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  • 1995-1999  (160)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1999  (160)
  • Children  (81)
  • crystal structure  (79)
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  • 1995-1999  (160)
  • 1910-1914
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of [Mn2(III)(salpa)2Cl2(H2O)2] (H2salpa = 1-(salicylaldeneamino)-3-hydroxypropane) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Manganese(III) ; Schiff base ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure ; Jahn-Teller distortion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The manganese complex, (Mn2(III)(salpa)2Cl2(H2O)2], has been prepared and its structure determined using x-ray crystallography. The dimer is a di-μ2-alkoxo complex which is a six-coordinate manganese dimer with unsupported alkoxide bridges and a rare example of a chloride- and water-containing manganese dimer. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.315(5), b = 11.130(4), c = 11.637(5) Å, β = 104.33(3)°, V = 1169.0(9) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure comprises discrete binuclear clusters in which the metal atoms are bridged by two alkoxo oxygens of the salpa2− ligands. The Mn—O and Mn—N distances are in good agreement with those found for other manganese(III) Schiff base complexes. The Mn—Cl and Mn—O3 distances are 2.585(2) and 2.371(2) Å, respectively, and the Mn ··· Mn distance is 3.001(1) Å. In the crystal, there are two types of hydrogen bonding between the H2O molecule and the Cl atom with Cl ··· H(H2O) distance of 2.33(6) (intramolecule: −1 + x, y, −1 + z) and 2.68(6) Å (intermolecule: −1 + x, 0.5−y, −0.5 + z).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009526312170
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure of ThBr4(DME)2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Thorium ; dimethoxyethane ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular structure of ThBr4(DME)2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane), the first structurally characterized thorium complex containing a simple bidentate ether ligand, is described. The eight-coordinate complex presents a distorted dodecahedral geometry, with Th—Br and Th—O bond lengths in the ranges 2.8516(13)–2.8712(13) Å and 2.564(8)–2.620(8) Å, respectively. ThBr4(DME)2 is monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 7.672(1), b = 14.581(1), c = 15.847(2) Å, β = 102.24(1)°, V = 1732.4(3) Å3, and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009542715804
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of the copper(II) complex with novel Schiff base ligand: Cu(C8H7O2N)2(OH2) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Copper ; crystal structure ; synthesis ; Schiff base ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title complex Cu(C8H7O2N)2(OH2) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group, Pbca with unit cell parameters: a = 15.242(2), b = 11.782(4), c = 17.946(4) Å, and Z = 8. Two nitrogen atoms, two phenolic oxygen atoms of the ligand, and one water molecule are coordinated with copper to form a distorted tetragonal pyramidal polyhedron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009569701034
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structures of quadruply carboxylate-bridged dimeric lanthanide(III) complexes of betaine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Europium ; terbium ; betaine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three dimeric lanthanide(III) complexes, [Eu2(bet)8(H2O)4](CIO4)6 (1), [Tb2(bet)8(H2O)4](ClO4)6 (2), and [Eu2(bet)4(H2O)8] Cl6·6H2O (3) (bet = Me3N+CH2COO−, trimethyl-aminoacetate), have been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 11.7807(8), b = 27.757(5), c = 11.7980(8) Å, β = 99.500(4)°, V = 3805.1(8) Å3, and Z = 2. Complex 2 is isomorphous to complex 1, crystallizing in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 11.7769(14), b = 27.725(3), c = 11.795(5) Å, β = 99.668(14)°, V = 3797(2) Å3, and Z = 2. Complex 3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 12.5664(8), b = 17.8645(9), c = 22.2573(8) Å, V = 4996.6(4) Å3 and Z = 4. Both complexes 1 and 2 comprise quadruply carboxylate-O,O′-bridged [M2(bet)4]6+ dimeric cores (M = Eu, Tb), and each metal ion is further coordinated by two terminal aqua ligands and two monodentate bet carboxylates to form a distorted square-antiprismatic coordination geometry. Complex 3 also has a [Eu2(bet)4]6+ core, in which two bet ligands act in the η1:η1:μ2 bridging fashion, and the other two bet ligands in the less common η2:η1:μ2 bridging fashion, namely bridging-chelate mode. Each europium(III) ion in complex 3 is further coordinated by four water molecules to complete a monocapped square antiprism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009573801943
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper, a chemical Janus: two copper(II) complexes with different ligand in one single crystal (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1085-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; copper(II) complexes ; dinuclear complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A chemical Janus, binuclear copper(II) complexes, {[Cu(TPA)Cl][Cu(BPA)Cl]}(ClO4)2 (TPA = Tris(2-pyridylmethyl) amine, BPA = bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) containing two different ligands has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal analysis. Crystal data: triclinic, space group P1$sm, a = 12.529(3), b = 12.655(3), c = 13.458(3) Å, α = 70.48(3), β = 67.40(3), γ = 75.81(3)°, D x = 1.648 mg m−3, and Z = 2. The molecular structure shows that the binuclear copper complex consists of two positive cation and two perchlorate anions. The positive cations moieties have different ligands. Cu(1) is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from TPA and one chloride atom, forming a square-pyramidal geometry, whereas the coordinate number of Cu(2) is four, three of which are from BPA, one from chloride. There are two weak bonds between the Cl(2a) ion and the Cu(2) ion (2.844 Å) and the distance of Cu(2)=O(13) is 2.750(9) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009549506565
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular gears: Structures of (9,10-triptyceno) crown ethers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 513-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: nanotechnology ; molecular devices ; triptycene ; crown ether ; crystal structure ; thallium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of 9,10-triptycene unit in a crown ether is examined from a structural perspective. Insertion of a triptycene group into 18-crown-6 stretches the crown into an ellipse, as seen in structures presented here of 9,10-triptyceno-22-crown-6 and its thallium complex. Symmetric addition of two triptycene groups into 18-crown-6 results in the sterically congested bis(9,10-triptyceno)-26-crown-6, whose crown cavity is filled with the π-clouds of two arene groups. The larger bis(9,10-triptyceno)-32-crown-8 is more sterically relaxed. The structures of these bis(triptyceno)crown ether molecules are the first with two triptycene groups simultaneously linked through their 9 and 10 positions, thereby forming a simple molecular gearing mechanism. The compound 9,10-triptyceno-22-crown-6 (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 10.7962(7), b = 15.826(3), c = 31.147(5) Å, V = 5321.8(12) Å3, and Z = 8; its complex with TlNO3 (Tl-1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.1884(14), b = 19.552(2), c = 20.575(4) Å, β = 97.062(8)°, V = 3269.2(9) Å3, and Z = 4; bis(9,10-triptyceno)-26-crown-6 (2) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P $$\bar 1$$ with a = 8.6488(11), b = 10.7718(12), c = 12.3324(12) Å, α = 111.58(1), β = 100.55(1), γ = 106.43(1)°, V = 970.3(5) Å3, and Z = 1; and bis(9,10-triptyceno)-32-crown-8 (3) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 20.186(3), b = 8.558(2), c = 25.623(2) Å, V = 4426.2(14) Å3, and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009535632237
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of bis(trimethylammonium) undecachlorotriantimonate(III) [(CH3)3NH]2Sb3Cl11 containing a novel antimony(III) anion (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: alkylammonium chloroantimonates(III) ; hydrogen bonds ; disorder ; lone electron pair ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of [(CH3)3NH]2Sb3Cl11 (space group P21/n; a = 10.374(2), b = 23.723(5), c = 11.884(2) Å, β = 113.46(3)°; V = 2682.9(9) Å3) consists of a structurally novel [Sb3Cl2− 11] anion and two crystallographically nonequivalent trimethylammonium cations. The anion is composed of three deformed octahedra in the asymmetric part of the unit cell. The octahedra are connected with each other by edges and corners forming a characteristic polyanionic layer. Trimethylammonium cations, one ordered and one disordered, are connected to the inorganic sublattice by N—H· · ·Cl hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009592618124
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of the Λ-[4M] enantiomer of cis-diaqua-bis(1,3-dimethylpteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-N5,O4) copper(II) perchlorate monohydrate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 571-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; complexes ; pteridine ; lumazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies have been performed on the complex cis-diaqua-bis(1,3-dimethylpteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-O4,N5) copper(II) perchlorate monohydrate, [Cu(DLM)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 · H2O. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, P212121 space group, Z = 4 with a = 8.749(1) Å, b = 14.213(1) Å, c = 21.200(2) Å, and V = 2636.2(4) Å3. The metal ion is surrounded in octahedral geometry by two mutually quasi-perpendicular N5,O4-coordinated lumazine chelators with the O4 atoms trans and the N5 atoms cis. The polyhedron is completed by two cis-coordinated water molecules. The absolute configuration of the complex can be described, following Bailar's nomenclature, as the enantiomer Λ of the stereoisomer 4M. A three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network is defined by water molecules, perchlorate anions, and the O2 of the pteridine A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009548803103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of the dodecanuclear heterobimetallic Mo—Cu—S cage cluster: (Ph4P)2[{Mo2Cu2O2S2(S2)2}3(μ6-S)] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 581-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: dodecanuclear heterobimetallic ; molybdenum-copper cluster ; cage ; μ6-S ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex (Ph4P)2[Mo2S2O2(S2)(S4)] reacts with CuBr to give the dodecanuclear heterobimetallic Mo—Cu—S cage cluster: (Ph4P)2[{Mo2Cu2O2S2(S2)2}3(μ6-S)] (1), which crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯, a = 14.445(5), b = 15.396(5), c = 18.858(5) Å, α = 103.12(3), β = 101.93(2), γ = 113.92(3)°, and V = 3517(2) Å3 for Z = 2. The anion 1 can be described as a cage with S2− at the center binding to six Cu atoms; the cage has two big windows each composed of a puckered Cu3S6 9-membered ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009552904012
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure of five coordinate copper(II) complex with 2,6-bis[1-(methoxycarbonylmethyl–hydrazono)ethyl] pyridine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 575-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper(II) complexes ; 2,6-diacetylpyridine derivative ; open-chain ligand ; crystal structure ; trigonal-bipyramidal geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound was obtained by a template synthesis from 2,6-diacetylpyridine, ethylhydrazinoacetate and CuCl2·2H2O (molar ratio 1:2:1, in methanol), and its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 13.906(5), b = 18.199(6), c = 16.641(6) Å, β = 107.18(3)°, and z = 4. The ligand was found to be tridentate in a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry with two chloride ligands. There are two independent complex molecules, one of which is hydrogen bonded to the water of crystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009500919942
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of the heterometallic square-chain polythiometalate: {[W4Ag5S16]2 · [La(DEF)2(DMF)6][La(DEF)4(DMF)4]}n (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 629-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: heterometallic polymeric cluster ; polythiometalate ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex (NH4)2 WS4 reacts with AgNO3 and La(NO3)3 · 6H2O in a mixture of DEF/DMF (DEF—N,N′-diethylformamide), to give a new heterometallic square-chain polythiometalate {[W4Ag5S16]2 · [La(DEF)2(DMF)6] · [La(DEF)4(DMF)4]}n (1). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/c, a = 19.5534(8), b = 16.9552(6), c = 22.3479(9) Å, β = 106.053(1)°, V = 7120.1(5) Å3, and Z = 2. The anion polymeric chain of 1 can be regarded as an octanuclear cyclic cluster of [W4Ag4S16]4− fragments linked through Ag+ ions. The polymeric chain is extended through the parallel edges of the square unit. The mean W—Ag distance is 2.963(16) Å. The La3+ cations are coordinated by different solvent molecules, the average La—O bond of these large trivalent cations is 2.47(1) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009517423576
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute configuration of C23H34O8Si, the product of an asymmetric synthesis involving the Rh(II) catalyzed reaction of a chiral vinyldiazomethane with methyl-2-methyl-3-furoate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 707-711 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene ; absolute configuration ; asymmetric synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound under investigation crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 7.9358(11), b = 11.0532(13), c = 29.2425(43) Å, volume = 2565.0(6) Å3, and Z = 4. The C23H34O8Si molecule contains three chiral centers (one of which is of known configuration, based upon an (R)-pantolactone auxillary group). We have determined the absolute configuration of this species (via the anomalous dispersion of Si relative to C and O) and show that it is consistent with the known configuration of the (R)-pantolactone moiety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009532106081
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute configuration of C20H30O6Si, a species with a (1R,5R)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene core produced selectivity by the rhodium(II) octanoate catalyzed decomposition of a chiral vinyldiazomethane in the presence of furan (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 713-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene ; absolute configuration ; asymmetric synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound under investigation crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21 with a = 9.1798(23), b = 6.6606(18), c = 17.6591(41) Å, β = 94.342(20)° and Z = 2. The C20H30O6Si molecule contains three chiral centers (one of which is of known configuration, based upon an (R)-pantolactone auxiliary group). We have determined the absolute configuration of this species (via the anomalous dispersion of Si relative to C and O) and show that it is consistent with the known configuration of the (R)-pantolactone moiety
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009584122919
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1,1′-di(ethylpropionato)-2,2′-biimidazole, a macromolecular precursor (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 765-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2,2′-biimidazole ; diester ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1,1,′-Di(ethylpropionato)-2,2′-biimidazole, C16H22N4O4, crystallizes from ice-cold ethanol in the space group P $$\bar 1$$ , with a = 4.6742(9), b = 9.1119(13), c = 10.175(2) Å, α = 96.22(1), β = 96.29(2), γ = 97.53(1)°, and Z = 1. The molecule crystallizes with coplanar rings and the substituents assume a trans conformation with a center of inversion between the bridging carbon atoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009535501461
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    The crystal and molecular structure of mercury(II) bis(isopropyl)dithiophosphate, Hg[S2P(OPri)2]2, revisited: new comments about its supramolecular self-organization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 831-836 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Hg coordination ; crystal structure ; organomercury derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the title compound, Hg[S2P(OPri)2]2, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric P21/c space group with a = 11.800(1), b = 8.925(2), c = 22.167(2) Å, β = 94.988(7)°, and Z = 4. The same compound has been previously reported but the structure is described there in the space group C2/c. In both cases, one phosphorodithioate moiety acts as a chelating group and the other as a bridging group between neighboring mercury atoms (related to one another by the twofold screw axis), giving rise to an infinite polymer along the direction of the b axis. It turns out that in spite of the difference in space group symmetry, the structures are remarkable similar in that they are formed from infinite polymers of similar geometry. The coordination around the Hg ion shows, however, significant differences, mainly for the bridging Hg—S(4) bond length, which is 0.16 Å smaller than that previously reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009508122842
