC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210847
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  • 29
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    Impairment of decision making in rats by diazepam: implications for the “anticonflict” effects of benzodiazepines (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 416-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Water intake ; Holeboard behaviour ; Decision making ; Operant behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Benzodiazepines, used in the clinic as anxiolytics, have in animal models been found specifically to attenuate behavioural suppression caused by response contigent aversive stimuli, non-reward or novelty. The effects have been interpreted in more general terms as “behavioural disinhibition” or “response perseveration” or in more specific terms as reduced “reward delay” or as an attenuation of a “behavioural inhibition system”. In a recent publication we have described an experimental test in which decision making in the rat can be studied. The model is derived from ethology, in particular from optimal foraging theory. In order to solve the task, the animal must choose correctly between two options. For each option the probability of its resulting in a reward (water) has to be estimated on the basis of available information and to be related to the cost of performing it. We found that diazepam, in a dose that did not significantly affect the ability to perform the options per se, caused a strong impairment when these options, on the basis of available information, had to be combined into functional sequences in a decision making procedure. The results obtained cannot be explained on the basis of disinhibition or response perseveration. The hypothesis is advanced that benzodiazepines alter decision making in a more nonspecific may, by, for example, affecting the evaluation of the learned significance of stimuli in the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176471
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    On the mode of action of six putative dopamine receptor agonists on suppression of exploratory behaviour in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Autoreceptors ; Bromocriptine ; CQ 32-084 ; Dopamine ; Exploratory behaviour ; Mesulergine ; Multivariate statistics ; Pergolide ; 3-PPP ; Rat ; Sulpiride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of six putative dopamine receptor agonists on exploratory behaviour in rats were assessed: pergolide, (+)- and (-)-3-PPP, bromocriptine, mesulergine and CQ 32-084. Behaviour was automatically recorded in a holeboard apparatus and the data were analysed by the novel multivariate statistical method of partial least squares. All six substances suppressed exploratory behaviour at low doses. Pergolide and (+)-3-PPP-induced stereotyped behaviour at higher doses. The suppression of exploration induced by pergolide was completely antagonised by sulpiride, partly antagonised by metoclopramide and weakly affected by haloperidol pretreatment. The effects of a low dose of (+)-3-PPP, bromocriptine or CQ 32-084, but not (-)-3-PPP or mesulergine, were antagonised by sulpiride. These findings support the hypotheses that pergolide, (+)-3-PPP, bromocriptine and CQ 32-084 inhibit exploration via stimulation of dopamine receptors. The present data do not substantiate the hypothesis that the suppression of exploration induced by (-)-3-PPP is mediated by stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors. A detailed analysis of the dose response curves for pergolide and (+)-3-PPP indicates that the latter compound may have effects in addition to those of a dopamine receptor agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217053
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  • 31
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    Conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by intracerebral or systemic administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; N. raphé magnus ; Clorgyline ; Pargyline ; Deprenyl ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) elicited by systemic or intracerebral application of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors clorgyline (C), pargyline (P) or deprenyl (D) was studied in 402 rats. Water-deprived animals were allowed 15 min access to 0.1% sodium saccharin (CS) followed 10 min later by IP or by intracerebral injection of the drug. In the latter case, the animals were anesthetized 5 min after saccharin drinking with pentobarbital and the drug was stereotaxically injected (1 μl/min, 1–2 μl) into the target structure. CTA was assessed in a two-choice retention test performed 2 days later. A geometric progression of three to six dosages applied to groups of rats (n=10) was employed to establish the effective doses of the drugs which were 4, 20 and 32 mg/kg with IP and 2.5, 10 and 80 μg per rat with intracerebral (n. raphé magnus) injections of C, P, and D, respectively. The ratios of intracerebral to systemic dosages eliciting comparable CTA were 1:300 for C, 1:800 for P and 1:100 for D. Injections of 2.5 μg C and 10 μg P into the mesencephalic reticular formation, medial hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were ineffective, as were injections of 10 μg P into the nucleus of the solitary tract and cerebellum. The results indicate that CTA is elicited more efficiently by inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (selectively inhibited by C) than of monoamine oxidase B (selectively inhibited by D).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217064
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  • 32
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    Facilitation of latent inhibition by haloperidol in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Latent inhibition ; Conditioned ; suppression ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Latent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which prior exposure to a stimulus not followed by reinforcement retards subsequent conditioning to that stimulus when it is paired with reinforcement. Two experiments investigated the effects of 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol administration on LI as a function of number of CS pre-exposures. The investigation was carried out using a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure consisting of three stages: pre-exposure, in which the to-be-conditioned stimulus, tone, was repeatedly presented without reinforcement; conditioning, in which the pre-exposed stimulus was paired with shock; and test, where LI was indexed by animals' suppression of licking during tone presentation. The three stages were conducted 24 h apart. In Experiment 1, 40 CS pre-exposures were given. LI was obtained in both the placebo and haloperidol conditions, but the effect was much more pronounced under the drug. Experiment 2 used ten CS pre-exposures. LI was not obtained in the placebo animals but was clearly evident in animals injected with haloperidol. The implications of these findings for the effects of neuroleptics on learning are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217073
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    L-dopa causes an acute, partial and reversible reversal of denervation-induced supersensitivity of striatal dopaminergic receptors (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 254-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine receptors ; Striatum ; Denervation ; Supersensitivity ; Subsensitivity ; L-Dopa ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Denervation-induced supersensitivity of the striatal dopamine receptors can be quantified by the turning behaviour induced by apomorphine. With this experimental model we found that high-dose L-dopa/carbidopa administration reduced this supersensitivity. This effect was seen on the 1st day and did not alter over 5 or 10 days of treatment, but dissappeared when medication was discontinued. The degree of reduction was the same, independent of the dose and period of administration. This effect could provide a useful model for studying the phenomenon of the irreversibility of the supersensitivity of the striatal dopamine receptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217074
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    Effects of imidazole and some imidazole-derivatives on lisuride-induced mounting and aggressiveness (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Imidazole ; Imidazole derivatives ; Lisuride ; Sexual behaviour ; Aggressiveness ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult male rats were treated intraperitoneally (IP) with imidazole (IMID), distilled water or saline prior to administration of lisuride either IP or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) at doses too low by themselves to elicit the behavioural signs of mounting and aggressiveness, typically induced by higher doses of this drug. Pretreatment with distilled water or saline, or the procedure of injection alone, stimulated mounting in some of the animals. At a certain range of doses IMID induced a marked increase in both mounting and aggressive posturing in the same animals, while at higher doses mounting ceased, violent aggressive behaviour appeared and some of the rats died. Seven IMID derivatives were used on the lisuride-test: N-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, N-acetylimidazole, 4-imidazoleacetic acid, clonidine and cimetidine. Only 4-imidazoleacetic acid was completely ineffective with respect to controls. All the other drugs enhanced aggressive behaviour to varying degrees but proved to be less potent than IMID in inducing mounting, and clonidine reduced mounting at all the doses tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439581
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    Interaction between chronic stress and clomipramine treatment in rats. Effects on exploratory activity, behavioral despair, and pituitary-adrenal function (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pituitary-adrenal function ; Behavioral despair ; Clomipramine ; Anti-depressant ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between the effects of chronic electrical tail shock and clomipramine (CMI) on exploratory activity, behavioral despair and pituitary-adrenal function was studied in adult male rats. Both CMI and shock administered alone significantly reduced exploratory activity in a novel environment (holeboard). Neither interaction nor additive effects were observed when the two treatments were combined. In contrast, chronic shock increased the immobility in the forced swimming test (behavioral despair) and this effect was completely prevented by concomitant CMI administration. Pituitary-adrenal function was not significantly influenced by any of the treatments. The results indicate that: (a) chronic CMI treatment prevented some but not all behavioral changes caused by chronic shock, and (b) no interaction with basal and stress levels of pituitary-adrenal hormones was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439590
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  • 36
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    Blockade of dopamine receptors explains the lack of 5-HT stereotypy on treatment with the putative 5-HT1A agonist LY165163 (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 82-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LY165163 ; Stereotypy ; pCPA ; 5-MeODMT ; Apomorphine ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; 5-HT1A agonists ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The putative serotonin (5-HT)1A agonist 1-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluormethylphenyl) piperazine (LY165163, PAPP) induces hyperphagia and hypothermia in rats, but unlike other 5-HT agonists, does not induce 5-HT stereotypy even at high doses (10 mg/kg sc). LY165163 (1 mg/kg) increased striatal DOPA accumulation in animals treated with the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxy-benzylhydrazine (NSD 1015) (100 mg/kg ip). This increase was also found when the drug was given to animals pretreated with parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) (150 mg/kg ip daily for 3 days). LY165163 (2 and 4 mg/kg sc) inhibited stereotyped behaviour induced by the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine (2 mg/kg sc). LY165163 (2, 4, 10 mg/kg sc) also inhibited stereotyped components of the 5-HT syndrome induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT; 5 mg/kg ip) which previous studies (e.g. Andrews et al. 1982) suggested to require DA (head weaving, reciprocal forepaw treading). Thus, while other 5-HT1A agonists such as 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) cause stereotypy, this does not occur with LY165163, probably because the drug blocks DA receptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439591
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    Modulatory effect of alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists on Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions in rats and mice (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ro 5-4864 ; Clonidine ; B-HT 920 ; Guanfacine ; Benzodiazepines ; CL 218, 872 ; Pentobarbitone ; Yohimbine ; Idazoxan ; Convulsions ; Rat ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The protective effect of various alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists such as clonidine, guanfacine, B-HT 920 and ICI 106270 was investigated against Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions in mice and rats. Clonidine and ICI 106270 exhibited a profound anticonvulsant effect while equivalent doses of guanfacine and B-HT 920 were less effective. The anticonvulsant effect of clonidine and ICI 106270 was reversed by pretreatment with yohimbine or idazoxan, indicating the involvement of alpha2 adrenoceptors in their protective effect. Diazepam, clonazepam, CL 218, 872 and pentobarbitone exhibited a different profile of protective action, as these agents protected the animals from apparent mortality as compared to clonidine and ICI 106270 which prolonged the latencies of jerk and convulsion. Modulatory effects of alpha2 adrenoceptors in central GABA function and multiple sites for Ro 5-4864-induced seizures are explained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439596
