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  • 1985-1989  (81)
  • 1965-1969  (67)
  • 1850-1859
  • Electron Microscopy
  • Insulin
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Human thyroid cells ; Thyroid cell growth ; bTSH ; Insulin ; Insulin-like growth factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of TSH in thyroid cell growth and the pathogenesis of goiter has become a matter of recent debate, since many investigators have failed to demonstrate a growth-promoting effect of TSH in human thyroid cells in culture. While those studies have focused on the action of TSH in human thyroid cells, the influence of assay conditions and cofactors has received scant attention. In the present study, we have therefore undertaken to elucidate the effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF I) on3H-thymidine uptake in human thyroid cells, particularly with respect to their relation to the actions of bTSH. We could demonstrate a considerable, dose-dependent stimulation of3H-thymidine incorporation in the cells by bTSH that was dependent on the presence of insulin or IGF I; bTSH alone was ineffective in that respect. The concentrations of insulin and IGF I required to facilitate the TSH response were of a magnitude at which both peptides were totally ineffective by themselves. At concentrations of insulin or IGF I that produced a maximum stimulation of3H-thymidine incorporation, the addition of bTSH did result in a slight decrease rather than a further increase of that stimulation. We conclude from these findings, first, that TSH appears to be a growth factor for human thyroid cells under the conditions described, and, second, the effects of TSH on thyroid cell proliferation are under the control of cofactors like insulin and IGF I.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Insulin ; Pancreaticβ cells ; Insulinoma morphometry ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been shown, by using the immunogold technique, that C-peptide and insulin are co-localized in the mature granules of human pancreaticβ cells and insulinomas with typical granules. The mean gold bead densities of both C-peptide and insulin were at least twice as high in the normal pancreas when compared with the insulinomas. The mean granule diameter of the insulinoma cells (D=0.30 ±0.12 μm) was smaller than that of human pancreatic cells (D=0.45 ±0.15 μm). The morphometric data indicate that each of the antigens (C-peptide and insulin) is distributed similarly in the halos and the dense cores of theβ granules. Thus, no topological segregation of these two antigens occurs within theβ granules of either normal human pancreas or insulinomas.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide ; [TyrB25]des-(B26-B30)insulinamide ; [HisB25]des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide ; liver metabolism ; rat hepatocyte culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short-term and long-term biological activities were studied in adult rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of the insulin analogues des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide, [TyrB25]des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide and [HisB25]des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide. When compared to insulin, full potency of des-(B26-B30)-insulinamide has been reported in rat adipocytes and an enhanced potency has been reported for the other analogues. Steady state binding characteristics of the analogues to hepatocytes were indistinguishable from those of native insulin with half-maximal binding occurring at concentrations of about 0.8 nmol/l. Half-maximal effects for the stimulation of glycolysis and inhibition of basal and glucagon-activated glycogenolysis required identical concentrations for insulin and all 3 analogues. Induction of the key glycolytic enzymes glucokinase and pyruvate kinase as well as the inhibition of glucagon-dependent induction of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase also required identical concentrations of insulin and the 3 analogues. These data confirm that in cultured hepatocytes the C-terminal amidation of des-(B26-B30)-insulin results in a molecule with full in vitro potency. In contrast to data obtained in adipocytes, the des-(B26-B30)-insulin-amidated analogues with tyrosine or histidine substitutions at position B25 are equally as potent as native insulin in eliciting biological responses in rat hepatocyte culture.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; granule ; vesicle ; proton pump ; prohormone conversion ; autocrine ; chromogranin A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The insulin secretory granule of the pancreatic B cell is a complex intracellular organelle comprised of a many proteins with different catalytic activities and messenger functions. With the advent of tumour models of the B cells and the application of immunological and molecular cloning techniques considerable progress has been made in recent years towards the elucidation of the structure and function of these granule proteins. A number of examples are selected here for review. Particular emphasis given to how the activities of quite different granule proteins are interdependent and how this contributes to the co-ordination and integration of the organelle's biological functions.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Bombesin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Cholecystokinin (CCK) ; Gastrin ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the midgut epithelium of the desert locust are found dispersed among the digestive cells and are similar to those of the vertebrate gut. According to their reactivity to silver impregnation techniques and the ultrastructural features of the secretory granules (shape, electron-density, size, and structure) 10 types of endocrine cell have been identified, of which seven are located in the main segment of the midgut or in the enteric caeca, and the other three seem to be present only in the ampullae through which the Malpighian tubules drain into the gut. The endocrine cells have a slender cytoplasmic process that reaches the gut lumen, a feature that supports the receptosecretory nature postulated for this cellular type in insects as well as vertebrates. Antisera directed against mammalian gastrin, CCK, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and bombesin reacted with some of the endocrine cells. This is the first time that insulin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive cells have been described in the midgut of an insect.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet amyloid peptide ; Pancreatic islets ; Type-2 diabetes ; Insulin ; Lysosomes ; Secretory granules ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Islet amyloid peptide (or diabetes-associated peptide), the major component of pancreatic islet amyloid found in type-2 diabetes, has been identified by electronmicroscopic immunocytochemistry in pancreatic B-cells from five non-diabetic human subjects, and in islets from five type-2 diabetic patients. The greatest density of immunoreactivity for islet amyloid peptide was found in electrondense regions of some lysosomal or lipofuscin bodies. The peptide was also localised by quantification of immunogold in the secretory granules of B-cells, and was present in cytoplasmic lamellar bodies. Acid phosphatase activity was also demonstrated in these organelles. Immunoreactivity for insulin was found in some lysosomes. These results suggest that islet amyloid peptide is a constituent of normal pancreatic B-cells, and accumulates in lipofuscin bodies where it is presumably partially degraded. In islets from type-2 diabetic subjects, amyloid fibrils and lipofuscin bodies in B-cells showed immunoreactivity for the amyloid peptide. Abnormal processing of the peptide within B-cells could lead to the formation of islet amyloid in type-2 diabetes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 236-243 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Absorption ; Diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent ; Injections, subcutaneous ; Insulin ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 1 (1989), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Pachytene spermatocytes ; Round spermatids ; Insulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In vitro rat germ cell RNA synthesis is influenced by growth factors. Basic fibroblast growth factor (0.1 to 100 ng/ml) increases [3H]uridine incorporation in round spermatids (RS) but not in pachytene spermatocytes (PS); this effect is potentiated by insulin (10 μg/ml) and blocked in the presence of Sertoli cell-secreted proteins (SCSP). Somatomedin C (0.1 to 100 ng/ml) exhibits a similar effect when used alone without an influence by SCSP. Transforming growth factor β (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) acts on both cell types, but SCSP amplify this effect only in PS. These data suggest that growth factors synthesized in situ may play a role in the germ cell development and that their effects are moduiated by SCSP.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7 (1989), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Somatomedin ; Growth factors ; Insulin ; Culture ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have examined the effect of peptide growth factors on DNA and proteoglycan synthesis by adult bovine articular cartilage in organ culture. The actions of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I), insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) from bovine pituitary were investigated individually and in combination. FGF stimulated a 10-fold increase in tritiated thymidine incorporation while other factors used individually did not influence mitotic activity. Used in concert, insulin with EGF and insulin with FGF acted synergistically in stimulating DNA synthesis 20-fold and 40-fold, respectively. All of these growth factors, acting individually, significantly enhanced radiosulfate incorporation. This stimulation was additive for Sm-C/IGF-I in combination with EGF or FGF, but not with insulin. These data indicate that adult bovine articular chondrocytes possess the capacity to augment both mitotic and differentiated cell functions in response to growth factors. The data further suggest that, with the exception of insulin and Sm-C/IGF-I, which appear to share a common mechanism of action, these factors produce their cellular effects via different receptor or postreceptor pathways.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 12 (1989), S. 408-416 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Paraneurones ; Superior Cervical Ganglion ; Interneurones ; Electron Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Sympathetic ganglia contain large principal nerve cells and, in addition, many smaller cells that resemble the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla in morphology and chromaffinity. The advent of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique proved to be an invaluable tool for studying this unique cell type, and it was this method that accounted for their descriptive name of small, intensely fluorescent cells, now universally abbreviated to SIF cells. Electron microscopy also proved of great importance in detailing the structure of SIF cells and their relationship with neighbouring neurones. Fine structural observations revealed that the cells contained numerous dense-cored granules, and this led to their electron microscopic name of small, granule-containing cells. SIF cells are most abundant, and very well studied, in the rat superior cervical ganglion, where they both receive and give synapses. Early researchers suggested that SIF cells were interneurones appropriately situated between pre- and postganglionic elements and thus capable of influencing ganglion signals. SIF cells also are known to exist in the form of richly vascularized, compact clusters of varying size. Clustered chromaffin cells do not necessarily give rise to processes that would contact the principal neurones. The existence of singly occurring as well as clustered SIF cells has given rise to a proposed designation of type I and type II cells, with I representing the interneuronal-like form and II possibly performing as an endocrine-like component. Despite a wealth of knowledge concerning SIF cells, their exact role(s) in the overall functioning of the autonomic nervous system is still not completely understood.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Growth hormone-Releasing hormone ; Somatostatin ; Insulin ; Type 1 diabetic patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following a mixed meal, plasma hormone responses were measured in four type 1 diabetic children and in eight short normal children. Between 60 and 150 min after ingestion of the mixed meal there was a significant increase in circulating growth hormone-releasing hormone values both in diabetic and in normal children. Mean plasma GHRH peak values were not different between diabetic patients (27.0±3.9 ng/l) and controls (24.6±4.9 ng/l). No time relationship to spontaneous growth hormone peaks was observed. Whereas normal children showed a characteristic biphasic plasma somatostatin response, somatostatin plasma levels in diabetic children did not change. In normal children plasma insulin values increased between 30 and 150 min, but remained unchanged in type 1 diabetic patients. Blood glucose response was more pronounced in diabetic children than in short normal children. These results indicate that circulating growth hormone-releasing hormone does not play a dominant role in the regulation of insulin and somatostatin.