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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: One important step in the fabrication of silicon-based integrated circuits is the creation of semiconducting areas by diffusion of dopant impurities into silicon. Complex models have been developed to investigate the redistribution of dopants and point defects. In general, numerical analysis of the resulting PDEs is the central tool to assess the modelling process. We present an adaptive approach which is able to judge the quality of the numerical approximation and which provides an automatic mesh improvement. Using linearly implicit methods in time and multilevel finite elements in space, we are able to integrate efficiently the arising reaction-drift-diffusion equations with high accuracy. Two different diffusion processes of practical interest are simulated.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Uncoupling-coupling Monte Carlo (UCMC) combines uncoupling techniques for finite Markov chains with Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology. By determining almost invariant sets of the associated Markov operator, the Monte Carlo sampling splits by a hierarchical annealing process into the essential regions of the state space; therefore UCMC aims at avoiding the typical metastable behavior of Monte Carlo techniques. From the viewpoint of Monte Carlo, a slowly converging long-time Markov chain is replaced by a limited number of rapidly mixing short-time ones. The correct weighting factors for the various Markov chains are obtained via a coupling matrix, that connects the samplings from the different almost invariant sets. The underlying mathematical structure of this approach is given by a general examination of the uncoupling-coupling procedure. Furthermore, the overall algorithmic scheme of UCMC is applied to the $n$-pentane molecule, a well-known example from molecular dynamics.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 3
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    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: The traveling repairman problem (TRP) is a variant of the famous traveling salesman problem (TSP). The objective for the TRP is to minimize the latency, that is the the weighted sum of completion times of the cities, where the completion time of a city is defined to be the time in the tour before the city is reached. In the online traveling repairman problem (OLTRP) requests for visits to cities (points in a metric space) arrive online while the repairman is traveling. We analyze the performance of algorithms using competitive analysis, where the cost of an online algorithm is compared to that of an optimal offline algorithm. An optimal offline algorithm knows the entire request sequence in advance and can serve it with minimum cost. Recently, Feuerstein and Stougie presented a $9$-competitive algorithm for the OLTRP on the real line. In this paper we show how to use techniques from online-scheduling to obtain an $8$-competitive deterministic algorithm which works for any metric space. We also present a randomized algorithm which has a competitive ratio of $\frac{4}{\ln 2}\approx 5.7708$ against an oblivious adversary. All of our results also hold for the ``dial-a-ride'' generalization of the OLTRP, where objects have to be picked up and delivered by a server.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: In the online traveling salesman problem requests for visits to cities (points in a metric space) arrive online while the salesman is traveling. The salesman moves at no more than unit speed and starts and ends his work at a designated origin. The objective is to find a routing for the salesman which finishes as early as possible. Performance of algorithms is measured through their competitive ratio, comparing the outcome of the algorithms with that of an adversary who provides the problem instance and therefore is able to achieve the optimal offline solution. Objections against such omnipotent adversaries have lead us to devise an adversary that is in a natural way, in the context of routing problems, more restricted in power. For the exposition we consider the online traveling salesman problem on the metric space given by the non-negative part of the real line. We show that a very natural strategy is~$3/2$-competitive against the conventional adversary, which matches the lower bound on competitive ratios achievable for algorithms for this problem. Against the more ``\emph{fair adversary}'', that we propose, we show that there exists an algorithm with competitive ratio $\frac{1+\sqrt{17}}{4}\approx 1.28$ and provide a matching lower bound. We also show competitiveness results for a special class of algorithms (called zealous algorithms) that do not allow waiting time for the server as long as there are requests unserved.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: Regional hyperthermia, a clinical cancer therapy, is the main topic of the Sonderforschungsbereich Hyperthermia: Scientific Methods and Clinical Applications'' at Berlin. In recent years, technological improvements towards a better concentration of heat to the desired target region have been achieved. These include a rather sophisticated integrated software environment for therapy planning and a new hyperthermia applicator. In a next step, a detailed closed loop monitoring of the actual treatment is to be developed. For this purpose the hyperthermia applicator is combined with an MRI system, which will allow to check the positioning of the patients and to measure individual blood perfusion as well as the 3D temperature distribution. The measurements will then be employed for an on-line control of the whole treatment. In this intended setting, new fast feedback control algorithms will come into play.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-11
    Beschreibung: In diesem Artikel wird der Status des Projekts Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg beschrieben, der im November 1999 mit der KOBV-Suchmaschine seinen produktiven Betrieb aufgenommen hat. Die Recherchemöglichkeiten im WWW werden erläutert, Zugriffszahlen genannt und Entwicklungsperspektiven skizziert. Dieser Bericht entspricht der schriftlichen Fassung eines gleichnamigen Vortrages, der auf dem 1. Gemeinsamen Kongreß der Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände e.V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. Information und Öffentlichkeit gehalten wurde, der vom 20. bis 23. März 2000 in Leipzig stattfand.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper for the $M(n)/M(n)/s+GI$ system, i.e.\ for a $s$-server queueing system where the calls in the queue may leave the system due to impatience, we present new asymptotic results for the intensities of calls leaving the system due to impatience and a Markovian system approximation where these results are applied. Furthermore, we present a new proof for the formulae of the conditional density of the virtual waiting time distributions, recently given by Movaghar for the less general $M(n)/M/s+GI$ system. Also we obtain new explicit expressions for refined virtual waiting time characteristics as a byproduct.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Several practical instances of network design problems require the network to satisfy multiple constraints. In this paper, we address the \emph{Budget Constrained Connected Median Problem}: We are given an undirected graph $G = (V,E)$ with two different edge-weight functions $c$ (modeling the construction or communication cost) and $d$ (modeling the service distance), and a bound~$B$ on the total service distance. The goal is to find a subtree~$T$ of $G$ with minimum $c$-cost $c(T)$ subject to the constraint that the sum of the service distances of all the remaining nodes $v \in V\setminus T$ to their closest neighbor in~$T$ does not exceed the specified budget~$B$. This problem has applications in optical network design and the efficient maintenance of distributed databases. We formulate this problem as bicriteria network design problem, and present bicriteria approximation algorithms. We also prove lower bounds on the approximability of the problem that demonstrate that our performance ratios are close to best possible
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Network loading problems occur in the design of telecommunication networks, in many different settings. The polyhedral structure of this problem is important in developing solution methods for the problem. In this paper we investigate the polytope of the problem restricted to one edge of the network (the edge capacity problem). We describe classes of strong valid inequalities for the edge capacity polytope, and we derive conditions under which these constraints define facets. As the edge capacity problem is a relaxation of the network loading problem, their polytopes are intimately related. We, therefore, also give conditions under which the inequalities of the edge capacity polytope define facets of the network loading polytope. Furthermore, some structural properties are derived, such as the relation of the edge capacity polytope to the knapsack polytope. We conclude the theoretical part of this paper with some lifting theorems, where we show that this problem is polynomially solvable for most of our classes of valid inequalities. In a computational study the quality of the constraints is investigated. Here, we show that the valid inequalities of the edge capacity polytope are not only important for solving the edge capacity problem, but also for the network loading problem, showing that the edge capacity problem is an important subproblem.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Die Entwicklung einer bibliothekarischen Suchmaschine ist das technisch-organisatorische Herztück des Kooperativen Bibliotheksverbundes Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV). Auf dem Wege über diese Innovation verfolgen die Länder Berlin und Brandenburg und ihre Bibliotheken das Ziel, ihr Bibliothekswesen zu erneuern und zu reorganisieren. Die Entwicklung der Suchmaschine ist für die Partner im KOBV-Projekt kein Selbstzweck, sondern nur Mittel zum Zweck - insbesondere, um die heterogene Welt der in Berlin und in Brandenburg eingesetzten integrierten Bibliotheksinformationssysteme harmonisch miteinender zu verbinden. Mit der KOBV-Suchmaschine sind informationstechnische Sichtweisen und Methoden entstanden, die sich potentiell auch auf die überregionale Arbeit des KOBV auswirken können und in Kooperation mit den Bibliotheksverbänden auf die Zusammenarbeit der Verbünde insgesamt. Der Artikel konzentriert sich am Beispiel der KOBV-Such¡ma¡schine auch auf diesen Aspekt. Auf die Bibliotheken kommen mit dem Internet und dem World Wide Web für sie neuartige Medien, Mittel und Aufgaben zu, in erster Linie aus dem Bereich der Wissenschaften und der wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, die neuen elektronischen Informationen und Angebote zu integrieren. Das Stichwort hierzu lautet digitale Bibliothek bzw. virtuelle Fachbibliothek. Auch zu der Diskussion um diese aktuelle Entwicklung will der Artikel einen Beitrag leisten.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The improvement of simulations of QCD with dynamical Wilson fermions by combining the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm with parallel tempering is studied on $10^4$ and $12^4$ lattices. As an indicator for decorrelation the topological charge is used.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper we describe the results of a computational study towards the (re)optimization of signaling transfer points (STPs) in telecommunication networks. The best performance of an STP is achieved whenever the traffic load is evenly distributed among the internal components. Due to the continuously changing traffic pattern, the load of the components has to be re-optimized on a regular basis. Besides the balancing objective also the number of rearrangements have to be taken into account. In this paper we present two alternative formulations to deal with both requirements. Computational results show that for both formulations (near) optimal solutions can be obtained within reasonable time limits.