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  • 1980-1984  (4.907)
  • 1965-1969  (6.393)
  • 1940-1944  (1.562)
  • 1910-1914  (2.824)
  • General Chemistry  (15.324)
  • Cat
  • Insulin
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Aldosterone ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Potassium ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Cortisol ; Captopril
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Glucose loading is known to cause acute suppression of plasma aldosterone and stimulation of plasma renin activity. The relative contribution of variations in circulating angiotensin II to the regulation of aldosterone secretion following glucose loading was assessed in ten normal subjects. The effects of a standard oral glucose loading test (100 g) on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, potassium, aldosterone, renin activity and cortisol were studied (a) under basal conditions, and (b) after inhibition of angiotensin II with the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (50 mg t.i.d. during 3 days). Under basal conditions the acute increase in plasma glucose and insulin after glucose loading was accompanied by a significant decrease (P〈0.01) in plasma cortisol and aldosterone and by a significant increase in plasma renin activity (P〈0.01); plasma potassium was decreased slightly but not significantly. Following captopril treatment preloading plasma renin activity was increased significantly, most probably reflecting an effective reduction of angiotensin II. Glucose loading caused a similar suppression of plasma aldosterone, as observed under basal conditions. This observation suggests that renin activation does not substantially contribute to the acute regulation of plasma aldosterone after an oral glucose load.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 523-530 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Neurotensin ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Gastric secretion ; Pancreatic secretion ; Motility ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neurotensin is a tridecapeptide originally isolated and characterized from bovine hypothalamus and later, in identical form, from bovine and human intestine. In the rat about 85% of immunoreactive neurotensin is found in the gut and about 10% in the brain. When an antibody specific for the amino terminal region of neurotensin was used the highest concentrations were found in the mucosa of the ileum, while an antibody specific for the biologically active region, the carboxyl terminus, also detected large amounts in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After a meal neurotensin — as measured by carboxyl terminal antibodies — rises after 5 min, a time in which the chymus has not yet reached the ileum, the main source of whole neurotensin. It is therefore possible that the carboxyl terminal molecules of neurotensin, found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, play an important physiological role. In plasma, neurotensin is rapidly degraded into smaller amino terminal and therefore biologically inactive molecules. Increases of carboxyl terminal neurotensin have been found in plasma in only a very few studies. The nature of this immunoreactive material has not yet been established. Therefore, the physiological role of neurotensin as a circulating hormone is unknown. Potential actions of neurotensin include thermoregulation, regulation of hormone release from brain (pituitary hormones) and gut (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide), increase of vascular permeability, vasodilatation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and changes of gut motility from the fasting to the fed type.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 184 (1984), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Oscillations ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The present study was designed to determine the effect of low dose continuous and oscillatory intraportal insulin infusions upon subsequent glucose-induced insulin release. In overnight-fasted and anesthetized rats with indwelling catheters in the jugular vein, carotic artery, and mesenteric vein insulin was infused intraportally for 3 h via the mesenteric vein catheter at a continuous rate of 45 µU/kg·min, or the same amount of insulin was administered at alternating high (72 µU/kg·min) and low infusion rates (18 µU/kg·min), respectively, in 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-min cycles (oscillatory infusions). Another group received a continuous infusion of saline. Glucose (0.4 g/kg) was given i.v. 30 min after the end of the insulin or saline infusion. During the 3-h infusion of insulin or saline the peripheral glucose level remained unchanged in all groups. In response to the i.v. glucose load peripheral arterial plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated after preceding oscillatory infusions compared to the continuous insulin infusion. As compared to the group receiving saline the glucose-induced insulin response after continuous insulin infusion was significantly reduced. The plasma glucose responses were not different except for inexplicably elevated glucose levels in the 4-min cycle group. No difference was observed for plasma glucagon levels in all groups. The present data demonstrate an augmented responsiveness of theβ-cell to glucose after a preceding oscillatory infusion of insulin and an impaired responsiveness to glucose after continuous insulin infusion. This indicates that an oscillatory insulin release might be of importance for an adequate regulation ofβ-cell function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Placenta ; Fetal microvasculature ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fetal microvascular architecture of the feline near-term placenta was investigated using scanning electron micrographs of partially fractured corrosion casts from plastic-filled