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 924-927 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Skeletal muscle ; Glycogen ; Glucose ; Glycogen synthetase ; Glycogen phosphorylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was performed to investigate as to whether peripheral insulin resistance exists in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After a 12 h fasting period, SHR had significantly higher serum glucose and higher plasma glucagon values in comparison to normotensive control rats (WKY). There was a tendency for higher serum insulin concentrations as well, but this difference did not reach significance. After oral glucose loading or glucose/insulin administration, serum glucose and insulin levels were also higher in SHR compared to WKY rats. Muscle glycogen and glucose concentrations were identical in fasted SHR and WKY rats. With an oral glucose load or glucose/insulin treatment there was a significant increase in muscle glycogen, whereas glucose values declined in skeletal muscle. Both total (a+b-form) phosphorylase activity as well as the active a-form of the enzyme were similar in skeletal muscle of SHR and WKY rats. Glucose/insulin administration or oral glucose loading induced a considerable reduction of both a+b-form and a-form activities. The decrease in muscle phosphorylase activities was almost identical in both groups of animals. There was also a comparable activity of muscle glycogen synthetase activity in all groups of rats. Despite subtile changes of glucose, glucagon and to a lesser degree insulin levels which would be suggestive of insulin resistance, the data obtained from skeletal muscle argue against peripheral insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: AVP/SV40 transgenic mice ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Large T-antigen ; Heterochromatin ; Dysplasia ; Neoplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insertion into the mouse genome of the hybrid oncogene made up of bovine vasopressin gene derived 5′ upstream sequences and the coding sequences of SV40 large T-antigen promoted tumours in anterior pituitary and endocrine pancreas of mice bearing this transgene. In order to investigate the morphology of the steps in the neoplastic process, we used light and electron microscopy to study these organs in 42 animals belonging to the 3rd, 4th and 5th generations, subdivided into 4 age groups from 20 days to 100 days of life. Antibodies to large T-antigen were used to identify sites of expression of the hybrid oncogene, thus monitoring the steps in neoplastic transformation. Large T-antigen immunoreactivity was identified in dysplastic lesions of younger animals and in both dysplastic lesions and tumours of older mice. Insulin (100% of cases) and pancreatic polypeptide (25% of cases) immunoreactivities were revealed in pancreatic lesions but no hormonal immunoreactivity was detected in the pituitary lesions. The ultrastructural study confirmed that the majority cell population of the pancreatic neoplasms was B-type and that the anterior pituitary tumours were poorly granulated. The subcellular localization of large T-antigen immunoreactivity was investigated by the immunogold method and was confined to the heterochromatin of tumour cell nuclei. These findings provide evidence for the dysplasia-neoplasia sequence in the genesis of endocrine tumours of pituitary and pancreas of transgenic mice. The vasopressin-SV40 large T-antigen transgenic mice may therefore be an useful model for the study of endocrine cell oncogenesis,
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Carbon tetrachloride ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Cytochrome P450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats given a dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) immediately received injections of glucagon and insulin every 4h. They frequently died after 4h and showed a significantly higher mortality between 8h and 28h as compared to the control rats where such deaths occurred 16h later. At 8h, the derangements of SGPT values and prothrombin time were significantly greater in the hormone-treated rats than in the control rats. In these CCl4-intoxicated rats, hepatic reduced glutathione content at 4h was significantly reduced after hormone treatment. The treatment significantly enhanced CCl4 metabolism, conversion of14CCl4 into14CO2 in vitro, by microsomes isolated from the liver, whereas it did not affect the microsomal cytochrome P450 content. These results suggest that glucagon and insulin treatment increased CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rats through activating the cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenase system. This would merit consideration for the clinical application of this treatment.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pancreatic islet ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Ontogeny ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic appearances of glucagon, insulin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were immunohistochemically investigated on developing pancreatic islets of rats. Glucagon immunoreactivity appeared first in some epithelial cells (g-cells) of the dorsal anlage of the pancreas on day 11.5 of gestation. On day 12.5, g-cells increased in number manufacturing the primitive islets, in which some cells appeared to be immunoreactive for insulin (i-cells) and about 40% of g-cells indicated also a slight immunoreactivity for insulin (g/i-cells). Afterwards, all the islet cells, especially g-cells, increased in number, and almost half of g-cells were g/i-cells. After day 16.5 of gestation, numerical increase of the cells with insulin immunoreactivity exceeded that of the cells with glucagon immunoreactivity, and about one fifth of g-cells were g/i-cells. After 20.5 days, however, no g/i cells were found. On day 16.5 of gestation, the immunoreactivity for TH appeared in occasional cells of the islets, but the cells did not show immunoreactivity for glucagon or insulin. It is concluded that the progenitor cells of the pancreatic islets appear to synthesize both glucagon and insulin by day 20.5 of gestation, but differentiate giving rise to mature A and B cells of adult isoets afterward.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucose ; age ; children ; puberty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of insulin secretion was studied in 107 normal individuals aged 5 to 50 years. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on 64 islet-cell antibody negative siblings of diabetic children and on 43 normal adults. Puberty was staged using Tanner's criteria and subjects were grouped as follows: I — stage 1 (n=22), II — stages 2 and 3 (n=18), III — stages 4 and 5 (n=20), IV — adults 〉17 years (n=47). Basal and stimulated (incremental 0–10 and 10–60 min areas) insulin responses rose throughout puberty (Groups I–III), declined following puberty until the third decade (Groups III and IV) and then appeared constant thereafter. Insulin levels in the 17.6–22.5 year group were lower than in the 12.6–15 year group (p〈0.01). Fasting insulin to glucose ratios and incremental 0–60 min insulin to glucose area ratios produced a similar age-related pattern indicating that changes in insulin levels were independent of glucose concentrations. Gender did not affect these changes and multiple regression analysis showed that HLA haplotype sharing did not influence insulin responses in siblings of diabetic patients. Age and pubertal status must be carefully considered when interpreting intravenous glucose tolerance tests from patients suspected of having early abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; erythrocyte ; diabetes ; glucose metabolism ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alloxan-induced diabetes in rats significantly impaired the capacity of the erythrocytes to metabolise glucose in vitro to either lactic acid or CO2. Both these metabolic activities were initially insensitive to insulin in normal as well as in diabetic animals; but became responsive when these cells were subjected to insulin and glucose ‘starvation’ for 1 h through incubation in their absence. This action of insulin in starved cells showed concentration dependence and required preincubation with the hormone prior to addition of glucose.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; thyroid hormones ; glucose turnover ; glucose production ; glucose utilisation ; glucoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The glucoregulatory function of glucagon was investigated in hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid miniature pigs. Infusion glucagon, (3 ng x kg body weight−1 · min−1) transiently increased blood glucose (p〈0.01) and hepatic glucose production (p〈0.01) in euthyroidism, but was without effect in hyperthyroidism. Infusing glucagon plus somatostatin (2 ng x kg body weight−1 · min−1 and 0.2 μg x kg body weight−1 · min−1) transiently increased blood glucose (Δ 3.0 to 4.3 mmol/l) and hepatic glucose production (Δ 3.3 to 7.7 umol x kg body weight−1 · min−1) in all thyroid states, the effect was less pronounced in hyperthyroid pigs. By contrast, hypoglucagonaemia (74 to 107 pg/ml) at basal insulin (28 to 35 μU/ml) provoked hypoglycaemia (1.4 to 2.2 mmol/l) and a fall in glucose production (Δ 4.7 to 8.3 umol x kg body weight−1 · min−1), which was independent of the thyroid state; the effect was most pronounced in hyperthyroidism (p〈0.01). Hepatic glycogen content, arterial gluconeogenic precursor concentrations as well as the glycaemic response (Δ 0.60 mmol/l) to alanine infusion (23 umol x kg body weight−1 · min−1) were all unaffected by hyperthyroidism. We conclude that moderate experimental hyperthyroidism reduces glucagon action due to reduced glycogen mobilisation. This may in part result from increased insulin sensitivity.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; pancreatic polypeptide ; somatostatin ; fetal pancreas ; ontogeny ; immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin in the mammalian fetal pancreas has been examined in recent years largely by immunocytochemistry and in some instances by radioimmunoassay. Complete ontogenic data are available only for the rat, human pig and sheep. Figure 3 compares the time of appearance of the endocrine cell-types within the fetal pancreas when the periods of gestation of the four species are converted to a uniform scale. The striking ontogenic difference in the rat probably reflects the immaturity of the rodent fetus at birth compared with the human, pig and sheep. In the fetal pancreas, differences in cell number of glucagon and PP cells in the dorsal and ventral lobes become apparent from an early gestational period. Factors responsible for the functional and structural maturation of the fetal pancreatic endocrine cells and the processes involved in pancreatic organogenesis are poorly understood. Studies in these areas would have clinical implications since it may be possible in the future to employ agents for selective replication of fetal β-cells for transplantation in patients with Type I diabetes, bearing in mind that such cells must have the capacity to respond to normal stimuli and repressors when transplanted. The presence of the other islet cell-types may be obligatory for these appropriate responses. This would require a more complete knowledge of those factors which produce the normal selectivity of the four hormonal cell-types.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 412 (1988), S. 258-263 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Quanta ; Na+−K+ exchange pump ; Ouabain ; Adrenaline ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pretreatment with hypertonic solutions, insulin, or adrenaline increases the size of quanta at the frog neuromuscular junction, as determined by measurements of miniature end plate potentials or currents (Van der Kloot and Van der Kloot 1985, 1986). The increase in quantal size apparently is due to an increase in acetylcholine (ACh) content of individual quanta. These treatments, therefore, can be used to study the packaging of ACh. Previously, I reported that increases are blocked by an inhibitor of active ACh uptake into vesicles (Van der Kloot 1986b, 1987b). The present study shows that the increases in quantal size were antagonized by inhibiting the Na+−K+ exchange pump with 100 μM ouabain, 10 μM dihydroouabain, or K+-free solutions. The increases in quantal size were also antagonized by 10 μM monensin, a Na+ ionophore, or by 5 μM aconitine, which opens Na+ channels at normal resting potentials. Apparently a rise in intracellular [Na+] inhibits the addition of ACh to quanta. The mechanism by which a rise in intracellular Na+ inhibits ACh packing is unknown, but apparently it is not due to inhibition of choline reuptake into the terminals. Also consistent with the above hypothesis is that the increase in quantal size following depolarization for 2 h in elevated [K+]out was substantially enhanced when tetrodotoxin (TTX) was present, suggesting that in the absence of TTX there is a rise in [Na+]in that antagonizes the incorporation of additional ACh into the quanta.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron microdissection ; Glomeruli ; Tubules ; [125I] Insulin binding ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Binding of [125I] Tyr A14 human insulin ([125I] insulin) was measured at 4°C in glomeruli and pieces of tubule microdissected from collagenase-treated rat kidneys. For glomeruli and all segments tested, total and non specific binding increased linearly with glomeruli number or tubular length. When determined with 4.0 nM labelled hormone, the distribution of specific binding sites (expressed as 10−18 mol [125I] insulin bound per glomerulus or mm tubule length) was as follows: glomerulus, 2.5±0.3; proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), 12.6±0.6; pars recta (PR), 4.0±2.3; thin descending limb (TDL), 0.6±0.2; thin ascending limb (TAL), 0.6±0.2; medullary thick ascending limb (MAL), 0.8±0.1; cortical ascending limb (CAL), 2.1±0.1; distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 5.6±1.1; cortical collecting tubule (CCT), 3.2±0.3 and outer medullary collecting tubule (MCT), 2.3±0.1. Specific [125I] insulin binding to glomeruli and tubule segments was time- and dose-dependent, saturable, reversible after elimination of free labelled ligand, and inhibited by unlabelled human insulin. When analysed in Scatchard and Hill coordinates, the binding data revealed a negative cooperation in the interaction processes between [125I] insulin and glomerular and tubular binding sites, with apparent dissociation constants and Hill coefficients of the following values: glomerulus, 0.6 nM and 0.60; PCT, 10.0 nM and 0.55; MAL, 4.3 nM and 0.80; CAL, 2.0 nM and 0.74; CCT, 7.6 nM and 0.80 and MCT, 1.0 nM and 0.57 respectively. The stereospecificity of nephron binding sites was assessed in competitive experiments showing that unlabelled bovine and procine insulins were as efficient as human insulin for displacing [125I] insulin, whereas A and B chains of insulin and unrelated peptide hormones were almost inactive. These results indicate that the detected [125I] insulin binding sites may correspond to physiological insulin receptors.