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The structures and interaction energies of guanine and uracil quartets have been determined by B3LYP hybrid density functional calculations. The total interaction energy $\Delta$E$^{T}$ of the $\it{C}$$_{4h}$-symmetric guanine quartet consisting of Hoogsteen type base pairs with two hydrogen bonds between two neighbour bases is -66.07 kcal/mol at the highest level. The uracil quartet with C6-H6...O4 interactions between the individual bases has only a small interaction energy of -20.92 kcal/mol and the interaction energy of -24.63 kcal/mol for the alternative structure with N3-H3...O4 hydrogen bonds is only slightly more negative. Cooperative effects contribute between 10 and 25 \% to all interaction energies. Complexes of metal ions with G-quartets can be classified into different structure types. The one with Ca$^{2+}$ in the central cavity adopts a $\it{C}$$_{4h}$-symmetric structure with coplanar bases, whereas the energies of the planar and non-planar Na$^{+}$ complexes are almost identical. The small ions Li$^{+}$, Be$^{2+}$, Cu$^{+}$ and Zn$^{2+}$ prefer a non-planar $\it{S}$$_{4}$-symmetric structure. The lack of co-planarity prevents probably a stacking of these base quartets. The central cavity is too small for K$^{+}$ ions and therefore this ion favours in contrast to all other investigated ions a $\it{C}$$_{4}$-symmetric complex, which is 4.73 kcal/mol more stable than the $\it{C}$$_{4h}$-symmetric one. The distance 1.665 {\AA} between K$^{+}$ and the root mean squares plane of the guanine bases is approximately half of the distance between two stacked G-quartets. The total interaction energy of alkaline earth ion complexes exceeds the ones with alkali ions. Within both groups of ions the interaction energy decreases with an increasing row position in the periodic table. The B3LYP and BLYP methods lead to similar structures and energies. Both methods are suitable for hydrogen-bonded biological systems. Compared with the before mentioned methods the HCTH functional leads to longer hydrogen bonds and different relative energies for two U-quartets. Finally we calculated also structures and relative energies with the MMFF94 forcefield. Contrary to all DFT methods, MMFF94 predicts bifurcated C-H...O contacts in the uracil quartet. In the G-quartet the MMFF94 hydrogen bond distances N2-H22...N7 are shorter than the DFT distances, whereas the N1-H1...O6 distances are longer.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Das vorliegende Skript bietet eine Einf{ü}hrung in die Graphentheorie und graphentheoretische Algorithmen. Im zweiten Kapitel werden Grundbegriffe der Graphentheorie vorgestellt. Das dritte Kapitel besch{ä}ftigt sich mit der Existenz von Wegen in Graphen. Hier wird auch die L{ö}suung des ber{ü}hmten K{ö}nigsberger Br{ü}ckenproblems aufgezeigt und der Satz von Euler bewiesen. Im vierten Kapitel wird gezeigt, wie man auf einfache Weise die Zusammenhangskomponenten eines Graphen bestimmen kann. Im Kapitel sechs wird dann sp{ä}ter mit der Tiefensuche ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das schneller arbeitet und mit dessen Hilfe man noch mehr Informationen {ü}ber die Struktur eines Graphen gewinnen kann. In den folgenden Kapiteln werden Algorithmen vorgestellt, um minimale aufspannenden B{ä}ume, k{ü}rzeste Wege und maximale Fl{ü}sse in Graphen zu bestimmen. Am Ende des Skripts wird ein kurzer Einblick in die planaren Graphen und Graphhomomorphismen geboten.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Pyridinochelin, a novel catecholate type siderophore, has been designed on the basis of the active analog enterobactin. Growth promotion tests indicate that this synthetic siderophore feeds various pathogenic bacteria effectively with iron even though it lacks one catecholate group compared to enterobactin. The superposition of the siderophore structures suggests that the structure of the skeleton connecting the catecholate groups might be an important factor for the iron transport.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-10
    Beschreibung: Dynamical process simulation of complex real-life problems often requires the use of modern algorithms, which automatically adapt both the time and space discretization in order to get error-controlled approximations of the solution. In this paper, a combination of linearly implicit time integrators of Rosenbrock type and adaptive multilevel finite elements based on a posteriori error estimates is presented. This approach has proven to work quite satisfactorily for a wide range of challenging practical problems. We show the performance of our adaptive method for two applications that arise in the study of flame balls and brine transport in porous media.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The statistical behavior of deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems may be described using transfer operators, which generalize the notion of Frobenius Perron and Koopman operators. Since numerical techniques to analyze dynamical systems based on eigenvalues problems for the corresponding transfer operator have emerged, bounds on its essential spectral radius became of interest. This article shows that they are also of great theoretical interest. We give an analytical representation of the essential spectral radius in $L^{1}\!(\mu)$, which then is exploited to analyze the asymptotical properties of transfer operators by combining results from functional analysis, Markov operators and Markov chain theory. In particular, it is shown, that an essential spectral radius less than $1$, constrictiveness and some weak form'' of the so--called Doeblin condition are equivalent. Finally, we apply the results to study three main problem classes: deterministic systems, stochastically perturbed deterministic systems and stochastic systems.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We focus on two new types of extremal graphs with respect to perfectness: critically and anticritically perfect graphs that lose their perfectness by simply deleting and adding an arbitrary edge, respectively. We present examples and study properties in order to compare critically and anticritically perfect graphs with minimally imperfect graphs, another type of extremal graphs with respect to perfectness. We discuss two attempts to characterize the classes of all critically and anticritically perfect graphs and give a brief overview on classes of perfect graphs which contain critically or anticritically perfect graphs.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A path following algorithm for linear complementarity problems is presented. Given a point $z$ that approximates a point $z(\tau)$ on the central path with complementarity gap $\tau$, one determines a parameter $\theta\in (0,1)$ so that this point satisfies the hypothesis of the affine invariant Kantorovich Theorem for the equation defining $z((1-\theta)\tau)$. It is shown that $\theta$ is bounded below by a multiple of $n^{-1/2}$, where $n$ is the dimension of the problem. Since the hypothesis of of the Kantorovich Theorem is satisfied the sequence generated by Newton's method, or by the simplified Newton method, will converge to $z((1-\theta)\tau)$. We show that the number of steps required to obtain an acceptable approximation of $z((1-\theta)\tau)$ is bounded above by a number independent of $n$. Therefore the algorithm has $O(\sqrt{n}L)$-iteration complexity. The parameters of the algorithm can be determined in such a way that only one Newton step is needed each time the complementarity gap is decreased.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The polynomial differential system modelling the behavior of a chemical reaction is given by graphtheoretic structures. The concepts from toric geometry are applied to study the steady states and stable steady states. Deformed toric varieties give some insight and enable graph theoretic interpretations. The importance of the circuits in the directed graph are emphazised. The counting of positive solutions of a sparse polynomial system by B.\ Sturmfels is generalized to the counting of stable positive solutions in case of a polynomial differential equation. The generalization is based on a method by sparse resultants to detect whether a system may have a Hopf bifurcation. Special examples from chemistry are used to illustrate the theoretical results.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: The increasing demand for distributed solutions in computing technology does not stop when it comes to visualization techniques. However, the capabilities of todays applications to perform remote rendering are limited by historical design legacys. Especially the popular X11 protokoll, which has been proven to be extremely flexible and usefull for remote 2D graphics applications, breaks down for the case of remote 3D rendering. In this white paper, we give a short overview of generic remote rendering technologies available today, and compare their performance to the recently released vizserver by SGI: a network extension to the SGI OpenGL rendering engines.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-05
    Beschreibung: This book offers a self-contained introduction to the field of semidefinite programming, its applications in combinatorial optimization, and its computational methods. We equip the reader with the basic results from linear algebra on positive semidefinite matrices and the cone spanned by them. Starting from linear programming, we introduce semidefinite programs and discuss the associated duality theory. We then turn to semidefinite relaxations of combinatorial optimization and illustrate their interrelation. In the second half we deal with computational methods for solving semidefinite programs. First, the interior point approach, its iteration complexity, and implementational issues are discussed. Next, we explain in great detail the spectral bundle method, which is particularly suited for large scale semidefinite programming. One of the most successful techniques in integer linear programming is the cutting plane approach which improves an initial relaxation by adding violated inequalities. We explore possibilities to combine the two solution methods with the cutting plane approach in order to strengthen semidefinite relaxations of combinatorial optimization problems.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-21
    Beschreibung: \\{\bf Zusammenfassung:} Kostenmodelle dienen der Ermittlung von Programmlaufzeiten, zum Vergleich der Effizienz von Algorithmen und zur Analyse des Verhaltens von Speicherhierarchien. Ein neuartiges Kostenmodell ist das Latency-of-Data-Access (LDA) Modell, das mehrere hierarchische Speicherebenen mit unterschiedlichen Latenzzeiten berü{}cksichtigt. In dieser Diplomarbeit wird ein Simulator fü{}r Speicherhierarchien prä{}sentiert, der die Berechnung von Programmausfü{}hrungszeiten nach dem LDA-Modell erlaubt. Mit Hilfe des Simulators wird die These geprü{}ft, da\ss{} mit diesem Modell die Ausfü{}hrungszeit eines Programms adä{}quat abgeschä{}tzt werden kann. Mit dem Simulator ist es erstmals praktikabel mö{}glich, Programmausfü{}hrungszeiten nach dem LDA-Modell zu bestimmen. Der Simulator kann fü{}r Systeme mit unterschiedlichen Speicherarchitekturen konfiguriert werden und unterstü{}tzt Mehrprozessorsysteme mit gemeinsamem Speicher (SMP-Systeme) mit verschiedenen Kohä{}renzprotokollen. Der Simulator kann mit den Ergebnissen von Microbenchmarks konfiguriert werden, die die Architekturparameter einer Speicherhierarchie messen. Die Ergebnisse bestä{}tigen die These nicht nur fü{}r Einzelprozessorsysteme, sondern auch fü{}r SMP-Systeme, wo gleichzeitig interagierende Prozessoren gegenseitig ihre Zugriffssequenz auf Zwischenspeicher beeinflussen. Zusä{}tzlich wurde eine neue Einsatzmö{}glichkeit des LDA-Modells entwickelt, um die Ausfü{}hrungszeit von Programmteilen zu bestimmen. Einzelne Zugriffskosten kö{}nnen einem mehrerer parallel laufender Modelle zugeordnet werden. Dadurch kö{}nnen Kosten, die Zugriffe auf einzelne Speicherbereiche verursachen, separat bestimmt werden. Diese Profiling-Technik erlaubt Optimierungen an Datenstrukturen und Speicherzugriffsmustern durch prä{}zise und gezielte Informationsproduktion.Cost models are used to determine the execution time of programs, to compare the efficiency of algorithms, and to analyse the behaviour of memory hierarchies. The Latency-of-Data-Access (LDA) model that takes into account multiple hierarchical memory levels with different latencies, is a newly proposed, innovative cost model. In this diploma-thesis, a simulator for memory hierarchies is presented that allows the calculation of execution times using the LDA-model. The simulator is used to prove the claim that the execution time of a program can be accurately estimated with the LDA-model. With the simulator, it is for the first time possible to determine the execution time of programs with this model in a practical way. The simulator can be configured for systems with various cache architectures and supports shared memory (SMP) multiprocessor systems with different cache coherence protocols. The simulator can be configured with the results from microbenchmarks which measure the architectural properties of a memory hierarchy. The results confirm the claim not only for single processor systems, but also for SMP systems, where concurrently interacting processors influence each others cache access sequence. Additionally, a new field of usage of the LDA-model was developed to determine execution times of program parts. Single access costs can be assigned to one of several parallel running models. As an example the costs of accesses to different memory areas can be split and determined separately. This profiling technique allows to optimise data structures and memory access patterns of sequential and parallel SMP programs by precise production of information.