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation and intermolecular trapping of a cage-annulated cycloalkylidenecarbene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 329-333 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Carbene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Base-promoted reaction of 11-methylenepentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05, 9]undecan-8-one (5) with diethyl diazomethylphosphonate when performed in the presence of excess cyclohexene, resulted in the formation of the corresponding cycloalkylidenecarbene, 6, which subsequently was trapped in situ to afford 8-methylene-11-(7′-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptylidene)pentacyclo-[5.4.0.02, 6.03, 10.05, 9]undecane (7, obtained in 44% yield as a mixture of exo, endo isomers). Subsequent reaction of 7 with dichlorocarbene (generated under phase transfer catalytic conditions) produced the corresponding mono- and di-:CCl2 adducts [i.e., 8 (64% yield) and 9 (5% yield), respectively]. The structure of 9 was established unequivocally via application of single crystal X-ray analysis: Triclinic, P1¯, a = 6.276(2), b = 8.700(2), c = 18.550(3) Å, α = 76.52(3), β = 87.59(3), γ = 70.88(4)° Z = 2; D calc 1.486 g cm−3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009530019690
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of the addition compound of N,N′-bi(2-pyridylmethyl)-oxamide and complex of manganese with 1,10-phenanthroline (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 623-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; manganese complex ; disubsituted oxamide ; addition compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the addition compound, Mn(phen)3(PMoxdH2)(ClO4)2 was established by X-ray crystallography, where PMoxdH2 is N,N′-bi(2-pyridylmethyl)-oxamide. Six nitrogen atoms of the three 1,10-phenanthroline bind to the manganese ion and the oxygen atom of PMoxdH2 is uncoordinated. The addition compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with lattice parameters a = 23.780(6), b = 11.948(5), c = 18.466(6) Å, β = 117.38(3)°, V = 4659(3) Å3, and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009565306738
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structures of two potential gem-di(pyrazolyl)cycloalkane ligands, 1,1-di(pyrazol-1-yl)cyclohexane [C6H10(C3N2H3)2] and 1,1-di(pyrazol-1-yl)cyclopentane [C5H8(C3N2H3)2] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 659-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: pyrazolyl derivative ; substituted cyclopentane ; substituted cyclohexane ; crystal structure ; bidentate ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The species 1,1-di(pyrazol-1-yl)cyclohexane, C12H16N4, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.340(2), b = 14.281(5), c = 10.153(3) Å, β = 106.86(2)°, and Z = 4. The cyclohexane moiety has the chair conformation. The congener, 1,1-di(pyrazol-1-yl)cyclopentane, C11H14N4, while not isomorphous, also crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 14.350(2), b = 6.776(1), c = 11.043(2) Å, β = 100.68(1)°, and Z = 4. The cyclopentane ring has a conformation in which four carbon atoms are essentially coplanar, while the fifth (that with the two pyrazolyl substituents) lies 0.63 Å from this plane, resulting in a bend of 41.3° across the C(2)···C(5) vector. The hydrogen atoms in each structure were located directly and their coordinates refined.
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4,5-(cis-cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 719-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: synthesis ; crystal structure ; independent molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The x-ray crystal structure of 4,5-(cis-cyclohexylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-one has been determined. Yellow block shaped crystals of C9H10OS4 crystallize in the space group P $${\bar 1}$$ with cell dimensions a = 8.872(4), b = 9.330(8), c = 14.333(12) Å, α = 95.23(7), β = 91.09(5), γ = 107.60(5)°, V = 1124.8(14) Å3, and Z = 4. This compound has two S---S contacts [3.574, 3.610 Å] shorter than 3.70 Å and the usual disordered ethylene moiety [C(3)—C(8)] of the six-membered ring is fixed by the cis-cyclohexylene subsitituent. This means that it may be a new precursor for conducting and strong near-IR absorbing nickel-dithiolenes. Also, it provides the first example of polymorphism of the dmit derivatives and contains two independent molecules I and II in the asymmetric unit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009536206989
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    The crystal and molecular structure of 2-S-methylthiouracil (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 725-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-thiouracil derivatives ; crystal structure ; S-methyl-thiouracil ; hydrogen bonding ; structural methylation and metallation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 2-S-Methylthiouracil crystallizes in the triclinic space group P $${\bar 1}$$ with unit cell dimensions a = 5.508(4), b = 7.175(3), c = 8.522(2) Å, α = 80.83(2), β = 80.43(3), γ = 76.86(3)°, and Z = 2. The molecule exists in the crystal in the lactam form and is essentially planar. The molecular packing consists of molecules linked in centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded pairs. The effects of methylation and subsequent metallation on the 2-thiouracil structure are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009588223827
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure and emission study of [(PPh3)2Cu(dmp)-O-(dmp)Cu(PPh3)2]2+ (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 797-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: synthesis ; crystal structure ; Cu(I) complex ; μ-oxo-bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ; luminescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a luminescent dinuclear Cu(I) complex as the BF− 4 salt from toluene and methanol containing triphenylphosphine and μ-oxo-bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) is described. The coordination geometry about the Cu(I) center is distorted tetrahedral. An unusual feature of the structure is a pseudo-inversion center located near the oxygen atom at approximately 0.51, 0.26, 0.25, such that all of the atoms except for the oxygen are related by a pseudo-inversion center to another atom in the same molecule, as well as by crystallographic inversion to the other molecule in the unit cell. The complex displays luminescence from an MLCT band in fluid solution and emission from both a metal-centered charge-transfer and intraligand (phenanthroline) state at 77K in a chloroform snow. Crystal data: triclinic, P $$\bar 1$$ , a = 15.163(2), b = 16.985(2), c = 18.731(2) Å, α = 106.458(9), β = 91.416(8), γ = 102.557(9)°, V = 4496(1) Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009595720117
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Structural analysis of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hexakisisothiocyanatoyttrate(III) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 729-733 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; yttrium complexes ; isothiocyanate complexes ; octahedral coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural analysis of [(n-C4H9)4N]3[Y(NCS)6] (I) using single-crystal diffraction data and full-matrix least squares refinement has been carried out. The hexaisothiocyanate complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P $${\bar 1}$$ (No. 2) with unit cell constants of a = 12.431(1), b = 12.866(1), c = 22.750(2) Å, α = 90.78(1), β = 92.05(1), γ = 96.67(1)°, and Z = 2. The molecular unit consists of three separate cationic tetra-n-butylammonium groups and an independent hexakisisothiocyanatoyttrate anionic group in which the six thiocyanate ligands are octahedrally coordinated through the N atom to the Y central ion. Selected bond distances and angles are presented as well as the synthesis and peripheral studies of (I).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009540307898
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structure of bis(dibenzoylmethane)copper(II) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 793-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper complex ; crystal structure ; dibenzoylmethane complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bis(dibenzoylmethane)copper Cu(dbm)2 has been synthesized and its structure determined by x-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c, with a = 25.936(3), b = 5.9806(8), c = 16.4908(16) Å, β = 114.998(8)°, Z = 4, and V = 2318.3(4) Å3. The Cu atom is located at a symmetry center and surrounded by four O atoms from two dbm molecules to form a plane square coordination environment. On the a–c plane the molecules are orderly arranged to result in a layered structure, and parallel to crystallographic b-axis they form a molecular column due to the effect of aromatic stacking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009543703278
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of [WBr2(CO)(PPh2Cy)2(η2-MeC2Me)]·CH2Cl2 (Cy = cyclohexyl) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 809-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: tungsten(II) ; dibromo ; carbonyl ; diphenylcyclohexylphosphine ; but-2-yne ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [WBr2(Co)(PPh2Cy)2(η2-MeC2Me)]·CH2Cl2 (Cy = cyclohexyl) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n, with a = 10.606(12), b = 23.11(3), c = 18.19(2) Å, β = 106.070(10) Dcalc = 1.610g cm−3 for Z = 4. The tungsten coordination geometry can best be considered as a distorted octahedron, with the but-2-yne ligand occupying one coordination site, which has a trans-Br(2) group. The equatorial plane is made up of trans-PPh2Cy groups, with the bromo and carbonyl ligands occupying the other two sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009599821025
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-(Ethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylselenyl)-5-ethyl uracil: a nucleoside analog (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 837-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: acyclonucleoside analog ; 6-(phenyl selenyl) uracil derivative ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound, 1-(ethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylselenyl)-5-ethyl uracil, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters a = 5.304(1), b = 21.261(4), c = 13.996(4) Å, β = 94.30(2)°, and Z = 4. The acyclic chain C1′, O4′, C4′, C5′ is in fully extended form and nearly perpendicular to the uracil base. The molecules are held together by van der Waal's forces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009560106913
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Mercury(II) halide complexes with N-donor organic ligands: crystal and molecular structure of HgI2R, R = 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bipyridine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 825-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: mercury halides ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis, characterization and single crystal X-ray structure of three compounds of general formula HgI2R (R = phen[1], dmph [2] and bpy[3]) are presented. The crystal data for the three compounds are: [1], triclinic, space group P $$\bar 1$$ (#2) a = 7.902(2), b = 9.479(2), c = 10.002(2) Å, α = 91.45(2), β = 111.34(2), γ = 100.82(2)° [2]: monoclinic, space group C2/c (#15) a = 15.670(3), b = 11.640(2), c = 9.730(2) Å, β = 114.57(3)° [3]: triclinic, space group P1¯ (#2) a = 9.472(1), b = 9.507(1), c = 9.023(1) Å, α = 98.46(1), β = 102.89(1), γ = 119.62(1)°. Compounds [1] and [2] are monomers, with highly distorted tetrahedral environments around Hg. In [3], instead, there is a significant intermolecular I···Hg interaction leading to the formation of softly bound dimers linking two pentacoordinated cations. The structure is compared with related ones in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009556006004
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of [WI(CO)(cis-dppen) η2-MeC2Me)2]I·CH2Cl2 {cis-dppen = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene} (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 907-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: tungsten(II) ; Iodo ; carbonyl ; cis-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene ; but-2-yne ; cationic ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex [WI(CO)(cis-dppen)(η2-MeC2Me)2]I·CH2Cl2(1) is prepared as a by-product from the reaction of equimolar quantities of [WI2(CO)(NCMe)(η2-MeC2Me)2] and cisdppen {dppen = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene}. Complex 1, [WI(CO)(cis-dppen)(η2-MeC2Me)2]I·CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $${\text{P}}\bar 1$$ with a = 11.189(13), b = 12.331(14), c = 15.395(17) Å, α = 83.61(1), β = 86.06(1), γ = 64.48(1)°, U = 1904 Å3, and Z = 2. The metal environment in the cation can best be considered as a distorted octahedron with the two but-2-yne groups taking up individual sites trans to phosphorus atoms of the dppen ligand. The coordination sphere is completed by mutually trans-carbonyl and iodide groups.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4-(1,4-Dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-4- hydroxycyclohexanone and its ethylene ketal (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 955-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; intramolecular hydrogen bond ; 4-(1,4-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the solid state is reported for the title compound and its ethylene ketal. The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group, $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 9.590(3), b = 9.620(3), c = 9.844(2) Å, α = 97.67(2), β = 105.25(2), γ = 115.47(2), and Z = 2. The ethylene ketal crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c, with a = 7.230(2), b = 22.639(3), c = 10.839(2) Å, β = 101.47(2), and Z = 4. The intramolecular hydrogen bond length of 1.79 Å is the same for the ketone and ketal, but the O—H---O valence angle is 144° for the ketone and 165° for the ketal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009538414801
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure and physical characterization of neotame methanol solvate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 967-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: neotame ; crystal structure ; methanol solvate ; thermal analysis ; powder X-ray diffractometry ; 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the methanol solvate (empirical formula: 2C20H30N2O5·3CH3OH) of a new dipeptide sweetener, neotame (N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester), has been determined. Crystal data: a = 9.8989(1), b = 18.1331(1), c = 27.5725(1) Å, orthorhombic, space group P212121, with Z = 4. Each unit cell includes 8 neotame and 12 methanol molecules. Disorder exists in one neotame molecule and one methanol molecule. The crystals were characterized by the following techniques: hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Karl-Fischer titrimetry (KFT), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. Under HSM at a heating rate of 10°C/min in silicone oil, the sample melts at 64–84°C and liberates bubbles at 71–86°C. DSC in open pans shows two overlapping endotherms at 56 and 71°C, probably due to melting and desolvation, respectively. TGA in open pans shows 5.9% weight loss due to desolvation below 70°C. Under house vacuum (23 mm Hg) over phosphorus pentoxide at 23°C, the methanol solvate produces pure amorphous anhydrate, which converts to crystalline neotame monohydrate in the presence of moisture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009542515709
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  • 30
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    Electronic Resource
    A study of two geometric isomers of 1,1′-bi-3-cyanocyclohex-2-enylidene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 977-982 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: cyano allyl radical ; thermal arrangement ; crystal structure ; isomer ; NMR, MM2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation, separation, crystal structure and 1H NMR spectra are reported for the two geometrical isomers of 1,1′-bi-3-cyanocyclohex-2-enylidene. The E-isomer crystallized as thin plates in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 5.3980(5), b = 7.0757(7), c = 15.300(2) Å, β = 94.571(2)°, and Z = 2. The structure has symmetry C2h. The Z-isomer crystallized as needles in the triclinic space group P1¯ with a = 7.0790(6), b = 11.3155(9),c = 15.386(1) Å, α = 104.943° β = 90.164(2)°, γ = 99.494(2)°, and Z = 4. The compound crystallized with two molecules per asymmetric unit. In C6D6, 1H NMR signals of the 2-vinyl protons appear almost identical. However, in a mixture of C6D6 and pyridine-d 5, the 2-vinyl protons can be distinguished. The structures compare favorably with MM2 calculations.