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulinomas ; Ultrastructure ; Immunogold technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localisation of insulin-like immunoreactivity has been studied using the immunogold staining procedure on thin sections of 6 human insulinomas, conventionally processed for electron microscopy. The labelling was restricted to the secretory granules. Depending on their morphology, these either resembled B-cell granules of human adult pancreas or belonged to the atypical (non-diagnostic) group. Within the former group, those with a crystalloid core or an amorphous dense or moderately dense core were strongly immunoreactive, whereas others, filled with a pale material, were poorly labelled. Most granules of this type were stored together within the heavily granulated cells of 3 insulinomas, presenting the classical features of clinical and biological behaviour and a typical light microscopic staining pattern. In contrast, the non-diagnostic granules, characterized by their smaller size, a very dense core and a thin halo, were mainly found within the poorly granulated cells making up the other tumours, and showed a very uneven labelling. Strongly labelled granules were found in one insulinoma that also belonged to the classical type; these were stored together with a few diagnostic granules within the same cells. Only poorly labelled atypical granules were present in two cases revealing a number of unusual features; these included moderate elevation of insulinaemia, uncertain tumour histology, as well as weak immunostaining for insulin/proinsulin and variable argyrophilia of the tumour in paraffin sections. These findings suggest that human insulinomas differ not only in storage capacity but also in their degree of granule maturation. This may involve some deficiency of either the prohormone conversion or the subsequent processing of the cleavage products.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Insulin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lysosomes ; Crinophagy ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of pancreatic islets have suggested that crinophagy provides a possible mechanism for intracellular degradation of insulin in the insulin-producing B-cells. In the present study, a quantitative estimation of crinophagy in mouse pancreatic islets was attempted by morphometric analysis of lysosomes containing immunoreactive insulin. Isolated islets were incubated in tissue culture for one week in 3.3, 5.5 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The lysosomes of the pancreatic B-cells were identified by morphological and enzyme-cytochemical criteria and divided into three subpopulations comprising primary lysosomes and insulin-positive or insulin-negative secondary lysosomes. Both the volume and numerical density of the primary lysosomes increased with increasing glucose concentration. The proportion of insulin-containing secondary lysosomes was highest at 5.5 and lowest at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Insulin-negative secondary lysosomes predominated at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Studies of the dose-response relationships of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion of the pancreatic islets showed that biosynthesis had an apparent Km-value for glucose of 7.0 mmol/l, whereas it was 14.5 mmol/l for secretion. The pronounced crinophagic activity at 5.5 mmol/l glucose may thus be explained by the difference in glucose sensitivity between insulin biosynthesis and secretion resulting in an intracellular accumulation of insulin-containing secretory granules. The predominance of insulin-negative secondary lysosomes at 3.3 mmol/l glucose may reflect an increased autophagy, whereas the predominance of primary lysosomes at 28 mmol/l glucose may reflect a generally low activity of intracellular degradative processes.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Stomach ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Somatostatin ; Avian pancreatic polypeptide ; Insulin ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the cellular localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and guinea pigs of different ages. TRH-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in many pancreatic islet cells of young rats and guinea pigs but only in single cells of 6-month-old rats. In aged guinea pigs, a reduction in the number of TRH-positive cells was evident; however, numerous strongly fluorescent cells were still present. In the guinea pig, TRH-LI was in addition observed in gastrin cells in the stomach. TRH-positive nerve fibers occurred in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of the rat, and in the muscle layers of the guinea pig. These results suggest a functional role of TRH both as hormone and neuroactive compound in various portions and sites of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Energy metabolism ; Carbohydrate-rich diet ; Lipoprotein lipase ; Free fatty acids ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the influence of simple and complex carbohydrate (CHO) consumption on adipose tissue- and skeletal muscle-lipoprotein lipase activity (AT-LPLA, SM-LPLA) was examined. Twenty male marathon runners were divided into two equal dietary groups: simple-CHO and complex-CHO. Half of the subjects in each group consumed either a low-CHO (15% energy [E] intake), or a mixed diet (50% CHO) for 3 days. Immediately following this dietary period, the subjects consumed a CHO-rich diet (70% E intake) predominant in simple-CHO or in complex-CHO for an additional 3 days. Thereafter, all subjects returned to a normal mixed diet. Skeletal muscle biopsies, adipose tissue aspirations, and venous blood samples were obtained prior to dietary manipulation (PRE), upon completion of the 6 day diet (POST I), and 2 weeks after returning to a normal diet (POST II). The samples were analysed for AT-LPLA, SM-LPLA, serum insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA), and blood glucose, and lactate. SM-LPLA fell 71% from PRE values of 0.39±0.30 μ mol · g−1 · h−1 to POST I values of 0.11 ±0.09 μ mol · g−1 · h−1 (means±SD) (p〈0.05), after a complex-CHO diet. However, the simple-CHO diet did not alter SM-LPLA. AT-LPLA similarly decreased (p〈0.05) after the complex-CHO diet, and no significant decrease was noted after the simple-CHO diet. Serum FFA decreased significantly (p〈0.05) after a simple-CHO diet (0.82±0.13 to 0.65±0.10 mmol l−1) but were unchanged after a complex-CHO diet. Blood glucose and lactate, and serum insulin were not altered following a CHO-rich diet.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glucose and fat feeding ; Glycogen sparing ; Ketone bodies ; Insulin ; Lipolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that oral ingestion of lipids could increase endurance by slowing the rate of glycogen depletion. Trained rats were killed after a 2 h run on a rodent treadmill, following an intragastric infusion of water, glucose, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or long chain triglycerides (LCT). Glucose and triglycerides were administered in equicaloric concentrations (50 kJ). The results show that oral ingestion of lipids (MCT or LCT) did not reduce glycogen depletion in liver, heart or skeletal muscle after exercise whereas the fat diet increased muscle and heart glycogen stores in resting conditions. In contrast, glucose feeding induced a significant sparing effect on endogenous carbohydrate utilization and reduced physical exercise lipolysis. These data indicated, firstly, that enhanced lipid availability induced by a single lipid meal before exercise was not able to modify the glycogen depletion occuring after exercise and, secondly, that the glucose/fatty acid cycle was not effective in these conditions. The comparison between lipids indicated that the effect on glycogen use of MCT did not differ from that of LCT, and did not seem to be of any particular importance during physical exercise.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Absorption, transdermal ; Brilliant Blue ; Dodecyl-l-pyroglutamate ; Insulin ; Laurocapram ; N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone ; Permeability, enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The study reports on penetration enhancers used to improve drug absorption through the skin. All experiments were carried out in permeation cellsin vitro. Insulin (2.5 mg/ml) and Brilliant Blue (50.0 mg/ml) served as model drugs. They were formulated into a 40% solution of propylene glycol with increasing concentrations ofN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (0.0 to 20.0%), dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (laurocapram) and a new compound dodecyl-l-pyroglutamate (DLP; 0.0 to 0.5%). The maximum amount of insulin permeated within 24 h was almost 200 μU/ml in the case of 0.1% laurocapram, while in the case of 0.1% DLP it was approximately half of that. The optimum concentration of NMP was 12.0%. Experiments performed with Brilliant Blue showed no significant difference among formulations containing either 6.0, 12.0 or 20.0% of NMP. When NMP was omitted, flux, permeability as well as the maximum concentration estimated after 26 h reached 50% of the values obtained with NMP. The lag time was twice as long in this case in comparison with the formulations containing NMP.
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  • 28
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    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Equipment and supplies ; Infusions, parenteral ; Insulin ; Polyethylenes ; Polyvinylchloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison between human and porcine insulins with regard to their adsorption to administration sets was performed. A125I-mono(A14)-iodinated insulin was used to follow the adsorption phenomenon over time and the adsorption was quantified with radioimmunoassays of unlabelled insulin. The obtained data were similar for both methods. No relevant difference in adsorption was found between human and porcine insulin. Both insulins showed a significantly more pronounced initial drop in delivered insulin when polyethylene tubing was used. After 3 h a steady state was reached, resulting in the administration of a more predictable dose. Particularly in the initial phase an important reduction in the amount of both insulins actually delivered to the patient was observed when compared to the expected amount as calculated from the concentration present in the container and the infusion rate. Therefore, the mainstay in treatment of a patient with ketoacidosis remains frequent serum glucose measurement and making appropriate infusion rate adjustments on that basis.
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  • 29
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    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 1119-1124 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Insulin ; astroglia ; cultures ; GABA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Astroglial cultures from newborn mouse cerebral cortex contain [125I]insulin binding sites. Binding was specific reversible, time dependent and reached equilibrium after 45 min. Insulin analogues compete for this [125I]Insulin binding. Incubation of cerebral cortex astroglial cultures with insulin induced a time-and dose-dependent inhibition of the [3H]GABA high affinity uptake. A decrease in theV max rather than, an effect on theK m was observed. This effect was dose-dependent and effective at 10−10 M. Autoradiographic observations on the cell monolayer showed the presence of two groups of cells: one which strongly takes up [3H]GABA and consist in smaller GFAP positive process-bearing cells and another group of much flatter and larger GFAP positive cells which uptake was lower. The smaller stellate cells were apparently the most sensitive to insulin effect. These results: 1) confirm the presence of insulin binding sites on astroglial primary cultures, 2) show an effect of insulin of [3H]GABA high affinity uptake of these cells; this effect being optimal on a stellate-like population of astrocytes, and 3) indicate, that insulin may interfere in neuromodulation through astroglial signals.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Insulin ; receptors ; brain ; cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence and specificity of insulin receptors was investigated in cultured cells obtained from 15–16 days old embryonic mouse cerebra. Developmental studies suggested that the maximum insulin binding occurred at about 11 days in vitro (DIV). Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed two types of binding sites. One type of receptor was the high affinity type (K d=7.77×10−9 M; number of receptor sites,B max=350 fmol/mg protein) while the other type was of low affinity type (K d=5.75×10−8 M;B max=1150 fmol/mg protein). The specificity of receptors for insulin was also confirmed by showing that [125I]insulin was displaced by non-radioactive insulin but not by glucagon or growth hormone. Insulin displayed a clear dose-dependent stimulation of thymidine incorporation. It also stimulated the activity of the enzyme 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNPase), which is specifically associated with myelin produced from oligodendroglia. Thus insulin has a positive influence on the proliferation and differentiation of brain cells.
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  • 31
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    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 887-892 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Insulin ; streptozotocin ; diabetes ; noradrenaline ; dopamine ; p-tyrosine ; hypothalamus ; olfactory tubercles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A single intracardial injection of streptozotocin produced a significant increase in rat hypothalamic noradrenaline while no changes were observed in the olfactory tubercles. The parenteral administration of a single dose of insulin decreased rat hypothalamic noradrenaline; the effect had a rapid onset and lasted for at least six hours. Similar noradrenaline reductions were observed in the olfactory tubercles but in this tissue the depletion started later and recovered earlier. In addition, in olfactory tubercles after insulin injection, tyrosine level and dopamine metabolism were increased. The results show that the increases in hypothalamic NA observed in streptozotocin diabetic rats are counteracted by insulin administration and possibly the consequence of changes in noradrenaline turnover.
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  • 32
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    Clinical rheumatology 7 (1988), S. 24-27 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Indomethacin ; Rabbits ; Liver ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Indomethacin was parenterally administered (6 mg/Kg/day) for 30 days to rabbits, to evaluate changes in serum biochemical parameters and any ultrastructural alterations induced by the drug at the hepatic level. An analysis of the results demonstrated that when the group of rabbits treated with indomethacin was compared to a control group of healthy non-treated rabbits, a statistically significant increase in the serum ALT was found in the treated rabbits. Ultrastructural observations showed the following hepatocyte alterations: 1) minimum mitochondrial alterations 2) mild signs of cholestasis (pericanalicular osmophilic bodies) 3) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum hyperplasia. These findings suggest that indomethacin has the capacity to induce hepatic lesions in the rabbit and this is probably due to the surfactant mechanism.