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: \texttt{SBmethod}, Version 1.1, is an implementation of the spectral bundle method for eigenvalue optimization problems of the form \begin{displaymath} \min_{y\in \mathbf{R}^m}\;\; a\;\lambda_{\max}(C-\sum_{i=1}^{m} A_i y_i)+b^Ty. \end{displaymath} The design variables $y_i$ may be sign constrained, $C$ and and $A_i$ are given real symmetric matrices, $b\in\mathbf{R}^m$ allows to specify a linear cost term, and $a〉0$ is a constant multiplier for the maximum eigenvalue function $\lambda_{\max}(\cdot)$. The code is intended for large scale problems and allows to exploit structural properties of the matrices such as sparsity and low rank structure. The manual contains instructions for installation and use of the program. It describes in detail input format, options, and output. The meaning of the variables and parameters is made precise by relating them to a mathematical description of the algorithm in pseudocode.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: In this paper we introduce a generalization of stable sets: stable multi-sets. A stable multi-set is an assignment of integers to the vertices of a graph, such that specified bounds on vertices and edges are not exceeded. In case all vertex and edge bounds equal one, stable multi-sets are equivalent to stable sets. For the stable multi-set problem, we derive reduction rules and study the associated polytope. We state necessary and sufficient conditions for the extreme points of the linear relaxation to be integer. These conditions generalize the conditions for the stable set polytope. Moreover, the classes of odd cycle and clique inequalities for stable sets are generalized to stable multi-sets and conditions for them to be facet defining are determined. The study of stable multi-sets is initiated by optimization problems in the field of telecommunication networks. Stable multi-sets emerge as an important substructure in the design of optical networks.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: In this paper we present the {\em SteinLib}, a library of data sets for the Steiner tree problem in graphs. This library extends former libraries on Steiner tree problems by many new interesting and difficult instances, most of them arising from real-world applications. We give a survey on the difficulty of these problem instances by giving references to state-of-the-art software packages that were the first or are currently among the best to solve these instances.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Workstation clusters are often not only used for high-throughput computing in time-sharing mode but also for running complex parallel jobs in space-sharing mode. This poses several difficulties to the resource management system, which must be able to reserve computing resources for exclusive use and also to determine an optimal process mapping for a given system topology. On the basis of our CCS software, we describe the anatomy of a modern resource management system. Like Codine, Condor, and LSF, CCS provides mechanisms for the user-friendly system access and management of clusters. But unlike them, CCS is targeted at the effective support of space-sharing parallel and even metacomputers. Among other features, CCS provides a versatile resource description facility, topology-based process mapping, pluggable schedulers, and hooks to metacomputer management.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: Das aus den Medien bekannte umstrittene Ziegenproblem (auch Drei-Türen-Problem genannt) wird vollständig analysiert und gelöst. In der Streitfrage spielen sprachliche Mehrdeutigkeiten der Problemformulierung eine wesentliche Rolle; zudem werden Zufallsereignisse mit willkürlicher Information über deren Ergebnisse verwechselt. Tatsächlich erweisen sich beide strittigen Lösungen als teilweise richtige Bestandteile der Gesamtlösung. Die Argumentation wird in allgemeinverständlicher Sprache geführt und anschliessend durch eine formale mathematische Betrachtung ergänzt.
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    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Der Aufsatz ist die ausgearbeitete Fassung eines Vortrages, gehalten auf dem 2. BSZ-Kolloquium des Bibliotheksservice-Zentrums Baden-Württemberg (BSZ) am 10. Oktober 2000 in Konstanz. Der Kooperative Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, kurz KOBV, ist ein sehr junger Verbund - genauer gesagt, befindet er sich im Oktober 2000 immer noch in der Aufbauphase. Das KOBV-Projekt hat am 1. April 1997 begonnen und wird am 31. Dezember 2000 enden. Ab 2001 wird der KOBV in eine institutionalisierte Form überführt, die - wie bereits das Projekt - am Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB) - angesiedelt wird. Mit dem KOBV wurde ein in technischer wie auch in organisatorischer Hinsicht neuartiger Bibliotheksverbund aufgebaut, der auf der \glqq Internetphilosophie\grqq basiert: Den technischen Kern bildet eine eigens entwickelte Suchmaschine; die Organisation ist dezentral ausgerichtet und gründet sich auf der Kooperation der KOBV-Partner. In dem Vortrag werden das technische und das organisatorische Verbundkonzept vorgestellt, über die Erfahrungen nach einjähriger Betriebsdauer berichtet und ein kurzer Ausblick darüber gegeben, wie es mit dem KOBV weitergeht.
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Die Kommunikation zwischen der KOBV-Suchmaschine und entfernten Bibliotheksinformationssystemen unterschiedlicher Hersteller wird über das Standardprotokoll Z39.50 abgewickelt. Die Suchmaschine ermöglicht Online-Recherchen in lokalen Bibliotheksinformationssystemen, die dazu ein Z39.50 Target (Server) zur Verfügung stellen müssen. Die Suchmaschine liefert ihre Daten ebenfalls über Z39.50 aus. Ein Lokalsystem benötigt hierfür einen Z39.50 Origin (Client). In dem Papier wird die Schnittstelle zwischen der KOBV-Suchmaschine und lokalen Bibliothekssystemen spezifiziert: Es werden die grundlegenden Anforderungen an Lokalsysteme definiert und die Konfigurationsparameter für die Z39.50-Kommunikation zwischen KOBV-Suchmaschine und Lokalsystemen beschrieben.
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Die zunehmende Verfügbarkeit von mobilen Geräten, die mit einem Internetanschluß ausgerüstet sind, bringt auch eine steigende Nachfrage nach Informationsdiensten für diese Art von Clients mit sich. Das ZIB stellt mit seinem Höchstleistungsrechner vom Typ SGI/CRAY T3E Wissenschaftlern große Rechenkapazitäten zur Verfügung. Im Rahmen dieser Studienarbeit wurde ein WAP-Interface zur T3E entwickelt, das es den Nutzern ermöglicht, über ein mobiles, WAP-fähiges Gerät Informationen zur Betriebsbereitschaft und zur Auslastung des Höchstleistungsrechners, sowie Informationen zu den von ihnen in Auftrag gegebenen Rechenjobs abzurufen. Die Untersuchung der aktuellen Möglichkeiten in der mobilen Kommunikation brachte einige Einschränkungen für das geplante Informationsangebot mit sich. So mußte auf Grund von Sicherheitsbedenken auf eine tatsächliche Interaktionsmöglichkeit (z.B. neue Rechenjobs zu starten) verzichtet werden. Demgegenüber konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Bereitstellung der gleichen Informationen für unterschiedliche Arten von Clients (WWW-Browser $\rightarrow$ HTML, WAP-Browser $\rightarrow$ WML) durch die Verwendung von XML als internes Datenformat problemlos möglich ist. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die Bereitstellung eines WAP-Informationsdienstes auf Grund verschiedener Inkompatibilitätsprobleme (verschiedene Gateways, verschiedene WAP-Browser) mit erheblichem Aufwand verbunden sein kann. An dieser Stelle besteht noch Handlungsbedarf seitens der Hersteller dieser Softwarepakete.
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  • 32
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-24
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 33
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Anwendungen der Mathematik in der Verkehrs- und Transporttechnologie haben eine große und bedeutende Tradition. Natürlich wurden die ersten Fahrzeuge mit der ingenieurmäßigen Methode von Versuch, Irrtum und Verbesserung entworfen. Aber schon sehr bald kamen mathematische Berechnungen hinzu, mit denen mechanische Eigenschaften von Fahrzeugteilen ermittelt und zum Teil optimiert wurden. Die hierzu erforderliche Mathematik wurde in diesem Jahrhundert zu einem mächtigen Werkzeugkasten ausgebaut. Mit diesem kann man heute z.B. hocheffiziente Motoren mit geringem Schadstoffausstoß entwerfen, aerodynamisch günstige Fahrzeugprofile ermitteln und Flugzeugflügel berechnen, die die gewünschte Last sicher und mit geringem Treibstoffaufwand tragen. Die Mathematik unterstützt die Technologie des Verkehrs beginnend bei globalen Designfragen bis hin zur Spezifizierung von Materialeigenschaften kleinster Bauteile; sie berechnet mit hoher Präzision energieoptimale Bahnen von Raumflugkörpern oder zeitoptimale Trajektorien für Flugzeuge, steuert automatische Roboteranlagen oder innerbetriebliche Transportsysteme.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: Interior point methods for multistage stochastic programs involve KKT systems with a characteristic global block structure induced by dynamic equations on the scenario tree. We generalize the recursive solution algorithm proposed in an earlier paper so that its linear complexity extends to a refined tree-sparse KKT structure. Then we analyze how the block operations can be specialized to take advantage of problem-specific sparse substructures. Savings of memory and operations for a financial engineering application are discussed in detail.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The present paper aims at an extension of {\sc Kohonen's} Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm to be called Self-Organizing Box Map (SOBM) algorithm; it generates box codebooks in lieu of point codebooks. Box codebooks just like point codebooks indirectly define a Voronoi tessellation of the input space, so that each codebook vector represents a unique set of points. Each box codebook vector comprises a multi-dimensional interval that approximates the related partition of the Voronoi tessellation. Upon using the automated cluster identification method that has recently been developed by the authors, the codebook vectors can be grouped in such a way that each group represents a point cluster in the input space. Since the clustering usually depends on the size of the SOM, one cannot be sure, whether the clustering comes out to be optimal. Refinement of part of the identified clusters would often improve the results. This paper presents the concept of an adaptive multilevel cluster algorithm that performs such refinements automatically. Moreover the paper introduces a concept of essential dimensions and suggests a method for their identification based on our herein suggested box codebooks. Applications of the algorithm to molecular dynamics will be described in a forthcoming paper.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: This paper addresses the problem of designing a minimum cost network whose capacities are sufficiently large to allow a feasible routing of a given set of multicast commodities. A multicast commodity consists of a set of two or mo re terminals that need to be connected by a so called broadcast tree, which consumes on all of its edges a capacity as large as the demand value associated with that commodity. We model the network design problem with multicast commodities as the problem of packing capacitated Steiner trees in a graph. In the first part of the paper we present three mixed-integer programming formulations for this problem. The first natural formulation uses only one integer capacity variable for each edge and and one binary tree variable for each commodity-edge pair. Applying well-known techniques from the Steiner tree problem, we then develop a stronger directed and a multicommodity flow based mixed-integer programming formulation. In the second part of the paper we study the associated polyhedra and derive valid and even facet defining inequalities for the natural formulation. Finally, we describe separation algorithms for these inequalities and present computational results that demonstrate the strength of our extended formulations.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-21
    Beschreibung: Kostenmodelle dienen der Ermittlung von Programmlaufzeiten, zum Vergleich der Effizienz von Algorithmen und zur Analyse des Verhaltens von Speicherhierarchien. Ein neuartiges Kostenmodell ist das Latency-of-Data-Access (LDA) Modell, das mehrere hierarchische Speicherebenen mit unterschiedlichen Latenzzeiten berücksichtigt. In dieser Diplomarbeit wird ein Simulator für Speicherhierarchien präsentiert, der die Berechnung von Programmausführungszeiten nach dem LDA-Modell erlaubt. Mit Hilfe des Simulators wird die These geprüft, daß mit diesem Modell die Ausführungszeit eines Programms adäquat abgeschätzt werden kann. Mit dem Simulator ist es erstmals praktikabel möglich, Programmausführungszeiten nach dem LDA-Modell zu bestimmen. Der Simulator kann für Systeme mit unterschiedlichen Speicherarchitekturen konfiguriert werden und unterstützt Mehrprozessorsysteme mit gemeinsamem Speicher (SMP-Systeme) mit verschiedenen Kohärenzprotokollen. Der Simulator kann mit den Ergebnissen von Microbenchmarks konfiguriert werden, die die Architekturparameter einer Speicherhierarchie messen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die These nicht nur für Einzelprozessorsysteme, sondern auch für SMP-Systeme, wo gleichzeitig interagierende Prozessoren gegenseitig ihre Zugriffsse-quenz auf Zwischenspeicher beeinflussen. Zusätzlich wurde eine neue Einsatzmöglichkeit des LDA-Modells entwickelt, um die Ausführungszeit von Programmteilen zu bestimmen. Einzelne Zugriffskosten können einem mehrerer parallel laufender Modelle zugeordnet werden. Dadurch können Kosten, die Zugriffe auf einzelne Speicherbereiche verursachen, separat bestimmt werden. Diese Profiling-Technik erlaubt Optimierungen an Datenstrukturen und Speicherzugriffsmustern durch präzise und gezielte Informationsproduktion.