vessels. The findings were compared with those on corresponding semithin histological sections. The branches of both umbilical arteries and veins roughly follow a course parallel to the zonary girdle on the allantochorionic side of the feline placenta in an acute-angled pattern of ramifications. They join the double-layered capilary networks in the chorionic lamellae of the labyrinth, which generally exhibit a chorio-uterine orientation and are partially twirled. On the allantochorionic side of the labyrinth, these fetal capillary networks are “suspended” on the maternal stem-artery-system of the placenta; on the uterine side, they have peduncular or tuft-like endings of capillary loops and are flattened by the uterine septa, which at this level converge into the maternal veins. The chorionic capillary lamellae have a variable breadth and length and therefore need shorter or longer arterioles and venules from the allantochorionic side to become irrigated at any level of the labyrinth. As a result, the feline placenta is characterized by a generally one-way crosscurrent type of materno-fetal blood flow.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Anatomy ; Anterograde tracing ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Midbrain ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The termination of the fibers from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the midbrain has been investigated in the cat with the degeneration method, the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and autoradiography after 3H-leucine injections. The results show that the DCN project to several midbrain regions. The external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IX) receives the heaviest projection from both the gracile and cuneate nuclei. The DCN fibers form three joint terminal zones in IX. Each terminal zone contains clusters with dense aggregations of DCN fibers. Fairly dense terminal networks are found in the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the compact part of the anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc) as well. More scattered DCN fibers are present in the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the lateral part of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the red nucleus (NR), the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (B), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SI, SP). The projections to all regions are mainly contralateral. Most of the few ipsilateral fibers terminate in IX. A somatotopic organization was seen in IX and NR. The gracile fibers terminate preferentially in the caudal and lateral part of IX and the cuneate ones preferentially in its rostral and medial part. In the red nucleus the gracile fibers terminate ventral to the cuneate ones. In the pretectal region there was a predominance for gracile fibers. There also appeared to be quantitative differences in the projections from various levels of the gracile nucleus, with more midbrain projecting fibers originating in the rostral than in the middle and caudal parts of the nucleus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cecum ; Cat ; Macroscopic anatomy ; Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In a series of comparative anatomical studies on the ceca of various mammals the cat was chosen as representative of a “typical” carnivore. In the domestic cat, the cecum is conspicuously small and macroscopically relatively undifferentiated in comparison to most herbivores. Microscopically (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), however, it is characterized by an abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes rich in organelles, suggestive of functional activity. In addition to the morphological description, which also includes arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum, the discussion is focussed on 1) the possible functional significance of the numerous goblet cells 2) a general categorization of the different types of ileal-caeco-colical junctions and 3) speculations concerning the justification for considering the carnivore cecum as being rudimentary.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Midbrain ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Degeneration-HRP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superio colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 27 (1984), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; administration and dosage ; therapeutic use ; insulin infusion devices
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The tendency of insulin to form insoluble aggregates is a major obstacle to the development of implantable insulin infusion systems for treatment of insulin-deficient diabetic patients. A test system was developed to examine the kinetics of insulin aggregation under controlled conditions of temperature, vibration and contact material in an effort to provide design criteria for minimising aggregation. The contact materials tested were all potentially suitable for pump reservoirs on engineering criteria and included metals (stainless steel, titanium and a titanium alloy) and various plastics (polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyvinylchloride, polyamide, cellulose butyrate and silicone elastomer). The rate of insulin aggregation was markedly affected by the nature of the contact material. Hydrophilic materials, particularly polyamide and cellulose butyrate (2% of total insulin aggregated after 96 h vibration), appeared more compatible with insulin stability than did hydrophobic ones, such as polypropylene (16% aggregation) and Polyvinylchloride (37% aggregation). A specially formulated ‘pump’ insulin preparation, stabilised by addition of polyethylenepolypropyleneglycol, was significantly superior (three to five times more stable) to a regular neutral insulin formulation under most, but not all, conditions. Standard clinical syringes (polypropylene) performed