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  • 33
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    Journal of anesthesia 1 (1987), S. 82-87 
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Blood glucose ; Glucose loading ; Insulin ; Epidural anesthesia ; Upper abdominal surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH) and cyclic-AMP (C-AMP) were measured in 14 patients undergoing partial gastrectomy under 5 g/hr glucose loading. Seven patients received general anesthesia (GOF; Group G) and the other seven, GO + epidural anesthesia (analgesia Th4–L1; Group E). Blood glucose increased in both groups, although it remained consistently lower in Group E than in Group G. Serum IRI and IRI/glucose ratio appeared consistently higher in Group E than in Group G and a significant difference was found between the two groups at the early period of surgery. The changes in plasma glucagon and GH were found independent of those in glucose. Cyclic-AMP was also consistently higher in Group G than in Group E and a significant difference was observed at the end of anesthesia. These results suggest that epidural anesthesia with 5 g/hr glucose loading may facilitate insulin release from the islet and peripheral blood uptake particularly during the early period of surgery while many other factors such as GH, cortisol and vagal stimulation seemed to be involved in the later period of surgery. (Ogata M et al.: Clinical study of glucose metabolism during partial gastrectomy; comparison between epidural and general anesthesia. J Anesth 1: 82–87, 1987)
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  • 34
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    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Insulin ; Omeprazole ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of a 4-week treatment with the substituted benzimidazole omeprazole (20 mg daily) or placebo on gastric endocrine function was tested in healthy male volunteers. Compared with placebo-treated subjects basal serum gastrin levels were slightly but significantly increased after treatment with omeprazole from 10 to 22 pg/ml (medians;P〈0.05) but returned to pretreatment values after 2 weeks recovery (9 pg/ml). Antral gastrin tissue concentration increased and was still elevated after recovery; however, antral gastrin concentrations also increased in placebo controls, and increments immediately after cessation of omeprazole treatment (2.58 µg/g; median) were not significantly over control values (1.92 µg/g;P〉0.1). Postprandial gastrin release, basal and food-stimulated insulin release, antral somatostatin concentration, and volume densities of antral G and D cells were unaffected. It is concluded that, due to incomplete inhibition of gastric acid secretion at the omeprazole dose studied, only slight effects on the endocrine stomach are to be expected after 4 weeks of administration of omeprazole.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; blood pressure ; obesity ; healthy man ; oral glucose tolerance test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, we have measured plasma insulin at fasting and following an oral glucose load and blood pressure after glucose load in 367 (247 non-obese, 120 obese) normotensive and untreated mildly hypertensive subjects. Overall, there was no independent association between fasting plasma insulin levels and blood pressure values. After controlling for age and body weight, a significant relationship between postglucose plasma insulin levels and diastolic blood pressure was found. When non-obese and obese subjects were examined separately, significant relationships were identified between postglucose plasma insulin levels and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values in the former but not in the latter. A comparison of sex-, age-, and weight-matched hyperinsulinaemic vs normoinsulinaemic subjects showed that the former had significantly higher values of blood pressure only if not obese. These results demonstrate that the plasma insulin response to glucose is independently correlated with blood pressure.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; despentapeptide insulin ; deshexapeptide insulin ; negative cooperativity ; insulin demerisation ; lipogenesis ; insulin binding ; insulin metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The C-terminus of the insulin B chain is essential for dimerisation and expression of negative cooperativity. In order to evaluate the possible physiological role of these phenomena, we have studied the properties in vivo and in vitro of despentapeptide insulin (B 26–30 deleted), derived from beef insulin, and deshexapeptide insulin (B25–30 deleted), derived from pork insulin. These materials do not dimerise and have 15% and 0% retention of negative cooperativity respectively. Lipogenesis potencies in rat adipocytes were: despentapeptide insulin 19.9±0.3%; deshexapeptide insulin 19.9±1.5%. Binding potencies in adipocytes were: despentapeptide insulin 22.6±7.8%; deshexapeptide insulin 13.2±3.3%. Metabolic clearance rates were reduced compared to insulin (insulin = 19.1±0.9; despentapeptide insulin = 9.7±0.8; deshexapeptide insulin = 6.4±0.6ml·min−1·kg−1 at plasma concentration 0.5 nmol/l). Hypoglycaemic potencies were reduced for both analogues (40% and 30%) when calculated on the basis of plasma concentration although both analogues and insulin were equally effective at lowering plasma glucose concentration in equimolar doses. Plasma half-disappearance time was prolonged (despentapeptide insulin=7.3±0.5; deshexapeptide insulin=9.1±0.2 min). Both analogues were full agonists and conformed to the general relationship between in vitro and in vivo properties seen with a wide range of modified insulins. They resemble other analogues with modifications which reduce receptor affinity without impairing dimerisation or negative cooperativity. The results do not support a physiological role for dimerisation or negative cooperativity.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; crinophagy ; insulin crystals ; degradation ; lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is thought to be chemically stabilized within β-granules in the crystal form. The other major products of the β-granule, proinsulin and C-peptide, by contrast, are not thought able to crystallize. The physico-chemical properties of peptides in soluble or crystalline form are dramatically different. The ability of insulin to crystallize in the β-granule might thus explain why this peptide, but not proinsulin/Cpeptide, remains stable even after its introduction into lysosomes as occurs during granulolysis (crinophagy). We have now studied this by exposing proinsulin or insulin to lysosomal proteases in vitro. 125I-insulin in soluble form was found to be degraded at the same rate as 125I-proinsulin. Strikingly, however, when the labelled insulin was crystallized, its rate of degradation was decreased from 1.9 to 0.2 pmol/min. We take these data as confirmation that the insulin crystal is resistant to degradation, thereby possibly accounting for (a) the presence of insulin immunoreactivity within multigranular bodies, and (b) the unusually slow rate of degradation of insulin within B cells compared with that of other hormones in their cells of origin.
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  • 38
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    Diabetologia 30 (1987), S. 310-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; platelet aggregation ; euglycaemic clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of serum insulin independent of the level of blood glucose in vivo on platelet aggregation in healthy individuals, a euglycaemic insulin clamp was applied up to 4 h. During the clamp, blood glucose at 5.0 mmol/l and insulin levels at 100 μU/ml were maintained. Blood samples were drawn before, 2 and 4 h after the start of the insulin clamp. The platelet aggregation induced by 1 μmol/l and 2 μmol/l ADP, 1 μg/ml collagen and 2.7 μmol/l epinephrine was measured in the blood samples. Platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen and epinephrine in the 4 h sample was significantly reduced from the pre-clamp value of 8.4% to 3.9% (p〈0.05), 26.2% to 7.0% (p〈0.01) and 31.8% to 9.1% (p〈0.01), respectively. On the other hand, when the same individuals were infused with physiological saline and blood glucose (4.4 mmol/l) and insulin level (10 mIU/l) were kept within normal values, there was no difference between the values of induced platelet aggregation in samples drawn before and during the insulin infusion. It was concluded that hyperinsulinaemia reduces platelet aggregation in vivo when euglycaemia was maintained.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mutant ; familial ; gene ; high performance liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe a family from Japan displaying the mutant insulin syndrome with hyperinsulinaemia and an increased insulin: C-peptide molar ratio. Serum insulin isolated from several family members showed reduced in vitro biological activity, and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography revealed a peak co-eluting with human insulin and a second species of increased hydrophobicity co-migrating with the previously reported Insulin Wakayama. The insulin genes from the propositus were cloned and sequenced, revealing one normal allele; the second allele, encoding a leucine for valine amino acid substitution at position 3 of the insulin A chain, was similar to that previously described for Insulin Wakayama. Synthesized [LeuA3] insulin showed 0.14% of receptor binding activity on rat adipocytes and a 10-fold prolonged half-life in a somatostatin-infused dog compared with human insulin. The finding of the same mutant gene in two unrelated Japanese families suggests that Insulin Wakayama may be discovered in additional Japanese families with hyperinsulinaemia and/or diabetes.
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  • 40
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insulin ; Diapause termination ; Pieris brassicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Due to its close structural homology with the 4K prothoracicotropic hormone isolated from Bombyx mori, we tested the ability of vertebrate insulin to break pupal diapause in a Lepidopteran, Pieris brassicae. Injection of 5μg of bovine insulin in diapausing pupae led to diapause termination and synchronous adult eclosion; the effect of insulin was dose-dependent. Bovine insulin-A chain and B chain injected separately failed to show any biological activity suggesting that the intact structure of the molecule is required. Bovine insulin also promoted adult development of decapitated diapausing animals. We show that insulin triggers a reactivation of the neuroendocrine system leading to a neosynthesis of ecdysone beginning 6 days after treatment. This neosynthesis also occurred in beheaded animals suggesting that insulin stimulates the prothoracic glands without acting via the brain.
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  • 41
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    Diabetologia 30 (1987), S. 394-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; C-peptide ; radio-immunoassay ; haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Venous blood was taken at the end of a glucose infusion test in 19 individuals and divided into four aliquots, 3 of which were variably haemolysed by repeated passage through a 23-gauge needle to simulate traumatic venepuncture. Plasma insulin (measured by both a charcoal separation and a double-antibody method), C-peptide, and haemoglobin were measured in each aliquot, and haemolysis was also assessed visibly. A significant loss of immuno-assayable plasma insulin was found in samples with only a trace of visible haemolysis, with up to 90% lost in severely haemolysed samples. Plasma C-peptide was unaffected by haemolysis. This represents an additional advantage for the use of plasma C-peptide in assessing insulin secretion.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus ; Ultradian growth hormone rhythm ; Insulin ; Body weight regulation ; Food intake ; Organismic set point
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weanling male rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats); sham-operated animals served as controls. At the end of a 39-day postoperative period DMNL rats were lighter and shorter than controls and also exhibited significant hyopophagia. Their efficiency of food utilization (weight gained for the amount of food eaten) was normal, however. Subsequent determination of plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin (IRI) levels every 15 min for 6-h periods from freely moving chronically cannulated rats showed no differences in pulsatile patterns and peaks of GH nor in plasma IRI levels between DMNL rats and controls. There was also no significant difference between mean 6-H GH and IRI concentrations between the two groups. The reduced body weight, length and food intake are apparently unrelated to the normal GH and IRI secretory patterns. In conjunction with previous data indicating normal somatomedin activity and normal responses to various homeostatic challenges, the data make a strong case for the argument that DMNL rats are not “growth-retarded”. Rather, they are normal animals that are “scaled-down” to a smaller size with maintenance of normal homeostatic capacity. This has been hypothesized to be due to the existence in these animals of an “organismic” set point.
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  • 43
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    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opioid receptors ; Diabetes ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Naloxone ; Streptozotocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of opioid receptors in diabetes and hyperglycemia-induced analgesia was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals maintained under controlled environmental conditions were used in all studies. Pain latency was determined by the hot plate test (55° C) and analgesy-meter force method. The results of these studies indicate that streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals have a significantly higher pain threshold (P〈0.01) than the control groups. The pain threshold was found to be diurnally controlled with a peak at the beginning of the light phase (1000 hours) and a trough at the end of the dark phase (0800 hours). Diabetes-induced analgesia was found to be reversed by both acute or chronic insulin administration. In another study, glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats were found to have a significantly higher pain threshold (P〈0.01) than control animals, with a peak occurring at the beginning of the dark phase (2000 hours), and a trough at the begining of the light phase (0800 hours). The administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg) reversed the hyperglycemia and diabetic-induced analgesia. The results of these studies might indicate that analgesia found in diabetic or hyperglycemic animals may be related to the endogenous opioid system.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Insulin ; conformers ; molecular dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Insulin crystallizes in different forms, some of which show different conformations for the different molecules in the asymmetric unit. This observation leads to the question as to which conformation the molecule will adopt in solution. Molecular dynamics computer simulations of rhombohedral 2 Zn pig insulin have been carried out for both monomers (1 and 2) independently in order to study their behaviour in the absence of quaternary structure and crystal packing forces. These preliminary 120 ps simulations suggest that both monomers converge in solution to very similar conformations which differ from the X-ray structures of both monomer 1 and 2 (Chinese nomenclature), but are closer to the former, as has previously been suggested by an analysis of the crystal packing (Chothia et al. 1983) and by energy minimization (Wodak et al. 1984). The secondary structure of the molecules is basically preserved, as expected. A detailed description of the conformational changes is given.