    Beschreibung: Cost models are used to determine the execution time of programs, to compare the efficiency of algorithms, and to analyse the behaviour of memory hierarchies. The Latency-of-Data-Access (LDA) model that takes into account multiple hierarchical memory levels with different latencies, is a newly proposed, innovative cost model. In this diploma-thesis, a simulator for memory hierarchies is presented that allows the calculation of execution times using the LDA model. The simulator is used to prove the claim that the execution time of a program can be accurately estimated with the LDA model. With the simulator, it is for the first time possible to determine the execution time of programs with this model in a practical way. The simulator can be configured for systems with various cache architectures and supports shared memory (SMP) multiprocessor systems with different cache coherence protocols. The simulator can be configured with the results from Microbenchmarks which measure the architectural properties of a memory hierarchy. The results confirm the claim not only for single processor systems, but also for SMP systems, where concurrently interacting processors influence each others cache access sequence. Additionally, a new field of usage of the LDA model was developed to determine execution times of program parts. Single access costs can be assigned to one of several parallel running models. As an example the costs of accesses to different memory areas can be split and determined separately. This profiling technique allows to optimise data structures and memory access patterns of sequential and parallel SMP programs by precise production of information.
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: We present visualizations of recent supercomputer simulations from numerical relativity, exploiting the progress in visualization techniques and numerical methods also from an artistic point of view. The sequences have been compiled into a video tape, showing colliding black holes, orbiting and merging neutron stars as well as collapsing gravitational waves. In this paper we give some background information and provide a glance at the presented sequences.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 39
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: An algorithm is described to decide if a given polynomial differential expression $\Delta$ of multivariate functions is exact, i.e. whether there exists a first integral $P$ such that $D_xP = \Delta$ for any one of a set of variables $x$ and to provide the integral $P$. A generalization is given to allow integration in the case that the exactness is prohibited by terms which contain only functions of not all the independent variables.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Dieser Report enthält die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen, die gemäss dem Forschungs-- und Entwicklungsvertrag Gravity zwischen dem GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam und dem Konrad--Zuse--Zentrum Berlin vorgenommen wurden. Die damit vereinbarte wissenschaftliche Kooperation hat die folgenden Ziele: \item{die am GFZ vorhandenen Algorithmen und Softwaremodule auf ihre Effizienz hisichtlich Nutzung der Rechnerresourcen zu untersuchen und Lösungen für einen schnelleren Datendurchsatz zu entwickeln und zu implementieren,} \item{Methoden zur Regularisierung und Lösung schlecht konditionierter Normalgleichungssysteme (für Schwerefeldkoeffizienten) kritisch zu untersuchen und eine mathematisch objektive Strategie der Regularisierung zu entwickeln, und} \item{insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Anforderungen bei GRACE, verschiedene Bahnintegrationsverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer numerischen Genauigkeit und Einsatzmöglichkeiten zu untersuchen.}
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We present a fully second order projection method for the simulation of two-phase incompressible flow with surface tension. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved with a projection method on a fixed Cartesian grid. The free interface between the two fluids is tracked with a level set approach. The conditions at the interface for the pressure, the pressure gradient, and the velocity are explicitly incorporated into the scheme leading to a sharp representation of the pressure discontinuity and the interfacial force. The scheme in the presented form does not introduce additional points in the standard finite difference stencils. Computational results are compared with analytic solutions for a static round bubble, damped surface waves, and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: HyperPlan is a software system for performing 3D-simulations and treatment planning in regional hyperthermia. It allows the user to understand the complex effects of electromagnetic wave propagation and heat transport inside a patient's body. Optimized power amplitudes and phase settings can be calculated for the BSD radiowave applicators Sigma 60 and Sigma 2000 (eye-applicator). HyperPlan is built on top of the modular, object-oriented visualization system Amira. This system already contains powerful algorithms for image processing, geometric modelling and 3D graphics display. HyperPlan provides a number of hyperthermia-specific modules, allowing the user to create 3D tetrahedral patient models suitable for treatment planning. In addition, all numerical simulation modules required for hyperthermia simulation are part of HyperPlan. This guide provides a step-by-step introduction to hyperthermia planning using HyperPlan. It also describes the usage of the underlying visualization system Amira.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper we investigate the effects of the three-dimensional arrangement of antennas and frequency on temperature distributions that can be achieved in regional hyperthermia using an electromagnetic phased array. We compare the results of power-based and temperature-based optimization. Thus we are able to explain the discrepancies between previous studies favouring more antenna rings on the one hand and more antennas per ring on the other hand. We analyze the sensitivity of the results with respect to changes in amplitudes and phases as well as patient position. This analysis can be used for different purposes. First, it provides additional criteria for selecting the optimal frequency. Second, it can be used for specifying the required phase and amplitude accuracy for a real phased array system. Furthermore, it may serve as a basis for technological developments in order to reduce both types of sensitivities described above.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Der Kooperative Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) wurde in den Jahren 1997-2000 im Rahmen eines wissenschaftlichen Projektes eingerichtet. Er stellt eine neuartige Form von Bibliotheksverbund dar. Sein technisches Konzept und sein organisatorischer Aufbau basieren auf der Internetphilosophie. Den informationstechnischen Kern bildet eine Suchmaschine, die die heterogenen lokalen Bibliothekssysteme miteinander verbindet. Die KOBV-Organisation ist dezentral. Sie wird getragen von der Kooperation der Bibliotheken in Berlin und Brandenburg; diese werden von einer kleinen Verbundzentrale unterstützt. Die KOBV-Suchmaschine ist zu erreichen unter: {\begin{rawhtml}〈a href="http://www.kobv.de/suche/"〉 〈i〉 http://www.kobv.de/suche/ 〈/i〉 〈/a〉\end{rawhtml}}
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Dieser kurze Artikel hat keine umfassende Übersicht zum Ziel. Basierend auf eigenen Erfahrungen durch Projekte mit Industriefirmen möchte ich einige Branchen erwähnen, bei denen nach meiner Einschätzung Mathematik in Zukunft zunehmend Anwendung finden wird. Ich werde das anhand konkreter Beispiele erläutern. Mathematik ersetzt in der Regel traditionelle Analyse-, Planungs- und Entwurfstechniken. Den (nicht leichten) Schritt zum Einsatz mathematischer Methoden macht ein Praktiker nur, wenn es sich für ihn ``lohnt''. Wann sich dies lohnt, ist schwer abzuschätzen. Man kann aber einige Indikatoren dafür finden, ob eine Branche für den Einsatz von Mathematik ``reif'' ist. Ob es dann dazu kommt, hängt von vielen Faktoren ab, nicht zuletzt von der Psychologie und dem sozialen Umfeld der beteiligten Personen sowie der Bereitschaft, sich auf ein so schwieriges Terrain zu begeben und Kompromisse einzugehen. Gerade letzteres fällt Mathematikern gelegentlich schwer.
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    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 46
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: All triangulations of euclidean oriented matroids are of the same PL-homeomorphism type by a result of Anderson. That means all triangulations of euclidean acyclic oriented matroids are PL-homeomorphic to PL-balls and that all triangulations of totally cyclic oriented matroids are PL-homeomorphic to PL-spheres. For non-euclidean oriented matroids this question is wide open. One key point in the proof of Anderson is the following fact: for every triangulation of a euclidean oriented matroid the adjacency graph of the set of all simplices ``intersecting'' a segment $[p_-p_+]$ is a path. We call this graph the $[p_-p_+]$-adjacency graph of the triangulation. While we cannot solve the problem of the topological type of triangulations of general oriented matroids we show in this note that for every circuit admissible triangulation of an arbitrary oriented matroid the $[p_-p_+]$-adjacency graph is a path.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 47
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: Dieser Report wurde im Sommersemester 2000 an der TU Berlin in einer Spezialvorlesung über Triangulierungen von Punktmengen und Polyedern als Skriptum verwendet. Nach einem motivierenden Kapitel werden grundlegende Begriffe und Konstruktionen in der Theorie der Triangulierungen von Punktmengen und Polyedern vorgestellt. Danach werden als weiterführende Themen reguläre Triangulierungen, Sekundärpolytope, bistellare Operationen, höhere Stasheff-Tamari-Halbordnungen und Triangulierungen mit wenigen bzw. gar keinen Flips behandelt. Ein Kapitel über Enumeration und Optimierung beschließt die Zusammenstellung.