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Disruptive effects of low doses of d-amphetamine on the ability of rats to organize behaviour into functional sequences (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 146-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Adaptive behaviour ; Operant behaviour ; Decision making ; Water intake ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A complex laboratory task was used to test the effects of low doses of d-amphetamine on decision making in the white rat. In particular, the animals' ability to organize their behaviour into functional sequences was studied. The rats were required to choose between two options in order to obtain rewards (water). To solve the problem efficiently, the animal must correctly use information currently available about the reward probabilities and the response costs of the two activities. The results showed that already at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, by comparison with control, the decision rule was significantly affected and the efficiency of the behaviour decreased. At 1 mg/kg, the rats were generally unable to organize their behaviour into functional sequences resulting in rewards even though they were able to perform the separate behavioural responses required to solve the task, as shown in separate control experiments. Low doses of d-amphetamine have previously been described to be “psychomotor stimulant” and, for example, to increase locomotion and exploration. Our conclusion is that these low doses do not increase behavioural output in an adaptive way. In simple tasks where motor output is directly related to a measure of performance, these doses might be interpreted as causing increased efficiency. However, when tested in our complex decision making task, these doses result in suboptimal behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179924
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Conditioning of behavioural signs produced by nomifensine and by B-HT 920 in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 182-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nomifensine ; B-HT 920 ; Dopamine receptors ; Conditioning ; Dopamine-mediated behaviours ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditioning of behavioural effects produced by two drugs acting differently upon dopaminergic neurotransmission was studied. Nomifensine and the putative dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 produce contrasting effects on motility, namely increases in locomotor activity and stereotypies as compared to hypokinesia and ptosis. The administration of each of these drugs (US) was repeatedly associated with well-defined environmental stimuli (CS): a wire cage associated with an auditory and on olfactory stimulus. The rats were conditioned for 7 days with 20 mg/kg nomifensine IP each day. After conditioning, the rats were treated with the solvent alone in presence of the CS. Not only did sniffing and licking occur, but also gnawing, even though the latter response was not evident after acute administration of the drug or during the conditioning period. Nomifensine (20 mg/kg IP) also acutely decreased the ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine concentrations (DOPAC/DOPAMINE); this ratio was not altered in the conditioned rats, 60 min after solvent administration in presence of the CS. Rats were conditioned with 0.02 mg/kg IP B-HT 920 daily for 8 days. During the conditioning phase, akinesia and ptosis showed a slight enhancement and a faster onset. After conditioning, when the rats were treated with the solvent alone, the majority of them showed akinesia and/or ptosis during the observation period, in contrast to pseudoconditioned controls. When these rats were conditioned or pseudoconditioned, respectively, with B-HT 920 for further 5 days using 0.02 mg/kg again, treatment with the same dose in presence of the CS produced a significant enhancement and acceleration of these signs in conditioned as compared with pseudoconditioned control rats. The results show that stereotypies producd by nomifensine and akinesia and ptosis produced by B-HT 920 can be conditioned and that, in addition, a sign of stereotypies which was not manifest during the conditioning period appeared as conditioned response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179931
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  • 40
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    The influence of cyproheptadine on immobilization and oestradiol benzoate induced anorexia in ovariectomized rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anorexia ; Body weight ; Food intake ; Oestradiol benzoate ; Ovariectomy ; Cyproheptadine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repeated bodily immobilization significantly reduced the food intake of ovariectomized rats. Additionally, immobilization and oestradiol benzoate were found to produce additive effects in depressing feeding. To determine whether serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the stress-and oestrogen-induced anorexia, the 5-HT antagonist cyproheptadine was given to ovariectomized rats that were immobilized and treated with oestradiol benzoate. Cyproheptadine had no effect on the anorexia produced by oestradiol. The food intake of immobilized rats treated with cyproheptadine was similar to control values, suggesting 5-HT involvement in the stress-induced anorexia. However, cyproheptadine had no ameliorating effects on the changes in body weight following immobilization treatment. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to a possible neuroendocrine basis for anorexia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179934
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  • 41
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    Learnt tolerance to sedative effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-stimulation performance, but no tolerance to facilitatory effects after 80 days (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 214-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioural tolerance ; Benzodiazepine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Instrumental learning ; Rat ; Sedation ; Self-stimulation ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sedative and facilitatory effects on variable-interval hypothalamic self-stimulation were monitored during chronic treatment with chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 7.5 mg/kg IP), given at 48-h intervals in two groups of rats. Group 1 was injected immediately before each of 40 1-h self-stimulation sessions (“drugged responding”); Group 2 was injected after self-stimulation for the first 20 sessions (“undrugged responding”), and before self-stimulation for a further 20 sessions (“drugged responding”). Significant sedation occurred in both groups in initial sessions of drugged responding, even though Group 2 had already received 20 injections of CDP (after undrugged sessions). Sedative effects showed very rapid tolerance, and disappeared after 1–3 sessions, but only in rats which had been responding while drugged (and which thus had had opportunities to develop coping strategies against the sedative effects). After further sessions of drugged responding, sedation was replaced by apparently stimulant effects. Stimulant effects showed no tolerance at all in either group even after 40 injections, thus differing from anti-conflict (and other) effects of BZDs, which generally show gradual tolerance. These results show that coping strategies acquired by instrumental learning can account for rapid and selective tolerance to sedative effects. Coping strategies do not account for the differing rates of tolerance to stimulant and to other effects of BZDs; these differences may indicate pharmacologically distinct brain systems downstream from the BZD receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179936
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  • 42
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    Apomorphine-induced yawning in rats is abolished by bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 336-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yawning ; Apomorphine ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Autoreceptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apomorphine-induced yawning was studied in male rats with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. Apomorphine 10, 20 and 50 μg/kg SC induced dose-dependent yawning in unoperated controls and animals with sham lesions. In the lesioned animals (in which the mean striatal dopamine depletion was 67%), the maximum yawning response rate was greatly attenuated with no evidence that the dose response curve was shifted in either direction. Furthermore, blockade of yawning in the lesioned animals was not simply due to suppression by other stereotyped behaviours, since there was no evidence of increased sniffing or chewing in these animals. These data provide further support for the hypothesis that apomorphine-induced yawning is mediated by dopamine autoreceptors and requires intact nigrostriatal projections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187253
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    Electronic Resource
    The paw test: a behavioural paradigm for differentiating between classical and atypical neuroleptic drugs (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Animal model ; Catalepsy ; Neuroleptics ; Paw test ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An often used animal model based on the effects of neuroleptics on spontaneous behaviour is the catalepsy test. However, this test seems to be particularly insensitive to the atypical neuroleptics thioridazine and, especially, clozapine. We have therefore developed an alternative test, the paw test, which measures the ability of drugs to prevent the spontaneous withdrawal of fore- and hindlimbs in rats, and have compared this with the classical catalepsy test. The results show that: 1) the classical neuroleptic drugs haloperidol and chlorpromazine, the atypical neuroleptic drugs clozapine and thioridazine, the potential atypical neuroleptic drugs molindone and SCH 23390, and the potential classical neuroleptic drug metoclopramide are potent in increasing the hindlimb retraction time; 2) the paw test discriminates between classical neuroleptics which are equipotent in prolonging both the forelimb (FRT) and hindlimb retraction time (HRT) and atypical neuroleptics which are much more potent in prolonging HRT than in prolonging FRT; 3) the non-neuroleptic drugs desipramine, diazepam and morphine do not influence the variables measured in the paw test, although morphine does produce catalepsy; 4) Molindone as well as SCH 23390 behave like atypical neuroleptic drugs in the paw test. In comparison with the classical wood block catalepsy test, the paw test is shown to be superior for predicting the profile of the neuroleptics tested. Although more neuroleptics and non-neuroleptics have to be tested to determine whether false positives and false negatives do occur, we feel that the paw test might be an interesting animal model, because the increase in hindlimb retraction time was associated with the antipsychotic potential, whereas the increase in forelimb retraction time was associated with the potential to induce so-called extrapyramidal side effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187254
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    Effects of the novel anxiolytics gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone on free feeding and on feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5-HT1A receptors ; Anxiolytics ; Interactions ; Feeding ; Rat ; 5-HT autoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the novel anxiolytics gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone on free feeding and on feeding induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were examined. Gepirone dose-dependently increased feeding 2 and 4 h after injection, the magnitude of the response being larger than previously observed with any other 5-HT1A receptor ligand. Previous studies have suggested that buspirone and ipsapirone can block some of the behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT. However, gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone did not inhibit feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT. These results indicate that gepirone is a very efficacious appetite stimulant in rats and suggest that gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone act as 5-HT autoreceptor agonists in the feeding model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187255
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 358-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Animal model of depression ; DMI ; Stress ; Saccharin ; Sucrose ; Saline ; Preference ; Anhedonia ; Corticosterone ; Glucose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats exposed chronically (5–9 weeks) to a variety of mild unpredictable stressors showed a reduced consumption of and preference for saccharin or sucrose solutions. Preference deficits took at least 2 weeks to develop and were maintained for more than 2 weeks after termination of the stress regime. Sucrose preference was unaffected by 1 week of treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant DMI but returned to normal after 2–4 weeks of DMI treatment. DMI did not alter sucrose preference in unstressed animals. No significant changes were seen in saline preference either during stress or following drug treatment. DMI reduced blood corticosterone and glucose levels, but stress did not significantly alter either measure. The results are discussed in terms of an animal model of endogenous depression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187257
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Methiothepin reduces glucose utilization in forebrain regions of awake rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methiothepin ; 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Glucose utilization ; Brain metabolism ; Behavior ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured, using the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose method, in 92 discrete brain regions of awake rats, at 1, 2, 3, or 4 h after administration of the serotonergic antagonist methiothepin 0.1 mg/kg IP. The drug produced a cataleptic behavior that peaked in intensity at 3 h after its administration. LCGU declined significantly in 35% of the 92 regions at one or more time points after methiothepin administration. No area of increased metabolism was found. The time-course of the decline in LCGU closely paralleled the intensity of catalepsy; the peak effect was at 3 h, when LCGU was significantly reduced in 32% of the regions examined (mean decline for all regions was 15%). Metabolic depression after methiothepin was most notable in the forebrain, where LCGU declined in many regions of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Most of the regions affected by methiothepin possess a substantial number of serotonin receptors, although LCGU was also reduced in a few regions not primarily involved in serotonergic neurotransmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207234