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  • 45
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    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Prenatal growth ; Nutrition ; Insulin ; Placental lactogen ; Tissue growth factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evidence reviewed here shows that the endocrinology of fetal growth is very different from that operating postnatally. Pituitary hormones play little part in stimulating growth of the lean body mass or skeleton although growth hormone (GH) may be involved, in some as yet ill defined way in the ontogeny of the fetal pancreatic islet and insulin secretion. Insulin is important because it stimulates fetal cellular anabolism but acts in a permissive manner: with too little insulin growth is inhibited, with too much growth proceeds at a genetically predetermined rate. Placental lactogen (PL), or other peptides within the GH/PL family, may act as a true growth-promoting hormone in the fetus; it stimulates both cellular metabolism and mitosis. The part played by endocrine control mechanisms in the fetus is set in context by an appreciation of the importance of locally acting tissue growth factors, and in particular the somatomedins. Their part in fetal growth control is intimately bound up with the plane of nutrition experienced by the fetus. It is concluded that the simplest analysis that makes biological sense involves a consideration of hormones, tissue growth factors and nutrition, not hierarchically but as mutually interacting variables.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Heart ; Myocyte ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Catecholimines ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of insulin, forskolin, isoproterenol, and epinephrine on 3-O-methylglucose (hexose) transport and cell cyclic AMP levels were determined in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Insulin stimulated hexose transport in these cells an average of 2.5-fold. Initial hexose transport rates at 1 mM hexose were 3.75×10−2 nmol/mg cell protein/second in the absence of insulin, and 8.25×10−2 nmol/mg cell protein/second in the presence of 12.3 μM insulin. Forskolin at 5 μM nearly abolished hexose transport within 3 s of exposure, but did not increase cell cyclic AMP concentrations within 9 s. The apparentK i for hexose transport inhibition was about 0.3 μM forskolin. Epinephrine and isoproterenol at 50 μM increased cell cyclic AMP 4-fold during 9 s exposure, but did not affect hexose transport. Treatment of cells with these catecholamines of forskolin for up to 99 s increased cell cyclic AMP, but only forskolin inhibited hexose transport. We coclude from these results that forskolin acts on hexose transport independent of its action on adenyl cyclase, and that cyclic AMP does not inhibit or stimulate hexose transport.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anglerfish islet ; Oxytocin ; Insulin ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent reports indicate that oxytocin exerts direct effects on the release of insulin and glucagon from the endocrine pancreas of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oxytocin-like immunoreactivity is present in the anglerfish islet, and if it is associated with subsets of hormone-producing cells. Antisera against oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide were applied to serial 5 μm sections of pancreatic islets. The antiserum to the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide labeled nerve bundles and axons, some of which were also stained with the oxytocin antiserum. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was observed in large nerves that branched into varicose fibers. These fibers were consistently associated only with clusters of insulin-producing cells. Successive application of oxytocin and insulin antisera to the same section provided additional verification of this relationship. Oxytocin-labeled nerves were not associated with cells immunoreactive to glucagon, somatostatin, or neuropeptide Y (anglerfish peptide Yg). The results demonstrate that oxytocin or an oxytocin-like peptide is located in fibers that surround only insulin-producing cells in the anglerfish islet. Although the functional significance of this observation remains to be determined, the results imply that oxytocin, or an oxytocin-like peptide, may affect the synthesis or release of insulin from anglerfish islets.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: TRH ; Insulin ; Pancreas ; Streptozotocin ; Regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin treatment at birth induces, in the pancreas of rats, first depletion of insulin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and then early regeneration ofβ cells and insulin, but not TRH. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the reduction in pancreatic TRH content can be associated with changes in the intensity and the distribution of TRH-immunoreactivity, and to follow the pattern of regeneration ofβ cells through insulin- and TRH-immunoreactivity. In control animals, strong TRH-immunoreactivity was seen in insulin-containing cells on days 1–4 after birth. At day 7, the TRH-immunoreactivity was already decreased. In contrast, insulin-immunoreactivity was present throughout the neonatal period. A sparse population of cells near ducts also contained both TRH- and insulin-immunoreactivity at 1–2 days age. In streptozotocin-treated animals, TRH-immunoreactivity is found only in a few scattered insulin-containing cells in altered islets on days 1–4. Near the ducts, there were new insulin-containing cells which did not contain TRH. From day 7 regeneration of endocrine cells was characterized by new, typical islets, but these contained insulin-, but not TRH-immunoreactivity. These findings suggest a differential control of the biosynthesis of insulin and TRH within the pancreas.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islets of Langerhans ; S-100 protein ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neuro-insular complex ; Monkey, Macaca irus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated by immunocytochemical procedures in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the monkey Macaca irus. By use of antibodies against human S-100 protein or bovine S-100 protein, these cells were observed in all islets in the head and tail portions of the pancreas. Immunostained cells were usually located in the center of the islets or sometimes found in a more widely distributed form, but they were never arranged in a regular concentric fashion. The number of immunoreactive cells varied from one islet to another but it was relatively limited making up only 0.75%–6.3% of all insular cells. With the use of the double-immunoenzymatic procedure for demonstration of the four main endocrine cell types (insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-and pancreatic polypeptide producing elements), it was possible to establish that S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells represent a distinct cell type. Antibodies against S-100 protein-stained neuroinsular complexes. The present findings speak in favor of a new cell type to be added to the large variety of S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells outside the central nervous system.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Supramaximal exercise ; Diet ; Blood glucose ; Insulin ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of supramaximal exercise on blood glucose, insulin, and catecholamine responses were examined in 7 healthy male physical education students (mean±SD: age=21±1.2 years; $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ =54±6 ml · kg−1 · min−1) in response to the following three dietary conditions: 1) a normal mixed diet (N); 2) a 24-h low carbohydrate (CHO) diet intended to reduce liver glycogen content (D1); and 3) a 24-h low CHO diet preceded by a leg muscle CHO overloading protocol intended to reduce hepatic glycogen content with increased muscle glycogen store (D2). Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer at an exercise intensity of 130% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ for 90 s. Irrespective of the dietary manipulation, supramaximal exercise was associated with a similar significant (p〈0.01) increase in the exercise and recovery plasma glucose values. The increase in blood glucose levels was accompanied by a similar increase in insulin concentrations in all three groups despite lower resting insulin levels in conditions D1 and D2. Lactate concentrations were higher during the early phase of the recovery period in the D2 as compared to the N condition. At cessation of exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine were greatly elevated in all three conditions. These results indicate that the increase in plasma glucose and insulin associated with very high intensity exercise, persists in spite of dietary manipulations intended to reduce liver glycogen content or increase muscle glycogen store. These data suggest that the blood glucose increase following supramaximal exercise is most likely related to hepatic glycogenolysis in spite of a substantial decrease in liver glycogen content.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chromatography ; Drug stability ; Gamma rays ; Insulin ; Sterilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified insulin preparations of bovine and porcine origin, were subjected to gamma-irradiation with doses ranging from 1.0 up to 25 kGy (0.1–2.5 Mrad) at 0
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  • 53
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Insulin ; 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Capsaicin ; Glucoreceptors ; Adrenaline ; Blood glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of insulin and of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) on adrenaline secretion was compared in rats pretreated as neonates with capsaicin and in rats pretreated with the drug-vehicle. 2. Capsaicin-pretreatment did not inhibit the fall in blood glucose concentrations induced by insulin or by fasting, nor did it affect the increase in blood glucose concentrations in response to 2-DG or restraint stress. 3. Capsaicin greatly reduced the rise in urinary adrenaline excretion over 24 h and the fall in the adrenaline content of the adrenal glands normally induced by insulin. 4. In contrast, capsaicin-pretreatment did not interfere with the rise in the adrenaline excretion and the fall in the adrenaline content of the adrenal glands normally induced by 2-DG. 5. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia as well as intracellular glucopenia in the brain caused by 2-DG activate hypothalamic centres which stimulate the nervous input to the adrenal medulla and adrenaline secretion. The fact that capsaicin interfered only with the adrenal effect of insulin suggests the involvement of afferent C-fibres in this insulin effect. 6. Injection into the hepatic portal vein of a C-fibre stimulating dose of capsaicin increased arterial glucose concentrations in vehicle-pretreated rats but not in capsaicin-pretreated rats. The response was significantly diminished after bilateral vagotomy. 7. From the present results it is concluded that glucose receptors in the hepatic portal vein transmit signals via afferent, capsaicin sensitive C-fibres to the brain and that activation of this pathway is essential for the increase in adrenaline secretion elicited by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Type II diabetics ; Treatment of late failure with oral drugs ; Insulin ; Glibenclamide ; Combination treatment ; C-Peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study eight type II diabetics (three men, five women), of whom six were at the point of late failure to oral treatment, were given an insulin infusion of 22 U human insulin/patient for 45 min (∼7 mU/kg × min); 30 min before infusion either glibenclamide (1 tablet Euglucon N) or placebo was administered. Glucose in venous blood, C-peptide, insulin, and glibenclamide concentrations in the blood plasma were simultaneously determined over a period of 210 min. The monitoring of glucose was handled using a Biostator. The insulin level reached a mean maximum of 400 to 500 µU/ml and was in a behavior of 100 µU/ml for 60 min. The areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) were practically identical in the two regimes. The blood glucose fell (in mean) from 260 mg/dl to 135 mg/dl and at the end of the experiment was in the range of 155 mg/dl. The glibenclamide concentrations reached maximal concentrations of 185 ng/ml 90 min after administration. The C-peptide concentrations fell in the placebo phase by more than 40%. In contrast, in the glibenclamide period there was at first a slight rise and later a slight marginal fall (initial, 2.0 ng/ml vs 1.9 ng/ml; 60 min, 1.3 ng/ml vs 1.8 ng/ml; 180 min, 1.2 ng/ml vs 1.8 ng/ml). Values after 90, 120, and 180 min were statistically different. The AUCs (0–180 min) were different (329 ng × min/ml vs 251 ng × min/ml). The inhibition of insulin secretion (measured by C-peptide) caused by exogenous insulin administration is largely abolished by glibenclamide. This mechanism could be a major cause for the reduction of the insulin requirement in type II diabetics that has been shown in numerous clinical studies during simultaneous treatment with glibenclamide.
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  • 55
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    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 1124-1130 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Insulin ; Glucagon ; Glucose ; Hemodialysis ; Nifedipine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate long-term effects of nifedipine on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, 15 hypertensive patients undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment were investigated before nifedipine therapy, after 3 and 9 weeks, and 2 weeks after stopping nifedipine therapy. Three weeks following the administration of nifedipine, both glucose and insulin concentrations decreased significantly from 102.1±2.6 to 94.9±2.2 mg/dl and from 19.9±2.9 to 13.9±1.7 µU/ml and also remained significantly lower after 9 weeks of nifedipine therapy. This effect was paralleled by a fall of noradrenaline and dopamine. Glucagon levels remained constant. Glucose tolerance tests performed during nifedipine medication and 2 weeks after stopping of nifedipine therapy did not differ significantly. An increase of pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates, and ketone bodies — but not of lactate — was registered during nifedipine medication. The observed effects were not completely abolished after the 2-week placebo phase. Our data indicate that nifedipine lowers serum glucose values despite decreased insulin and constant glucagon levels in hypertensive hemodialyzed patients. Considering additionally the behavior of catecholamines and organic acids, the effects could be explained by the improvement of peripheral glucose utilization.
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  • 56
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    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Acute hepatic failure ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Glucagon-like peptides ; Blood-brain barrier ; Thalamus-hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin contents in the thalamus-hypothalamus were significantly increased in acute hepatic failure dogs treated with dimethylnitrosamine. Glucagon immunoreactivity (GI) contents also tended to increase in the same portion of the brain. However, insulin and GI contents in the cerebral cortex and midbrain did not rise. Glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) contents were much higher than GI in all the brain regions tested, but the levels were not significantly altered in hepatic failure dogs. A simultaneous infusion of insulin and glucagon to hepatic failure dogs failed to produce an elevation of insulin, GI and GLI contents even in the thalamus-hypothalamus.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; noradrenaline ; isoprenaline ; bicyclic cascade system ; HMG CoA reductase ; ACAT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was concerned with the effect of insulin and catecholamines on the rate limiting enzymes of cholesterol metabolism in rat hepatocytes. Insulin was found to increase the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and to have no effect on the activity of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol-o-acyltransferase. Noradrenaline and isoprenaline increased the activities of both 3-hydroxy3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol-o-acyltransferase. The effect of noradrenaline or isoprenaline in the presence of insulin was that of a lower stimulatory response on 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase but comparable to that found with either catecholamine alone. The combination of either catecholamine with insulin had no effect on the activity of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol-o-acyltransferase. These observations suggest that the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol-o-acyltransferase are regulated independently by insulin in the presence or absence of catecholamines. By contrast, catecholamines appear to regulate both enzyme activities in a similar fashion.
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  • 58
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 58-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets ; ethanol ; adrenergic receptors ; cyclic AMP ; theophylline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was done to delineate the role of α- and β-adrenergic receptors and cyclic AMP in the mechanism of ethanol effects on insulin release from isolated islets. Rats were given an α-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine, or a β-adrenergic blocker, propranolol. In addition, ethanol 1 g/kg was given intragastrically 1 h prior to sacrifice. Glucose mediated insulin release from isolated islets was enhanced by phentolamine and decreased by propranolol. Ethanol treatment inhibited glucose-induced insulin release from isolated islets of control rats as well as those given phentolamine and/or propranolol. Insulin release from isolated islets in response to dibutyryl-cyclic AMP was attenuated by ethanol. Theophylline enhanced glucose mediated insulin release from control islets but ethanol treatment produced a significant inhibition of insulin response. The data suggest that the site of action of the deleterious effects of ethanol on insulin release from isolated islets in rat does not involve adrenergic system and cyclic AMP.