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    X-ray crystal structure of tetraaquabis (xanthosinato)nickel(II) hexahydrate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1009-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; nickel complex ; xanthosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex [Ni(XsH−1)2(H2O)4]·6H2O (XsH−1: xanthosinate) was isolated from the reaction of nickel carbonate with xanthosine in aqueous solution. The octahedral coordination is supported by the reflectance measurements. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystals belong to the triclinic P1 space group, with a = 7.152(1), b = 8.830(1),c = 13.783(1) Å, α = 82.024(1)°, β = 86.155(1)°, γ = 70.900(1)°, and D = 1.643 mg/m3, forZ = 1. Nickel is six coordinate with four water molecules, and two N7 atoms from xanthosinato ligands. A complicated hydrogen-bonding network is present, all possible donors taking part in it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009568616134
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  • 32
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    Reactions of [Mn2(μ-pyS)2(CO)6] (pySH=pyridine-2-thiol) with triphenylphosphine (PPh3), diphenylphosphine (PHPh2) and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm): X-ray crystal structure of [Mn(pyS)(η1-dppm)2(CO)2] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1001-1007 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: manganese ; pyridine-2-thiolate ; bis(diphenylphosphino)methane ; carbonyl ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dimeric complex [Mn2(μ-pyS)2(CO)6] (1) reacted with 2 M equivalents of both PPh3 and PHPh2 to give the respective monomeric phosphine complexes [Mn(pyS)(L)(CO)3][L = PPh3 (2) and PHPh2 (3)]; with 4 M equivalents of dppm, it yielded the complex [Mn(pyS)(η1-dppm)2(CO)2](4). An X-ray structure determination of 4 shows that it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 11.027(3), b = 24.984(7), c = 18.379(5) Å, β = 99.870(8)°, V = 4988(2) Å3, and Z = 4. The complex has an octahedral geometry with the chelating pyS ligand and two CO groups occupying the equatorial sites and the two monodentate dppm ligands lying in the trans positions.
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  • 33
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    Crystal structure of 1,3-di-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-diazenyl]imidazolidine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1037-1041 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; imidazolidine ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; methoxy substituent ; π-π stacking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1,3-di-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-diazenyl]imidazolidine (1) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This novel bis-triazene assumes a close-to planar structure with the aryltriazene moieties aligned in diametrically opposed directions, unlike many other previously reported bis-triazenes, which assume a folded structure. The structure of 1 is compared with the closely related, non-cyclic bis-triazene analogue (2), and also compared with the structure of the simple mono-triazene (3). Crystal data: 1 C17H20N6O2, monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 34.948(3), b = 5.925(5), c = 8.1225(6) Å, β = 100.8420(10)°, and V = 1652.0(2) Å3, for Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009529002022
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  • 34
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    Crystal structure of 2-{(R)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-1-tritylaziridin-2-yl] methyl}acrylate and spectroscopic properties of the (R,S) and (S,S) stereoisomers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1053-1056 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; tritylaziridine ; acrylate ; spectroscopic features
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 2-{(R)-1-Hydroxy-1-[(2S)-1-tritylaziridin-2-y1] methy1}acrylate is described. Crystal data: C26H25NO3, orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 9.6954(5), b = 13.1458(5), c = 16.7885(7) Å, V = 2139.8(2) Å3, Z = 4. The (R,S) diastereomer shows an intramolecular hydrogen bonding N···H—O under formation of a five-membered ring with N···O distance of 2.664 Å. IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR data are discussed. The 1H NMR of the (R,S) diastereomer shows a singlet- whereas the (S,S) diastereomer exhibits a doublet-pattern for the hydroxyl proton.
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  • 35
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    Absolute configuration of C27H41NO8Si, the diastereoselective product of the rhodium(II) octanoate catalyzed decomposition of a chiral vinyldiazomethane in the presence of 2-acetylpyrrole: A structural study rendered difficult by disorder of a “heavy” atom (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1061-1066 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: absolute configuration ; asymmetric synthesis ; azabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallized in space group P21 with a = 12.647(8), b = 14.542(4), c = 17.077(16) Å, β = 97.51(6)°, and D calc = 1.143 mg/m3 for Z = 4. There are two chemically-equivalent C27H41NO8Si molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Each contains three chiral centers, one of known absolute configuration based upon the (R)-pantolactone,—CH*—CMe2—CH2—O—CO—, moiety. The structural study was greatly complicated by disorder of an —OSiMe2(t-Bu) group in one molecule.
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  • 36
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    Crystal structure of [Co(bipy)(maleato) (H2O)3]·H2O (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1081-1084 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: cobalt(II) ; bipyridine ; maleato ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Preparation of the mononuclear cobalt(II) complex, [Co(bipy)(maleato) (H2O)3]·H2O (1) where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, were accomplished by reaction of an aqueous solution containing sodium maleate and an ethanolic solution of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and bipy. The crystal structure of complex (1) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 9.477(3), b = 7.660(2), c =23.526 (3) Å, β = 97.64(2)°, V = 1692.6(6) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure consists of discrete mononuclear cobalt molecules. The cobalt atom is six-coordinate and presents a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, which consists of the two imine N atoms of bipy, a terminal carboxylate O atom from maleato ligand, and a water O atom in the basal plane with Co—N bond distances of 2.116(2) and 2.124(3) Å and Co—O distances of 2.075(2) and 2.088(2) Å, respectively. The relatively shorter Co—O distances are due to the trans effect of the bipy ligand. The octahedral coordination is completed the other two water molecules. The coordinate and the lattice water molecules were identified by TG study.
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    Crystal and molecular structure determination, TGA, DTA, and infrared and Raman spectra of rubidium nitroprusside monohydrate, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO]·H2O (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Rubidium nitroprusside monohydrate ; crystal structure ; properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of rubidium nitroprusside monohydrate, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] · H2O, has been determined from X-ray diffraction data and refined using direct and Fourier methods to R = 0.066 and Rw = 0.075, employing 1894 independent reflections with I 〉 3 (I). The substance crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (C 6 2h), with a = 13.987(2), b = 10.241(1), c = 18.151(1) Å, β = 110.94°, and Z = 8. Anions are located at C 1 sites, one per asymmetric unit, and are slightly distorted octahedra. TGA, DTA, FTIR, and FTIR Raman results were interpreted on the basis of the formula of the compound, its crystal structure, and the behavior of other nitroprussides.
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of methyl trans-3-[(2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)sulfinyl]acrylate: a product resulting from trapping of a sulfenic acid by methyl propiolate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1133-1136 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; methyl propiolate ; sulfenic acid ; vinyl sulfoxide ; leinamycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for the formation of unstable sulfenic acids (RSOH) as reaction intermediates is commonly provided by trapping these compounds with methyl propiolate. The crystal structure of a vinyl sulfoxide derived from the trapping of a sulfenic acid with methyl propiolate is reported here. The title compound C12H12O5S crystallized in the triclinic space group,P1¯ with unit cell parameters: a = 6.1600(4), b = 9.7286(7), c = 11.3698(8) Å, α = 112.024(1), β = 94.662(1), γ = 95.429(1)°, and Z = 2.
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    9[1-(2-Hydroxy ethoxy)-3-hydroxy propyl] guanine: a nucleoside analog (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1137-1139 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: acyclic nucleoside analog ; acyclovir ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound 9[1-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)-3-hydroxy propyl] guanine crystalizes in the tetragonal system, space group P41212 with a = 11.106 (1), c = 20.558 (2) Å, and Z = 8. The acyclic chain C1′¯O1′¯C4′¯C5′¯O5′ is in the extended configuration and the glycosidic torsion angle (C4¯N9¯C1′¯O1′) is 125.1 (8)°. The molecules are held together by Van der Waal's forces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009570111108
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  • 40
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    Structure, thermal behavior, and IR investigation of a new organic sulfate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1205-1210 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: organic sulfate ; crystal structure ; DTA/TG/DSC ; vibrational spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [1-(2-ammoniumethyl) piperazinium] sulfate denoted PIPS has a monoclinic unit cell. The parameters are: a = 6.6521(3), b = 7.8756(5), c = 19.197(1) Å, β = 94.43(1)° and the space group is P21/n. The preparation, thermal analysis, and IR spectrometric investigation are described. The PIPS structure exhibits a complex three-dimensional network of H-bonds connecting all its components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009559718165
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  • 41
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    Structure of de-oxy corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1265-1269 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; corticosteroid ; de-oxy corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic glucocorticoid de-oxy corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2, with a = 21.896(2), b = 7.596(3) and c = 14.291(3) Å, Z = 4. Ring A is a distorted half chair, ring B and C are in the chair configuration and ring D is in the 14α-half chair configuration. The ring junctions B/C and C/D are both trans. The molecule as a whole is slightly convex towards the β-side, with an angle of 18.4(2)° between the C(10)--C(19) and C(13)--C(18) vectors. In addition to packing and stacking interaction, intermolecular hydrogen bonding plays an important role in structural association. The X-ray structure determination of the title compound was undertaken to study its high binding affinity to serum protein like globulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009504923424
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  • 42
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-phenyl-3-methylthio-4-imino-5-allyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1291-1293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine ; fungicidal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound 1-phenyl-3-methylthio-4-imino-5-allyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, C15H15N5S, has been synthesized and characterized by x-ray diffraction: orthorhombic, space group Pbca, with a = 17.3480(9), b = 8.5022(5), c = 19.8132(11) Å. Z = 8, V = 2922.4(3) Å3. The compound shows a fully delocalized pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine system with a sp2 hybridization of the N(4) atom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009565209312
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  • 43
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    Crystal structure of [Mn(II)(phen)(ClCH2COO)2]n (phen = 1,10−phenanthroline) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 199-201 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Manganese (II) ; phenanthroline ; polymeric complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new polymeric manganese(II) complex, [Mn(II)(phen)(ClCH2COO)2]n, was obtained from the reaction of Mn(ClCH2COO)2 with phen and its structure was determined by x-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 19.706(4), b = 11.381(3), c = 7.482(3) Å, β = 94.01(3)°, V = 1674.0(8) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure consists of an infinite chain. The manganese atom is located on a twofold axis and presents a distorted octahedral coordination sphere, which consists of the two N atoms of a phen ligand (Mn—N = 2.304(2) Å) and four carboxylato ligands. The Mn···Mn distance within the chain is 4.53 Å, and the carboxylato bridges present a syn-anti conformation.