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    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: Ende Juni diesen Jahres wurde das Gigabit-Wissenschaftsnetz offiziell gestartet. In der zweijährigen Vorbereitungsphase wurden nicht nur die technischen Möglichkeiten der neuen Übertragungstechniken und Dienste getestet. Es wurden auch verschiedene Fragestellungen zum effizienten Einsatz der verfügbaren Ressourcen für den Betrieb des G-WiN untersucht. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir, wie das G-WiN zu seiner jetzigen Struktur und Topologie gekommen ist.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We call an edge $e$ of a perfect graph $G$ critical if $G-e$ is imperfect and say further that $e$ is anticritical with respect to the complementary graph $\overline G$. We ask in which perfect graphs critical and anticritical edges occur and how to find critical and anticritical edges in perfect graphs. Finally, we study whether we can order the edges of certain perfect graphs such that deleting all the edges yields a sequence of perfect graphs ending up with a stable set.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We introduce a new method for reconstructing a triangular surface from an unorganized set of points in space. It is based on placing a probe sphere on the point set and rolling it around, connecting all triples of points with a triangle that the sphere comes to rest on. Therefore, the algorithm interpolates, rather than approximates, the input points. The method needs considerably less running time than previous algorithms and yields good results on point sets that are reasonably well-behaved.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-11
    Beschreibung: This paper surveys frequency assignment problems coming up in planning wireless communication services. It particularly focuses on cellular mobile phone systems such as GSM, a technology that revolutionizes communication. Traditional vertex coloring provides a conceptual framework for the mathematical modeling of many frequency planning problems. This basic form, however, needs various extensions to cover technical and organizational side constraints. Among these ramifications are $T$-coloring and list coloring. To model all the subtleties, the techniques of integer programming have proven to be very useful. The ability to produce good frequency plans in practice is essential for the quality of mobile phone networks. The present algorithmic solution methods employ variants of some of the traditional coloring heuristics as well as more sophisticated machinery from mathematical programming. This paper will also address this issue. Finally, this paper discusses several practical frequency assignment problems in detail, states the associated mathematical models, and also points to public electronic libraries of frequency assignment problems from practice. The associated graphs have up to several thousand nodes and range from rather sparse to almost complete.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We present results on light hadron masses from simulations of full QCD and report on experiences in running such simulations on a Hitachi SR8000-F1 supercomputer.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: As has been shown recently, the identification of metastable chemical conformations leads to a Perron cluster eigenvalue problem for a reversible Markov operator. Naive discretization of this operator would suffer from combinatorial explosion. As a first remedy, a pre-identification of essential degrees of freedom out of the set of torsion angles had been applied up to now. The present paper suggests a different approach based on neural networks: its idea is to discretize the Markov operator via self-organizing (box) maps. The thus obtained box discretization then serves as a prerequisite for the subsequent Perron cluster analysis. Moreover, this approach also permits exploitation of additional structure within embedded simulations. As it turns out, the new method is fully automatic and efficient also in the treatment of biomolecules. This is exemplified by numerical results.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: In the Capacitated Dial-a-Ride Problem (CDARP) we are given a transportation network and a finite set of transportation jobs. Each job specifies the source and target location which are both part of the network. A server which can carry at most $C$~objects at a time can move on the transportation network in order to process the transportation requests. The problem CDARP consists of finding a shortest transportation for the jobs starting and ending at a designated start location. In this paper we are concerned with the restriction of CDARP to graphs which are simple paths. This setting arises for instance when modelling applications in elevator transportation systems. It is known that even for this restricted class of graphs CDARP is NP-hard to solve. We provide a polynomial time approximation algorithm that finds a transportion of length at most thrice the length of the optimal transportation.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-29
    Beschreibung: An affine invariant convergence analysis for inexact augmented Lagrangian-SQP methods is presented. The theory is used for the construction of an accuracy matching between iteration errors and truncation errors, which arise from the inexact linear system solves. The theoretical investigations are illustrated numerically by an optimal control problem for the Burgers equation.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Wie soll man einen Aufzug steuern, wenn man keine Informationen über zukünftige Fahraufträge besitzt? Soll man eine Bahncard kaufen, wenn die nächsten Bahnreisen noch unbekannt sind? In der klassischen kombinatorischen Optimierung geht man davon aus, daß die Daten jeder Probleminstanz vollständig gegeben sind. In vielen Fällen modelliert diese \emph{Offline-Optimierung} jedoch die Situationen aus Anwendungen nur ungenügend. Zahlreiche Problemstellungen in der Praxis sind in natürlicher Weise \emph{online}: Sie erfordern Entscheidungen, die unmittelbar und ohne Wissen zukünftiger Ereignisse getroffen werden müssen. Als ein Standardmittel zur Beurteilung von Online-Algorithmen hat sich die \emph{kompetitive Analyse} durchgesetzt. Dabei vergleicht man den Zielfunktionswert einer vom Online-Algorithmus generierten Lösung mit dem Wert einer optimalen Offline-Lösung. Mit Hilfe der kompetitiven Analyse werden im Skript Algorithmen zum Caching, Netzwerk-Routing, Scheduling und zu Transportaufgaben untersucht. Auch die Schwächen der kompetitiven Analyse werden aufgezeigt und alternative Analysekonzepte vorgestellt. Neben der theoretischen Seite werden auch die Anwendungen der Online-Optimierung in der Praxis, vor allem bei Problemen der innerbetrieblichen Logistik, beleuchtet. Bei der Steuerung automatischer Transportsysteme tritt eine Fülle von Online-Problemen auf. Hierbei werden an die Algorithmen oftmals weitere Anforderungen gestellt. So müssen Entscheidungen unter strikten Zeitbeschränkungen gefällt werden (Echtzeit-Anforderungen). Dieses Skript ist aus dem Online-Teil der Vorlesung -Ausgewählte Kapitel aus der ganzzahligen Optimierung- (Wintersemester~1999/2000) und der Vorlesung -Online Optimierung- (Sommersemester~2000) an der Technischen Universität Berlin entstanden.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 57
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-04-11
    Beschreibung: Wie sucht ein Wissenschaftler im Internet die ben"otigten Informationen für seine Arbeit? Welche relevanten Informationen gibt es überhaupt im Web? Sind dafür solche Suchmaschinen wie AltaVista, Google oder HotBot die richtigen Werkzeuge? Die Antwort der Mathematiker heisst Math-Net, ein Informations- und Kommunikationssystem für die Mathematik. Math-Net besteht zunächst aus den Informationen von Personen und Institutionen, die ihre für die Mathematik relevanten Informationen dort bereitstellen wollen. Das soll i.a. auf den Web-Servern der Personen oder Institutionen geschehen. Hierin unterscheidet sich die Situation im Math-Net nicht von der im WWW insgesamt. Im Math-Net sollen aber die Informationen in einheitlicher Weise erschlossen werden. Dazu gibt es sowohl für Server als auch für die Dokumente Empfehlungen für deren Strukturierung. Die lokalen Informationen werden dann im Math-Net durch automatische Verfahren gesammelt, ausgewertet und indexiert. Diese Indexe sind die Basis für die Math-Net Dienste. Das sind Search Engines und Portale, die einen qualifizierten und effizienten Zugang zu den Informationen im Math-Net bieten. Die Math-Net Dienste sind auf die Mathematik spezialisiert. Im Gegensatz zu den oben erwähnten universellen Suchmaschinen decken sie nur einen winzigen Bruchteil des Web ab, aber dafür den für die Mathematik relevanten Teil. Math-Net ist mehr als nur Search Engine oder Portal zu Informationen in der Mathematik. Es ist auch ein Informations- und Kommunikationssystem sowie ein Publikationsmedium für die Mathematik. Die mathematische Community hat sich in der Math-Net Initiative organisiert. Diese Initiative wird von der International Mathematical Union (IMU), der weltweiten Dachorganisation der mathematischen Gesellschaften, koordiniert. Die Entwicklung des Math-Net wird von dem breiten Konsens der Mathematiker getragen, den Zugang zu der für die Mathematik relevanten Information zu erleichtern und zu verbessern.
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-07
    Beschreibung: We establish the relationship between the transparent boundary condition (BPP) of Baskakov and Popov [Wave Motion 14 (1991) 121-128] and Pakpadakis et. al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 (1992) 2030-2038] and a second boundary condition (SDY) introduced by Schmidt and Deuflhard [Comp. Math. Appl. 29 (1995) 53-76] and Schmidt and Yevick [J. Compu. Phys. 134 (1997) 96-107], that is explicitly tailored to the form of the underlying numerical propagation scheme. Our analysis demonstrates that if the domain is first discretized in the propagation direction, the SDY expression can be obtained by applying the exact sequence of steps used to derive the BPP procedure. The BPP method is thus an approximate realization of the computationally far simpler and unconditionally stable SDY boundary condition.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-07
    Beschreibung: We derive exact discrete nonreflecting boundary conditions for time-harmonic scattering problems modeled by the Helmholtz equation. The main idea is to consider the exterior problem as an initial value problem with initial data given on the boundary of the computational domain. The solution of the exterior problem is obtained via Laplace transformation techniques which supply the boundary conditions in terms of discrete Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-07
    Beschreibung: This paper has been motivated by the need for a fast robust adaptive multigrid method to solve the vectorial Maxwell eigenvalue problem arising from the design of optical chips. Our nonlinear multigrid methods are based on a previous method for the scalar Helmholtz equation, which must be modified to cope with the null space of the Maxwell operator due to the divergence condition. We present two different approaches. First, we present a multigrid algorithm based on an edge element discretization of time-harmonic Maxwell's equations, including the divergence condition. Second, an explicit elimination of longitudinal magnetic components leads to a nodal discretization known to avoid discrete \emph{spurious modes} also and a vectorial eigenvalue problem, for which we present a multigrid solver. Numerical examples show that the edge element discretization clearly outperforms the nodal element approach.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cluster headache ; Familial occurrence ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A Danish genetic study showed increased risk of cluster headache (CH) among relatives of CH patients. We studied the families of 191 CH patients (118 males, 73 females; mean age 45.9 years) attending the Milan Headache Center. Information on 3589 relatives was collected by direct interview of the probands (n = 118) or by mailed questionnaire (n = 73). The diagnostic criteria of the IHS were used. A positive family history was found in 19% (37 of 191) of the families. A total of 32 first-degree (32 of 1036, 3.1%) and 15 second-degree (15 of 2553, 0.6%) relatives were affected. The relative risk of CH was 26.89 (95% CI, 17.57–36.21) in the first-degree relatives and 4.35 (95% CI, 2.13–5.21) in second-degree relatives. This study shows increased familial risk of cluster headache in an Italian population and confirms that cluster headache is, in some families, and inherited disorder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S135 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Headache ; Genetics ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Mitochondria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Migraine carries a significant hereditary determination. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) has been recently linked to mutations in the CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19. CACNA1A codes for a subunit of a neural calcium channel. Other linkage loci on chromosome 1q21-23 and 1q31 have been reported. Several linkage and association studies have been performed to determine the role of the CACNA1A gene, and of other candidate genes implicated in the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine, in the more common types of migraine. Co-morbidity of migraine with vascular events has been analysed versus genetic prothrombotic factors and mitochondrial DNA, and genes involved in the inflammatory cascade have been explored. Though no definite conclusions have emerged from these studies as yet, molecular genetics of migraine can be expected to unravel the complex aetiologies of these fascinating diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S147 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dopamine ; Migraine ; Genetics ; DRD2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular genetics offers a novel approach to the understanding and management of migraine since the disorder is known to have a strong genetic component. In recent studies, polymorphisms in the genes for dopamine receptors have been evaluated. Both positive and negative association studies have been reported. In particular, these data suggest that activation of the DRD2 receptor plays a modifying role in the pathophysiology of migraine. As a result, existing data provide a molecular rationale for the documented efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine. Therefore, at the present time, molecular genetic data provide support for the hypothesis that susceptibility to migraine may be modified, in part, by variations in dopamine DRD2 receptor function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S157 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Chronic tension type headache ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Pathophysiological studies have dominated migraine research for several years. However, these studies are difficult to interpret because it is difficult to decide whether the observed phenomena are primary or secondary to the migraine attack. For that reason it is important that future migraine research focus on studies that concern migrain etiology. Migraine is a paroxysmal disorder. It is most likely and ion-channel disorder like familial hemiplegic migraine. The present paper focuses on genetic factors in migraine and chronic tension-type headache.