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  • 59
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    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Child ; Juvenile diabetes mellitus ; Insulin ; Drug dose response relationship ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The magnitude of the disturbance of metabolic control in diabetes mellitus in very young children has been recognised, but seldom studied. Limitations to studies are set by the difficulty of obtaining control data and until recently the lack of alternative therapies. Recently “mini” pumps for continuous subcutaneous insulin delivery have become available and may offer an alternative therapeutic possibility. The present investigation has been undertaken to collect overnight metabolic data of very young diabetic children (〈6 years) controlled by standard injection therapy. During one admission to hospital frequent blood samples were collected for free insulin, glucose, alanine, lactate, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate determinations. In all children (n=9) the profiles showed a steep rise in glucose from 04.30h (6.2±1.3 mmol/l) to 09.30h (17.8±2.4 mmol/l) (the so-called “dawn-phenomenon”). The nature of the changes in the intermediary metabolites suggested that rise in blood glucose was caused by insufficient insulin. We have attempted to explore the time relationship between the overnight drop in free insulin levels and the rises in blood glucose by a distribution-free statistical analysis, correlating successive changes in time between the two profiles. The analysis suggested a delay of 2–6 h between free insulin levels and their effects. In conclusion: a clear “dawn phenomenon” is seen in very young diabetic children, and contributes to their poor glycaemic control. More stable and higher insulin concentrations in the early morning, obtained perhaps by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, might ameliorate the overall glycaemic control in the very young diabetic child.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neonatal hepatocytes ; Peptide mitogens ; Epidermal growth factor/Urogastrone ; Glucagon ; Insulin ; Cell proliferation ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated primary cultures of neonatal rat liver kept in high-calcium (1.8 mmol/l), foetal bovine serum (10%v/v)-containing minimal essential medium (FBSMEM), the absolute numbers of hepatocytes did not change between day 4 and day 9 because ongoing cell loss was counterbalanced by proliferation of a discrete sub-population of the cells. By contrast, the number of stromal cells increased linearly with time. Growth of hepatocytes and stromal cells was differently affected by the daily addition, between day 4 and day 8 of culture, of fresh medium to which peptide mitogen(s) in concentrations ranging from 10-14 to 10-8 mol/l had been added. Epidermal growth factor/urogastrone (EGF/URO) with or without equimolar mixtures of glucagon and insulin, induced first hyperplasia of hepatocytes and stromal cells and then apopotosis (degeneration and death) of the progeny of the stimulated cells. By contrast, equimolar mixtures of glucagon and insulin caused a progressive increase in the number of hepatocytes and stromal cells unbalanced by any increase in cell death. At subphysiological concentrations glucagon, in synergism with EGF/URO and/or some other unknown heat-stable component of serum, acted as a trophic factor for hepatocytes. By contrast, insulin alone did not enhance growth of hepatocytes, but rather blocked the mitogenic effects of EGF/URO. The three hormones exerted neither mitogenic nor apoptotic effects when administered in a low calcium (0.01 mmol/l) FBS-MEM medium. These results reveal that EGF/URO may control the size of cell populations in neonatal liver by calcium-dependent mechanisms that make it unlikely to be a promoter of hepatocyte tumours. They also show that glucagon acts as a positive trophic regulator for hepatocytes.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral neurosecretory structures ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; AKH ; Insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin, glucagon and adipokinetic hormone antisera were applied to the corpora cardiaca, perisympathetic organs, neurohemal areas and peripheral neurosecretory cells of three insect species, the locust Locusta migratoria, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, and the stick insect Carausius morosus. The neurohemal part of the corpora cardiaca was shown to be immunoreactive to both insulin and glucagon antisera while the glandular cells reacted to adipokinetic hormone antisera. The perisympathetic organs seem to be devoid of these three substances, but certain peripheral neurohemal areas contained AKH and glucagon immunoreactive products. The latter were found to originate in the peripheral neurosecretory cells.
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  • 62
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    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 236-239 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Aerobic exercise ; Equal oxygen uptake ; Growth hormone ; Lactate ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five normal men, aged 23 to 35 years, participated in two bouts of continuous aerobic cycling separated by five days. The first type of exercise (EI) was cycling at a pedalling frequency of 50 rev · min−1 with a load which produced a steady state O2 uptake of approximately 40% of the subjects' $$\dot V_{O_{_2 max} } $$ . The second type of exercise (EII) was cycling at a pedalling frequency of 90 rev · min−1 with a load such that an equal steady state $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ was reached and maintained. Both EI and EII lasted 40 min. GH levels increased in EI and EII, reaching their maximum at 8 min of recovery (245 and 300% of resting values, respectively). No significant differences were observed between EI and EII in GH, lactate, glucagon, insulin, cortisol and glucose levels between the two exercises. While it has been reported earlier that GH levels were frequently related to lactate levels and/or decreased O2 availability (Sutton 1977; Raynaud et al. 1981; Kozlowski et al. 1983; VanHelder et al. 1984a, b), this study suggests that the opposite is also valid, that is, different types of exercise of equal $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ , duration and lactate production do not produce significantly different GH responses.
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  • 63
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    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Intermediary metabolism ; Insulin ; Non-esterified fatty acids ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolic and hormonal response during squash was observed in eight normal men. Significant increases from resting were found for blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol while total ketone bodies and plasma nonesterified fatty acids rose after play stopped. Insulin and C-peptide decreased significantly and catecholamines, ACTH, prolactin and growth hormone increased.
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  • 64
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    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glucagon ; Hyperthermia ; Catecholamines ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma glucagon, adrenaline, noradrenaline, insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in 7 healthy young males during hyperthermia in a sauna bath: plasma glucagon levels increased from baseline values of 127.0±12.9 (SEM) pg · ml−1 to a maximum of 173.6±16.1 (SEM) pg · ml−1 at the 20th min of exposure. No change in plasma insulin and a slight increase in plasma glucose concentration were seen. Since a concomitant moderate increase in plasma catecholamine levels was also present, the adrenergic stimulus is believed to trigger glucagon release during hyperthermia. Diminished visceral blood flow, known to occur in sauna baths, may cause a decrease in the degradation of plasma glucagon and thus contribute to the elevated plasma glucagon levels.
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  • 65
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 14 (1986), S. 257-276 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Insulin ; Controlled release micropump ; Basal delivery ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model has been developed to describe the delivery of insulin from a controlled release micropump (CRM). Basal delivery was provided by diffusion due to a concentration difference driving force across the CRM. This was modelled by considering the CRM to be a series of one-dimensional steady-state diffusion resistances. This delivery model was used to size prototypes and identify the piston, foam and the pump outlet as the controlling resistances to basal insulin transport. Augmented delivery by the CRM was achieved by repeated compression of a foam disk by a mild steel piston which was driven by a solenoid (tested voltage range 0–173 V DC; 5 msec “on” time; frequency 20–40 min−1). The increased delivery was attributed to the combination of mixing inside the pump barrel and displacement of barrel contents into the downstream reservoir. This action was approximated by a three-compartment model, which considered the CRM to consist of a well-mixed upstream reservoir and pump barrel (with a downstream reservoir) separated by two resistances: a constant upstream membrane resistance, (KmAm)−1, and a variable downstream mixing rate resistance, (Qd)−1. A least squares fit of the model to experimental data showed Qd to increase with the cube of the force on the piston and linearly with the compression frequency. In agreement with experimental results, the model predicted the upstream membrane to be rate controlling only at augmented pump resistances close to the value (KmAm)−1. These models were used to design an improved prototype (VIII) which is now being evaluated in vivo in pancreatectomized dogs for its efficacy in restoring and sustaining normoglycemia.
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  • 66
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 4 (1986), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Keywords: Insulin ; peptide hormone receptor ; prostatic epithelial cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin receptors have been characterized in rat prostatic epithelial cells by using [125I]insulin and a variety of physicochemical conditions. The binding data at equilibrium (2h at 15°C) could be interpreted in terms of two populations of insulin receptors: a class of receptors with high affinity (Kd = 2·16 nM) and low binding capacity (28·0 fmol mg-1 protein), and another class of receptors with low affinity (Kd = 0·29 μM) and high binding capacity (1·43 pmol mg-1 protein). Proinsulin exhibited a 63-fold lower affinity than insulin for binding sites whereas unrelated peptides were ineffective. The specific binding of insulin increased by about 50 per cent after 96 h of fasting; this increase could be explained by an increase of both the number of the high affinity-low capacity sites and the affinity of the low affinity-high capacity sites. These results together with previous studies on insulin action at the prostatic level strongly suggest that insulin may exert a physiological role on the prostatic epithelium.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; free insulin assay ; insulin antibodies ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma insulin concentrations of insulin-treated diabetic patients must be measured after removal of insulin antibodies, usually by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Details of the procedure vary between laboratories; commonly, frozen plasma is thawed and incubated at 37 °C to restore a presumed equilibrium between free and antibody bound insulin before extraction. The present study was designed to investigate methodological factors that could affect the measured free insulin concentration. In normal subjects PEG extraction of globulins did not disturb measurement of insulin concentrations, whether carried out after incubation for 2 h at 37 °C, or storage at -20 °C, in either order. Freezing or incubation of PEG extracts of plasma from insulin-treated patients also failed to disturb the measured concentrations of free insulin. When plasma from patients was incubated for 2 h after storage, a marked scatter (51–272%) of measured results occurred when compared to bedside extraction. This problem was not overcome by buffering with HEPES or storage at a lower temperature (-40 °C). Incubation at 0 °C also severely disturbed the apparent concentrations. Incubation of plasma before extraction and freezing also disturbed the measured result, a problem not corrected by maintaining near physiological pH. Total insulin concentrations measured on acid extracts were not disturbed by any of these manoeuvres. The temperature of centrifugation of blood at the time of venepuncture did not influence the result. Furthermore, when insulin concentrations were rising or falling similar percentage changes were seen over a 30-min incubation of plasma before extraction on the day of venepuncture, suggesting that equilibrium between free and bound insulin is maintained in vivo. We suggest that, for accurate estimation of free insulin concentrations in insulin-treated diabetic patients, immediate centrifugation of blood and extraction of insulin antibodies is mandatory.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; myocardial contraction ; heart rate ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the acute effects of intravenous insulin on myocardial contractility and heart rate, echocardiography was performed in 12 healthy subjects and continuous heart rate recording in 11 healthy subjects before and during eugly-caemic insulin and glucose infusion. The rate of insulin infusion was 0.5–1.0 mU·kg−1·min−1. Serum insulin concentration was increased from 14.1±5.5 (mean±SD) to a plateau level of 91.3±22.8 mU/l. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, ejection phase indices and the heart rate remained at basal levels during the intervention. Thus moderate hyperinsulinaemia, induced by euglycaemic insulin and glucose infusion, has no inotropic or chronotropic effects in healthy supine subjects.
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  • 69
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    Diabetologia 28 (1985), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin resistance ; obesity ; exercise ; glucose metabolism ; glycogen synthase ; fructose 2–6 bisphosphate ; skeletal muscle ; goldthioglucose obese mice ; hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of work-induced hypertrophy (without any concomitant change in circulating parameters) on skeletal muscle metabolism was studied in lean mice and in goldthioglucose obese-mice. Soleus muscle was functionally overloaded in one leg by tenotomy of gastrocnemius muscle 4 days before muscle isolation, muscle in the other leg being used as control. Basal deoxyglucose uptake and glycolysis were markedly increased in overloaded muscles compared with control muscles, together with a ten-fold increase in fructose 2–6 bisphosphate content. In the presence of maximally effective insulin concentrations, deoxyglucose uptake and glycolysis were identical in overloaded and control muscles of lean mice, while the effects of overload and insulin were partly additive in muscles of goldthioglucose-obese mice. The sensitivity to insulin and insulin binding to muscles were not modified in overloaded muscles. Insulin-stimulated glycogenogenesis was decreased by about 50% probably due to a lower amount of glycogen synthase in overloaded than in control muscles. Thus, in muscles of goldthioglucose-obese mice work-induced hypertrophy increased the response to maximal insulin concentrations without modifying the altered insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin binding.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; insulin-like growth factors ; multiplication-stimulating activity ; insulin effects on growth ; embryogenesis ; chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The teratogenic effect of insulin in early vertebrate embryos is controversial and the mechanisms involved are unknown. We studied the effects of pharmacological doses of insulin in chick embryos during the period of differentiation. We compared the effects of insulin with two proinsulins, desoctapeptide-insulin and multiplication-stimulating activity, peptides that have little insulin-like metabolic activity while they have significant growth effects. Chick embryos at 46 h of development were injected with the different peptides. At 96 h the mortality and abnormal growth elicited by the peptides were dose-dependent. Considering the indices of lethality (LD50) and affected embryos (ED50) as 100% for insulin, proinsulin was 59–66% as potent as insulin, desoctapeptide-insulin 2–6% and multiplication-stimulating activity 176–204%. In the surviving embryos, insulin (5 μg, decreased DNA, RNA and protein content by 49%, 40% and 48% respectively compared with controls. The effects of insulin were not corrected by simultaneous glucose injections. These data suggest that insulin, at pharmacological doses, interferes with embryo development through a non-metabolic pathway, probably via a growth-type receptor.