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  • 44
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    Synthesis of a new dibenzo-14-crown-4 lariat ether and structure of its sodium perrhenate complex (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1255-1259 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crown ether ; crystal structure ; lariat ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A dibenzo-14-crown-4 ether with a novel monooxyacetone sidearm is prepared and its structure with sodium perrhenate is determined. The structure crystallizes in P21/c with cell dimensions: a = 8.107(2) Å, b = 28.138(3) Å, c = 10.293(2) Å, and β = 104.173(9)°; giving a volume of 2276.6(7) Å3. This structure is compared to other sodium complexes of dibenzo-14-crown-4 lariat ethers and is found to be the only one with intramolecular bonding between the sidearm and the cation. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Structure of de-oxy corticosterone (4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1271-1275 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; pregnen ; progestin ; 4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic steroid de-oxy corticosterone (4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 11.706(2); b = 11.171(3), c = 13.966(3) Å, and β = 100.94(2)°, Z = 4. Ring A tends to acquire the conformation of a half-boat, rings B and C are in the chair configuration, and ring D is a 13β, 14α-half-chair. The ring junctions B/C and C/D are both trans, whereas the ring junction A/B is quasi-trans. The molecule as a whole is slightly convex toward the β-side, with an angle of 16.01(0.36)° between the C10--C19 and C13--C18 vectors. Molecular packing and stacking interactions play the major role in structural association. Cohesion of the crystal is due to van der Waals interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009556907495
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  • 46
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    Polymeric copper(II)-orotato complexes, [(C5H2N2O4)Cu(H2O)2]n (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 565-569 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: orotic acid complex ; crystal structure ; copper(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound [(C5H2N2O4)Cu(H2O)2]n has been synthesized and its structure determined at room temperature. The primary coordination sphere at the Cu ion is square planar with the orotate dianion coordinating at the metal through heterocyclic nitrogen atom and adjacent oxygen of the carboxylate group, the remaining coordination sites are occupied by two water molecules. The orotate dianion is tricoordinated to one copper via N1 and one oxygen of the carboxylato group and to another copper atom via the other oxygen of the carboxylato group. The coordination at copper is extended to five by the other oxygen of the carboxylate group of another orotate molecule. Thus, the molecules are associated to form chains, the carboxylato group acting as a bridge between the metal ions, the orotato-group being tridentate. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group. P21/n1 with a = 9.515(5), b = 6.925(2), c = 11.861(6) Å, β = 95.285(9)°, D calc = 2.17 g cm−3, and z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009596719033
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  • 47
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    X-ray crystal structure and spectroscopy of a pseudo-square pyramidal Cu(II) complex, trans-dinitratotetrakis (trans-4-styrylpyridine)copper(II) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 413-420 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: pseudo-square pyramidal Cu(II) complex ; trans-4-styrylpyridine ; crystal structure ; IR, electronic, and EPR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of the title Cu(II) complex, [Cu(stpy)4(ONO2)(ONO2)′] [stpy = trans-4-styryl-pyridine] have been prepared and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic and EPR spectral measurements, and X-ray crystal structure determination. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit-cell parameters, a = 12.985(2), b = 22.865(8), c = 17.024(10) Å, β = 112.29(3)°, and Z = 4. The structure consists of discrete monomeric units of [Cu(stpy)4(ONO2)(ONO2)′]. The equatorial positions of the Cu(II) polyhedron are occupied by nitrogen atoms of the four stpy ligands and the axial positions by the oxygens of two unidentate nitrate anions. One of these oxygens is at rather longer distance [2.609(3) Å] and may be considered to be semicoordinated. If this semibond is ignored, the coordination geometry lies closer to an idealized square pyramid than to the trigonal bipyramid geometry. IR spectra reveal nitrogen coordination from stpy and asymmetry in the monodentate oxygen binding of the two nitrate ligands. The optical reflectance band at 600 nm suggests pseudo-square-based pyramidal geometry around Cu(II). Well-resolved Cu(II) hyperfine features in the EPR spectra reveal the absence of exchange interactions between adjacent copper centers. Optical and EPR spectra of a methanolic solution of the complex indicate solvent interactions. Thermogravimetric analysis shows the complex to be stable up to 175°C.
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  • 48
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    Molecular structure of 1-phenyl-1-dimethylamino-4,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-aza-3λ3-phosphabutadiene-1,3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 475-480 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; ab initio calculations ; conjugation ; phosphabutadienes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1-phenyl-1-dimethylamino-4,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-aza-3λ3-phosphabutadiene-1,3, Me2N(Ph)C=N—P=C(SiMe3)2 (1), has been determined. Crystal data: triclinic, P1¯, a = 8.975(4), b = 10.001(5), c = 12.440(6) Å, α = 79.04(4), β = 77.98(4), γ = 73.07(4)°, V = 1034.7 Å3, Z = 2, and D c = 1.08 g cm−3. The main geometrical parameters of 1 as well as ab initio (HF/6-31+G**) calculations of the model systems show no clear evidence of high efficiency of the π(C=N)—π (P=C) conjugation.
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  • 49
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: contrast agents ; crystal structure ; ortho ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1-(4-Bromobenzyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, C13H15BrO3, has been synthesized from 4-bromophenylacetic acid chloride via the oxetan ester (3-methyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl-2-(4-bromophenyl)acetate. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined at low temperature (120 K), by X-ray diffraction methods. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14), Z = 4, with lattice parametersa = 6.019(5), b = 20.990(5), c = 9.915(2) Å, and β = 101.29(1)°.
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Structure refinement and Raman spectrum of silver azide (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 561-564 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; Raman spectrum ; silver azide ; azide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Silver nitrate reacts with sodium azide to give white powdery silver azide, which can be crystallized in aqueous ammonia. The compound belongs to orthorhombic space group Ibam with a = 5.600(1), b = 5.980(6), c = 5.998(1) Å, and Z = 4. The layer-type structure is constructed from edge-sharing regular rectangles, each composed of silver atoms at its vertices with an enclosed azide anion in a tilted orientation. The linear and asymmetrical structure of the azide anion in crystalline silver azide has been confirmed by its Raman spectrum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009544702195
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  • 51
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    Structure of adamantan-1-ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxylate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 845-848 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; aminoadamantane derivative ; antiviral ; dispiro compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adamantan-1-ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxylate, C21H33NO2 (I) is a novel dispiro-type compound. Aminoadamantane derivatives, in which the spiro carbon atoms are part of heterocyclic rings, are of potential interest as biological active substances and antiviral agents. Complex (I) crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c (No. 15) with eight molecules in the unit cell with a = 25.227(4), b = 6.527(1), c = 22.489(4) Å, and β = 90.75(1)°. The two spiro units are a 1-adamantylammonium cation and a 1-adamantane carbonyloxy anion. The complex units are stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyloxy-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces. Germane bond lengths are: C—N = 1.479(9) and C—O (mean) = 1.25(2) Å.
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  • 52
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    Structural characterization of a series of cyclohexaphosphates: M0.5((C6H5CH2)2NH2)5P6O18·H2O (M = Co, Cu, Cd) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 891-899 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: cyclohexaphosphates ; organometallic compound ; crystal growth ; X-ray diffraction ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three new cyclohexaphosphates with general formula M0.5((C6H5CH2)2NH2)5P6O18·H2O (M=Co, Cu, Cd) are reported. They crystallize with monoclinic unit-cells and are isotropic. We have determined their structure from the salt M=Co. This later exhibits the following unit-cell parameters: a = 22.739(5), b = 17.682(3), c = 18.342(3) Å, β = 91.22(1)°, Z = 4,P21/n, V = 7373 Å3, and Dx = 1.373 g cm−3. The atomic arrangement can be described as layers containing P6O18 ring anions and CoO6 octahedra spreading in the (101) planes and intercalated by the dibenzylammonium groups and the water molecules. Synthesis and characterization by X-ray diffraction, IR absorption, and TA are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009521911166
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  • 53
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    The structural characterization of YbI2(DME)3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1107-1110 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; ytterbium ; lanthanide ; coordination complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation and structural characterization of [YbI2(DME)2] are reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1¯: a = 13.0094 (10), b=14.504(3), c = 14.668 (3) Å, α = 115.281(10) β = 106.74(2), γ = 105.97(2)°. The metal center of the complex exhibits a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry which involves a rare example of a monodentate DME ligand.
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  • 54
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    Crystal structure of phenyl-substituted cyclopentenes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1127-1132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; phenyl-substituted cyclopentenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of two stereoisomers of tetraphenyl- and pentaphenyl-substituted cyclopentenes 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray analysis. An envelope conformation 1E has been ascertained for the cis isomer 1a, whereas the cis, cis isomer 2a, which crystallizes in two different space groups, P1¯ and P21/n, displays a twisted 2T1 conformation. The phenyl substituents are all tilted with respect to the cyclopentene ring in both structures. Compound 1a crystallizes in the space group P21/a with a = 18.553(3), b = 6.006(2), c = 19.355(5), β = 102.67(4)°, and V = 2104.2(g) Å3 for Z = 4; compound 2a I crystallizes in P21/n with a = 10.064(2), b = 20.756(5), c = 12.245(3) Å, β = 95.21(2)°, and V = 2547(1) Å3 for Z = 4; compound 2aII crystallizes in P1¯ with a = 10.117(3), b = 11.750(2), c = 12.359(2) Å, α = 111.25(2), β = 94.84(2), γ = 108.78(2)°, and V = 1262.3(6) Å3 for Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009566010200
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  • 55
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    Self-assembly in transition metal complexes: structural characterization of a copper histamine nitrate [Cu(II)(him)2(NO3)2] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1153-1155 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper (II) ; histamine ; self-assembly ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new monomeric copper (II) complex with histamine (him), [Cu(II)(him)2(No3)2], has been prepared by the reaction of Cu(NO3)2 with histaminium dichloride and its structure was determined by x-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 5.7238(4), b = 8.7094(7), c = 9.2481(11) Å, α = 69.693(8), β = 73.242(7), γ = 71.050(7)°, V = 400.84(6) Å3, and Z = 1. The structure consists of discrete [Cu(II)(him)2(NO3)2] molecules in which the metal atom is centrosymmetrically coordinated by two histamine ligands forming an equatorial plane with Cu–N(imidazole ring) being 2.032(2) and Cu–N(NH2 group) being 2.023(2) Å. Two O atoms from nitrate anions coordinate on the elongated axial positions with Cu–O being 2.549(2) Å. In the crystal structure, the molecules are organized by hydrogen bonds forming a two-dimensional network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009574230460
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    14-Hydroxy-14-phenyldibenzo[a,j]xanthene as a lattice host: crystal and molecular structure of its (1:1) complex with diethyl ether (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1179-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: xanthenol ; complex ; crystal structure ; H-bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound 14-hydroxy-14-phenyldibenzo[a,j]xanthene 1 formed a (1:1) complex with diethyl ether. 1,4-Dioxane was also enclathrated, but with a variable stoichiometric ratio. Single crystal X-ray crystallography was used to elucidate the crystal structure of the 1·diethyl ether complex. Crystals are orthorhombic with space group P212121, a = 8.532(3), b = 15.040(4), c = 18.491(5) Å, V = 2373(1) Å3, d c = 1.256 g/cm3, and Z = 4. Host and guest molecules were found to associate via hydrogen bonds, with the guest molecules residing in undulating channels lined by host molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009599432277
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    Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of square-planar acetato{[(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)methylene]histamine} copper(II) perchlorate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 409-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper(II) ; Schiff base ; polymidazole ; crystal structure ; properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The square-planar complex [Cu(MIMH)(CH3CO2)](ClO4) (1) (MIMH = [(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)methylene]histamine) was prepared and structurally characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.5331(10), b = 12.6177(10), c = 12.9773(10) Å, β = 107.710(10)°, V = 1643.0(2) Å3, and Z = 4. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the copper(II) atom in 1 has a distorted square-planar environment defined by three nitrogen atoms from the Schiff base ligand and one oxygen atom from the acetate group. The Cu—N bond lengths range from 1.950(3) to 2.015(3) Å and the Cu—O(1) bond length is 1.952(2) Å. The electronic spectra of 1 in aqueous solutions indicates that 1 forms adducts of square-pyramidal geometry with H2O. Cyclic voltammetry of 1 in DMF solution shows that there is some degradation of 1 upon reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009558826050
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    Crystal and molecular structure of the symmetrical bidentate ligand 3,3-di(1-pyrazolyl)pentane, CH3CH2C(C3H3N2)2CH2CH3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: pyrazolyl derivative ; substituted pentane ; crystal structure ; bidentate ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c with a = 14.4005(23), b = 7.0494(12), c = 11.2462(20) Å, β = 101.572(13)° and Z = 4; the molecule lies on a crystallographic C 2 axis. Hydrogen atoms were both located and refined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009523312846
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  • 59
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    Crystal structure and conformation of frentizole, [1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenylurea, an antiviral agent and an immunosuppressive drug (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1187-1192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; Frentizole ; immunomodulator ; structure-function relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of Frentizole (from ethanol/water) are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 11.187(4), b = 7.392(2), c = 32.727(6) Å, β = 92.77(2)°, Z = 8, D o = 1.47 g/cm3, and D c = 1.472 g/cm3. There are two independent molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit with very different conformations. In molecule A the urea group is in the plane of the benzothiazole ring (0.9°) whereas in molecule B the dihedral angle between them is 4.4°. The dihedral angle between the planes of the phenyl group and the benzothiazole ring are ±157° and ±12°, respectively, in the two molecules. The molecules are linked by a pair of N–H···N hydrogen bonds involving the urea nitrogen and two other N–H···N bonds involving the urea nitrogen and the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009551516348
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    Crystal structure of quinestrol hemiethanolate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Quinestrol ; sex steroid ; alkyne ; crystal structure ; solvent inclusion ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the synthetic sex steroid quinestrol (3-O-cyclopentyl-17α-ethynylestradiol) as crystallized from ethanolic solution is determined. The asymmetric unit contains two steroid and one ethanol molecules. The conformation of the two steroid molecules differs in the orientation of the cyclopentane ring. The cocrystallized ethanol molecule facilitates formation of cooperative O—H···O hydrogen bonding. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 13.950(6), b = 6.5945(8), c = 25.403(8) Å, β = 104.78(4)°, and D calc = 1.136 g cm−1 for Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009590305578
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    Integrity and Structural Characteristics of the M6E8 (E=S, Se, Te) Cluster Core: Syntheses and Structures of [Co6S8(PR3)6] n+ (R=Me2Ph, n=1; R=OMe, n=0) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 10 (1999), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Cluster core M6E8 ; structural characteristics ; crystal structure ; hexacobalt cluster complex ; phosphine ; sulfide bridging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two new members of the hexanuclear series [Co6S8(PR3)6] n+, complexes [Co6S8(PMe2Ph)6](ClO4) (1) and [Co6S8P(OMe)3 6] (2), have been synthesizes and characterized by X-ray diffraction analyses. Their formation process was postulated to go through trinuclear μ3--S bridged moieties. The structural characteristics of the M6E8P6 skeleton of a whole series of [M6E8(PR3)6] n+ (M=Co, Cr, Fe, Mo; E=S, Se, Te) complexes are presented in terms of atomic distances and core volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022681127451
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    Vergiftungs- und Todesfälle durch Substitutionsmittel im Umfeld von substituierten Drogenabhängigen (1999)
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 9 (1999), S. 90-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Methadone ; Dihydrocodeine ; Substitution ; Poisoning ; Children ; Schlüsselwörter Methadon ; Dihydrocodein ; Substitution ; Intoxikationen ; Kinder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über 3 überlebte und 4 tödlich verlaufene akzidentelle Intoxikationen, sechs mit Methadon, eine mit Dihydrocodein, berichtet. Die Intoxikationen betrafen nicht die Substituierten selbst, sondern deren Familienangehörige, Bekannte oder Mit-Patienten. In allen Fällen wurden die Substitutionsmittel weitgehend ungesichert und teilweise vermutlich auch unbeschriftet stehengelassen. Den Substituierten selbst war dabei die Gefahr, die von ihrem Substitutionsmittel ausging, offenbar nicht ausreichend bewußt. Diese Fälle zeigen deutlich, daß qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen bei der immer großzügigeren Substitutionspraxis, insbesondere in Hinblick auf „take-home“-Dosen, notwendig sind.