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Von Hippel-Lindau disease ; Hemangioblastoma ; Endolymphatic sac tumor ; Angiogenesis ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Major progress has been made in the last decade in both clinical and fundamental aspects of VHL. The VHL gene product, pVHL, has major and multiple functions: pVHL regulates not only first angiogenesis but also extracellular matrix formation and the cell cycle. A molecular diagnosis of VHL is now available, leading to a transformation in clinical management of patients and their families. Diagnosis of VHL has to be suspected in patients with a VHL-related tumor without familial history and especially in case of hemangioblastoma or endolymphatic sac tumors. Such patients should be systematically investigated for clinical and molecular evidence of VHL disease. Treatment of symptomatic hemangioblastomas remains mainly neurosurgical, often in emergency, but stereotactic radiosurgery is emerging as an alternative therapeutic procedure. In the future, antiangiogenic drugs could represent a potential medical treatment of CNS hemangioblastomas in view of their highly vascular structure. Lastly, visceral manifestations of VHL disease are also of critical importance and require early detection for effective treatment.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S153 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Genetics ; Dopamine ; Hypersensitivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Migraine is a common chronic disorder with an etiology still mostly unknown. Several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and the study of their systems is crucial in the understanding of migraine. Dopaminergic receptors are variously represented in human CNS and periphery. The hypothesis that a hypersensitivity of the dopaminergic system may have a role in migraine is based on clinical and genetic data. Genetic data are represented by association studies using dopaminergic genes as candidate genes which show that the D2 receptor gene appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S141 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Genetics ; Human leukocyte antigens ; Heredity ; Susceptibility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Human leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6p21. Genes important in migraine are being recognized in two basic ways: association studies and linkage analysis. One of the strongest associations is with the HLA region. Actually, genome scan studies suggest that multiple genes are involved in both migraine without aura (MWoA) and migraine with aura (MWA). However, both MWoA and MWA are disorders in which multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors, confer disease susceptibility. Linkage analysis is identifying new candidate genes that will help to explain the etiology of migraine. In this review previous studies regarding genetic susceptibility to migraine are analyzed, particularly those related to the HLA region. I discuss evidence that HLA shared-hyplotypes in MWoA-affected pairs in different than that expected, that HLA-DR2 antigen provides additional basis for the proposed genetic heterogeneity between MWoA and MWA, and lastly that TNFB gene studies seem to play an important role in the susceptibility to MWoA. In the past years, major advances hae been made in understanding the genetic foundation of MWoA and MWA. Our reported genome-scan studies support the concept that MWoA/MWA are coinherited with a particular HLA region. However, the examination of candidate genes (Ca2+ channel, vascular, CNS, etc.) in a large migraine population seems to be the correct direction in which we have to move. More MWoA/MWa gene studies are needed to test this developing hypothesis and to further establish the complete genetic scenario of migraine.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1364-6753
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Parkinson's disease ; Familial Parkinson's disease ; Synuclein ; Parkin ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: ABSTRACT¶Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with clinical features resulting from deficiency of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system. Most PD cases are sporadic and the primary cause of the disease is still unknown. Recently, familial PD and parkinsonism have received much attention because these forms of the disease might provide clues to the genetic risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. To date, two causative genes, α-synuclein and the parkin gene, have been identified. α-Synuclein is involved in the pathogenesis of an autosomal dominant form of PD and constitutes a major component of the Lewy body, which is a pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. In addition, mutations in the parkin gene have been identified as the cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). AR-JP manifests itself as a highly selective degeneration of the substantia nigra and the locus coeruleus, but without Lewy body formation. In addition to these two genes, four chromosomal loci have been linked to other forms of familial PD. Furthermore, there are a number of other pedigrees of familial PD in which linkage to known genetic loci has been excluded. Molecular cloning of these disease genes and elucidation of the function of their gene products will greatly contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Metrology ; Comparisons ; Chemistry ; Standards
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract  After stressing the importance in the modern world of accurate and reproducible measurements, the actions taken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures to set up, together with the regional metrology organizations, a series of key comparisons are described. They are the technical foundation of a mutual recognition of national measurement standards arrangement prepared in conjunction with the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This arrangement also includes the recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by these institutes. Then, the consequences of this arrangement for trade are described. The case of chemical analysis is illustrated by the application of the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases. But the global workload to be taken up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures, its Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance and the NMIs is huge.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Skin ; Genetics ; TNFA ; ¶Inflammation ; PCR-RFLP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Mechanisms underlying susceptibility to skin irritants are not clearly understood. Cytokines play a key role in inflammation, and functional polymorphisms in cytokine genes may affect responses to irritants. We investigated the relationship between polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-chain gene and responses to irritants. Volunteers (n=221) tested with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and benzalkonium chloride (BKC) were divided into responders and nonresponders and high and low irritant-threshold groups. DNA was assayed for the TNF-308 polymorphism by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was a significant increase in the A allele (P=0.030) and AA genotype (P=0.023) in both the SDS low irritant-threshold group and in SDS responders (A allele P=0.022, AA genotype P=0.048). In the BKC low irritant-threshold group, we found a significant increase in the A allele (P=0.002) and AA genotype (P=0.016). Individuals with a low threshold to both irritants demonstrated a significant increase (P=0.002) in the A allele. This is the first description of a nonatopic genetic marker for irritant susceptibility in normal individuals. Genotyping for theTNF-308 polymorphism may thus contribute to screening of individuals deemed at risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. S057 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Critical illness ; Intensive care ; Severity of illness ; Scoring systems ; Genetics ; Susceptibility ; Education
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Risk of critical illness is determined both by genetic and environmental influences, particularly those relating to infectious and cardiovascular diseases. Physiologically-based scoring systems cannot measure prior risk because they do not quantify physiological reserve independently of the acute illness. Genetic profiling could be useful for risk assessment. Early detection of critical illness involves identifying physiological ’triggers' for referral; this requires the education of nursing and medical staff in their significance. Analysis of the relationship between risk factors and interventions may need complex modelling techniques. Therapeutic strategies depend on the nature of the underlying problem: the most useful are likely to be those which enhance tissue oxygen delivery and resistance to infection.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Glomerulocystic kidney disease ; Oligohydramnion ; Renal failure-neonate ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Two newborns with glomerulocystic kidney disease manifesting as late onset oligohydramnion and neonatal anuria, yet without severe respiratory distress, are presented. They had a similar perinatal course and associated clinical manifestations. No associated congenital or inherited malformation syndrome could be defined. Both infants’ parents were first degree cousins and belonged to the same small Bedouin tribe, and neither they nor the infants’ siblings had polycystic kidneys or renal insufficiency, pointing to either a possible genetic etiology or a common external toxic exposure.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S183 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Database ; Genetics ; Information services ; Internet ; Mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Thanks to the World Wide Web, most results of research in genetics are made available in public databases. At the present time there are resources on genetic diseases, genes and their location, mutations of already cloned genes and on laboratories performing the mutation analysis. The main resources on phenotypes are On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Pedbase, GeneClinics, London Dysmorphology Database (LDDB) and Orphanet. The main resources on human genes are, in addition to OMIM, the Genome Database, Genatlas and Genecard. There are also two major sequence databases. All of them can be queried using the OMIM number of the disease. Central databases of mutations, as well as locus specific databases have been created. Their list is maintained at the Human Genome Organisation mutation database initiative website. Several initiative have been taken to integrate all these data and help the clinician to find out quickly what he/she needs. The website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information is the best example of such an effort with sections on diseases, a genome guide, and locus links. Several databases of genetic testing resources have been established. GeneTests is an on-line genetics resource that contains a directory of North American laboratories providing testing for heritable disorders. Orphanet is a similar database on French services which is in the process of becoming a European database. Conclusion Even if clinicians do not have as many services at their disposal as the molecular geneticists, various useful databases already exist and should no longer be ignored in practice.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S208 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cardiovascular disease ; Cystathionine β-synthase ; Genetics ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ; Mild hyperhomocysteinaemia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Over the last decade mild hyperhomocysteinaemia has widely been recognised as a new risk factor for arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Main regulating enzymes of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism are cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), methionine synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Early studies on patients with vascular disease described elevated Hcy concentrations after methionine loading and decreased CBS activity, resembling heterozygotes for CBS deficiency. Therefore, heterozygosity for CBS deficiency was proposed as the main cause of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia. However, more recent enzymatic and molecular genetic studies have demonstrated that heterozygosity for CBS deficiency is not or only a very minor cause of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia in vascular disease. We discovered two common genetic causes of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia, the 677C 〉 T and the 1298A 〉 C mutations in the coding region of MTHFR. The 677C 〉 T mutation causes reduced enzyme activity with thermolabile protein properties, elevated Hcy and low-normal or decreased plasma folate levels. The 1298A 〉 C mutation relates also to decreased enzyme activity, but not to thermolabile protein, and Hcy and folate levels are not influenced. However, compound heterozygosity for these two mutations, i.e. individuals with the 677CT/1298AC genotype, have elevated Hcy and decreased plasma folate levels. Gene-enviroment interactions between 677C 〉 T and folate is demonstrated in individuals with the 677TT genotype. Those with low-normal folate have elevated Hcy, whereas those with high-normal folate have normal Hcy concentrations. The elevated Hcy levels due to these mutations can be normalised by administration of folate, but whether folate reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease remains to be established. Conclusion Heterozygosity for cystathionine β-synthase deficiency is a minor cause of hyperhomocysteinaemia. The current data on mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene do not tell us whether elevated plasma homocysteine plays a causal role in vascular disease. Low cellular vitamin status may be a possible cause and homocysteine may just be a marker for this situation.