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  • 71
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    Diabetologia 28 (1985), S. 458-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin stability ; insulin delivery systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exposure of insulin solutions to elevated temperatures for prolonged periods of time will inevitably lead to chemical modifications of the hormon. Contact with different materials in dosing devices, other design-related factors and motion appear to be chemically more detrimental than storage in glass vials at the same temperature. An in vitro test, designed to mimick the in vivo situation, consisted of delivery of insulin at 37 °C while the device was constantly moved on a shaking apparatus. Insulin quality was assessed using high performance liquid chromatography. A polyethylenepoly-propylene glycol-stabilized neutral human insulin solution (HOE 21 PH) was used. A single insulin derivative is the major modification product which, after passage of the complete infusion system, amounts to up to 10%. The biological potency of the derivative is indistinguishable from native insulin. Delivery of acidic insulin under implant conditions, leads to extensive and multiple insulin derivatization, even though the biological potency remains 95% after 4 weeks.
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  • 72
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    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Prostaglandins ; Brain ; Insulin ; 2-deoxy glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prostaglandin synthesis in the brain has been suggested as a component in the control mechanism of the cerebral circulation. During insulininduced hypoglycemia there is a significant increase in local cerebral blood flow in various brain regions, however, regional loss of autoregulation occurs under these conditions. In the present study the regional distribution of PGE2, TXB2 (the stable metabolite of thromboxane) and 6-keto-PGF1α (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin) was determined in rat brain following decapitation. Three groups of rats were treated with either saline, insulin or 2-deoxyglucose and their brains were rapidly removed one hour later. Samples from the cortex hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, nucleus accumbens and cerebellum were assayed by RIA for the content of PGE2, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α The levels of all three compounds in control rats were the lowest in the striatum and cerebellum, while in the cortex and hippocampus their levels were 4–6 times higher. Insulin had selective effect on the post decapitation levels of prostanoids. It increased PGE2 in the n. accumbens and TXB2 in the hippocampus, and reduced 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 in the cortex. 2-DG reduced all PGs in the cortex and 6-keto-PGF1α in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. The results demonstrate that discrete brain areas have a differential capacity to accumulate PGs following decapitation. This capacity is selectively affected by insulin and 2-DG.
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  • 73
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    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Growth hormone deficiency ; Obesity ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The daily excretion of C-peptide in the urine was measured in 105 healthy infants and children from birth to 14 years of age. For technical reasons no studies were performed from 1–3 years of age. The excretion of C-peptide showed a close positive correlation with age and weight. The relationship with weight was already apparent in the 1st days of life. The C-peptide/weight and the C-peptide/creatinine ratios were constant throughout most of childhood with the exception of the age range of 1 month-1 year when the C-peptide/creatinine was significantly higher. In obese children the C-peptide/weight and C-peptide/creatinine ratios were similar to those found in children with normal weight. In growth hormone deficiency these ratios were low and increased during the 1st week of growth hormone therapy. It is concluded that urinary C-peptide is a reliable indicator of integrated insulin production and gives new information about insulin secretion in various conditions.
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  • 74
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    Pflügers Archiv 405 (1985), S. S33 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sodium transport ; Epithelial transport ; Transport regulation ; Frog skin ; Oxytocin ; Ouabain ; Insulin ; Neurohypophysial hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Application of transepithelial square voltage pulses to the frog skin leads to responses in the transepithelial current and intracellular potential which include transient components. Determinations at 600 ms allow for meaningful estimates of basolateral membrane responses to transport modifiers. 2. Oxytocin produced a large and sustained increase in the amiloride-inhibitable short circuit current (I m) which was accompanied by a large increase of both apical and basolateral membrane conductance (g a andg b, respectively). WhileI m andg a increased nearly simultaneously,g b started to increase several minutes after the increase in the two other parameters. 3. Insulin also increasedI m,g a andg b. As with oxytocin, the increases inI m andg a often preceded the changes ing b. 4. Ouabain reducedI m andg a. The effects ofg b were more complex, since sometimes the inhibition ofI m was first accompanied by an increase followed by a decrease while in other instances only minor changes in conductance could be observed. 5. The currently available information regarding the control of cytoplasmic [Ca2+] and the effects of Ca2+ on cell membrane properties are used to construct a model in which changes in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] account for the observed behavior of the basolateral membrane.
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  • 75
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 328 (1985), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Hyper-responsiveness ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effect of chronic clonidine treatment on the response to glucose of rat pancreatic B-cells was investigated. Clonidine treatment was carried out for 10 days by dissolving the drug into drinking water at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. Control rats were given drug-free tap water. Serum insulin responses to glucose (750 mg/kg, i. v.) of clonidinetreated rats were much smaller than those of control rats. However, after 1 day's withdrawal of clonidine, the rise in the serum insulin level induced by glucose was approximately 2-fold larger in clonidine-treated rats as compared to that in control rats. Since clonidine treatment decreased body weight of the rat by 10%–20% in 10 days, the same experiments were carried out with rats whose body weight loss was made comparable to that of clonidine-treated rats by restricting food for 10 days. Then, some animals of the group thus treated had food-restriction discontinued for 1 day. In both of the above two groups, no increment in glucoseinduced rise in serum insulin level was observed. Islets of Langerhans isolated from clonidine-treated rats showed pronounced insulin releasing capacity in response to glucose. Insulin content per islet of the clonidine-treated rat was slightly larger than that of control rat. These results indicate that the enhancement of serum insulin response to glucose following clonidine treatment is mainly attributable to the hyper-responsiveness developed in the pancreatic B-cells.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 537-545 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mouse ; Pancreas, endocrine ; Insulin ; Acid phosphatase ; Lysosomes ; Crinophagy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relation between qualitative and quantitative glucose-dependent alterations of lysosomes in pancreatic islets and the function of the islets was studied. Isolated islets of the mouse were maintained in tissue culture for one week in either 28, 5.5 or 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Insulin biosynthesis, insulin secretion and insulin content of the cultured islets were determined. After culture, the islets were subjected to acid phosphatase cytochemistry and examined by electron microscopy and ultrastructural morphometry. Islets cultured in 28 mmol/l glucose both produced and secreted insulin rapidly. Such islets seemed, however, unable to maintain more than small amounts of granule-stored insulin. Islets cultured at the lower concentrations of glucose displayed a reduced insulin secretion, which apparently resulted in considerable amounts of intracellularly stored insulin. In all cultured islets different types of lysosomes, identified by their acid phosphatase reactivity, could be seen. Dense bodies, i.e., lysosomes characterized by a homogeneous, very fine, particulate content of high density, seemed to predominate at all concentrations of glucose. It is suggested that, in the islets, the dense bodies correspond morphologically to primary lysosomes. Other types of lysosomes with inclusions of various kinds, which were frequent at the two lower concentrations of glucose, may correspond to secondary lysosomes. Morphometry revealed differences between the size distributions of lysosomes in the three experimental groups. Thus, the average lysosomal size was inversely proportional to the concentration of glucose in the culture medium. However, the numerical density of lysosomes was greatest at the highest glucose concentration. The observation of secondary lysosomes, containing material resembling secretory granules, suggests that the increased size and lowered number of lysosomes in islets cultured at low glucose concentrations may depend on a crinophagic process. Such a process, together with insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion, may be of physiological importance for control of the secretory granule content within the pancreatic B-cell.
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  • 77
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    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 420-426 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glycemia ; Glucose infusion ; Diet ; Free fatty acids ; Insulin ; Exercise in humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extant literature dealing with metabolic and hormonal adaptations to exercise following carbohydrate (CHO) reduced diets is not sufficiently precise to allow researchers to partial out the effects of reduced blood glucose levels from other general effects produced by low CHO diets. In order to shed light on this issue, a study was conducted to examine the effects of a 24-h CHO-poor diet on substrate and endocrine responses during prolonged (75 min; 60% $$\dot V_{O_{2max} } $$ ) glucose-infused leg exercise. Eight subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer in the two following conditions: 1) after a normal diet (CHON), and 2) after a 24-h low CHO diet (CHOL). In both conditions, glucose was constantly infused intravenously (2.2 mg · kg−1 · min−1) from the 10th to the 75th min of exercise in relatively small amounts (10.4±0.8 g). No significant differences in blood glucose concentrations were found between the two conditions at rest and during exercise although a significant increase (p〈0.01) in glucose level was observed in both conditions after 40 min of exercise. The CHOL as compared to the CHON condition, was associated with significantly (p〈0.05) lower resting concentrations of insulin, muscle glycogen (8.7 vs 10.6 g · kg−1), and triacylglycerol, and greater concentrations of Β-hydroxybutyrate (0.5 vs 0.2 mmol · L−1), and free fatty acids. During exercise, the CHOL condition as compared to the CHON condition, was associated with significantly (p〈0.05) lower insulin and R values, as well as greater free fatty acid (from min 20 to 60) and epinephrine (min 60 to 75) concentrations. Norepinephrine and glucagon concentrations also showed a net tendency (p〈0.06) to be higher in the CHOL condition. There were no significant differences at rest and during exercise in blood lactate and cortisol concentrations between the two conditions. These results demonstrate that blood glucose is not the sole determinant of the metabolic and hormonal responses during prolonged exercise following a low CHO intake and indicate that other factors may be involved in the regulatory mechanism.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glucose storage ; Insulin ; Exercise-training ; Athletes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to evaluate the contribution of the exercise-induced increment in glucose storage to the increased insulin sensitivity characterizing endurance athletes. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in six endurance athletes. Glucose storage and lipid oxidation during this test were also determined using indirect calorimetry. These measurements were compared to those obtained in five non-trained subjects who were tested before and during the three days following a 90-min cycle ergometer exercise performed at 69% of their $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ . As expected, preexercise values of non-trained subjects revealed a much higher insulin response to glucose, and a lower glucose storage and lipid oxidation compared to results obtained in endurance trained individuals. Glucose tolerance was comparable in both groups. The morning following the exercise test, i. e. about 16 h after exercise, glucose storage was significantly increased in non-trained subjects to a level similar to that found in trained subjects. Surprisingly, this was accompanied by higher values of glucose during the OGTT without significant changes in insulinaemia. This impairment in glucose homeostasis was transitory since glucose tolerance had returned to control level on day 2 after exercise. At that time, the increase in glucose storage was less pronounced than in day 1. On day 3 after exercise, glucose and insulin responses to glucose were similar to preexercise values. These results indicate that the increase in glucose storage by acute exercise is not systematically associated with an improved glucose homeostasis, suggesting that other adaptive mechanisms also contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity in endurance athletes.