    Notes: Abstract A total of seven cases of accidental ingestion of methadone or dihydrocodeine by four children and three adults are reported of which four were fatal. In each case, someone in the environment was taking methadone or dihydrocodeine as a substitute drug for heroin addiction who obviously did not realize the dangers of methadone for non-addicts. Possible preventive measures are the usage of child-proof containers with adequate labels for take-home medications. Furthermore substituted addicts have to be thoroughly indoctrinated concerning the toxicity and hazards of methadone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001940050087
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    Recommendations for treatment of contralateral inguinal hernias in children (1999)
    Springer
    Hernia 3 (1999), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1248-9204
    Keywords: Contralateral hernia ; Children ; Incidence ; Predisposing disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is impossible to determine whether or not a child will develop a contralateral hernia after inguinal hernia repair. There exists no risk score for the occurrence of a contralateral hernia. This well-known fact prompted us to perform the underlying study. In a retrospective trial, we reviewed the files of all children operated on for inguinal hernias in our department from January 1986 until December 1994. During this period, we performed 1721 hernia repairs on 1708 children aged 0–16 years. In 96 (5.6%) of these patients, the indication to operate was a contralateral hernia following previous unilateral repair. Comparison of the ages at the time of primary inguinal repair of those children who developed a contralateral hernia (n=96) and those who did not (n=1612) showed a significantly increased incidence of contralateral hernias if the primary operation was performed before the age of two months (p〈0.0001). Diseases predisposing to hernias were found in 38% of all children (prematurity, dystrophia, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, ascites, asthma). The authors recommend a contralateral exploration for children under the age of two months if they have any predisposing disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194602
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    Word-list learning in normally developing children: effects of semantic organization and retention interval (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Learning ; Development ; Memory ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immediate and 15-min delayed recall of semantically related or unrelated word lists was investigated in 144 normally developing children ranging from 5 to 10 years of age. Immediate recall for the related and unrelated lists increased in a parallel fashion as a function of age. The ability to cluster semantically related items during immediate recall also improved with age. However, in no age class recall scores and clustering indexes were significantly associated. Forgetting rate passing from the last immediate to the delayed recall trial increased for the unrelated list but decreased for the related list of words as a function of age. Results of regression analyses revealed that a developmental increase in forgetting on the unrelated list was actually due to the higher number of words recalled in the last immediate trial by older children. As for the related list, instead, the larger reliance on the clustering strategy of recall by older children was responsible for the progressive reduction of forgetting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050019
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    Chronic neuroborreliosis in infancy (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Lyme disease ; Chronic neuroborreliosis ; Children ; MRI ; Demyelinating disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lyme disease is a polymorphic and multisystemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Neurological manifestations are found in 10%–50% of cases. We present 2 cases followed for 5 and 6 years of chronic relapsing-remitting neuroborreliosis. Diagnosis of neuroborreliosis in these cases was based on serum and cerebrospinal fluid findings. We discuss clinical, neurophysiological, laboratory and instrumental aspects regarding the difficulties of reaching a correct diagnosis. Further studies, especially in the field of immunology, should help identify the mechanisms responsible for the disease becoming chronic. With this knowledge, it may be possible to design immunological therapies for relapses, and to prevent the evolution of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050045
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    Nachbarschaft von Tic und Zwang (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tic-Störung ; Zwangsstörung ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Neurobiologie ; Psycho- pharmakologie ; Verhaltenstherapie ; Key words Tic-disorder ; Obsessive-compulsive disorder ; Children ; Adolescents ; Neurobiology ; Psychopharmacology ; Behavior therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In children and adolescents motor/vocal tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior are known to be closely related. Thereby, a continuum of symptoms ranging from single tics to a mixed picture of tics/rituals/obsessive-compulsive traits to clinically relevant obsessions and compulsions could be described. As neurobiological substrates dysfunctions in corresponding cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits (sensorimotor circuit in tic symptomatology, orbitofrontal circuit in obsessive-compulsive behavior) were postulated. For both disturbances behavioral therapy can be used to improve control mechanisms to counterregulate tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior, respectively, and psychopharmacological agents can be administerd to compensate dysbalances in neurotransmitter systems. In case of a mixed symptomatologic picture it is necessary to include interventions for both pols of the symptom-continuum in the therapeutic programme to achieve extensive improvement as a basis for a further positive development of the patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Motorische/vokale Tics und zwanghafte Verhaltensweisen kommen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen häufig gemeinsam vor; dabei kann ein Symptomkontinuum von solitär auftretenden Tics über ein Mischbild von Tics und Ritualen/zwanghaften Gedanken und/oder Handlungen bis hin zu eindeutigen Zwangsphänomenen beschrieben werden. Neurobiologisch können diesem Symptomkontinuum unterschiedlich ausgebreitete Dysfunktionen entsprechender kortiko-striato-pallido-thalamo-kortikaler Regulationssysteme zugrunde liegen. Therapeutisch lassen sich bei beiden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten mittels verhaltenstherapeutischer Techniken Steuerungs- und Kontrollmöglichkeiten zur Gegenregulation der Auffälligkeiten verbessern sowie durch Einsatz von Psychopharmaka Dysbalancen von Neurotransmittersystemen ausgleichen. Bei einem Mischbild von Tics und Zwängen sind therapeutische Interventionen für beide Zielbereiche erforderlich. Nur so können umfassende Verbesserungen erreicht und günstige Entwicklungsbedingungen für die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen eröffnet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050394
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    Asthma bronchiale bei türkischen und deutschen Schulkindern Häufigkeit, Schweregrad und Behandlung (1999)
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 328-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Asthma bronchiale ; Schulkinder ; Türkische Kinder ; Key words Asthma ; Children ; Turkish children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objectives: In Germany 4.2% (in Munich 8.6%) of all children under 15 years of age are of Turkish origin, representing the largest ethnic minority in this age group. However, very little is known about the prevalence, severity and management of asthma and other atopic diseases in Turkish children living in Germany. Methods: In a cross-sectional survery the prevalence, severity and treatment of asthma and other atopic diseases was assessed in 7,445 schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years, living in Munich, southern Germany. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents for self-completion and children underwent skin-prick tests and cold-air hyperventilation challenge. Results: Of those returning the questionnaires (n = 6490/87%), 5,030 (77.5%) were of German and 451 (7%) of Turkish origin. Turkish children showed a significantly lower prevalence of asthma (5.3% versus 9.4%, P 〈 0.05) than their German peers. Furthermore, Turkish children with asthma were less frequently free of symptoms (10.5% versus 34.6%, P 〈 0.05), reported more severe symptoms (41.2% versus 10.9%, P 〈 0.05) and more hospital admissions (55.6% versus 21.6%, P 〈 0.05) due to asthma than German children. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that despite the lower prevalence of asthma and allergy in the Turkish population living in Germany, asthma is a major health problem for Turkish children. Furthermore, these findings suggest inadequate management of asthma in Turkish children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Türkische Kinder stellen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit 4,2% und in München mit 8,6% den größten Anteil nicht-deutscher Kinder in der Altersgruppe bis 15 Jahren. Wenig ist jedoch bisher über Häufigkeit, Symptome und Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale und anderer atopischer Erkrankungen der türkischen Minderheit in Deutschland bekannt. Methodik: In einer Querschnittstudie wurde bei 7445 Schulkindern im Alter von 9 bis 11 Jahren im Großraum München die Häufigkeit, der Schweregrad und die Behandlung des Asthma bronchiale und anderer atopischer Erkrankungen untersucht. Fragebögen wurden von den Eltern ausgefüllt, Lungenfunktionsuntersuchungen und Hautpricktests wurden bei den Kindern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Von denen, die die zugeschickten Fragebögen ausfüllten (n = 6490/87%), waren 5030 (77,5%) deutscher und 451 (7%) türkischer Nationalität. Die türkischen Kinder zeigten eine niedrigere Prävalenz von Asthma bronchiale (5,3% versus 9,4%, p 〈 0,05) und Neurodermitis (1,6% versus 12,9%, p 〈 0,001) im Vergleich zu den deutschen Kindern. Signifikante Unterschiede bestanden zwischen türkischen und deutschen Kindern in Art der Symptome und der Krankheitswahrnehmung. Türkische Kinder mit Asthma bronchiale waren seltener beschwerdefrei (10,5% versus 34,6%, p 〈 0,05) berichteten von schwereren Symptomen (41,2% versus 10,9%, p 〈 0,05) und von einer größeren Anzahl von Krankenhausaufenthalten (55,6% versus 21,6%, p 〈 0,05) aufgrund von Asthma bronchiale. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Studie legen den Schluß nahe, daß Asthma bronchiale trotz der niedrigeren Prävalenz in der türkischen Bevölkerungsgruppe ein erhebliches Gesundheitsproblem bei türkischen Schulkindern darstellt. Die höhere Anzahl von Fehltagen in der Schule und die deutlich höhere Anzahl von Klinikaufenthalten aufgrund von Asthma bronchiale sprechen für eine mangelhafte präventive Behandlung dieser Erkrankung bei türkischen Kindern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120050430
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    Dokumentation der Auswirkungen von Kinderknallpistolen (1999)
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 535-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörschäden ; Knalltrauma ; Kinder ; Tinnitus ; Erweiterte Hochtonaudiometrie ; Key words Hearing loss ; Acoustic trauma ; Children ; Tinnitus ; High-frequency audiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study presents an analysis of 20 cases of acute acoustic trauma caused by toy pistols. The problem generally involves boys within the age range from 6 to 11 years. Half of the incidents involved attacks with toy pistols used as weapons. Auditory damage appeared in two types, each of which had a notch in the audiogram at the frequency range between 10 and 14 kHz. In children, a shot close to one ear can damage both ears. Great differences in the severity of tinnitus were apparent. The most severe cases of tinnitus were observed in the children with no or minor premanent auditory damage. Children experiencing long periods of uninterrupted tinnitus suffer significantly. This is not only detrimental to family-life but also to the performance of the children at school. The total expenses of treatment for these 20 cases were estimated to be approximately 80,000 DM (40.000 Euro).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Studie wurden 20 Fälle von Knalltraumata durch Kinderpistolen erfaßt und ausgewertet. Die Problematik betrifft fast nur männliche Personen und schwerpunktmäßig den Altersbereich von 6–11 Jahren. Die Hälfte der Vorfälle waren Angriffe, bei denen die Kinderpistole als Waffe eingesetzt wurde, 2 Typen von Hörschäden sind festzustellen, die jedoch beide durch eine Senke im Bereich von 10–14 kHz charakterisiert sind. Bei Kindern kann der Schuß in eines der Ohren auch das andere Ohr schädigen. Sehr große Unterschiede bestehen im Auftreten von Tinnitus. Die Fälle mit starkem Tinnitus haben keine oder nur geringe bleibende Hörschäden. Die von Knalltraumata betroffenen Kinder leiden oft sehr stark unter langanhaltendem Tinnitus. Dabei wird nicht nur das Leben der Familien beeinträchtigt, sondern auch die schulischen Leistungen der Kinder leiden teilweise sehr stark darunter. Für die Therapie dieser 20 Fälle entstanden Gesamtkosten von ca. 80.000,- DM
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050420
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    Die Chirurgie der erworbenen laryngotrachealen Stenosen im Kindesalter. Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse von 1988–1998 Teil II: Die cricotracheale Resektion (1999)
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Laryngotracheale Stenose ; Cricotracheale Resektion ; Kinder ; Tracheotomie ; Key words Laryngotracheal stenosis ; Cricotracheal resection ; Tracheostomy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Approximately 90% of infants and children with severe acquired laryngotracheal stenoses are tracheotomy dependent and therefore impaired in their physical and speech developments. In addition, tracheotomized infants can be endangered by the cannula due to the possible crusting of secretions or its dislocation. Thus, early repair of a stenosis is mandatory. Within the last 10 years, we successfully operated on 18 children with severe laryngotracheal stenoses. Ten children were treated with a modified Cotton technique. This paper reports our results of cricotracheal resection performed in 8 children since 1994 (age distribution: 7 months through age 15 years). Four children had Cotton grade II stenoses, three had grade III stenoses and one grade IV stenoses. In 3 patients a tracheotomy had been performed at another institution. Since their tracheostomas were too far caudal, they could not be included in the primary resection. All 8 children have been successfully decannulated. Five children without tracheotomies could be extubated uneventfully on the 5th postoperative day. All three primarily tracheotomized children needed further endotracheal stenting with T-tubes because of stomal and suprastomal collapse. Two of these latter children additionally required a tracheoplasty with rib cartilage grafts in order to stabilize the suprastomal trachea prior to decannulation. No patient experienced injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerves or insufficiencies of the anastomosis. All children’s voices were not impaired. This is the third report in literature of cricotracheal resections in infants and children, indicating that this effective, one-stage procedure is superior to laryngotracheal reconstruction with rib cartilage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kinder mit schweren, erworbenen subglottischen laryngotrachealen Stenosen sind zu 90% tracheotomiert und daher in ihrer körperlichen und sprachlichen Entwicklung beeinträchtigt. Zusätzlich sind mit einer Trachealkanüle versorgte Kinder, insbesondere Kleinkinder, gefährdet, so daß die chirurgische Beseitigung der Stenose dringend geboten ist. Wir haben innerhalb der vergangenen 10 Jahre 18 Kinder mit einer schweren subglottischen laryngotrachealen Stenose operiert; 10 Kinder, über die kürzlich berichtet wurde, konnten mit der modifizierten Cotton-Technik erfolgreich dekanüliert werden. Über 8 Kinder (Alter 7 Monate bis 15 Jahre, 4mal Stenose II. Grades, 3mal Stenose III. Grades, einmal Stenose IV. Grades), die wir mit cricotrachealer Resektion (CTR) und thyrotrachealer Anastomose operierten, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit berichtet. 3 Kinder waren anderenorts bereits tracheotomiert. Da die Stomata zu weit kaudal lagen, konnten sie nicht in die Resektion einbezogen werden. Alle 8 Kinder konnten inzwischen dekanüliert werden und sind beschwerdefrei: Die 5 nicht tracheotomierten Kinder konnten problemlos am 5. postoperativen Tag extubiert werden. Die zuvor tracheotomierten Kinder konnten erst nach endotrachealer Schienung (2mal nach zusätzlicher Trachealplastik mit Rippenknorpel bei suprastomaler Tracheomalazie) dekanüliert werden. Bei keinem der Kinder trat eine Recurrensparese auf. Die Stimme bei allen Kindern ist unbeeinträchtigt. Die CTR, über die bei kindlichen laryngotrachealen Stenosen mit dieser Arbeit in der Literatur zum 3. Mal berichtet wird, ist eine sehr effektive, einzeitige, komplikationsarme Operationsmethode, deren Resultate für Atmung und Stimme günstiger sind, als mit der Erweiterungsplastik nach Cotton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050434