poorly with both insulin formulations but especially with the neutral regular insulin (100% aggregation after 96 h vibration). In addition to physical aggregates, significant amounts (5%–30%) of the insulin remaining in solution were no longer detectable by immuno- or receptorassay in all materials tested. Appropriate combinations of insulin formulations and materials can minimise insulin aggregation and denaturation, but since the mechanisms involved are as yet poorly understood, realistic testing of proposed reservoir components and insulin formulations must be a prerequisite in insulin infusion pump planning and design. These testing procedures should be designed to test for denaturation in solution as well as for precipitation of insulin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; insulin antibody ; immunogenicity ; immune response genes ; haemocyanin ; HLA ; DR7 ; C2 ; C4 ; factor B ; Gm ; C-peptide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Seventy-nine patients were observed prospectively during their initial period of treatment with conventional bovine insulins. Insulin antibody levels 6 months after starting insulin therapy did not correlate with age, gender or β cell function at onset of treatment. Patients who required soluble insulin in addition to isophane insulin developed higher levels of insulin antibody. Patients bearing the HLA-B8, DR3 and C4AQO alleles had lower levels of insulin antibody, whereas those bearing DR7 produced significantly higher levels. Other alleles at the C4A, C4B, C2, factor B or Gm loci did not appear to have a significant effect on insulin antibody production. The hyporesponsiveness of B8/DR3/C4AQO-positive individuals probably reflects a non-specific abnormality of immunity whereas the enhanced responsiveness of those positive for DR7 suggests the presence of a specific immune response gene for insulin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 50-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; gastric inhibitory polypeptide ; insulin sensitivity ; glucose tolerance ; diabetes ; diet ; fat ; rate of carbohydrate digestion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The present study examined the acute effects of coingestion of fat (37.5 g) on the post-prandial metabolic responses to 75 g of carbohydrate which was either slowly absorbed (lentils) or rapidly absorbed (potatoes). Co-ingestion of fat resulted in a significant flattening of the post-prandial glucose curves, the effect being more pronounced for the rapidly absorbed potatoes. This was probably due to delayed gastric emptying. However, the post-prandial insulin responses to either carbohydrate were not significantly reduced by fat, suggesting that the insulin response to a given glucose concentration was potentiated in the presence of fat. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) responses to both carbohydrates were greatly increased in the presence of fat. To investigate further the possible roles of GIP in the entero-insular axis, a 5-g bolus of glucose was injected intravenously 1 h after lentils ± fat. This was sufficient to raise the glucose levels above the threshold reported for GIP to potentiate insulin secretion. However, despite the large differences in circulating GIP levels, the insulin response to glucose was not affected by the presence of fat. These results suggest that (1) the rate of absorption of carbohydrate is a major determinant of post-prandial metabolic responses even in the presence of fat, (2) fat-stimulated GIP secretion does not potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion, and (3) the potentiation of the insulin response to glucose when carbohydrate is co-ingested with fat is consistent with the well-documented insulin resistance associated with high fat diets.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ; sterol synthesis ; human mononuclear leucocytes ; post-transcriptional regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Incubation of freshly isolated human mononuclear leucocytes in lipid-depleted serum for 4 h resulted in a two-fold increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Insulin, when added to the incubation medium at concentrations of 10 and 100 nmol/l at zero time, caused additional increases in the enzyme activity of 30% and 37%, respectively. The hormone action was not immediate because no effect was observed when insulin was added at 4 h and activity examined thereafter. Under these conditions sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate and tritiated water was strictly proportional to the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. Cycloheximide (20 μg/ml), a translational inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented the insulin-mediated increase in the enzyme activity and the incorporation of 14C-acetate into sterols. Cordycepin (50 μg/ml) inhibited messenger RNA synthesis by 〉 50%, but had no inhibitory effect on the induction of HMG-CoA reductase and sterol synthesis. Low density lipoprotein (80 μg protein/ml) and complete serum blocked the induction of the enzyme and sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate caused by lipid-depleted serum. The insulin-effect, however, remained unchanged. The results suggest that insulin may regulate the de novo synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase and accordingly sterol synthesis at a post-transcriptional level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellothalamic projections ; Pallidothalamic projections ; Ventral nuclei of thalamus ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Injections of 3H-leucine were made in the entopeduncular nucleus or dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in eight cats. The terminal projection zones of both pathways in the thalamus were studied using the sagittal plane and their relationships to one another as well as to cytoarchitectural boundaries of thalamic nuclei were compared. The data indicate that the territories controlled by the two projection systems are almost entirely segregated. The segregation is mainly along the antero-posterior axis as the main pallidal projection zone occupies the medio-ventral VA while the main dentate projection zone lies posterior to it in the VL. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of the VA not occupied by pallidal projections receives dentate projections. In the VM, both afferent systems terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus with pallidal territory located anteriorly and dentate territory located posteriorly, again without overlap. As the delineations of nuclear subdivisions in the ventral thalamus of the cat have been a subject of some controversy, it is suggested that the boundaries of the VA, VL and VM in the cat thalamus be defined on the basis of basal ganglia and cerebellar projection zones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Corticospinal collaterals ; Sensorimotor cortex ; Corticobulbar pathways ; Fluorescent tracers ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fluorescent retrograde double-labeling technique has been used to determine whether corticospinal neurons in the cat sensorimotor cortex distribute collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation. In this study the fluorescent tracers Nuclear Yellow and Diamidino Yellow 2HCl were used in combination with Fast Blue. One tracer was injected unilaterally in the spinal cord and the other was injected ipsilaterally in the bulbar medial reticular formation. The distribution of the retrogradely labeled neurons was studied in the contralateral hemisphere. In the sensorimotor cortex a large population of neurons was found which were labeled from the spinal cord and were double-labeled from the brain stem. These branching neurons were concentrated in the rostromedial part of area 4 and the adjoining lateral part of area 6. In this region the percentages of corticospinal neurons which were double-labeled from the brain stem ranged from 5% laterally to 30% medially. In two cats it was demonstrated by means of the anterograde transport of HRP that the corticobulbar fibers from this region which must include the corticospinal collaterals are distributed to the reticular formation of the lower brain stem. In view of the fact that the double-labeled neurons are concentrated in the anterior part of the motor cortex, those branching neurons are in all likelihood involved in the control of neck, back and shoulder movements. This control is probably exerted by way of two routes i.e. by way of the direct corticospinal connections to spinal interneurons, and by way of the indirect cortico-reticulospinal connections established by the cortical fibers to the bulbar reticular formation. The present findings suggest that this dual control may be exerted by one and the same cell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Motor cortex ; Thalamocortical ; Corticocortical ; HRP ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary (1) Ipsilateral cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical projections to the cat motor cortex were determined from the locations of retrogradely labeled neurons following single small intracortical injections of HRP in area 4γ. These projections were also examined by studying the distribution of anterogradely transported axonal label following multiple injections of HRP or of tritiated amino acids in areas 1–2 of SI and in area 2pri (SII). (2) The number of retrogradely labeled cells in areas 1–2 and in area 2pri differed markedly between HRP injection sites located in the precruciate (anterior sigmoid gyrus) and postcruciate (posterior sigmoid gyrus) subregions of area 4γ. These associational projections from primary and secondary somatosensory cortices were dense to postcruciate subrogions but weak to the precruciate subregions. (3) The associational projections from areas 1–2 and from area 2pri to the postcruciate subregion of area 4γ were topographically organized, but no clear topographic organization could be demonstrated for the precruciate projection. (4) Anterograde terminal labeling following injection of either HRP or tritiated amino acids into areas 1–2 and area 2pri confirmed the preferential projection of somatosensory cortex to the postcruciate subregion of motor cortex. The projection from somatosensory areas 1–2 was uniform over its terminal field, but that from area 2pri was more patchy and complex. (5) HRP injections in area 4γ gave rise to lamellae of labeled neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus (VL). A topographic relationship was found between the site of injection and the location of the lamella of labeled neurons. (6) The percentage of retrogradely labeled neurons in the shell zone surrounding the border of the ventrolateral nucleus and the ventrobasal complex (VB) was greater following postcruciate than precruciate injections, whereas fewer retrogradely labeled neurons were found in central lateral nucleus (CL) after postcruciate injections than after precruciate injections. (7) These observations support the hypothesis that differential cortical and thalamic projections to different subregions of area 4γ may give rise to the different physiological properties of neurons observed in these subregions (Vicario et al. 1983; Martin et al. 1981).