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    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneity in a colonic carcinoid tumor (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Heterogeneity ; Ultrastructure ; Colonic carcinoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a colonic carcinoid tumor in which three, and possibly four, distinct cell types are distinguishable on the basis of their ultrastructure and granule morphology. These cell types closely resemble the normal endocrine cells of the large bowel, both in appearances and in relative frequency. The mixed composition of this tumor may have arisen either by parallel differentiation of distinct cell types, or by sequential maturation of one cell type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713510
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  • 48
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    The effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2+aspirin on the canine gastric mucosal barrier (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1987), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 ; Aspirin ; Tight junctions ; Stomach ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The canine gastric epithelium was exposed to solutions containing 20 mM aspirin and 20 mM aspirin + 30 µg/kg 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) for periods of three and forty minutes. No macroscopic hemorrhagic lesions were seen. Light microscopically, surface lesions were reduced from 10 percent (aspirin alone) to 2.5% (aspirin+dmPGE2). However, dmPGE2 does not appear to attenuate aspirin induced tight junction alterations. Discontinuities in the apical occluding complexes, hyperplastic tight junctions and stand number variability were documented in freeze frature replicas of aspirin as well as aspirin+ dmPGE2 treated dog stomachs. The results of these experiments would seem to suggest that 30 µg/kg dmPGE2 does not prevent aspirin induced damage to the tight junctions of the canine gastric epithelium or enhance their repair.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716183
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Psammous desmo-osteoblastoma (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 561-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Psammous desmo-osteoblastoma ; Ultrastructure ; Osteonectin ; Bone tumours ; Fibro-osseous lesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibro-osteo-cemental lesions of the jaw bones are a heterogeneous group of diseases which present problems in classification. Psammous desmo-osteoblastoma is one of four newly proposed entities (Makek 1983) and has until now been characterized by its light microscopic, clinical and radiological features. On electron microscopy this tumour exhibits fibroblastic (preosteoblastic), osteoblastic and osteocytic cells and a globular mineralization unlike the mineralization of the psammoma bodies. Immunohistological investigations with anti-osteonectin, a bone specific protein linking mineral to collagen, showed positive intracellular staining in all tumour cells and extracellular staining in the osteoid. The psammoma bodies were, however, not stained. These results confirm the view of the osteogenic histogenesis of psammous desmo-osteoblastoma, with an osteogenic differentiation of the tumour cells, bone formation and association of psammoma bodies which are not of bone origin. This combination of findings supports the view that psammous desmo-osteoblastoma represents a new and distinct entity occuring in desmal preformed cranio-facial bones which should be incorporated in a revised WHO-classification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713287
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  • 50
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    Maintenance of normal human breast organoids within rat mammary fat pads in organ culture (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 495-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human ; Rat ; Breast ; Mammary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal human breast organoids, derived by collagenase digestion of reduction mammaplasty tissue specimens, have been cultured in vitro for up to 28 days after injection into organ cultures of virgin rat mammary fat pads. The culture medium was serum-free Waymouth's MB 752/ 1 with hormonal additives. The rat mammary tissue responded well to growth-promoting and lactogenic stimuli in the culture medium, in agreement with previous investigations. Using immunohistochemistry casein was identified in rat epithelia exposed to lactogenic medium. Human organoids in culture remained viable but did not show hormone-responsiveness. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of both luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. The serum-free culture of normal human breast organoids in a three-dimensional matrix provides a system in which to study factors controlling growth and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00781684
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  • 51
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    Endocrine cells in ectocervical epithelium (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ectocervix ; Serotonin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ultrastructure ; Transitional epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of endocrine cells in the ectocervix was carried out using histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Serotonin and calcitonin immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this site. Serotonin and calcitonin immunoreactivities were coexpressed in the same endocrine cell. These distinctive cells were encountered in two main morphological varieties of ectocervical epithelium. Normal-appearing stratified squamous epithelium contained only very rare serotonin and calcitonin cells. In contrast, endocrine cells were fairly abundant in a specific epithelium termed “transitional-like”. This type of epithelium was not only confined to the transformation zone but could also extend onto the portio as far as the vaginal cut margin. In some cases, transitional-like epithelium bore morphological resemblance to urothelium. In other cases, it could be regarded as basal cell hyperplasia or immature squamous metaplasia. Of interest, serotonin and calcitonin cells have been well-documented as normal inhabitants of some other non-squamous epithelia, such as urothelium or pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Therefore, it is suggested that certain ectocervical epithelia show some similarities to urothelium, in respect of their morphological appearance and endocrine profile. Further investigations using more objective and specific markers of urothelial cells are needed to assess the exact degree of homology connecting all these types of epithelium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735036
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    Some ultrastructural features of the myocardial cells in the hypertrophied human papillary muscle (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 281-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human heart ; Papillary muscle ; Myocardial hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study using various electron microscopical techniques has been conducted on biopsy material from the hypertrophied papillary muscle of the human heart. About 75% of the myocardial cells were classified as hypertrophic with diameters ranging from 15 εm to 53 εm. The increased cell diameter appeared to be the result of an elevated amount of mitochondria and contractile material. The hypertrophied myocytes displayed a general ultrastructural organization in many ways similar to that of the normal sized myocytes. However, the former cells were characterized by focal deposits of excess laminar coat material and abnormal Z-band patterns as well as of multiple intercalated discs. The preferential sites for the production of new sarcomere elements appeared to be in the subsarcolemmal and intercalated disc regions. Adjacent myocardial cells were interconnected by collagen bundles, and, by an elaborate collagen-fibril-microthread-granule lattice. The surface folds were linked to each other by surface cables, which probably constituted a separate category of extracellular material of unknown function. Intramembranous particles were abundant in the sarcolemma proper but scarce in the membranes of the sarcoplasmic vesicles. Such particles were also observed in the lipofuscin granular membrane and in the membranes surrounding the lipid droplets. A framework of transverse cytoskeletal filaments interconnected the Z-bands of adjacent myofibrils and anchored the contractile material to the sarcolemma as well as to the nucleus. A large and lobulated nucleus containing well developed nucleoli together with an abundance of sarcoplasmic free and membrane-attached ribosomes, were interpreted as morphological signs of enhanced synthetic activity in the hypertrophied cell. Degenerative phenomena on the other hand were confined to lysosomal degeneration of worn-out cell constituents that were manifested by the numerous lysosomes and aggregates of lipofuscin granules. Abnormal Z-band patterns as seen in the present material were interpreted as an initial stage in the formation of new contractile elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711285
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    Ectopic anterior pituitary corticotropic tumour in a six-year-old boy (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Corticotropic adenoma ; Ultrastructure ; Pituitary oncocytoma ; Choroid Plexus carcinoma ; Mitochondrial morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The report documents a silent, oncocytic, ACTH-producing ectopic anterior pituitary tumour in a 6-year-old boy. The invasive intrahemispheric neoplasm had no connection with the pituitary gland, the sella turcica or the sphenoid sinuses. The apparent similarities existing between this tumour, some choroid plexus carcinomas and steroid-producing neoplasms are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735033
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    Ultrastructure of tumour invasion and desmoplastic response of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tumor invasion ; Ultrastructure ; Desmoplasia ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Lung parenchyma ; Basal lamina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using ultrastructural methods we studied the interaction of tumour cells and lung parenchyma in deep areas (i.e., more than about 3 mm from the tumour surface) of 50 bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas. The tumour periphery, studied previously, had shown organized associations of tumour cells and lung epithelial cells and a surprising lack of invasion of non-epithelial tissue compartments. The deeper areas, where the tumour cells and the lung parenchyma had been in contact for longer periods, consisted of irregular groups of tumour cells and desmoplastic stroma which was very similar to granulation tissue. The deeper areas also contained many intact lung epithelial cells, arranged in compressed and distorted alveolar structures. Where non-neoplastic epithelial cells and tumour cells had direct contact, they formed common junctional complexes and basal laminae. In part of the tumours, the cells were largely devoid of a basal lamina. However, in most instances a continuous basal lamina surrounded every tumour cell group studied, even when these formed irregular strands or seemed to be completely isolated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735035
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    Mixed crypt cell carcinoma (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1987), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Appendix ; Colorectal neoplasm ; Carcinoid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinicopathological features of six appendix and five bowel tumours with features of the so-called ‘goblet cell carcinoid’ are described. By light microscopy, these tumours were composed predominantly of mucous cells, together with variable proportions of endocrine and Paneth cells. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study confirmed this impression and no amphicrine cells were seen. The clinical course of all cases arising in the bowel, and three out of six appendix tumours was characterised by an aggressive behaviour with the development of widespread lymphatic and often intraperitoneal metastasis, but liver metastasis occurred in only one instance. We conclude, both from this study and from a review of the literature, that the ‘mixed crypt cell carcinoma’ forms a distinct clinicopathological entity justifying separate classification from adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716191
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    Behavioural effects of intrathecally injected tachykinins in rats with peripheral nerve transection (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 336 (1987), S. 656-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Substance P ; Neurokinin A ; Intrathecal injection ; Sciatic nerve transection ; Scratching, biting and licking response ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of unilateral sciatic nerve transection on behavioural responses produced by intrathecal administration of substance P (SP), neurokinin A, eledoisin and physalaemin was investigated in the rat. The injection of SP (3 nmol/rat) into the subarachnoid space was followed by reciprocal scratching, biting and licking of the fore- and hind-limbs. There was no observable difference in the behavioural response to SP between rats with nerve transection and sham operated rats at 5 days after operation. Whereas at 10, 20, and 30 days after nerve transection the response to SP was significantly increased as compared with sham operated rats. This phenomenon was also observed with neurokinin A (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 nmol/rat), eledoisin (0.05 and 0.10 nmol/rat) and physalaemin (0.05 and 0.10 nmol/ rat) at 10 days after operation. Ipsilateral depletion of SP from the lumbar (L4-L6) spinal cord was observed at 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after the unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve. These results suggest that sciatic nerve transection may produce an increased response to tachykinins through an enhanced sensitivity of tachykinin receptors in the lumbar cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165757