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    Körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern in Deutschland und in den Niederlanden (1999)
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 122-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Körperliche Beschwerden ; CBCL/4 ; 18 ; Kultur-vergleichend ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Key words Somatic complaints ; CBCL/4 ; 18 ; Cross-cultural ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Question: What is the frequency of parent-reported somatic complaints of children in Germany and the Netherlands dependent on their age, sex and the education of their parents. Methods: 4876 CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist) of children aged 4 through 17 years from the general population were analysed. Results: Dutch children were scored higher by their parents than German children. Moreover somatic complaints increased with age and girls were scored higher. The frequencies of somatic complaints varied from 2% for ’problems with eyes’ to 15% for ’headaches’. The presence of one somatic complaint increased the likelihood of concomitant somatic complaints. Conclusion: Somatic complaints of children without any known cause are often seen. Some symptoms are often reported together. More, especially causal studies on the somatic symptoms of children are recommended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Wie verhält sich die Häufigkeit körperlicher Beschwerden bei Kindern in Deutschland und den Niederlanden nach Laieneinschätzung, gibt es Unterschiede abhängig vom Alter und Geschlecht der Kinder und des Ausbildungsniveaus der Eltern? Methode: 2757 deutsche und 2119 niederländische CBCL (child behavior checklist) über Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 4 und 17 Jahren aus repräsentativen Studien wurden mit Hilfe von Varianzanalysen ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Niederländische Eltern beschrieben mehr körperliche Beschwerden als deutsche. Die Ausprägung auf der Symptomskala stieg mit zunehmendem Alter und zeigte höhere Werte für Mädchen. Die Häufigkeit der Beschwerden variiert von 2% für „Augenbeschwerden” bis zu 15% für „Kopfschmerzen”. Bei Anwesenheit eines körperlichen Symptoms stieg die Frequenz zusätzlicher Beschwerden. Schlußfolgerung: Körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern treten häufig ohne bekannte Ursache auf, bestimmte Beschwerden werden häufig gleichzeitig beschrieben, wobei die Koinzidenz nicht umkehrbar ist. Weitere, besonders ursächliche Studien auf dem Gebiet der körperlichen Beschwerden bei Kindern sind auch hinsichtlich steigender Kosten im Gesundheitswesen empfehlenswert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120050409
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    Naturlatexallergie-Screening bei Kindern mit neurogener Blasenentleerungsstörung (1999)
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Latexallergie ; Neuogene Blasenentleerungsstörung ; Kinder ; Key words Latex allergy ; Neurogenic bladder dysfunction ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objectives: The risk to suffer from natural latex allergy is increased in children with congenital neurogenic bladder dysfunction. We, therefore, evaluated whether or not a serologic screening for detection of sensitization to latex is reasonable in these children. Patients and Methods: 40 children aged from 6 months to 17 years were examined by specific questionnaire-based patient histories, and by determination of total serum immunoglobuline E (total IgE) and natural latex-specific serum immunoglobulin E (latex-IgE) by solid-phase immunoassays. Results: 5 children had a history of allergic reaction to rubber containing materials. In 10 children, latex-IgE was elevated 〉 0.35 kU/l, 6 out of these 10 children without a history of allergic reactions to rubber containing materials. There was a positive correlation of elevated latex-IgE values and the number of former surgical procedures (p 〈 0.006), while no correlation was found between elevated latex-IgE values and clean intermittent catheterization (p = 0.408). Conclusion: Compared to questionnaire-based patient histories, serologic screening examination including determination of latex-IgE values may better identify children at risk to suffer from sensitization to natural latex.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Naturlatexallergien kommen bei Kindern mit angeborener neurogener Blasenentleerungsstörung gehäuft vor. Es wurde deshalb untersucht, ob bei dieser Patientengruppe ein serologisches Screening zur Erfassung einer Sensibilisierung gegenüber Naturlatex sinnvoll ist. Patienten und Methode: Untersucht wurden 40 Kinder im Alter von 6 Monaten bis 17 Jahren. Die Untersuchung umfaßte eine gezielte Anamneseerhebung durch Fragebogen sowie die Bestimmung des Gesamtimmunglobulin E (Gesamt-IgE) und des naturlatexspezifischen Immunglobulin E (Latex-IgE) im Serum durch Festphasenimmunoassays. Ergebnisse: 5 Kinder hatten anamnestisch Zeichen einer allergischen Reaktion nach Gummikontakt. 10 Kinder wiesen im Serum erhöhte Werte des Latex-IgE auf, wobei 6 dieser Kinder bisher noch keine Zeichen einer Latexallergie hatten. Pathologische Werte für das Latex-IgE korrelierten statistisch signifikant mit der Anzahl operativer Eingriffe (p 〈 0,0006), nicht aber mit einem durchgeführten sauber intermittierenden Einmalkatheterismus (p = 0,408). Schlußfolgerung: Im Vergleich zur alleinigen fragebogengestützen Anamneseerhebung können durch ein serologisches Screening mit Bestimmung des Latex-IgE mehr Kinder entdeckt werden, die durch eine Sensibilisierung gegenüber Naturlatex gefährdet sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120050434
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    Graded compression ultrasonography in the assessment of the “tough decision” acute abdomen in childhood (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 32-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Appendicitis ; Ultrasonography ; Children ; Graded compression ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The diagnosis of acute appendicitis in childhood is frequently difficult. In some situations the need to operate is clear, but in others the decisions may be much “tougher” because the clinical findings are equivocal. This is a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 253 children presenting with “acute abdominal pain? appendicitis” who had graded compression ultrasonography (GCUS) because the clinical scenario did not warrant immediate laparotomy. This represents 30% of all cases seen in the study period. The aim of the study was to examine the role of GCUS and a clinical scoring system (the Alvarado score) in patients in whom the diagnosis is uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050506
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    Inhalation burns in children (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 50-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Burns ; Inhalation injury ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Survival from serious burns in children has improved substantially in recent years. Mortality is predominantly determined by the total body surface area burned and the often unrecognised inhalation injury. A retrospective review of 4,451 consecutive children with thermal injuries over a 10-year period was undertaken to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and pathology of inhalation injury and its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Inhalation burns were diagnosed clinically and confirmed endoscopically and post-mortem in 97 (2.2%) children; 77 sustained fire burns (mean age 4 years) and 20 hot-water burns (mean age 18 months). The Moylan classification stratified them into upper-airway burns in 59 children, major–airway burns in 29, and parenchymal burns in 44. Major-airway burns were always seen in conjunction with either upper-airway or parenchymal injury. Stridor and acute progressive respiratory distress were the two main symptoms, the onset of which was occasionally delayed for up to 72 h. Endoscopy was most helpful in confirming the diagnosis and determining airway management. Endotracheal intubation was needed in more than 50% of children, usually for less than 5 days, and was converted to tracheostomy in only 6. Persistent laryngeal and tracheal damage was identified in 4. Secondary pneumonia occurred in 41.5% of children with fire burns and 55% with hot-water burns. Extensive surface burns, parenchymal injury, and secondary pneumonia all contributed to the significant mortality. Post-mortem findings corroborated clinical and endoscopic evidence. This study suggests that inhalation burns were often not recognised, could present late, and usually had significant consequences. Early clinical diagnosis, supported by endoscopic findings and appropriate management, is essential if the high morbidity and mortality amongst these children is to be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050511
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    Actinomycosis of the appendix in childhood (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Actinomycosis ; Antibiotic treatment ; Appendicitis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal actinomycosis (AMC) is a rare infection in children. The appendix is the most common intra-abdominal organ involved. It presents as an undifferentiated mass, forming abscesses and fistulas in the right lower quadrant. The case of a 15-year-old girl with a AMC of the appendix detected by the pathologist after routine appendectomy is discussed. Long-term antibiotic treatment and follow-up by ultrasound and laboratory controls are necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050515
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    A conservative treatment for ingrown toenails in children (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Ingrowing nails ; Conservative treatment ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ingrowing nails are not uncommon in children, and even so receive little attention in the pediatric surgery literature. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate our modification of the conservative treatment of ingrowing nails. Our technique of local treatment combined with patient education for better foot and toe care was successfully used and well tolerated by 19 out of 20 young patients with ingrown toenails.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050531
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    Acute scrotal pain in children: results of 543 surgical explorations (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Testis torsion ; Scrotum ; Appendage ; Cremasteric reflex ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 543 boys suffering from acute scrotal pain underwent emergency surgery between 1986 and 1996. Of these, 91 had a testicular torsion (TT) (16.8%) and 250 had an appendage torsion (AT) (46%). The cause varied with patient age, with most TTs in newborns and boys of 15 years and most ATs in 10–11-year-olds; 21.5% were operated upon within 6 h of the onset of pain and 69.2% within 24 h. Most stayed in hospital for less than 24 h. Pre-surgical examination identified no criterion for excluding TT. We therefore believe that all children complaining of acute scrotal pain should undergo surgery. As release of an inflamed AT reduces pain, three-fourths of the children benefited directly from surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050598
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    Small-cell carcinoma of the ovary of the hypercalcemic type in an 8-year-old girl (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 431-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Ovarian tumor ; Children ; Hypercalcemia ; Small-Cell carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumors of the ovary in girls represent about 80% of pediatric genital tumors; approximately 30% of these tumors are malignant. The risk of malignancy increases with decreasing age. The most frequent finding is a teratoma; other tumors are rare. Small-cell carcinoma (SCCO) of the ovary is extremely rare, occurring mostly in young women. We present an 8-year-old girl with a SCCO of the hypercalcemic type. The findings and treatment are discussed with emphasis on the poor prognosis in these patients, even in stage 1 disease. The current literature is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050625
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    Hydatid cyst of the pancreas: a case report with 5 years' follow-up (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 579-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Hydatid disease ; Pancreas ; Children ; Echinococcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary hydatid disease of the pancreas is rare. The authors report a 3-year-old girl who had a cystic mass in the head of the pancreas with no other viscera involved. At laparatomy the entire endocyst was totally extracted from the surrounding pancreatic parenchyma. The postoperative course was uneventful. She is currently disease-free with a follow-up of 5 years. Only four other pediatric cases have been reported in the English literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050677
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    A method to overcome the inability to draw blood from central venous lines in children (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 525-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Central venous catheters ; Children ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The insertion of central venous catheters has become an established practice in the management of children with different types of malignancies for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, blood and blood products, as well as drawing blood for various investigations. A commonly encountered problem is that despite the catheter being patent it may be impossible to draw blood from it. We believe this is related to the cut of the catheter tip. To overcome this problem, a technique for cutting the tip of the catheter is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050659
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  • 80
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    Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia at the onset of acute myeloid leukemia in children (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Hypergammaglobulinemia ; Polyclonal ; Acute myeloid leukemia ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (PHG) associated with hematological malignancies is a rare occurrence. We reviewed our series of 47 children with AML in order to define the prevalence of PHG and its prognostic value in achieving complete remission (CR) after induction treatment. Patients were stratified by immunoglobulin levels into two groups: with PHG and without PHG. CR reached after induction chemotherapy was considered a positive response. Conditional exact tests were used for the statistical analysis; conditional maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio (OR) were obtained. Significance levels (p) were determined from two-tailed tests. Twenty-two of 38 (57.9%) evaluable children showed PHG. Children with PHG and AML were more likely to be in CR after first induction treatment (OR=6.25, p=0.021), independent of sex, age at diagnosis, white blood cell count, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, FAB phenotype, and treatment protocol. Infections seemed to positively influence early treatment response (p=0.038). PHG and infections were not statistically associated (p=0.16). PHG may result from the uncontrolled stimulation of B lymphocytes by cytokines. Infections or transfusions may act as triggers for the immune system, leading to the antileukemic effect seen in patients with AML and PHG going into spontaneous remission. It could be that this activation caused the larger number of CRs observed in our series. Clarification of why PHG exerts a positive influence on children with AML could help us to understand the ways by which the organism is able to control a malignant disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050596