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Skin potential response ; Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Reticulospinal tracts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Pyramidal command of Skin Potential Response (SPR) was investigated in 20 cats paralyzed by gallamine and under a halothane anaesthetic. For each animal, a transection of the medulla sparing only the pyramidal tract was carried out. The pyramidal tract and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) were stimulated before and after the transection. Results taken before transection show that the SPR can be elicited from stimulation of the pyramidal tract and the MRF. After transection, stereotaxic stimulations of the pyramidal tract still evoked the SPR even after aspiration of the medullary tissue posterior to the section and overlying the pyramids. Control reticular stimulations with higher stimulus intensities failed to evoke the SPR. These results show that stimulation of the pyramidal tract can elicit the SPR independently of reticulospinal neurons. It is hypothesized that a group of corticospinal fibers could transmit volleys having autonomic activity on preganglionic autonomic neurons of the intermediate zone of the grey matter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Pupillo-constrictor areas ; Afferents ; HRP ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Afferents of the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas (PCAs) of the cat were studied using the horseradish peroxidase method. PCAs receive heavy cortical inputs from areas 7, 19, 21, the lateral suprasylvian area, the splenial visual area, and subcortically from the claustrum, the intralaminar nuclei, the pulvinar-lateral posterior nuclear complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Tracking ; Isometric ; Updating ; Delayed feedback
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. In cats trained to track a moving display by making rapid, isometric force adjustments, responses are characterized by extremely short reaction times (60–70 ms) and a stereotyped temporal configuration. The animal uses early derivatives of display movement to scale force responses to target stimuli of different sizes according to a learned relationship between initial display motion and required force (Ghez and Vicario 1978a, 1978b). In the present study we altered that relationship by using double stimulation and delayed feedback to assess the animals' ability to update their responses. 2. In experiments where a second target stimulus followed the first after a controlled interval (15–120 ms) on random trials, the animal modified its response in the appropriate direction with little or no increase in reaction time. When the second stimulus called for a return to baseline, the animal aborted the ongoing response. When the second stimulus called for a doubling of force, the animal increased its phasic force output; however, this increase was not sufficient to reach the new target level and late responses were emitted. 3. The control response which followed each experimental double stimulation trial showed consistent differences from other controls in the amplitude of both peak force and peak dF/dt. Control responses following trials calling for a return were reduced in size; those following stimuli requiring response doubling were increased. We concluded that the experimental trials not only elicited modification of ongoing responses but also caused the animal to alter its internalized gain function relating initial display derivatives to required force. 4. In experiments where feedback was delayed after giving a first target stimulus such that the compensatory display failed to reflect the animal's initial response, the animal emitted a new updated response 70–80 ms after the first. The display trajectory which caused the cat to update its response on delayed feedback trial was identical to that of control trials with long reaction times. In this case, however, the information eliciting response updating had to be derived as a difference between the actual display trajectory and that expected by the animal, based on its experience with the tracking task. This suggests that the animal develops an internal model of display properties which is used to determine when a new response is required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 152-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Deafferentation ; Cross reinnervation ; Contractile properties ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cross-reinnervations were effected between the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the cat hind limb. At the same time dorsal root section or ganglionectomy was performed over segments L6-S1. Completeness of the deafferentation was subsequently confirmed either by dissection or by dorsal root recording. The isometric and forcevelocity properties of the muscles were measured. In animals with a unilateral cross plus deafferentation the conversion of the contractile properties of the normally slow-twitch soleus to those resembling a fast-twitch muscle was typical of that seen with an intact afferent supply. In cats with a bilateral cross-reinnervation and unilateral deafferentation there was no significant difference in the degree of transformation between the two sides. It is concluded that at least for the conversion of a slow-twitch to a fast-twitch muscle afferent feedback does not play a major role.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 462-466 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Visual cortex ; Contralateral connections ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Sub-cortical commissures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Contralateral corticofugal projections from visual cortical areas to thalamic nuclei were demonstrated in the cat using anterograde transport of tritiated proline. Thalamic nuclei receiving projections from contralateral visual cortex include both subdivisions of the lateral-posterior nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, and the posterior nuclear complex.