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    Qualitative and quantitative variability in different classes of proteins: Comparison of mouse and rat (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 260-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Quantitative variability of proteins ; Qualitative variability of proteins ; Protein classes ; Membrane proteins ; Organ-specific proteins ; Regulatory genes ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proteins of membranes and cytosols were extracted from the livers and brains of mice (inbred strain DBA/6J) and rats (inbred strain DA/Han) and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The 2-DE patterns were compared with regard to qualitative (spot position) and quantitative (spot intensity) characteristics of the proteins of these two species. The following results were obtained: (1) Brain had more (higher percentage) conservative proteins (proteins found in both mice and rats) than liver; (2) plasma membranes had more conservative proteins than the cytosols; (3) organ-unspecific proteins contained more conservative proteins than relatively organ-specific proteins; (4) the pattern of distribution of genetic variability among different classes of proteins represented by findings 1–3 was the same for the qualitative and quantative characteristics of the proteins; and (5) some observations indicated that quantitative variability occurred more frequently among proteins than did qualitative variability. Our conclusion is that regulatory sequences in the DNA (regulatory genes) are subjected to functional constraints that differ in strength among different classes of proteins by the same ratios as the constraints acting on the structural genes. The overall effect of the selective pressure is, however, less stringent for regulatory genes than for structural genes. The results obtained here by comparing two different species are very similar to previous results we obtained by studying different subspecies (inbred strains of the mouse). From this finding arises a new concept: the study of molecular evolution on the basis of different classes of proteins. Our results were compared with data from the literature that were obtained in part from studies on cultured cells. The comparison suggested that cultured cells have lost their tissue-specific proteins, and so generate predominantly extremely conservative proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111239
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    Reversible vasoconstriction in rats with congenital unilateral hydronephrosis (1987)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 498-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Hydronephrosis ; Vasoconstriction ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Prostaglandins ; Indomethacin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of inhibition of either prostaglandins or the role of prostanoids and the renin-angiotensin system on renal function in rats with congenital unilateral hydronephrosis. Wistar rats with congenital unilateral hydronephrosis were infused with normal saline (control), captopril dissolved in normal saline or indomethacin dissolved in a solution of sodium chloride and sodium carbonate. In the control group both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow were reduced in the right hydronephrotic kidney (RHK) compared with the normal left kidney. Indomethacin did not improve renal function in the RHK. Captopril significantly improved GFR in the RHK. These results support the conclusion that the renin-angiotensin system is an important mediator of reduced GFR in congenital unilateral hydronephrosis in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849260
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    The effects of baclofen on spinal and supraspinal micturition reflexes in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 336 (1987), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: (±)-Baclofen ; Micturition reflexes ; Rat ; Pelvic ganglia ; GABA B receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of (±)-baclofen on micturition reflexes was investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. A ‘low’ dose of (±)-baclofen (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) barely affected the early phase of the transurethral cystometrogram (CMG) which involves activation of a spinal vesico-vesical excitatory reflex. 2. At a higher dose (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) (±)-baclofen suppressed both the spinal and supraspinal components of the bladder response to transurethral saline filling. 3. When the bladder was filled by the transvesical route a series of regular voiding cycles was obtained which are due to activation of a supraspinal vesico-vesical excitatory reflex. In this model, voiding efficiency of the rat bladder was markedly reduced even after a low dose of (±)-baclofen (0.5 mg/kg) and almost suppressed at 2.5 mg/kg. 4. (±)-Baclofen reduction of voiding efficiency was mainly ascribable to an inhibitory effect on the expulsive phase of the voiding cycle which, in rats, depends critically upon the activation of a reflex which induces a twitch-like contraction of urethral/periurethral skeletal muscles. 5. (±)-Baclofen produced a small inhibition of the pinching-induced somatovesical excitatory reflex. (±)-Baclofen (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) produced also a marked but transient inhibition of bladder contractions induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation. However the time course of this effect was markedly shorter as compared to the long lasting suppression of voiding cycle observed with this same dose of the drug. 6. (−)-Baclofen, which is more potent than (±)-baclofen as a GABA B receptor agonist, affected bladder response to transurethral or transvesical filling in a manner similar to that observed with the racemate, but at lower doses (0.1–0.5 mg/kg i.v.). 7. These findings indicate that: a) (±)-baclofen affects markedly various types of reflexes concerned with micturition; b) a central site seems the main determinant of its action; c) at a low dose level inhibition of the reflex activation of urethral/periurethral skeletal muscles rather than the detrusor is a main target for (±)-baclofen action and d) GABA B receptors may modulate excitatory neurotransmission in rat pelvic ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165805
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    Release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) induced by tyramine in the isolated vas deferens of rat (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 335 (1987), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tyramine ; Neuropeptide Y ; Calcium-independence ; Desipramine ; Norepinephrine ; Vas deferens ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of tyramine on the isolated vas deferens of rats was investigated. Tyramine induced a dose-dependent contraction which was blocked by phentolamine and disappeared in adrenergic denervated tissues. In the presence of an antiserum to neuropeptide Y (NPY), the contraction induced by concentrations of tyramine greater than 10 μM was markedly increased. In addition to inducing the release of 3H-norepinephrine (NE), tyramine evoked a concentration-dependent efflux of NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPYLI) from synaptosomal preparations. This action was not modified either by the removal of calcium ion from the medium or by the pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM). Desipramine suppressed the NPY-LI release induced by tyramine apparently by the inhibition of the uptake of tyramine is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the reduction of 4C-tyramine uptake and the inhibition of NPY-LI release induced by desipramine (r = 0.946). Therefore, we suggest that tyramine does induce the release of NPY from rat vas deferens, in addition to effecting NE secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172793
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    Compared effects of calcium entry blockers on calcium-induced tension in rat isolated cerebral and peripheral resistance vessels (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 336 (1987), S. 670-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Vascular smooth muscle ; Calcium entry blockers ; Rat ; Depolarisation ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the calcium entry blockers verapamil (V), diltiazem (D), nifedipine (NF) and nicardipine (NC) have been studied on calcium concentration-effect curves elicited in depolarized (K+, 40 mmol/l) and in serotonin-exposed (6 μmol/l) rat middle cerebral arteries (RMCA) in order to compare the relative potencies of the blockers against these two calcium channel activating mechanisms. In control conditions, Ca2+ sensitivity expressed as pD2 and maximal active wall tension (AWT) were not significantly different in depolarized and in 5-HT-exposed vessels: pD2: 3.39 ±0.08 vs 3.50 ± 0.06 and AWT: 0.93 ± 0.15 mN · mm−1 vs 0.90 ± 0.16 mN · mm−1 respectively. V, D, NF and NC displaced Ca2+ control curves to the right and depressed the maximum contractile response in the two experimental conditions, which suggests a noncompetitive type of antagonism. All the blockers were more potent inhibitors of Ca2+-induced contractions in depolarized than in serotonin-exposed middle cerebral arteries. The IC50 values (concentration of blockers producing a 50% inhibition of maximal control contractile response) were (nmol/l) : V = 20, D = 120, NF = 0.4, NC = 1 and V = 400, D = 10000, NF = 20, NC = 7 in depolarized and serotonin-exposed arteries respectively. From these IC50 values, the relative order of potency of the CEB's was not the same in the two experimental conditions suggesting that while serotonin and K+ both promote the entry of Ca2+ into vascular smooth muscle cells of RMCA, they either activate a different gating mechanism associated with a single common channel or perhaps distinct channels. Comparison of the results obtained in this study for depolarized rat middle cerebral arteries with those previously obtained in depolarized rat mesenteric resistance arteries (RMRA) revealed that while Ca2+-induced contractile responses were inhibited in a similar non-competitive manner by the four CEB's, the respective IC50 values showed that potencies and rank of relative potency of the blockers were different in the two types of vessels. D and NC were equally potent in both preparations (IC50 ratio = 2.5 and 3 respectively) but RMCA were more sensitive to V and NF than RMRA (IC50 ratio = 6.5 and 11 respectively). These results are discussed and it is proposed that regional differencies in the conformation and/or the activation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels may exist in different vascular beds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165759
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    Ultrastructure of human preovulatory granulosa cells in follicular fluid aspirates (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 240 (1987), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Preovulatory granulosa cells ; Call-Exner body ; Fibrin ; Human ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of preovulatory granulosa cells may be distinct in follicles containing competent as opposed to non-competent oocytes. To test this assumption, granulosa cells were looked for in 36 follicular fluid aspirates from 8 patients taking part in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program. Granulosa cells were absent from 16 aspirates and present in 20. Both aspirate types contained oocytes able to develop in culture. Granulosa cells were subdivided into three developmental stages. Stage 1 (5% of aspirates) showed proliferating cells, while stage 2 (60% of aspirates) and 3 (35% of aspirates) cells were in the preluteinization stage. These cells were recognizable by their number of lipid droplets and differentiated according to possession of a rough (stage 2) or smooth (stage 3) endoplasmic reticulum. Luteinization did not occur in these cells. All stages displayed desmosomes, gap junctions, and annular junctions. The structure of Call-Exner bodies and of fibrin deposits were unexpected findings. Our study indicates that there is no correlation between the previously used morphological parameters of granulosa cells and oocyte maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207708
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    Myelin basic protein in brains of rats with low dose lead encephalopathy (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1987), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Lead ; Brain ; Myelin basic protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Postnatal exposure of rats to lead has been shown previously to cause CNS hypo-myelination. Since rats intoxicated with lead often show retarded growth, the superimposed malnutrition, which as such can cause hypomyelination, may contribute to myelin deficit. In the present study control rats and lead exposed rats which did not have any retardation of growth were examined by radioimmunological assay of myelin basic protein (MBP) of homogenates of cerebrum and cerebellum at 30, 60 and 120 days of age. Lead was administered on postnatal days 1–15 by daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg lead nitrate/kg body weight. This lead dose results in light microscopically discernible hemorrhagic encephalopathy in the cerebellum of 15-day old rats, but does not induce growth retardation (Sundström et al. 1983). The controls were injected with vehicle only. The amount of lead in the blood and brain homogenates of lead-exposed and control rats 15–200 days old was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant differences between the lead-exposed and control rats were not found in the cerebral or cerebellar content of MBP. Considering the results of previous investigations, the findings do not exclude a hypo-myelinating effect of lead, but they suggest that exposure to lead without concomitant malnutrition does not cause hypo-myelination in the cerebrum and cerebellum of the developing rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295087