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S35 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Obesity ; Genetics ; Child ; Nutrient balance ; Energy balance ; Environment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The epidemic diffusion of obesity in industrialised countries has promoted research on the aetiopathogenesis of this disorder. The purpose of this review is to focus mainly on the contribution that European research has made to this field. Available evidence suggests that obesity results from multiple interactions between genes and environment. Parents obesity is the most important risk factor for childhood obesity. Twin, adoption, and family studies indicated that inheritance is able to account for 25% to 40% of inter-individual difference in adiposity. Single gene defects leading to obesity have been discovered in animals and, in some cases, confirmed in humans as congenital leptin deficiency or congenital leptin receptor deficiency. However, in most cases, genes involved in weight gain do not directly cause obesity but they increase the susceptibility to fat gain in subjects exposed to a specific environment. Both genetic and environmental factors promote a positive energy balance which cause obesity. The relative inefficiency of self-adapting energy intake to energy requirements is responsible for fat gain in predisposed individuals. The role of the environment in the development of obesity is suggested by the rapid increase of the prevalence of obesity accompanying the rapid changes in the lifestyle of the population in the second half of this century. Early experiences with food, feeding practices and family food choices affect children's nutritional habits. In particular, the parents are responsible for food availability and accessibility in the home and they affect food preferences of their children. Diet composition, in particular fat intake, influences the development of obesity. The high energy density and palatability of fatty foods as well as their less satiating properties promotes food consumption. TV viewing, an inactivity and food intake promoter, was identified as a relevant risk factor for obesity in children. Sedentarity, i.e. a low physical activity level, is accompanied by a low fat oxidation rate in muscle and a low fat oxidation rate is a risk factor of fat gain or fat re-gain after weight loss. Conclusion Further research is needed to identify new risk factors of childhood obesity, both in the genetic and environmental areas, which may help to develop more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Genetics ; Presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism ; Apoptosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the abnormal neural death that occurs in this devastating disease. Presenilin-1, a transmembrane protein, seems to be implicated in apoptosis. To determine whether presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism has an influence in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we examined this polymorphism genotypes in a large group of patients (n=72) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a random sample of 213 healthy individuals. The results showed a significant difference in genotype (P 〈 0.04) and allele (P 〈 0.03) distribution between patients and controls. These results suggest a possible intervention of presenilin-1 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dementia ; Vascular ¶dementia ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Risk factors, stroke ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This review describes differing profiles of vascular risk factors in different types of dementia. Although vascular risk factors are related to various types of strokes, their independent effect on the occurrence of poststroke dementia appears to be small. Various risk factors have been identified for microangiopathy-related cerebral abnormalities, such as white matter changes and lacunae, which are the core lesions for the development of a vascular dementia syndrome without stroke symptoms. Most consistently, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus have been found to be associated with such brain abnormalities. Diastolic blood pressure seems to be of particular importance as recent investigations demonstrate that this factor is related to the course of multiple lacunar strokes and the progression of white matter disease. Epidemiological studies report that various vascular risk factors including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation may also be associated with Alzheimer’s disease. There is also evidence of a direct relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and general atherosclerosis. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these associations are due to the weakness of diagnostic criteria, or whether vascular risk factors indeed modulate the clinical expression of primary degenerative dementia. Common susceptibility genes leading to shared risk factors may be one of the reasons for a higher coincidence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia than can be expected by chance. A modulatory effect of vascular risk factors in the development of primary degenerative dementia may extend treatment options.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Monoamine oxidase B ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) metabolises dopamine and activates neurotoxins known to induce parkinsonism in humans and primates. Therefore the MAOB gene (MAOB; Xp15.21–4) is a candidate gene for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Longer length dinucleotide repeat sequences in a highly polymorphic GT repeat region of intron 2 of this gene showed an association with PD in an Australian cohort. We repeated this allele-association study in a population of 176 Chinese PD patients ¶(90 men, 86 women) and 203 age-matched controls (99 men, 104 women). Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood and the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the appropriate regions of the MAOB gene. The length of each (GT) repeat sequence was determined by 5% polyacrylamide denaturing gel electrophoresis. There was no significant difference in allele frequencies of the (GT) repeat allelic variation between patients and controls (χ2 = 2.48; df = 5, P 〈 0.75). Therefore the longer length GT repeat alleles are not associated with PD in this Chinese population. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between Chinese and Australian populations include a different interaction between this genetic factor and environmental factors in the two populations and the possibility that the long length GT repeat alleles may represent a marker mutation, genetically linked to another susceptibility allele in whites but not in Chinese. Methodological differences in the ascertainment of cases and controls in this cohort could also explain the observed differences. Further study is required to determine whether the longer length GT repeat alleles are true susceptibility alleles in PD.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Progressive ¶supranuclear palsy ; Genetics ; Clinical characteristics ; Parkinsonism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic studies have detected an association between the presence of the τ gene A0 allele and patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This study examined whether patients with this polymorphism exhibit distinct demographic or clinical characteristics. We studied 26 patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PSP, 20 who had the A0/A0 genotype and 6 who had other genotypes. A questionnaire on demographic data, past medical history, familial history, and initial symptoms was completed as part of the consultation. A complete neurological examination was performed and PSP symptoms were quantified following Golbe’s PSP disability scale. We found a significant difference in the age at onset of PSP symptoms, which was 65.9 ± 5.3 years in the A0/A0 group and 71.2 ± 5.6 in the non-A0/A0 group (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the years from disease onset between the two groups. Symptom severity did not differ significantly in patients with the different A0/A0 genotypes. The detection of significantly lower age at onset with the A0/A0 alleles is consistent with the known association of this genotype as a risk factor for PSP. No significant differences were detected in symptom severity between the two groups of patients.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Siblings ; Genetics ; Oligoclonal bands ; Measles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We found that 19% (9/47) of healthy siblings of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis had an intrathecal immunological reaction with two or more 2 CSF-enriched oligoclonal bands (OCBs), in contrast to (4%) (2/50) unrelated healthy controls. Furthermore, in this group of nine healthy sibs the measles CSF IgG antibody titers were higher than that of the other sibs and that of controls. There were also differences in the serum titers for measles IgG antibody, which were higher in the group of all healthy sibs than in healthy volunteers, and (as with CSF titers) higher in the subgroup of healthy sibs with two or more 2 CSF-enriched OCBs than the other sibs. Thus a significant proportion of healthy siblings to MS patients have a partially hyperimmune condition similar to that occurring in MS, which in 19% manifested itself as an OCB reaction, in 9% as increased CSF measles IgG antibody titers, and in 21% as increased serum measles IgG antibody titers, these phenomena tending to occur in the same individuals. This condition is characterized by CSF-enriched OCBs with undefined specificity, although some increased antiviral reactivity is found both in the serum and CSF. While it needs further characterization, a genetic trait interacting with common infections is suggested. The recurrence risk of this condition is approximately five times higher than the 3–4% recurrence risk for manifest MS reported for sibs.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 809-820 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords Pediatric neurosurgery ; Molecular biology ; Genetics ; Novel therapeutics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The new millennium beckons for novel advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric neurosurgical conditions. Almost every aspect of pediatric neurosurgery has changed over the last decade. Undoubtedly with the application of knowledge in molecular biology to human disease many aspects of neurosurgery, especially neuro-oncology and the field of neuro-developmental anomalies, will change appreciably over the next decade. Overall, the trend in surgery in general and neurosurgery in particular is toward less invasive procedures and possibly non-surgical interventions. This review will briefly cover many of the important areas of pediatric neurosurgery. We will describe the state-of-the-art of our subspecialty and discuss possible future directions.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 234-240 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cherry ; Genetics ; Compatibility ; Incompatibility ; Isoelectric focusing ; Prunus avium ; Ribonuclease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The (in)compatibility genotypes of two self-compatible sweet cherry selections, JI 2420 and JI 2434, originating from the John Innes Institute were re-examined. The selections and seedlings derived from them were analysed for stylar ribonucleases, which are known to correlate with S alleles, and the outcome of test crosses was recorded. JI 2420, which had been reported previously as S 3 S 4 ", where " indicates loss of pollen activity, was deduced to have the genotype S 4 S 4 ’. For JI 2434, which had been reported previously as S 3 S 4 0 , S 3 S 3 0 or S 3 S 3 ", where 0 indicates loss of pollen and stylar activity, two different clones were identified. One, at East Malling, was deduced to be S 3 "S 4 ; the other, at Ahrensburg, appeared to be S 3 S 3 " or S 3 S 3 0 .
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Avicennia marina ; Microsatellite ; Mangrove ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  An enriched microsatellite library of the mangrove species Avicennia marina was constructed, in which 85.8% of the clones contained microsatellite sequences. Of the microsatellite repeat sequences isolated, 55.0% were di-nucleotides, 34.2% were tri-nucleotides, 50.0% were perfect, 24.2% were imperfect, and 15.0% were compound. Four different di-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 5 to 33; ten different tri-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 3 to 25. The most common di-nucleotide was the AC/TG repeat; the most common tri-nucleotide was the CCG/GGC repeat. Sixteen microsatellite sequences were selected for primer design, and 6 primers were selected to investigate the polymorphism detected among 15 individuals of A. marina from three natural populations in Australia. A total of 40 alleles were detected at 6 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from 5 to 13. On average, 7 alleles were detected per locus. All microsatellite loci showed high levels of gene diversity (heterozygosity), with values ranging from 0.53 to 0.88; the mean value of gene diversity was 0.70. Microsatellite loci were also tested for conservation across Avicennia species. There was a decline in amplification success with increasing divergence between Avicennia species. The results indicate that microsatellites are abundant in the Avicennia genome and can be valuable genetic markers for assessing the effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation in mangrove communities, which is an important issue for mangrove conservation and afforestation schemes.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pharmacogenetics ; Genetics ; Risk factor ; Choreoathetotic movements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In the search for genetic factors contributing to tardive dyskinesia, dopamine receptor genes are considered major candidates. The dopamine D3 receptor is of primary interest as dopamine D3 receptor knock-out mice show locomotor hyperactivation resembling extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic treatment. Furthermore, Steen and colleagues (1997) recently reported an association between tardive dyskinesia and a dopamine D3 receptor gene variant. In the present study we tried to replicate this finding. We investigated 157 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving long-term neuroleptic medication who never or persistently displayed tardive dyskinesia. As advanced age is a main risk factor for tardive dyskinesia, we also compared older patients with a long duration of schizophrenia not displaying tardive dyskinesia to younger patients with a shorter duration of the illness displaying tardive dyskinesia. However, we found no evidence that the dopamine D3 receptor gene is likely to confer susceptibility to the development of tardive dyskinesia.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dopamine receptor D4 ; Genetics ; Personality inventory ; Polymorphism ; Excitement-Seeking