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  • 79
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    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Anaerobic ; Aerobic ; Cortisol ; Glucagon ; Insulin ; Lactate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five normal men, aged 20–30 years, participated in three types of exercise (I, II, III) of equal duration (20 min) and total external work output (120–180 kJ) separated by ten days of rest. Exercises consisted of seven sets of squats with barbells on the shoulders (I; Maximal Power Output $$\dot W$$ max=600−900 W), continuous cycling at 50 rev · min−1 (II; $$\dot W$$ max=100−150 W) and seven bouts of intermittent cycling at 70 rev · min−1 (III; $$\dot W$$ max=300−450 W). Plasma cortisol, glucagon and lactate increased significantly (P〈0.05) during the exercise and recovery periods of the anaerobic, intermittent exercise (I and III) but not in the continuous, aerobic exercise (II). No consistent significant changes were found in plasma glucose. Plasma insulin levels decreased only during exercise II. The highest increase in cortisol and glucagon was not associated with the highest $$\dot V_E $$ , $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ , $$\dot W$$ max or HR; however it was associated with the anaerobic component of exercise (lactic acid). It is suggested that in exercises of equal duration and total external work output, the continuous, aerobic exercise (II) led to lowest levels of glucogenic hormones.
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  • 80
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    Clinical rheumatology 4 (1985), S. 294-300 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Insulin ; Hyperostosis ; DISH ; New Bone Formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tendency of patients with DISH towards obesity or an adult onset of diabetes has been reflected in marked hyperinsulinaemia following glucose challenge. It is hypothesized that insulin at prolonged and high physiologic levels promotes new bone growth, particularly in the entheseal regions. These areas are also subject to various mechanical forces. The resulting new bone produces the radiological changes which characterise DISH.
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  • 81
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Techniques ; Safety ; Electron Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper is a condensation of precautions, general information, and common-sense tips designed to assist students in electron microscopy. Although not all circumstances are included and many of the recommendations are common sense, this handout has proven invaluable to beginners in two different multiuser electron microscopy facilities. When integrated by discussion and testing into the initial training period, this information will save the neophyte, lab manager, and others working in a multiuser facility untold hours of frustration, of wasted time, effort, and supplies, and of exposure to the myriad environmental hazards inherent in the performance of electron microscopy. The rationale for these suggestions is included, enhancing problem-solving in situations not covered directly in this presentation.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
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  • 85
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notes: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 86
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notes: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notes: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notes: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
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  • 90
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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  • 91
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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  • 92
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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  • 94
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 95
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
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  • 96
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Tay-Sachs Disease ; Brain Subcellular Localization ; Hale Stain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von kolloidalem Eisen mit Sialomucinen (Hale stain) wurde zur elektronenmikroskopischen Darstellung der neuraminsäurehaltigen Ganglioside in den subcellulären Fraktionen des Gehirns angewandt. Zunächst wurde mit Hilfe tritiummarkierter Ganglioside überprüft, ob bei der Gewinnung subzellulärer Fraktionen Ganglioside nicht unspezifisch subcellulär adsorbiert werden. Eine nennenswerte Adsorption konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Das Verfahren wurde zuerst auf die aus Meerschweinchengehirnen isolierten Fraktionen angewandt. Da Nervenendigungen, Mitochondrien und Synapsenbläschen Hale-positiv reagierten, dienten Enzyminkubationen mit Neuraminidase und Hyaluronidase zur Differenzierung von anderen Hale-positiven sauren Substanzen. Schließlich wurde die Methode auf die cytoplasmatischen multilamellären Körperchen (MCB) übertragen, die aus Gehirnen an Tay-Sachs'scher Krankheit Verstorbener isoliert wurden. Aus den Versuchen konnte abgeleitet werden, a) daß die Hale-Färbung auch Ganglioside anfärbt, b) daß Ganglioside auf der Oberfläche der Membran von den multilamellären Körperchen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch auf der Membran der Nervenendigungen lokalisiert sind, c) daß die Synapsenbläschen eine positive Reaktion ergeben, die jedoch nicht mit Sicherheit auf vorhandene Ganglioside zurückgeführt werden kann, d) daß die äußere Mitochondrienmembran Hale-positive Substanzen enthält, deren Natur unbekannt ist.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of colloidal ferric oxide with sialomucins (Hale stain) was applied to sialic acid-containing gangliosides in subcellular fractions of the brain, in order to investigate their localization by electron microscopy. Prior to all experiments, a check was made, by means of tritium-labeled ganglioside, to confirm that the ganglioside content in the subcellular particles was not the result of an unspecific adsorption during the isolating procedure. No considerable unspecific adsorption could be registered. Hale stain was first applied to subcellular fractions obtained from guinea-pig brains. Since nerve-endings, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles gave a positive staining reaction, incubations with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were carried out in order to achieve a differentiation. Finally, the method was applied to the membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) which were isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease. It was concluded that: a) Hale stain stains gangliosides also, b) gangliosides are localized in the membrane of membranous cytoplasmic bodies and also very probably in the membrane of nerve-endings, c) synaptic vesicles give a Hale-positive reaction which cannot with certainty be attributed to gangliosides, d) the outer membrane of mitochondria contains Hale-positive substances, the nature of which is not known.
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  • 97
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Sodium Azide ; Electron Microscopy ; Ferritin ; Capillary Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle histotoxische Hypoxämie wurde in Ratten durch Natriumacid-Vergiftung erzeugt. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hirne ergab keine Veränderung, aber bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fanden sich als Frühveränderungen in der Hirnrinde und im Subcortex eine Erweiterung der intercellulären Räume und eine Anschwellung der pericapillären Astrocytenfortsätze. Ferritinalbumin-Mischung, die als Indicator des Eiweißtransportes benutzt wurde, zeigte keine Vermehrung der Capillarpermeabilität. Es wird vermutet, daß Natriumacid den Wasserstoffwechsel beeinträchtigt, wobei es eine osmotische Ausgleichstörung im Gehirn erzeugt.
    Notes: Summary Histotoxic hypoxia was experimentally produced in the rat brain by sodium azide intoxication. In spite of the absence of light microscopic alterations, electron micrographs showed the early changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortex which consisted of widening of the intercellular space and swelling of the pericapillary astrocytic end-feet. However, ferritin-albumin mixture, used for the tracer of protein transport, did not show any increase in the capillary permeability. Sodium azide was considered to disturb the water metabolism, producing osmotic unbalance in the brain.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Poisoning (Artificial Psychosis) ; Synapses ; Nerve Conduction and Transmission ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphetaminchlorid in Mengen von 1 mg pro kg pro Tag wurde 8 männlichen Meerschweinchen ungefähr 1 Jahr lang täglich injiziert, um eine chronische Amphetaminvergiftung zu erzeugen. Bei jedem vergifteten Tier wurde die Feinstruktur des Gehirns elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Befunde waren folgende: 1. Verschmelzung der Membranen zwischen Axonen in den Nervenendigungen sowie zwischen Axonen und Dendriten wurden in der Großhirnrinde, im limbischen System, im Thalamus und Hypothalmus beobachtet; ferner wurde eine sich vom Cytoplasma bis zur Nervenendigung erstreckende Membranstruktur in diesen Hirnbereichen festgestellt. 2. Im Frontal-, Parietal-, Temporal- und Occipitalhirn sowie im limbischen System fanden sich vermehrt membranbegrenzte Vesikel im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen und verdicktes und vermehrtes ER in den Nervenfasern. In Anbetracht klinischer Symptome der Patienten mit Amphetaminvergiftung wurde angenommen, daß die Verschmelzung von Membranen zwischen Nervenfortsätzen und das Auftreten der Membranstrukturen in allen Teilen des Nervenzellcytoplasmas vom Perikaryon bis zur Nervenendigung die wichtigsten Befunde sind, die darauf hindeuten, daß die Vergiftungsvorgänge einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Leitungssystem der Nerven ausüben können.
    Notes: Summary In 8 male albino strain guinea pigs, 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl was injected daily for 7 months to 1 year to produce chronic methamphetamine intoxication and to study the fine structure of the brain electron microscopically. The following results were obtained: 1. Coalescence of membranes, between axons at the nerve endings and between axons and dendrites, was found in the cortex of the cerebrum and limbic system, in the thalamus and hypothalamus. Membranous structures were found in all portions of the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. 2. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, coated vesicles were increased in number with hypertrophy and increase of endoplasmic reticulum within nerve fibres in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, and in the limbic system. In view of these findings, as well as the clinical neurological symptoms in patients with methamphetamine poisoning, the coalescence of membranes between nerve processes and the appearance of membranous structures in all portions of nerve cell cytoplasm from body to nerve endings appear to represent the most important findings, they probably produce a profound disturbance in the system of nerve conduction and transmission.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Marginal Siderosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin-Sheath-Like Structures ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Gliosis, Perivascular, Subpial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen mit einer experimentell erzeugten Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems konnten elektronenmikroskopisch in der Großhirnrinde eigentümliche Spiralstrukturen beobachtet werden. Diese Spiralen fanden sich vornehmlich im Bereich von subpialen und perivasculären Gliosen vor. Sie bestanden aus äußerst dünnen lamellären Astrocytenausläufern, welche um andere astrocytäre Zellfortsätze oder um Dendriten aufgewickelt waren. Die spiralisierten Astrocytenausläufer wiesen in ihrem Inneren feine Filamente mit einer ziemlich regelmäßigen Anordnung auf. In radiärer Richtung ließen die astrocytären Lamellenspiralen eine periodische Schichtung erkennen, welche etwas an die von echten Markscheiden erinnerte. Es wird in Betracht gezogen, daß sie das submikroskopische Äquivalent der sog. Plaques fibromyéliniques darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar spiral structures could be observed by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex of rabbits with an experimentally produced marginal siderosis of the central nervous system. These spirals were found predominantly within areas of subpial and perivascular gliosis. They consisted of extremely thin lamellar astrocyte extensions winding around other astroglial processes or dendrites. The spirally coiled astrocyte extensions exhibited within their interior fine filaments having a rather regular arrangement. In the radial direction, the astrocytic lamellae spirals showed a periodic stratification somewhat resembling that of true myelin-sheaths. They were considered to represent the submicroscopic equivalent of the socalled plaques fibromyéliniques.
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  • 100
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Nodal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in den Ranvierschen Knoten des N.suralis der Ratte im Laufe der Wallerschen Degeneration berichtet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten 12 und 120 Std nach einer örtlichen Quetschungsverletzung. Die ersten bemerkbaren Veränderungen finden sich im Axon. Nodale und paranodale Anhäufungen von Mitochondrien, multivesikulären und lamellären Körpern, wie auch kleinen blasen- und röhrenartigen Bildungen sind teilweise in den Knoten sichtbar und am deutlichsten nach 24–36 Std erkennbar. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Aufsplitterung der Neurofilamente und Neurotubuli, die ihre Liniengestaltung verlieren und sich zusammenballen. Die Zone der erhöhten Dichte gerade unterhalb des nodalen Axolemmas bleibt erhalten. Veränderungen im Myelin beginnen etwas später und bestehen in einem vesikulären Verfall der Endomyelinlamellen und einer Trennung der Endomyelinschlaufen vom Axolemma durch Schwannzellenfortsätze. Dieser Vorgang schien mit einem Zurückziehen des Myelins vom Knoten im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Schwannzellenfortsätze erstrecken sich auch so weit, daß sie das nodale Axon bedecken, wobei sie die nodalen Schwannzellenfortsätze vom Axolemma trennen. Das Endstadium ist die Unterbrechung des nodalen Axons und die Verschmelzung der Myelinenden als Teil der Ovoidbildung.
    Notes: Summary Observations are reported on the ultrastructural alterations at the nodes of Ranvier in the rat sural nerve during the course of Wallerian degeneration. These were examined between 12 and 120 hours after a localized crush injury. The earliest detectable changes are in the axon. Nodal and paranodal accumulations of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies and small vesicular and tubular profiles are seen at a proportion of the nodes and are most evident at 24–36 hours. Concomitantly with this, the neurofilaments and neurotubulus fragment, lose their alignment and clump together. The zone of increased density just beneath the nodal axolemma is preserved. Changes in the myelin begin slightly later and consist of vesicular breakdown of the terminal myelin lamellae, and separation of the terminal myelin loops from the axolemma by Schwann cell processes. The latter event appeared to be associated with retraction of the myelin from the node. Schwann cell processes also extend to cover the nodal axon, separating the Schwann cell nodal processes from the axolemma. The final stage is the interruption of the nodal axon and the fusion of the ends of the myelin as part of ovoid formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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