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    Serum levels of thrombopoietin, IL-11, and IL-6 in pediatric thrombocytopenias (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Thrombopoietin ; Interleukin-11 ; Interleukin-6 ; Thrombocytopenia ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We measured serum levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin (IL)-11, and IL-6 in 90 different samples from 67 pediatric patients with thrombocytopenia (TP). The cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the biological activity of TPO was measured using a cell line transfected with human c-mpl. In patients with impaired megakaryocytopoiesis, as found in diseases such as aplastic anemia, amegakaryocytic TP, or TP with absent radii, we found TPO levels which were highly elevated compared with normal values (mean=261 AU/ml, n=52, vs. 22 AU/ml in healthy controls). In contrast, patients suffering from idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (mean=16 AU/ml, n=31) or platelet function defects (mean=23 AU/ml, n=7) demonstrated normal TPO levels. The biological activity tested in the bioassay correlated well with the ELISA data. However, sera of some patients with amegakaryocytic TP demonstrated a remarkably higher biological activity of TPO than expected from the ELISA data. Within the different groups there was no correlation between platelet counts and TPO levels. Only 27% of all samples had elevated levels of IL-11 (mean=450 pg/ml, n=20). Elevated IL-6 serum levels were detected in only 13% of all samples analyzed (mean=42 pg/ml, n=12). We conclude that megakaryocytopoiesis is regulated mainly by TPO, that it is dependent on the platelet and the megakaryocytic mass, and that IL-11 plays an additional role in supporting the platelet production. IL-6 does not appear to be up-regulated in children with thrombocytopenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050538
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    Vincristine pharmacokinetics after repetitive dosing in children (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 44 (1999), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Vincristine ; Pharmacokinetics ; Repetitive dosing ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: We studied vincristine disposition after 169 weekly i.v. bolus injections in 32 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or Wilms' tumor. The aim of the study was to determine intrapatient and interpatient variability in vincristine disposition and demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics influencing this variability. Methods: Vincristine plasma concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography assay with electrochemical detection. A limited sampling strategy was used based on a bayesian parameter estimation algorithm that is part of the ADAPT II software package. A two-compartment, first-order model was fitted to the data, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the model using the ADAPT II software. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, simple and multiple regression analysis, and non-parametric or robust equivalents were used. Results: Results showed a large intrapatient and interpatient variability in distribution half-life, elimination half-life, total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution at steady state, and area under the concentration–time curve. Intrapatient variability was significantly smaller than interpatient variability for all these parameters except distribution half-life. The diagnosis or treatment protocol turned out to be the most predictive characteristic; leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients had a significantly higher total body clearance than Wilms' tumor patients. Conclusions: We conclude that both intrapatient and interpatient variability in vincristine pharmacokinetics is large in pediatric cancer patients and that variability, although significantly influenced by diagnosis, largely remains unpredictable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050968
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    The necessity of building population specific prediction equations for clinical assessment of pulmonary function tests (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 519-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Pulmonary function test ; Adjustment ; Children ; Prediction equations ; Population specific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fitting adequate prediction equations for pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters is crucial in the analysis of lung function tests and their interpretation. Our work aimed at studying the necessity of building population specific prediction equations, rather than using prediction equations built-in in commercial equipment. We used as an example results of studies carried out among Israeli schoolchildren. Second to sixth grade children (7–13 years old), 1064 boys and 1211 girls, were studied in Tel-Aviv. PFT (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1st second, peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow in 50% volume, forced expiratory flow in 75% volume) performed by these children were adjusted for height, weight and age, for each sex separately, by a multiple regression procedure. Predicted PFT parameters of 300 boys and 301 girls aged 7–13 years, living along the southern shore of Israel, were calculated using the equations built for the same aged Tel-Aviv children as well as the prediction equations built-in in the spirometer used. The ratios between the observed PFT parameters in the southern children and their expected values, using the Israeli population specific equations, were around 1.00. Using the built-in equations resulted in ratios around 0.90. Conclusion The development of population specific prediction equations for PFT parameters is necessary. Such equations should be used both in clinical assessment to minimize misclassification (healthy/sick child) and in epidemiological studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051133
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    Lethal encephalopathy complicating childhood shigellosis (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 550-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key wordsShigella ; Toxic encephalopathy ; Children ; Brain oedema ; Shiga toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 6-year-old girl is described who died following rapid neurological deterioration, ending in lethal cerebral oedema. Despite the absence of severe intestinal and metabolic derangement, Shigella was cultured from the stool. Toxic encephalopathy is responsible for death following this rare complication of childhood shigellosis in developed countries. The pathophysiology is unknown. Conclusion Lethal toxic encephalopathy can be caused by Shigella despite the absence of severe intestinal and metabolic derangement. If shigelllosis is suspected, headache may be a first significant sign for the development of toxic encephalopathy. Early recognition and rapid measures to prevent brain oedema may improve outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051144
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    Development of anticipatory postural adjustments in a bimanual load-lifting task in children (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 200-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor development ; Anticipatory postural adjustments ; Bimanual coordination ; Children ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) are needed to perform a movement without perturbing posture. We investigated the development of APA in 3- to 4-year-old children during a bimanual load-lifting task. The task required maintaining a stable elbow position despite imposed or voluntary unloading of the forearm. Although children can compensate the consequences of unloading by using APA, their performance did not reach an adults’ level. In addition, children showed high intra-individual variability in the voluntary situation, revealed by the coexistence of both adult-like and immature patterns in kinematic and electromyographic data. In conclusion, the present study reports that APA, associated with a bimanual load-lifting task, are still being set up in 3- to 4-year-old-children. The intra-individual variability should decrease with age and be associated with a progressive mastering of the timing parameters characterizing APA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050729
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of CD69 on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents increases with increasing viral load (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 638-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words HIV-1 ; T-cells ; CD69 ; Activation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the use of a whole-blood assay that measures spontaneous and activation-induced CD69 expression on peripheral blood T-cells in vitro for assessment of T-cell function in HIV-1-infected paediatric patients. Heparinized venous blood from 28 HIV-1 positive children and adolescents and 23 healthy controls was incubated for 4 h with or without 5 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Thereafter, analysis of CD69 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was done by flow cytometry; simultaneously we determined CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load. Neither spontaneous nor PHA-induced CD69 expression differed significantly between HIV-1 positive patients and healthy controls. However, T-cells from HIV-1 positive patients with plasma HIV-1 viral load levels above 70 × 103 copies/ml showed a higher spontaneous CD69 expression than T-cells from patients with lower plasma viral load levels in different stages of the disease. Antiretroviral treatment in four patients reduced spontaneous CD69 expression in CD4+ T-cells and PHA-induced CD69 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells significantly after 8 weeks of therapy. Conclusion Spontaneous and activation-induced expression of the early (activation) antigen CD69 on peripheral blood T-cells does not distinguish HIV-1 positive patients from HIV-1 negative healthy controls and is not correlated with peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts. This test may not be a reliable marker for functional T-cell deficiency during early stages of HIV disease. Increased spontaneous as well as PHA-induced CD69 expression on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents in vitro may rather reflect HIV-induced pre-activation of T-cells in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051167
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal subcortical somatosensory evoked potentials indicate high cervical myelopathy in achondroplasia (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 662-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Far-field potentials ; Achondroplasia ; Foramen magnum stenosis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children with achondroplasia may have high cervical myelopathy due to stenosis of the cranio-cervical junction resulting in neurological disability and an increased rate of sudden death. To detect myelopathy we recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) after median nerve stimulation in 30 patients with achondroplasia aged 13 months to 18 years (mean 6 years). In addition to the conventional technique of recording the cortical N20 and the central conduction time (CCT), we employed a noncephalic reference electrode recording the subcortical waveforms N13b and P13, generated near the cranio-cervical junction. The findings were related to the clinical status and MRI results. Eighteen patients had MRI evidence of spinal cord compression with indentation or narrowing of the upper cervical cord, and 13 showed signs of myelomalacia. Seven patients had neurological abnormalities. The sensitivities of the SEPs were 0.89 for cervical cord compression, 0.92 for myelomalacia and 1.0 for the clinically symptomatic patients. There were no false-positive results. The subcortical SEPs were more sensitive than the conventional recordings. However, the conventional SEPs were highly specific in the most severely affected patients; here the specificity was 1.0 for patients with myelomalacia and 0.96 for symptomatic patients. Postoperative SEPs improved after occipital decompression in two children. Conclusion The analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials, in particular of subcortical tracings, is useful in the detection of early cervical myelopathy in children with achondroplasia. Early neurosurgical decompression may prevent irreversible damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051172
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of consumption coagulopathy with antithrombin concentrate in children with acquired antithrombin deficiency – A feasibility pilot study (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Antithrombin concentrate ; Children ; Septicaemia ; Acquired antithrombin deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Consumption coagulopathy is a serious problem in childhood. In addition to treatment of the underlying disease, consumption coagulopathy was previously treated with heparin. Nowadays it is treated by substitution of coagulation factors, especially antithrombin (AT) concentrate, alone or in combination with heparin. In this pilot study we administered AT concentrate (dosage 80 U/kgbw/d), without additional heparin treatment, to 29 children beyond infancy with acquired AT deficiency. Antithrombin, platelet count, fibrinogen, PT, and APTT were assayed before and during the course of AT substitution. These coagulation parameters returned to normal 48 hours after normalisation of the plasma AT level. AT levels normalised within 24 h of initial substitution in all children. Lethal outcome due to the underlying disease was observed in only two children. Conclusion Data of this pilot study suggest that, concomitantly with the treatment of the underlying disease, consumption coagulopathy in childhood can be managed successfully with early substitution of AT concentrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014353
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-trauma coagulation and fibrinolysis in children suffering from severe cerebro-cranial trauma (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Coagulation ; Fibrinolysis ; Head injury ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the post-trauma haemostatic changes in 27 children with severe cranio-cerebral trauma defined by a modified Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 〈10. Blood samples for coagulation studies (fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWf), factor VIII:C, antithrombin, protein C, plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI), D-dimer) were obtained within two hours of admission, 24 h later, and on days 3–5, 7–9, 21 and 35. Data of this study indicate that alterations of coagulation in paediatric patients are similar to those in adults: On hospitalisation, activated haemostasis was found with decreased fibrinogen, antithrombin and protein C along with enhanced t-PA and PAI. Twenty-four hours later, hypercoagulability with significantly increased vWF and fibrinogen started, with a peak level within the second week. Within 24 h of admission, 17 children developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with a clear-cut decrease of antithrombin and fibrinogen together with platelet consumption and enhanced D-dimer. The outcome of children with DIC was significantly poorer than in those without DIC. Complete recovery was seen in five patients; sequelae no handicap and moderate disability were each found in six patients. Severe disability was diagnosed in two children, and fulminant DIC with lethal outcome occurred in eight patients. The GCS (P 〈 0.01) and the occurrence of DIC (P 〈 0.005) showed the strongest association with the patients' clinical outcome. Conclusion Our data underline the significance of post-trauma disturbances of the haemostatic system for the clinical course and outcome in children with severe cranio-cerebral injuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014355
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulmonary anthracosis in children (1999)
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 485-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung disease ; Pneumoconiosis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report two cases of children with malignancies and subpleural nodules found on computed tomography (CT) scan. In both cases the diagnosis was anthracosis. This pathologic condition has never been reported in children. Causes of anthracosis include a smoking environment, living in urban areas and air pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050699