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    Silver affects viability and structure of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages and peroxidative capacity of whole mouse liver (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1987), S. 408-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Silver toxicity ; Cultured macrophages ; Cell death ; Ultrastructure ; Lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of silver on cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined by estimation of cell survival and by light and electron microscopy. Additon of silver lactate to the culture medium at final concentrations of 40 and 80 μM resulted in coagulation necrosis and rapid cell death. At lower concentrations cell structure appeared normal. However, the rate of cell death at 20 μM silver lactate was increased as compared to controls. Silver, visualized by physical development/autometallography, was invariably located in lysosomes. The production of malondialdehyde in mouse liver of silver-treated mice as compared to controls was also examined. This lipid peroxidation product had increased to the same amount in animals treated with silver for either 3 days or with only one silver injection 4 h before examination. This study has demonstrated that silver affects viability and structure of cultured macrophages, possibly due to induction of lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated to occur in the liver of silver-exposed mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316206
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    Pharmacokinetics of the neurotoxin n-hexane in rat and man (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: n-Hexane ; Pharmacokinetics ; Man ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of inhaled n-hexane in rat and man were compared. In the rat metabolism was saturable. Up to 300 ppm, the metabolic rate was directly proportional to the concentration in the atmosphere, reaching 47 μmol/(h· kg). Only 17% of n-hexane was exhaled unchanged. Above 300 ppm, the amount of n-hexane in the body rose with increasing atmospheric concentrations from 1.6 up to a limiting value of 9.6, which corresponded to the thermodynamic distribution coefficient of n-hexane between the organism and the atmosphere. Up to 3000 ppm, the rate of metabolism increased to 245 μmol/ (h· kg); only a slow further increase was found up to 7000 ppm (285μmol/(h· kg)). In man the steady-state concentrations of n-hexane were about 1 ppm. The metabolic clearance was 1321/h, and n-hexane accumulated to a factor of 2.3 in the organism. The thermodynamic distribution coefficient was calculated to be 12. Twenty per cent of n-hexane in the body was exhaled unchanged. At low concentrations the rate of metabolism of n-hexane is limited in both species by transport to the enzyme system. Under these conditions the rate of metabolism of n-hexane should not be influenced by xenobiotics which induce the n-hexane metabolizing enzyme system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296952
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    Expression and inducibility of drug-metabolizing enzymes in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of rat liver during nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 198-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Drug-metabolizing enzymes ; Liver ; Rat ; Hepatocarcinogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression, inducibility, and regulation of four different cytochrome (cyt.) P-450 isoenzymes (PB1, PB2, MC1, and MC2) NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, the glutathione transferases (GSTs) B and C and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEHb) have been studied during nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis using immunohistochemical techniques. The investigations revealed basic differences in the expression of the individual drug metabolizing enzymes in the course of neoplastic development. While the two GSTs and mEHb were increased in all preneoplastic and benign neoplastic lesions, the levels of the distinct cyt. P-450 isoenzymes were characteristically different from each other. Following initial changes in the expression of these enzymes in early preneoplastic lesions (i. e., increase of cyt. P-450 PB1 versus slight decrease of the other cyt. P-450 isoenzymes), a continuous reduction of all cyt. P-450 isoenzymes was observed during the further course of hepatocarcinogenesis. In progressed neoplastic nodules, all cyt. P-450-isoenzymes and NADPH cyt. P-450 reductase were decreased to varying extents. Treatment of animals with inducers of the monooxygenase system, such as phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and polychlorinated biphenyls, led to a rather heterogenous pattern of enzyme alterations in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Following administration of phenobarbital, some islets responded to the same degree as the surrounding tissue, others were less or not at all inducible and a few of the lesions showed a prominent increase in cyt. P-450 PB2 and NADPH-cyt. P-450 reductase levels. The interesting finding that these two enzymes always showed concurrent changes may be indicative of a common regulation. Similar to phenobarbital, an induction of cyt. P-450 isoenzymes within carcinogen-induced lesions was also observed following administration of 3-methyl-cholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls. The results demonstrate that drug-metabolizing enzymes are abnormally regulated in carcinogen-induced lesions. The multiplicity of enzyme deviations within individual lesions and especially the enzyme inducibility strongly suggest that the focal enzyme alterations result from genotoxic effects of the carcinogen on regulatory systems of a higher order rather than from mutational events in individual structural genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296980
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    Ultrastructural alterations of neuronal cells in a brain stem ganglioglioma (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 74 (1987), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ganglioglioma ; Neuronal degeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Brain stem ; Brain tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A brain stem ganglioglioma in a 9-year-old female was examined ultrastructurally. The constituent neuronal (ganglion) cells displayed various ultrastructural features of neuronal degeneration including Hirano, Lafora and zebra bodies, inclusion-like aggregates of neurofilaments and large dilatations of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Although similar observations have been reported in peripheral neuronal tumors, this is the first reported occurrence in ganglioglioma, an uncommon tumor in the central nervous system. The coincidence of these alterations in the present tumor appeared to be of great interest, however, their exact etiology remained uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688197
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    Glial filaments in the subcutaneous tumors of mouse glioma clones differently expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 74 (1987), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Vimentin ; Ultrastructure ; Glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glial filaments contain vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The question of how glial filaments change morphologically according to the expression of vimentin and/or GFAP has remained unclear. In this study, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations were performed on the subcutaneously transplanted tumors of two clones (F6B3 and G10A10) derived from a mouse glioma. F6B3 tumor expressed GFAP and vimentin in large quantities. G10A10 tumor expressed plenty of vimentin but only a little of GFAP. Ultrastructurally, F6B3 tumor contained abundant cytoprocesses in most of which numerous intermediate filaments (IFs) were arranged in a parallel array. On the other hand, only a small number of the processes were seen in G10A10 tumor, which showed a few IFs arranged either randomly or sparsely in the processes. Both tumors commonly had the IFs accompanied by visible sidearms, but there was a difference in that the smooth and firm IFs were confined to part of F6B3 tumor. Thus, the comparison made between the two models presented differences in the content, arrangement and morphology of IFs, as well as in the manner of GFAP expression, suggesting correlation between these differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688331
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    The ultrastructure of the nervous tissue in a benign teratoma (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Teratoma ; Nervous tissue ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nervous tissue in a benign ovarian teratoma is described. This tissue was organized into areas having both “meningel” and “ependymal” surfaces, between which were found astrocytes, ependymal cells, neurones with synapses and microglia. These cells all had ultrastructural similarities to their normal counterparts in the nervous system. In addition, some signs of degenerative change — due possibly to the abnormal location of the nervous tissue — were observed. Oligodendrocytes and myelin were absent, possibly because of vascular insufficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686623
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  • 70
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    The critical period of Purkinje cell degeneration and cerebellar hypoplasia due to bilirubin (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellar hypoplasia ; Critical period ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Purkinje cell ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The critical period of Purkinje cell degeneration and cerebellar hypoplasia due to bilirubin was examined in rats with transient hyperbilirubinemia induced by a serial subcutaneous injection of novobiocin from 1 to 3, 5 to 7, 10 to 13, or 16 to 20 days after birth. Animals showing total plasma bilirubin levels of 5 to 7 mg/100 ml 6 h after the final injection were used for this study. In nearly midsagittal sections of the culmen, the percentage of the affected Purkinje cells was 0.9%, 17.1%, 0% and 0% at days 3, 7, 13 and 20, respectively. Thus, the Purkinje cells were most vulnerable to bilirubin between days 5 and 7. Cerebella from the rats which showed transient hyperbilirubinemia at day 3, 7, 13 or 20 were weighed at day 30. The cerebellar weight was significantly low only in rats showing hyperbilirubinemia at day 7. Thus, the critical period of the cerebellar hypoplasia due to bilirubin coincided with the period when the Purkinje cells were most sensitive to bilirubin. These results suggest that the Purkinje cell damage leads to the cerebellar hypoplasia in hyperbilirubinemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686791
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  • 71
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    Extracellular edema and glial response to it in the cerebellum of suckling rats with low-dose lead encephalopathy (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 116-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Lead ; Brain edema ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Newborn rats were exposed to daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg lead nitrate per kg body weight for the first 15 postnatal days. The growth and mortality of the lead-exposed animals did not differ from their control litter-mates, injected with vehicle only. In our previous studies, focal hemorrhages and spongy areas as well as breakdown of blood-brain barrier to plasma proteins were shown by light microscopy in the cerebellar parenchyma of 15-day-old rats exposed to this dose. In spite of these signs of edema, measurements of brain tissue specific gravity did not show increased water content. In the present investigation we examined the ultrastructure of the brain lesions in these rats with low-dose lead encephalopathy, focusing on signs of edema, and evaluated astroglial reaction by immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The electron microscopic findings were compatible with extracellular edema in the cerebellum of 15-day-old lead exposed rats. The number of GFAP-positive cell bodies in the gray substance of the cerebellar cortex was increased in the 15-day-old lead-exposed rats as compared with the controls of the same age, a finding which is presumably related to the leakage of plasma proteins. Both these findings were lacking at 20 days of age, suggesting reversibility of the lead-induced changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687071
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  • 72
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    Esthesioneuroepithelioma: a tumor of true olfactory epithelium origin (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Esthesioneuroepithelioma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurofilament protein (NFP) ; Keratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of esthesioneuroepithelioma was investigated ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically, using antibodies against neurofilament protein (NFP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), keratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 protein (S-100), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The tumor initially manifested as an epidural mass in the anterior cranial fossa in a 64-year-old man, and about 31/2 years later, autopsy further revealed extensive metastases to the lymph nodes of the neck and thoracic cavity. In the cranial and nasal cavities, the tumor was composed of fairly uniform, ill-defined cells arranged in nests which were surrounded by a fibrovascular stroma. These histological features were reproduced in the metastatic tumor nodules with frequent occurrence of tubular arrangements of the tumor cells. Ultrastructurally, two different cell types were well recognized by their characteristic morphological features, which were reminiscent of sensory neurons and sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium. No dense-cored secretory granules were observed in the tumor cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor showed a variable number of cells positive for NFP, keratin, NSE and S-100. NFP was present in a relatively small number of cells, which were found diffusely in the nests. Keratin was observed in the cells mainly located at the periphery. NSE-positive cells tended to form irregular clusters in the center. A few S-100-positive cells were found, without any particular arrangement. These findings indicated that the present tumor, which actually arose in the superior nasal cavity, consisted of cells differentiating in at least two distinct directions, neuronal and epithelial, and strongly suggested that the tumor was of true olfactory epithelium origin, or more precisely, derived from the bipotential, undifferentiated basal cells of this epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687075