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 458-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Postnatal development ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Intercostal motoneurones ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The localization and morphology of spinal respiratory motoneurones (phrenic and intercostal) were studied in the cat by retrograde labelling using Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), at different stages of postnatal development. At birth, the distribution of the phrenic and intercostal motoneurones in the cervical and thoracic ventral horn, respectively, is similar to that observed in adult animals. At birth, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurone somata have respectively 60% and 40% of their adult volume, appearing much more developed than the motoneurones involved in the motor control of limbs. During postnatal development, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurones undergo a characteristic sagittal elongation without evident modification along their transverse axes. From birth, the ratio of the somatic volume to that of its corresponding motor column markedly decreases inside of the phrenic column compared to the data obtained in the limb's muscle motor columns by other authors. Similar determinations in intercostal motor columns give intermediate values between those obtained from the phrenic column and from the motor system. These results indicate that the motoneurones innervating the respiratory muscles have some specific features of development.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Parabigeminal nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ascending connections from the brainstem to the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells were identified in a variety of structures, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the superior colliculus (SC), the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN), the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), locus coeruleus and nucleus sub-coeruleus, the substantia nigra (SN), and parts of the raphe complex. The projections from NOT, NPP, MRF, LC and PBN were all bilateral in origin. The most intense labelling was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus. Colliculo-geniculate cells were located primarily in the superficial gray lamina II1 and II2 of Kaneseki and Sprague (1974), but sparse labelling was also observed in lamina II3 and in statum opticum (lamina III). Consistent with the report of Harrell et al. (1982), these cells represent a morphologically diverse population, which includes stellate cells, granule cells, and both vertical and horizontal fusiform cells. A similarly diverse population of cell types contributes to the geniculate projection arising from NOT. These results confirm and extend earlier descriptions of the brainstem projections to the cat LGNd, and serve to emphasize the diversity of brainstem influences over the geniculate.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 286-300 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Neck muscle afferents ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from spinocerebellar tract neurones of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in C1–C3 segments of the anaesthetized cat. These neurones were identified by antidromic activation from the cerebellar peduncle. Stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root elicited extracellular spikes or EPSPs with a monosynaptic latency in almost all CCN neurones in the same segment (segmental input). Late excitatory effects were also observed in about one third of CCN neurones. The monosynaptic EPSP was occasionally followed by an IPSP. The excitatory input from the dorsal root to CCN neurones was extended over several segments for some CCN neurons (extrasegmental input). Monosynaptic excitation was evoked in CCN neurones after stimulation of dorsal neck muscle nerves as well; i.e. splenius (SPL), biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC), rectus capitus dorsalis, and obliquus capitus caudalis. Thresholds for this excitation were near the threshold of the nerve, suggesting that it originated from group I fibres. The component of excitation added after strong stimulation of neck muscle nerves would be attributed to group II fibres. When a CCN neurone received excitatory input from the nerve of one muscle, it was generally not affected by stimulation of other nerves in the same segment. Such muscle specificity of segmental input was the principal pattern of connexion of neck muscle afferents with CCN neurones. In some cases, however, excitatory convergence from SPL and BCC nerves onto single CCN neurones or excitation from the SPL nerve and inhibition from the BCC nerve were also observed. Nearly half of the CCN neurones received input from one muscle nerve of the same segment and not from the afferent of the same muscle of different segments, indicating a segment specificity of input. In the remaining CCN neurones, weaker excitatory effects were induced from afferents of different segments as well. In such extrasegmental effects, inputs to CCN neurones from caudal segments predominated in frequency over those from rostral segments. The origin of extrasegmental input was generally confined to the same muscle. Low threshold muscle afferents from the SPL and BCC were intraaxonally stained with HRP. The collaterals of the stained fibre distributed branchlets and terminals to the CCN, laminae VII, VIII, and motor nuclei. Two fibres responding to local muscle prodding or stretch showed a similar morphology. The findings indicated that muscle spindle afferents from primary endings projected to the CCN.