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of primary meningeal tumours in children (1999)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 512-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Tumours ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Childhood meningeal tumours are uncommon and mostly meningiomas. We reviewed the histological and radiological findings in meningeal tumours in six children aged 12 years or less (four benign meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma). Compared to the adult counterpart, childhood meningiomas showed atypical features: cysts, haemorrhage, aggressiveness and unusual location. MRI features varied according to the site of the tumour, histology, haemorrhage, and presence of intra- or peritumoral cysts. Diagnosis of the extra-axial tumour was relatively easy in two patients with meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma. MRI findings strongly suggested an intra-axial tumour in two patients with benign meningiomas, because of severe adjacent edema. Awareness of the variable findings of childhood meningiomas and similar tumours may help in differentiation from brain tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050794
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in brain water diffusion during childhood (1999)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 929-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion weighted ; Myelination ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the changes in brain water diffusion in childhood as seen on diffusion-weighted MRI in 30 children from 1 day of life to 17 years to provide a data base and to investigate the correlation of diffusion changes with known patterns of white matter maturation. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and apparent anisotropy (AA) were calculated in numerous regions of the brain to include major white matter tracts and gray matter. ADC and AA values were directly related to the structural maturity and compactness of the white matter tracts and changed with aging in a way that predated early myelination markers such as signal change on T1- or T2-weighted images. Diffusion of water is sensitive to structural changes in the brain such as white matter maturation and may be useful in investigating white matter disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050869
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure – results of a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony (Germany) (1999)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Case-control study ; Children ; CNS tumour ; Environmental exposure ; Indoor radon ; Leukaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A population-based case-control study on risk factors for childhood malignancies was used to investigate a previously reported association between elevated indoor radon concentrations and childhood cancer, with special regard to leukaemia. The patients were all children suffering from leukaemia and common solid tumours (nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, central nervous system (CNS) tumours) diagnosed between July 1988 and June 1993 in Lower Saxony (Germany) and aged less than 15 years. Two population-based control groups were matched by age and gender to the leukaemia patients. Long-term (1 year) radon measurements were performed in those homes where the children had been living for at least 1 year, with particular attention being paid to those rooms where they had stayed most of the time. Due to the sequential study design, radon measurements in these rooms could only be done for 36% (82 leukaemias, 82 solid tumours and 209 controls) of the 1038 families initially contacted. Overall mean indoor radon concentrations (27 Bq m–3) were low compared with the measured levels in other studies. Using a prespecified cutpoint of 70 Bq m–3, no association with indoor radon concentrations was seen for the leukaemias (odds ratio (OR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.32–5.33); however, the risk estimates were elevated for the solid tumours (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 0.96–7.13), mainly based on 6 CNS tumours. We did not find any evidence for an association between indoor radon and childhood leukaemia, which is in line with a recently published American case-control study. There is little support for an association with CNS tumours in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004110050158
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fremdkörperingestion (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fremdkörper ; Ingestion ; Kinder ; Diagnostik ; Key words Foreign body ; Ingestion ; Children ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Foreign body ingestion is not infrequent in infants and children. The diagnosis of radiopaque foreign body ingestion does not pose a major problem. It is crucial to take an X-ray from the pharynx to the level of the pylorus. If a foreign body that might get stuck at the ileocoecal valve is ingested, it is necessary to perform a radiograph of the whole abdomen. Foreign bodies that do not pass the cardia must be extracted endoscopically. In the case of foreign bodies with a smooth contour that have passed the pylorus, parents are advised to check the child’s stool or collect it and bring it for X-raying. If after a week there is no definite evidence that the foreign body has been excreted a follow-up radiograph is carried out. If the foreign body is still in the stomach or duodenum, endoscopy is necessary. The detection of nonopaque foreign bodies can be facilitated by giving oral contrast medium, making the depiction of the foreign body as a filling defect possible. As a complication, perforation can occur, the diagnosis of which may entail the use of sonography, conventional radiography and, to a lesser extent, CT.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fremdkörperingestion ist im späten Säuglings- und frühen Kleinkindalter kein seltenes Ereignis. Die Diagnose röntgendichter Fremdkörper bereitet keine Schwierigkeiten. Hierbei ist jedoch zu beachten, daß die Region vom Pharynx bis zum Pylorus abgebildet sein sollte. Wurden Fremdkörper verschluckt, bei denen die Gefahr der Einklemmung in der Bauhin’schen Klappe besteht, sollte das komplette Abdomen bis zum Anus dargestellt werden. Fremdkörper, welche die Kardia nicht passieren, müssen endoskopisch extrahiert werden. Haben glatt begrenzte Fremdkörper den Pylorus passiert, werden die Eltern aufgefordert, den Stuhl zu untersuchen oder zu sammeln und ihn zur röntgenologischen Untersuchung mitzubringen. Sollte der Fremdkörper innerhalb einer Woche nicht auffindbar sein, wird eine Kontrolluntersuchung durchgeführt. Ist der Fremdkörper dann noch im Magen oder im Duodenum, sollte er ebenfalls extrahiert werden. Der Nachweis nicht röntgendichter Fremdkörper kann mittels Gabe von positivem Kontrastmittel als Aussparungsfigur gelingen. Als Komplikation kann eine Perforation auftreten. Hierbei dienen Sonographie, konventionelles Röntgen und gegebenenfalls CT zur Diagnosefindung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050537
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antithrombin treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children with cancer (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Veno-occlusive disease ; Antithrombin ; Children ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a well-known complication of chemotherapy in Wilms tumor patients, particularly young children. Although this complication resolves uneventfully in most patients, fatal cases have been reported. Severe VOD after transplantation has a high mortality rate ranging from 45% to 98%. New hemostatic therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the prognosis of VOD. Chemotherapy-related VOD in Wilms tumor usually has a good prognosis. We describe two patients with Wilms tumor and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who developed severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver according to the Baltimore criteria while undergoing chemotherapy; the symptoms were hepatomegaly, ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, weight gain and, in one patient, short-term lethargy. Elevated LDH levels of 872 to 12,000 U/l were observed in our patients. All patients had thrombocytopenia between 29,000 and 40,000/μl and decreased antithrombin (AT) and protein C levels; two patients had gastrointestinal bleeding. All patients developed a coagulopathy because of severe hepatic dysfunction. Two patients received low-dose heparin at the onset of VOD. The thrombolytic therapy was rapidly changed to AT supplementation (20–80 IU/kg bw 2× per day) without heparin when thrombocytes were very low or gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. Resolution of VOD was observed in all patients receiving AT alone. The chemotherapy was discontinued in a patient with accidental actinomycin D overdosage in view of the severity of symptoms. The remaining two patients received chemotherapy according to the therapy protocol after restitution. All patients survived without sequelae with a median follow-up of 28 months (range 8–48 months). Conclusion Hepatic veno-occlusive disease is a rare but increasingly recognized complication in pediatric cancer patients receiving conventional chemotherapy. AT supplementation constitutes a good alternative treatment of severe VOD in comparison with other thrombolytic therapies, particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014344
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatic steatosis: a frequent non-specific finding in HIV-infected children (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 971-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Keywords Liver ; Steatosis ; HIV ; AIDS ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty HIV-infected children were cross-sectionally examined for morphologic hepatic abnormalities, using ultrasonography or histology. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 27 children. The liver structure was normal in four patients, one of whom had moderate symptoms of the HIV infection and three of them severe symptoms. Abnormal liver structure, compatible with hepatic steatosis, was found in 23 (85%) patients. Five of them were in an early stage of the HIV infection (category N or A), three patients were ranked in category B and 15 patients in category C. Histological examination of the liver was performed in 11 children and steatosis was documented in ten (91%). In seven (70%) of these ten children steatosis had been suspected by ultrasonography. In conclusion, steatosis is common in HIV-infected children. It is non-specific and has no impact on disease, diagnostic evaluation or management. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a sensitive, accurate, non-invasive screening tool. It is more reliable than liver function tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051260
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental attitude towards alternative medicine in the paediatric intensive care unit (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 12-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Alternative medicine ; Complementary therapies ; Critical care ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interest in alternative medicine (AM) is growing. In the USA and Canada, studies showed that 34% of adults and 11% of children use AM. In a prospective cohort study, we investigated the interest in AM among parents of critically ill children in the paediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital. From January 1996 to April 1997, we distributed questionnaires to the parents of critically ill children. These strictly anonymous questionnaires were completed at home and returned by mail. Exclusion criteria were short (〈1 day) or repeated hospitalizations, and insufficient proficiency of the German language. The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 591 patients; 561 received the questionnaire (95%) and 289 (52%) were returned. Of the respondents, 70% would appreciate AM as a complementary therapy on the ICU, 23% found AM equally or more important than conventional medicine whereas only 7% regarded AM as unimportant. On the ICU, 18% used AM; surprisingly 41% of them did not discuss it with physicians or nurses. An additional 21% would have liked to use AM, but did not do so. Typically, AM-users administered AM also at home to their children and themselves. Their children were however, older. Conclusions A substantial proportion of parents used measures of alternative medicine in the intensive care unit, or would have like to do so. However, few had the confidence to discuss this wish with the medical personal. This suggests that alternative medicine is of great interest, even on an intensive care unit. Nevertheless, discussion about alternative medicine seems to be taboo in doctor-patient relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051001
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Mild closed head injury in children compared to traumatic fractured bone; neurobehavioural sequelae in daily life 2 years after the accident (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Mild head injury ; Fractured bone ; Late sequelae ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two years after an accident resulting in either a mild head injury or a fractured bone, two groups of 22 children each, aged 4–14 years, were examined for the existence of any neurobehavioural symptoms by means of a standardized questionnaire filled out by their caretakers. Selection of the children was based on reports of the Accident and Emergency Department in 1 year. Significantly more symptoms were reported after mild head injury. The main symptoms reported were headache, dizziness, fatigue and memory problems. The total number of symptoms in the children with mild head injury exceeded four times this in the group of children with a fractured bone. Conclusion Even 2 years after a mild head injury there are still residual symptoms in daily life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051061
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prothrombotic risk factors in childhood stroke and venous thrombosis (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Coagulation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have shown a high percentage of venous thromboses in children to be associated with haematological disorders. However, studies assessing the influence of haemostaseological disorders on paediatric stroke are rare. We compared 26 children with cerebral infarction (median age 2 months, range 0–16.2 years) and 17 with venous thrombosis (median age 4.5 years, range 0–17 years) with regard to prothrombotic risk factors. Prothrombotic disorders were found in 8 out of 26 patients with cerebral infarction (FV Leiden mutation: n = 4; protein C deficiency: n = 1; FV Leiden mutation + protein C deficiency: n = 2; prothrombin mutation G20210A: n = 1) and in 13 out of 17 with venous thrombosis (FV Leiden mutation n = 3; protein C deficiency n = 5; elevated HRGP + PAI: n = 1; combined deficiency of AT, protein C and plasminogen: n = 1; F XII deficiency: n = 1; lupus anticoagulans n = 1; FV Leiden + F XII deficiency + lupus anticoagulans + PAI: n = 1). Comparison of these prevalences with those of 150 healthy paediatric controls showed in children with FV Leiden mutation and/or protein C deficiency an increased risk of cerebral infarction (patients vs. controls: 26.9% vs. 6%; OR 5.77; 95%-CI 1.92–17.3; P = 0.0031) as well as of venous thrombosis (53% vs. 5.3% 19.9; 95%-CI 6–65.6; P 〈 0.0001). This result is in contrast with reports on thrombophilia in cerebral infarction in adult patients. Conclusion Our results indicate that FV Leiden mutation and protein C deficiency may contribute to the multifactorial aetiology of stroke in early childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014333
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk factors for type I diabetes mellitus in children in Austria (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Type 1 diabetes ; Children ; Risk factors ; Case control ; Environmental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate environmental risk factors in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a population-based case-control study. Parents of all patients with manifestation of type 1 diabetes between 1989 and 1994 in Vienna were asked to complete a questionnaire (n = 114). Control children (n = 495), matched for age and sex, were randomly recruited from all schools in Vienna. Fathers of diabetic children were significantly older at the time their children were born than fathers of control children (P = 0.015). Children with diabetes were more likely to be second- or third-born children (P 〈 0.05) and fewer went to kindergarten than the control group children (P = 0.007). No significant difference in duration of gestation, percentage of delivery by caesarean section, birth weight or length was found. Neonatal jaundice was more often observed in the patient group (P = 0.038). Breast feeding was reported by 82.7% of mothers of diabetic children and by 81% of mothers of control children, and the duration of breast feeding was longer in patients than in controls (n.s.). Conclusion In our study, the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with higher paternal age and neonatal jaundice. No correlation could be found with dietary intake of cow's milk products in early infancy, vaccination and other environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051092
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