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  • 73
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    Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical studies of serotonin nerve fibers in the substantia nigra of the rat, cat and monkey (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Substantia nigra ; Mammals (rat, cat, Macaca fuscata) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the substantia nigra of the rat, cat and monkey was studied with a highly sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Serotonin fibers in the substantia nigra of all species consisted of fine varicose fibers and formed a fine network. In the zona compacta of all species, serotonin fibers were sparsely distributed. In the zone reticularis of the rat and cat, these fibers were densely distributed and their distributional pattern was almost uniform, while in the monkey such fibers were unevenly distributed and high and low dense areas were intermingled. In the pars lateralis of all species, serotonin fibers were diffusely distributed, and the distributional density was much higher in the cat and monkey than in the rat. Immunoelectron-microscopic studies further revealed that a majority of the labeled varicosities in the rat substantia nigra were in close apposition to peridendritic axon terminals and were also free in the neuropil; occasionally they exhibited symmetrical synapses of “en passant” type with non-immunoreactive dendrites or somata. Our results support a functional significance of serotonergic regulation of the substantia nigra in mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309747
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  • 74
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    Bovine cumulus-oocyte disconnection in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bovine ; Oocyte maturation ; Meiosis ; Gap junction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained from cows by aspiration of small (1–6 mm in diameter) antral follicles after slaughter. Complexes with a compact multilayered cumulus investment were cultured and processed for transmission electron microscopy after different periods of culture including a 0 h control group. In 0 h control oocytes the cumulus cells had numerous projections which penetrated the zona pellucida and established gap junctions with the oolemma. A partial loss of these junctions was noticed as an early event of oocyte maturation occurring within the first 3 h of culture. A low frequency of gap junctions was maintained until 12–18 h of culture where the junctional contact was completely disrupted. This decrease in intercellular communication was parallelled by resumption of oocyte meiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309750
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  • 75
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    Ultrastructure of the final nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bovine ; Oocyte maturation ; Meiosis ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained from cow ovaries by aspiration from small (1–6 mm in diameter) antral follicles after slaughter. Complexes with a compact multilayered cumulus investment were cultured and subsequently processed for electron microscopy after various periods of culture. By morphological criteria the oocytes could be divided into the following sequence of meiotic stages. The oocyte nucleus I stage was characterized by a spherical nucleus located peripherally in the ooplasm while undulation of the nuclear envelope and initial chromatin condensation was seen at the oocyte nucleus II stage. The oocyte nucleus breakdown stage was characterized by formation of long slender projections from the nuclear envelope in which the envelope doubled back on itself, appearance of dense areas and haphazardly oriented microtubules in the nucleus, marked condensation of the chromatin, and dissolution of the nuclear envelope into irregular vesicles and tubules. The condensed chromatin I stage was characterized by the location of condensed chromatin configuration and uniformly oriented microtubules in a dense area peripherally in the ooplasm while the final condensed chromatin II stage was characterized by a gradual invasion of condensed chromatin configurations into a dense area combined with the presence of the first polar body in the perivitelline space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309749
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  • 76
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    Quantitative-morphometric aspects of bergmann glial (Golgi epithelial) cell development in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Glia ; Cerebellum ; Rat ; Development ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bergmann glial (Golgi epithelial) cells in the cerebella of rats of various ages were stained by the rapid Golgi technique, and their radial stem processes were measured for length and diameter. Additionally, the average number of such processes per cell was counted, and the development of bushy lateral protrusions was quantified. The length of radial processes—depending on the thickness of the molecular layer—was found to increase up to the end of the 2nd year of life. This elongation was accompanied by a reduction of the mean process diameter which was, however, not sufficient to prevent an increase in the cytoplasmic volume of the elongating cells. A marked outgrowth of lateral protrusions was observed up to at least the 5th month of life. These data are compared with earlier findings on the development of rat brain stem fetal radial glia, and of rabbit retinal Müller cells. Common mechanisms of glial cell development are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572543
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  • 77
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    Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on the morphology of human epidermal cells in vitro (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: All-trans retinoic acid ; Epidermal cells ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of all-trans retinoic acid on human epidermal cell cultures were studied using ultrastructural techniques. Differentiation and stratification were reduced in retinoic acid treated epidermal cells. Treated cells developed a rounded appearance and seemed to contain more granules and vacuoles than usual. Desmosomes were not found in treated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412592
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  • 78
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    New ultrastructural changes of the ependyma in experimental hydrocephalus (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 400-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ependyma ; Experimental hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary New ultrastructural alterations of the ependymal cells in the altered container model of experimental feline hydrocephalus are described. These include half desmosomes and a basal lamina on the apical surface of the ependymal cells, punctate adhesion-like structures between intraventricular mononuclear cell and the apical surface of the ependymal cells and unusual distortion of the ependymal cells. The significance of these previously unreported morphological alterations is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688267
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  • 79
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    Ultrastructural and ionic studies in global ischemic dog brain (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain ; Global ischemia ; Ultrastructure ; Ionic changes ; Ca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A time course of tissue ionic changes, and their relation to ultrastructural findings during reperfusion following a 15-min global ischemic brain insult was studied in a dog model. Parietal cortex was analyzed for Ca, Na, K, Mg and Fe in controls and after 10 min, 2, 4, and 8 h of reperfusion. After 8 h of reperfusion, the mean values (μmol/g tissue wet wt.) for Ca (control=1.43, 8 h=2.76) and Na (control 60.4, 8 h=107.4) doubled and K (control=90.4, 8 h=48.5) decreased to half that of the control. Ultrastructural studies and subcellular localization of calcium in parietal cortex of in situ-fixed brains after 8 h showed cortical neurons with clumping of nuclear chromatin, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and disruption of plasma membranes. Large amounts of electron-dense precipitates of calcium were present within dilated astrocytic processes, synaptic vesicles, cytoplasm of edematous dendrites and mitochondria. Cortical neurons from postischemic dogs without reperfusion showed only slight chromatin clumping and edema of astrocytic processes, but no calcium accumulation. The large ionic shifts noted between 4 and 8 h of reperfusion, indicate a progressive inability of the cells to maintain normal transmembrane gradients of these ions and may reflect a membrane destructive process, as demonstrated ultrastructurally at 8 h. Enhanced calcium entry into the neuron during reperfusion appears to be a part of the cytotoxic mechanism leading to neuronal necrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688266
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  • 80
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    The ultrastructure of early implantation in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Marmoset ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural morphology of the initial stages of implantation in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) was studied in pregnant monkeys at known time intervals after ovulation. The earliest samples, obtained 13 days after ovulation, displayed both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast was restricted to the blastocoel, whilst syncytiotrophoblast intruded to the endometrial basal lamina. At later stages, days 16 and 19 after ovulation, both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast had extended laterally around the uterus, and the syncytiotrophoblast also extended deeper into the maternal tissnes. The mesoderm layer was first discernible at 19 days after ovulation. At 23 days after ovulation the syncytiotrophoblast surrounded the maternal blood vessels entirely. In this study syncytiotrophoblast was not observed to breach the maternal blood vessels, even at 31 days after ovulation. Early cytotrophoblast columns could be seen at 31 days after ovulation. The endothelial cells lining the maternal blood vessels displayed hypertrophy from the earliest stages (day 13) onwards, although a true decidual response was only observed in samples of 23 and 31 days after ovulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309853
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  • 81
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    An investigation of pulp capillaries and tight junctions between odontoblasts in cats (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Tooth pulp ; Tight junctions ; Odontoblasts ; Ultrastructure ; Mineralisation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative roles of capillaries and odontoblasts in the process of dentinogenesis and in pulp reactions to trauma and pathology are not clear. Contributing to the problem is the paucity of information on odontoblast —capillary relationships and tight junctions between odontoblasts. Using light microscopy the capillaries have now been examined in semithin transverse sections of perfusion fixed teeth at different positions in the long axis from the apical foramina to the pulp horns. Odontoblastic capillaries were prominent in the coronal and middle regions of canines and present at the same levels of incisors. In the pulp horns and just coronal to the pulp horns capillaries were all subodontoblastic but near the apex there were also a few odontoblastic capillary profiles. Transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections revealed that a high proportion of middle and coronal odontoblastic capillary profiles were fenestrated but subodontoblastic profiles coronal to the pulp horns were the most fenestrated. In a search for tight junctions in ultrathin sections some typical strands were observed between odontoblasts. The difficult of obtaining the latter evidence was explained by the cellular arrangement of the odontoblasts which differed markedly from an ideal parallel, apically coplanar arrangement. The results question the possibility that there is a direct exchange of materials between pulp capillaries and dentine in teeth of limited growth and provide a baseline for future experiments to test the permeability of the odontoblast layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572537
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  • 82
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    Ultrastructure of a two-cell human embryo (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human egg ; Human embryo ; Cleavage embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-cell human embryo recovered from the Fallopian tube 82 h following the LH peak in plasma and 37 h after a single episode of intercourse was examined by transmission electron microscopy. At the time of recovery the embryo was denuded of cumulus cells, and both the zona pellucida and the two adjoining blastomeres were intact. The finding of two polar bodies in the perivitelline space, two nucleated blastomeres and remnants of the fertilizing sperm tail within the cytoplasm of one of them, were considered as evidences that the embryo was normally fertilized. Among the most compicuous features found were the presence of very distinct desmosome-like structure between blastomeres, and the cytoplasmic cell organelles distribution in three areas referred as: a sub-cortical, a middle and a perinuclear bands. An outstanding feature was the extensive blebbing of the nuclear envelope. In general, the features seem to correspond to a normally developing two-cell embryo undergoing cleavage at a normal rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325292
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  • 83