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An association between long alleles of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene and the extraversion related personality traits Excitement and Novelty Seeking has been reported in healthy subjects. In an attempt to replicate the previous findings, 256 healthy Caucasian volunteers were analysed for a potential relationship between the dopamine receptor D4 exon III VNTR polymorphism and Extraversion as assessed by the Revised Neo Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). The present study did not yield evidence for an association between Extraversion and the dopamine receptor D4 polymorphism.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Genetics ; ICAM-1 gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An increased amount of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 molecule has been found in the blood of actively relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but is unclear whether this enhanced expression is partially causative of the MS process, or whether it is merely an epiphenomenon of the inflammatory-immunological reaction. Using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), we studied exon 4 and exon 6 polymorphism of the ICAM-1 gene from 157 families with both parents, one affected and one healthy sib coming from Sardinia, an Italian island having a high incidence and prevalence of MS. TDT did not show variation in the expected 50:50 frequency in transmission in either healthy or affected sibs, using phenotypic or genotypic analysis. Moreover, independence from the predisposing HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype was confirmed by TDT analysis performed on the patients stratified according to the presence or absence of the HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 Sardinian predisposing haplotypes. Our data suggest that the increased expression of the ICAM-1 molecule observed in both blood and periplaque microvessels may be considered a consequence of the inflammatory process rather than the result of a genetic variation.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Complementary genes ; Extreme virus resistance ; Genetics ; Necrotic tubers ; Restricted virus distribution ; Solanum tuberosum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The potato cultivar ’Shepody’ is susceptible to a number of potato viruses including potato virus Y (PVY, potyvirus) but was found to possess extreme resistance to another potyvirus, potato virus A (PVA). ’Shepody’ plants were resistant to PVA infection in manual and graft inoculations. PVA replication was not detected in any of the inoculated plants by ELISA, an infectivity assay and RT-PCR. However, ’Shepody’ plants grafted with shoots containing PVA developed a novel symptomology which resembled a virus infection in appearance and in rate of translocation to the entire plant. Efforts to transmit the symptom-inducing agent manually failed. Graft-inoculation to potato virus indicator plants and PVA-susceptible potato plants showed that the symptom inducer was PVA at an extremely low concentration, detected using RT-PCR followed by Southern blot assay. Tubers from grafted but resistant ’Shepody’ plants had necrotic surfaces and internal spots. PVA was detected from necrotic areas but not from the non-necrotic ones. However, plants resulting from necrotic tubers were free from aerial leaf symptoms observed in grafted plants and produced non-necrotic normal tubers. A trace-back of the parental lineage of ’Shepody’ indicated that the resistance had been introgressed from the cultivar ’Bake King’. Analysis of progeny of a cross of resistant ’Shepody’ to the susceptible ’Goldrus’ indicated that this resistance is controlled by two independent dominant complementary genes in contrast to monogenic resistance reported for other potato viruses.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 35-58 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) ; Leonids ; meteor trails ; meteoroids ; meteors ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The cometary Leonid meteoroids represent a size range in between largest carbon-richIDPs and the smallest CI meteorites. Their dustball structure and chemistry offer anopportunity to constrain hierarchical dust accretion inferred from petrologic studies ofaggregate and cluster IDPs. The Leonid shower meteoroids of known ``comet ejection''ages provide an opportunity to study space weathering of cometary dust over periodsof up to several hundred years. The meteors and aggregate and cluster IDPs displaycontinuous thermal modification of organics and volatile element (Na, K-bearing phases), that occur as discrete minerals and amorphous solids each different response during kinetically controlled ablation. Leonid meteoroids are not excessively Na-rich. The occurrences of Leonid meteors can now be accurate predicted and combined withknowledge better models for the settling rates, collections of surviving dust becomea comet nucleus-sampling mission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S89 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Evoked potentials ; Ceroid lipofuscinoses ; Mutation ; Classification ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The importance of visual evoked potential (VEPs) and electroencephalography for diagnosing and distinghishing the infantile (INCL), late-infantile (LINCL) and juvenile (JNCL) forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) is well established. Variant forms with protracted clinical courses and atypical symptoms have been described recently, whose neurophysiological characteristics sometimes overlap those of LINCL and JNCL. It is unclear whether these variant forms are due to phenotypic variability of known genetic defects, or represent new mutations. Twenty-eight NCL patients have been diagnosed at our institute; a proportion of them were investigated genetically. In 17 we performed neurophysiological investigations including VEPs, brainstem auditory (BAEP) and upper limb somatosensory (SEP) evoked potentials. We found typical and diagnostic electrophysiological involvement of the visual system in 8 patients with classic forms of NCL. Furthermore, the distinctive features of the multimodal evoked potentials in most of the six patients with variant NCL suggest that these are distinct genetic entities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Nervous system ; Cavernous angiomas ; Genetics ; Onset symptoms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We performed a clinical and genetic study of patients affected by cavernous angiomas (CA) of the nervous system. We examined initial signs and symptoms in sporadic and familial cases. We obtained clinical, neuroimaging and genetic data on 15 Italian patients with CA of the nervous system with positive, doubtful or apparently negative family history. Genetic markers surrounding three different gene regions (7q, 3q and 7p) were analysed. In one small family, genetic linkage was consistent with all chromosome loci. In another family with the unusual association of cerebral and spinal CA, linkage with chromosome 7q and, likely, 7p was excluded, while linkage with locus 3q was possible. Our results indicate that Italian families with CA may show genetic heterogeneity. Non-specific and subtle onset symptoms hide the presence of CA within families. Patients with multiple CA may have silent cerebral lesions confirming the low penetrance of clinical signs in spite of radiological ones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Myoclonus-dystonia ; Essential myoclonus ; Dystonia ; Alcohol ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present the clinical profile of a group of patients with myoclonus and dystonia sensitive to alcohol and address these cases in the context of essential myoclonus. Six patients from 4 families were selected: 4 men and 2 women with myoclonus affecting predominantly the arms. Active movements of these segments elicited the dystonic and myoclonic movements. A marked improvement with alcohol intake was seen. Laboratory findings including EEG, SSEP, and cranial CT and MRI were normal. Surface EMG recording showed bursts with duration of 30–112 ms in 3 patients. One patient showed a triphasic recording pattern (agonist-antagonist-agonist) of ballistic type. Our findings suggest that the myoclonus-dystonia disorder is present in Brazilian patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Triplet recombination ; Electron transfer ; Radical ions ; Photochemistry ; Terpenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---The triphenypyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT)-sensitized reactions of several terpene donor molecules, including sabinene (1), α-phellandrene (4), α-terpinene (5) and γ-terpinene (6) give rise to significantly different products than reactions induced by other electron-transfer sensitizers, such as 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB). The divergent reactions require decidedly different key intermediates; the products obtained with TPT can be explained by dissociative recombination of the intermediate radical-radical cation pair in the triplet state, generating donor-derived biradicals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Ring expansion ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinazolinium hexafluorophosphates 9 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinazolines 10, which were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Trapping with methanesulfonyl azide (5a) of 10 in situ or subsequent treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (5b) gives mixtures of colourless (15) and intensely yellow N-sulfonylimino-1,4-benzodiazepines 16 along with products due to cleavage of the exocyclic double bond of 10, viz. 11 and 13. The ethylidene compound 10b yields the bicyclic products 18 and 19, apparently by complex sequences of reactions that are triggered by removal of the acidic proton at C-2 of 16b and 16f. The structures of the products are based on spectroscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on 15b, 16d, 16e, and 19.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1589-1593 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Azaallenium ions ; Azaallylium ions ; Iminium ion ; Kinetics ; Linear Free Energy Relationships ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---The rate constants for the reactions of the 2-azaallenium ion 1b+, the 2-azaallylium ion 2a+ and the iminium ion 3+ with different nucleophiles were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. By correlation with the Linear Free Enthalpy Relationship (LFER) lg k20°C = s (E + N), developed by Mayr and Patz, the electrophilicity parameters E(1b+) = -3.7, E(2a+) ≍ -16 and E(3+) = -10.43 were obtained. They show that the relative reactivities of these ions are approximately 1012:1:106. Quantum chemical calculations (ab initio, DFT) of the methyl anion affinities for the ions 1b+,2a+ and3+ are in agreement with the experimental E values. The X-ray structure of 3+·CF3SO3- is reported for the first time; it shows no strong interaction between the cation and the anion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1595-1601 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Oxazoline N-oxide ; Cycloadditions ; Cycloadditions ; Lactams ; Thienamycin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---[3+2] Cycloaddition between a camphor-derived oxazoline N-oxide 9 and the γ,δ-unsaturated enamino ester 11 afforded the single adduct 6. A stereoselective reduction of the enamino ester side chain allowed the control of the absolute configuration of the two additional asymmetric centres. Nitrogen protection and oxidative hydrolysis of the resulting product 13, followed by further functional group manipulations, led to the β-lactam derivative 1, a known precursor of the β-methylthienamycin derivative2a.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1603-1607 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Boron ; Cyclotrimerizations ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Macrocycles ; Subphthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---The regioselective preparation of ortho-substituted subphthalocyanides was achieved employing 3-substituted phthalonitrile derivatives as starting materials. A mechanistic proposal has been outlined.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99525_s.pdf or from the author.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1609-1615 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Terpenoids ; Natural products ; Total synthesis ; Cyclizations ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---A new route for the synthesis of 2,7- and 7-functionalized labdanes starts from (R)-carvone (1). 11-Nordrim-7-en-9-one (15) is an appropriate starting material for the total synthesis of hispanone (21), a biologically active furolabdane isolated from the Mediterranean medicinal plant Ballota saxatilis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1623-1626 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Iridoid glucoside ; (8S)-Kingiside ; (8S)-Loganin ; (8S)-7-Ketologanin ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---The tetraacetyl derivative 8 of the naturally occurring kingiside (8a) was prepared from aucubin (1). Intermediates in the synthesis were (8S)-tetraacetyl loganin (6) and (8S)-tetraacetyl-7-ketologanin (7), whose free (8R)-epimers occur in many different plants (Caprifoliaceae, Loganiaceae). The 13C NMR spectrum allows the structure to be unequivocally identified.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes ; Basicity ; Hydrogen bonds ; Cyclicvoltammetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---For comparison to the recently described 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (1) the three isomers 2,3, and 4 were synthesized. The basicities of this group of isomers are strongly dependent upon the different mutual orientations of the pairs of dimethylamino substituents: only the isomers 3 and, partially, 4, both with dimethylamino groups in adjacent peri-positions of the naphthalene, are strong “proton sponges”. For the isomers 1 and 2 with the same number and kind of twofold dimethylamino substituents in neighbouring ortho-positions, however, no significant basicity increase is observed. To explain this difference between the two groups of isomers it is suggested that in the ortho-pairs of 1 and 2 the C-N bonds diverge considerably, leading to an increased N···N distance and consequently to less stable [N···H···N]+ hydrogen bonds in contrast to the parallel C-N bonds in the peri-substituted isomers 3 and 4. X-ray crystal structure analyses of the bases and of some of the salts derived therefrom were solved and are discussed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that 1 to 4 are strong electron donors, reacting easily to radical cations or dications which with suitable acids have been obtained as salts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1677-1683 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Radicals ; Cyclizations ; Pyridinethione ; Tetrahydrofurans ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Thiazolethione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---The trisubstituted functionalized tetrahydrofurans 10, 11, 16, 18, and 19 were photochemically prepared from 2,3-syn- and 2,3-anti-configuredN-(3-benzoyloxy-5-hexen-2-oxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thione anti-6, pyridinethiones 7, anti-8, and BrCCl3. The formation of tetrahydrofurans was achieved by an efficient and highly regioselective alkoxyl radical cyclization (5-exo-trig). The 2,3-anti substituted intermediates 9 and 12 cyclize stereoselectively whereas a 2,3-syn-configured O-radical affords both possible diastereomeric addition products in equal amounts. The cyclized tetrahydrofuryl methyl radicals were trapped with the bromine atom donor BrCCl3 to afford the bromomethyl-substituted cyclic ethers 10, 11, 18, and 19 in excellent yields. The utility of this reaction was stressed by conversion of one of the newly prepared tetrahydrofurans in a two-step synthesis into (+)-allo-muscarine (+)-20.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99590_s.pdf or from the author.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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