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    Effects of vagotomy on the ultrastructure of the atrial myocardium in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Atrial myocardium ; Vagotomy ; Monkey ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the atrial myocardium in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied after bilateral cervical vagotomy and survival times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 21 and 28 days. During the first week after vagotomy, a few atrial cells showed a reduction in the sarcoplasm, crowding of the myofibrils, peripheral dispersion and reduced intercristal density of the mitochondria and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles. In some profiles, there was increased electron density and granularity at the I bands and the intercalated discs. The number of such affected cells increased in the subsequent days such that by 21 to 28 days about 50% of the cells were estimated to be affected. During the latter stages further changes included, the degradation of the myofilaments and increased electron density, disorganisation and disintegration of the digital extensions at the intercalated discs. Throughout the experiments there was a leucocytic infiltration, more evident in the longer survival times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572539
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  • 84
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    Stereocilia and tectorial membrane development in the rat cochlea (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cochlea ; Development ; SEM ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maturation of the rat cochlea, from postnatal days 2 to 60, was studied using scanning electron microscopyt (SEM), with emphasis on stereocilia and tectorial membrane (TM). Two days after birth, the organ of Corti was very immature. An adult appearance of its surface was observed by day 16 in the basal turn, and by the end of the 3rd postnatal week in the apex. Stereocilia started their development first on inner hair cells. By contrast, the apical pole of outer hair cells ended its maturation before that of inner hair cells. Top-links were detected very early in inner hair cell stereociliary development (postnatal day 2). Marginal pillars temporarily attached the TM to the organ of Corti; they disappeared first in the apical region. This transient attachment seems to play a role in the coupling of outer hair cells to the TM, as prints of their longest stereocilia appeared at the undersurface of the TM by the same time. Moreover, these prints were more clear and regular at the base than at the apex of the cochlea. Results are discussed in relation to ultrastructural and functional data on rat cochlea maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309683
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    Relative position of constitutive heterochromatin and of nucleolar structures during mouse spermiogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 467-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse spermiogenesis ; Constitutive heterochromatin ; Nucleolus organizing regions ; Fluorochrome ; Staining ; EM silver staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, the selective fluorochrome staining of constitutive heterochromatin and a specific ultrastructural silver-staining of nucleolar material (i.e., the nucleolus organizing regions) were undertaken to be used as indicators for the chromosomal arrangement during mouse spermiogenesis. Since in mice all somatic chromosomes are telocentric and the constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar organizing regions are closely associated to the centromeres, this combination of techniques provided for the first time ultrastructural evidence 1) for the dispersion of the constitutive heterochromatic chromocentre and a centrifugal migration to the postacrosomal portion of the nuclear envelope where constitutive heterochromatin seems to mediate the assembling of microtubules in the so-called manchette. As elongation continues, the constitutive heterochromatin migrates back into central position and forms the “focous of earlier condensing chromatin”, which initiates further chromatin condensation. 2) The fate of the nucleolus during spermiogenesis could also be further clarified: The nucleolus is first associated with the chromocentre, but starts to disintegrate during elongation phase. However, argyrophilic remnants are still visible in the centre of the nucleus, pointing to an ongoing transcriptional activity. When they final disappear, they leave behind “nuclear vacuoles” in the dense chromatin mass of the mature sperm nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309682
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    Cholinergic traits in rat mandibular processes observed by electron microscopy (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Nonspecific cholinesterase ; Neural crest ; Mandibular process ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholinergic traits in rat mandibular processes were examined histochemically, under the electron microscope, scope, at early developmental stages (Stages 20 to 23, by Christie's nomenclature). The histochemical reaction for detection of enzymes was performed by the thiocholine method. Nonspecific cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity was found in ectomesenchymal cells, vascular endothelial cells, and in some epidermal cells at stages 20 and 21. The enzymatic activity was localized in the perinuclear and endoplasmic reticular cisternae. At stage 22, the number of cells with enzymatic activity decreased gradually, except in the case of the capillary endothelial cells. At stage 23, when the trigeminal nerve fiber was obvious in the mandibular processes, nonspecific cholinesterase activity was restricted to some of the endothelial cells and trigeminal ganglionic cells. In contrast, acetylcholinesterase activity was found on the membrane of trigeminal nerve fiber. Thus, the transient, nonspecific, cholinesterase activity, found in rat mandibular processes, may serve some functions in transmission, lipid metabolism or destruction of toxic cholinesters during the period that precedes organogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310186
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  • 87
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    Cajal-Smirnow ansiform fibers in the molecular layer of the rat cerebellar cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cajal-Smirnow ansiform fibers ; Mossy fibers ; Axonal guidance ; Cerebellar cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present light and electron microscopic study deals with the morphology and organization of Cajal-Smirnow ansiform fibers (AFs) in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. The cerebella of normal adult rats were processed with Cajal's reduced silver method and conventional electron microscopy. With the silver method AFs appear as isolated elements or, more frequently, as small bundles of myelinated fibers, which emerge from the medullary rays, ascend through the granular, Purkinje cell and molecular layers and curve back to reenter the granular layer or cerebellar white matter. They traced an arciform trajectory of variable width and height in the molecular layer. Relatively large bundles of AFs were rarely found. The occurrence of AFs was confirmed in semithin sections as myelinated fibers of variable diameter ranging from 1 to 6 μm. Oligodendrocytes were often observed near AFs. At the ultrastructural level, the most common type of AF is large, with a relatively thin myelin sheath and a moderately dense axoplasm. Nodal or terminal synaptic differentiations were not observed. We suggest that AFs are misoriented cerebellar mossy fibers and their occurrence may be the consequence of a small-scale error in the axonal guidance of growing mossy fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310190
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  • 88
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    Mesenchymal tissue of the interventricular septum (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryonic chick heart ; Interventricular septum ; Mesenchymal tissue ; Endocardial activation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies of frontal and sagittal sections of embryonic chick hearts (Stages 25, 28–29), reveal mesenchymal tissue in the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum. The endocardium of this cephalic portion contains reoriented and invaginated cells with pseudopodia; in addition there are cells immediately subjacent to the endocardium. Similar cellular events take place during the formation of mesenchymal tissue in the atrioventricular and conotruncal regions. In these regions the mesenchymal tissue originates by means of an endocardial activation process. The structural characteristics of the formation of the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum suggest that local mesenchymal tissue is contributed by the endocardium. However, based upon the close anatomic relationship observed by us between the mesenchymal tissues of the atrioventricular canal, conotruncal region and the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum; we do not discard a contribution by migration of cells from atrioventricular and conotruncal regions to the interventricular septum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310056
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  • 89
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    The human muscle-tendon junction (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 281-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myotendinous junction ; Human growth ; Skeletal muscle ; Tendon ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myotendon junction of human paravertebral skeletal muscle was studied by light and electron microscopy. Transverse and longitudinal sections of myotendinous regions of normal multifidus muscles were examined at three chronological stages from birth to maturity. Variations in the appearance of surface extensions at the terminal ends of muscle fibers consisted of brush-like evaginations at birth and villous-like projections in the adult. Regardless of age, they were invariably covered by a prominent external lamina, and mutually interdigitated with connectivetissue elements in the adjacent tendon. Various stages of myofibrillar assembly and sarcomere alignment were evident in the muscle fiber terminus at birth. With advancing age, splitting of terminal sarcomeres at Z bands commonly gave rise to diverging myofilament bundles that attached to electron-dense patches under the sarcolemma. In these regions, leptomeric organelles were also encountered in neonatal and adolescent myotendons. At all stages, the ends of muscle fibers possessed cytological features consistent with active synthesis and secretion. Densely-packed sarcoplasmic organelles including multiple Golgi complexes, clusters of ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, and elements of rough- and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were prevalent. Peripheral and centrally-placed heterochromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli were arranged singly or in groups at the ends of muscle fibers. Satellite cell profiles and unmyelinated axons in the subjacent tendon were also identified at these sites in the adult. Fibroblasts in growing tendon were plentiful, and at all stages, possessed morphological features indicative of high metabolic and secretory activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310184
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve in rat (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pudendal nerve ; Onuf's nucleus ; Spinal cord ; Rat ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve was examined in the rat by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method after HRP application to the central cut end of the pudendal nerve. The pudendal motoneurons were located in the dorsolateral, dorsomedial and lateral groups at L5 and L6. Each of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial groups constituted a slender longitudinal cell column. Pudendal motoneurons in the lateral group were scattered at L5, rostrodorsally to the dorsolateral group. The neurons in the dorsolateral and lateral groups were labelled with HRP applied to the nerve branch innervating the ischiocavernosus and sphincter urethrae muscles. The neurons in the dorsomedial group were labelled with HRP applied to the branch supplying the sphincter ani externus and bulbospongiosus muscles. Some dendrites of pudendal motoneurons in the dorsomedial group extended to the contralateral dorsomedial group. These crossing dendrites were observed not only in male rats but also in female. The average number of the pudendal motoneurons in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial groups were larger in male rats than in female. A few neurons of the intermediolateral nucleus at upper L6 were also labelled with HRP applied to the dorsalis penis (clitoridis) nerve. Axon terminals of the pudendal nerve were distributed, bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance, to the gracile nucleus, as well as to the dorsal horn and dorsal commissural gray from L4 to S2. A few labelled axons were seen in the intermediolateral nucleus at L6 and S1. Axon terminals from the dorsalis penis nerve were distributed more medially in the dorsal horn than those from the perinealis nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325288
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Glycogen accumulation in synaptic boutons in Clarke's nucleus neuropil after sciatic nerve crush at birth (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 72 (1987), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glycogen ; Synapses ; Clarke's nucleus ; Nerve injury ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycogen accumulation in the Clarke's nucleus neuropil of young adult rats whose sciatic nerves were crushed in the first postnatal day was investigated with the electron microscope. Glycogen was observed in synaptic boutons and in small myelinated axons. In some terminals, glycogen accumulated in membranebound structures resembling mitochondria and formed large multigranular bodies which were entirely separated from the axoplasm. The multigranular body reached the size of 1.3 μm. Glycogen was present as single beta particles of about 25–40 nm in diameter and in aggregations of large alpha clusters. The astrocytic glycogen distribution was almost similar to that of the control specimens. Glycogen was not observed in other glial cells. It is probable that glycogen accumulation in synaptic terminals of partially deafferentiated Clarke's nucleus may result from impaired glycolysis due to deficient resupply of the distal axon with glycolytic enzymes caused by a defect in axoplasmic transport from the hypoplastic sensory neuronal perikarya.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687264
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    A case of adult neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis with the appearance of membranous cytoplasmic bodies localized in the spinal anterior horn (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 72 (1987), S. 362-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis ; Membranous cytoplasmic body ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An autopsy case of adult neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was examined. The clinical picture was charaterized by gait disturbance, bulbar palsy and dementia. Histopathologically, diffuse neuronal loss was found throughout the central nervous system. The remaining neurons, predominantly in the motor nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem, were swollen with storage material. Observed under the electron microscope the storage material showed various ultrastructures, such as lipofuscin-like bodies, pleomorphic lipid bodies, curvilinear profiles and finger-print profiles, in different regions of the central nervous system. In the ballooned neurons of the spinal anterior horn, many membranous cytoplasmic bodies and curvilinear profiles were intermingled within the same cell and were continuous with each other. Biochemically,N-acetyl neuraminic acid content was significantly increased in the spinal anterior horn. These findings suggest the localized increase of ganglioside in that region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687268
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Vesicle formation and cellulose degradation in Bacteroides succinogenes cultures: ultrastructural aspects (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 148 (1987), S. 150-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteroides ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cellulolytic bacteria ; Rumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 3-day-old cultures of Bacteroides succinogenes grown on filter paper, no cell division was observed. When grown on cellulosic substrate, bacteria exhibited vesicles clustered within cell wall pockets. In 2 day-old filter paper cultures, cells adhered tightly to the substrate. Twenty to 30% of them were dividing. There were cell wall pockets in about 25% of the bacteria, but no vesicles. Whether they adhered to the cellulosic substrate or not, and irrespective of the age of the bacteria, storage polysaccharides were found in the form of dense granules in the cytoplasm. It would appear that vesicles are not essential for cellulose degradation, but are rather a sign of ageing of the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425364
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of aristolochic acid in rodents (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1987), S. 328-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Aristolochic acid ; Toxicology ; Acute toxicity ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acute toxic effects of aristolochic acid (AA) were tested in rats and mice of both sexes. Oral or intravenous administration in high doses was followed by death from acute renal failure within 15 days. Histologically, the predominant features were severe necrosis affecting the renal tubules, atrophy of the lymphatic organs and large areas of superficial ulceration in the forestomach, followed by hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium. The LD50 ranged from 56 to 203 mg/kg orally or 38 to 83 mg/kg intravenously, depending on species and sex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295084
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    m-Xylene inhalation destroys cytochrome P-450 in rat lung at low exposure (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1987), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: m-Xylene inhalation ; Xenobiotic enzymes ; Lung effects and morphology ; Blood concentrations ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to 0, 75, 150 or 300 ppm (1 ppm=1 cm3/m3=4.35 mg/m3) m-xylene for 24 h and then killed. In the lungs, the cytochrome P-450 decreased to 45, 13 and 20% of the control value with the increasing exposure intensity and the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase to 70, 27 and 14%, respectively. The activity of epoxide hydrolase increased slightly after exposures both at 150 (1.6-fold) and 300 cm3/m3 (1.4-fold), while the other measured drug-metabolizing enzyme activities showed no consistent changes. The non-protein sulfhydryl group content of the lungs was not affected. The concentrations of m-xylene in blood indicated that the solvent uptake increased in the different exposure groups more than expected, based on atmospheric concentrations alone. Morphologic studies of the lungs with scanning electron microscopy showed no apparent changes after exposure to 300 cm3/m3 or after a high oral dose (2 ml/kg/day, 3 days). Inhalation exposure to m-xylene for 5 weeks (7 h/day, 4 days/week) at a concentration of 300 ppm lowered the contents of cytochrome P-450 in rat lungs to 65% and the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase to 41% without any other marked effects on the other drug-metabolizing enzymes or on the levels of non-protein sulfhydryl groups. In this study, the selective destruction of cytochrome P-450 in rat lung could be shown both after acute and subacute exposures and at concentrations low enough to warrant occupational concern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324543
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Barbiturate poisoning and gastrointestinal propulsion (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 394-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Barbiturate poisoning ; Pentobarbitone ; Phenobarbitone ; Gastric emptying ; Gastrointestinal transit ; Peristaltic reflex ; Rat ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anaesthetic doses of pentobarbitone (50 mg/kg) were found to inhibit gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in the rat. Gastric emptying was more profoundly suppressed than gastrointestinal transit. Phenobarbitone (150 mg/kg) had a similar effect. Since pentobarbitone and phenobarbitone also blocked the peristaltic reflex in the isolated small intestine of the guinea-pig, it would appear that the inhibitory effect of anaesthetic doses of barbiturates on gastrointestinal motility is mainly due to a direct action on the digestive tract. Together with the observation that considerable amounts of phenobarbitone were found in the stomach of an intoxicated patient 3 days after drug intake, these results might indicate that gastric lavage should also be considered in the treatment of protracted barbiturate poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295761
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Teratogenicity of ionic cadmium in the Wistar rat (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1987), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Cadmium ; Injection route ; Teratogenesis ; Maternal liver damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats of the present (re-derived) Wistar-Porton strain that are dosed either intravenously (i.v.), or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Cd (1.25 mg/kg body weight) on day 12 of gestation (gd 12), foetal uptake of Cd is at least 6-fold greater than that reported in an earlier study (Webb and Samarawickrama 1981). Higher doses (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body weight) are lethal to the maternal animal when administered i. v., but not if given ip. The foetotoxicity of i.p. injected Cd, however, increases with the dose over the range 1.25–2.0 mg Cd/kg body weight. The teratogenic response, which is also wider than that observed previously, is maximal after the injection of 1.25 mg Cd/kg body weight i.v. on gd 10 and i.p. on gd 12. Whilst the incidences of hydrocephalus, urogenital abnormalities, cleft palate and other less common defects are similar after dosing by both routes, the incidence, range and severity of skeletal malformations are greater after i. p. than after i.v. administration of Cd on gd 12. This difference in response is unlikely to be explained by a difference in either foetal, or placental uptake of the metallic ion since, at 4 h after i.p. dosing, the foetal concentration of Cd is not significantly different from that after i.v. injection, whilst the placental concentration is about 33% less. It is suggested that damage to the maternal liver, which is more severe after the i.v. injection of the optimum dose, may be an additional factor that, in conjunction with the inhibition of transport in the placenta and biosynthetic processes in the embryo/foetus, contributes to the teratogenic effects of Cd in the pregnant rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316212
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparative embryolethal effect of bromofenofos and dephosphate bromofenofos in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 325-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bromofenofos ; Dephosphate bromofenofos ; Embryolethality ; Teratogenicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bromofenofos (BF) and dephosphate bromofenofos (DBF) were administered at equimolar doses to rats on day 10 of pregnancy. The dams were killed on day 21, and the fetuses were removed, weighed and examined by routine teratological methods. BF caused a significant increase in fetal resorptions at 58.2 mg/kg. Approximately 69% of the implants were resorbed at this dose level. In rats given DBF equimolar to 58.2 mg/kg BF, the resorption rate was 81.9%. Administration of BF resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in fetal body weights which was significant at 29.1 mg/kg or more. DBF caused a significant decrease in fetal body weights, beginning at 25.1 mg/ kg equimolar to 29.1 mg/kg BF, and the decreased fetal body weights were almost the same between BF and DBF. BF at 58.2 mg/kg induced significant gross and skeletal malformations, with incidences of 35.6 and 27.6%, respectively. In rats given DBF equimolar to 58.2 mg/kg BF, gross and skeletal malformations were seen in 54.5 and 61.5% of the fetuses, respectively. There were similarities in the types of malformations observed between BF and DBF. Both compounds induced no significant internal malformations. It was concluded from these results that the embryolethal and teratogenic effects of BF is due to its metabolite, DBF, which cannot respond to cholinesterase inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234673
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Embryolethal and teratogenic effects of bromofenofos in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bromofenofos ; Organophosphorus anthelmintic ; Embryolethality ; Teratogenicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bromofenofos, an organophosphorus anthelmintic, was administered by gavage to rats as a single dose (50 mg/kg) on one of days 6 through 14 of pregnancy. The dams were killed on day 21, and the fetuses were removed, weighed and examined by routine teratological methods. A significant increase in fetal resorptions occurred after administration on days 9 through 13, with a maximum on day 10. Approximately 72% of the implants were resorbed after administration on day 10. Fetal body weights were significantly decreased when dams were treated on day 8 or later. The greatest decrease in fetal body weights was observed on day 10, when the fetuses weighed less than the controls by about 44% on the average. The incidence of fetuses with gross, skeletal and internal malformations was significantly increased on days 8 through 10, on days 8 through 11 and on days 8 and 9, respectively. Although various types of malformations were observed, most of them occurred on day 8, when no significant increase in fetal resorptions did occur. Cleft lip, short tail, brachygnathia, anal atresia, absence of genital tubercle, fused pelvic legs and perineal testicles were seen on day 8 as gross malformations. Skeletal malformations mainly affected the vertebrae and ribs. Major internal malformations on day 8 were hydronephrosis, hydroureter, anophthalmia, cleft palate, agenesis of the bladder and renal agenesis. Anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia were observed on days 8 through 10, with the highest incidence on day 9. To further determine the no-effect levels for embryolethal and teratogenic effects, a single dose of 10, 20, 30 or 40 mg/kg was administered by gavage to rats on days 8 or 10 of pregnancy. The no-effect levels of single oral dose for embryolethal and teratogenic effects were considered to be 40 and 30 mg/kg, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234672
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early persistent UVA-pigmentation: Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: UV-A pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary UV-A-induced skin pigmentation was investigated morphologically in semithin and thin sections from 11 volunteers, using different irradiation modalities (single doses of 10,50 and 100 J/cm2). Visible skin pigmentation was observed in all but two probands, and erythema in two; pronounced pigmentation was present after repeated irradiation only. Contralateral non-irradiated, UV-B-irradiated and suntanned skin specimens were used as controls. There was an increase in the number of clear cells in the basal layer (x 1.6) and particularly of large clear cells (x 1.7) after repeated irradiation. Also, the number of melanosomes in melanocytic dendrites (x 2.8) increased after repeated irradiation. The number, size and shape of the melanosome complexes in both basal and suprabasal keratinocytes remained unchanged, even when a distinction was made between central and peripheral location. In contrast, suntanned skin showed an increase in melanosome complexes in basal (x 5.8) and suprabasal (x 3.7) keratinocytes. It is concluded that UV-A-induced skin pigmentation differs in some ways from UV-B or sun-induced melanogenesis, and that the clinical grade of tanning cannot accurately be determined by ultrastructural methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413253
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