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Cerebellum ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in and around the central cervical nucleus (CCN) were physiologically identified by antidromic activation of these cells on stimulation of the cerebellum. Among the Spinocerebellar tract cells thus identified, those ascending the contralateral spinal funiculi were found in the CCN and ventralwards, whereas those ascending the ipsilateral funiculi existed mostly dorsal to the CCN partly overlapping with crossed cells in the nucleus. Mapping sites from which CCN cells were antidromically activated showed that axons of the CCN-SCT cross at the same segment, ascend the ventral funiculus initially, the lateral funiculus at rostral C1 and the lateral border of the medulla to reach the cerebellar peduncle, enter the cerebellum mainly via the restiform body but possibly also via the superior peduncle. Systematic mapping of stimulation within the cerebellum indicated that the CCNSCT projects to the medial part of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe bilaterally. Projection to lobules I–II was found in almost all CCN-SCT cells examined. Three fourths of CCN-SCT cells projected to the posterior lobe, as revealed by less extensive mapping. Mapping of axonal regions of the same single CCN-SCT cells showed that they project multifocally in the cerebellum, where projection to lobules I–II was common and that to other areas varied with individual cells. Conduction velocites decreased within the cerebellum probably as the result of repeated branching. Mossy fibre responses evoked on stimulation of the C2 dorsal root in cats with the transected dorsal funiculi were shown to be mediated mostly via the CCN-SCT. Mapping the field potential showed that the response was by far the largest in lobules I–II. This suggested that the terminals provided by the CCN-SCT are the densest in these lobules.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Endogenous peroxidase ; Light and electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Endogenous peroxidase-like activity was investigated with a combined light and electron microscopical technique in 15 cats. The lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and segments C6 and L5 of the spinal cord were incubated with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After histochemical reaction with DAB a considerable amount of activity was found in nerve cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The neuronal labelling was mainly located in mitochondria of axon terminals and in dendrites whereas the astrocytic and pericytic activity was found in cytoplasmic dense bodies. The quantity of stained structures differed considerably between the animals. In TMB reacted tissue endogenous peroxidase-like activity was only sparsely seen. It was found mainly in frozen sections, in which the neuropil and perivascular structures sometimes contained granules and irregular filaments. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to observations in tracer studies using horseradish peroxidase.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Accessory optic system ; Vestibulo ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied before and after lesions within the accessory optic system (AOS) in the cat. Post-lesion retinal input to the AOS was evaluated using the autoradiographic technique. Unilateral lesion of the lateral terminal nucleus of the AOS (LTN) and the resulting retinal deafferentation of the medial terminal nucleus of the AOS (MTN) induced a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark whose slow phase was directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. VOR gain was reduced for both directions with a maximal decrease for stimulation directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. OKN gain obtained for both directions of binocular stimulation was decreased, mainly when the stimulus was directed contralaterally to the lesion. After two postoperative weeks, spontaneous nystagmus disappeared and the VOR symmetry recovered simultaneously. A symmetrical OKN was only observed after one month. In spite of the known visual selectivity for vertical direction in LTN-MTN cells, the results of this study support a functional involvement of these nuclei in horizontal VOR and OKN.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 162-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibular nerve afferents ; Semicircular canal biophysics ; Semicircular canal time constants ; Vestibular neurophysiology ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The response properties of cat horizontal canal afferents (N = 81) were characterized by three parameters: their long time constants (τ), low frequency gain constants (G1), and middle frequency gain constants (Gm). An average value of each of these parameters was calculated for each of eight animals and comparisons were made across animals. There were significant differences between individual animals in their average values of τ and Gm. There was also a significant negative correlation between τ's and Gm's. An animal with a larger average τ tended to have a smaller average Gm. We also used anatomic data on membranous canal duct diameter from the literature to independently estimate the potential effect of interanimal anatomic variability on the predicted range of τ and Gm values in a population. We then compared the data from our 81 afferents with the predictions from the anatomic data.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones ; Inspiratory on-switch ; Stimulation ; Mesencephalic structures ; Patterned response ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In anaesthetized cats (chloralose-urethan) the effects of brief tetanic electrical stimulation (50 to 100 ms) of the mesencephalic central gray matter and reticular formation on the inspiratory on-switch were studied during the expiratory (E) phase on the gross and unitary activities of phrenic, laryngeal inspiratory and laryngeal expiratory nerves. On the inspiratory laryngeal and phrenic nerves, stimulation elicited a short latency gross response concomitant with the train: the inspiratory Primary Response (Prim.R.) which is followed by an inspiratory Patterned Response (Patt.R.) of longer duration which corresponded to the inspiratory on-switch. The Patt.R. generally appeared from the Prim.R. within a latent period (Silent Phase: Sil.P.) as long as 100 ms. On the expiratory laryngeal nerve, stimulation elicited a brief activation (expiratory Prim.R.) concomitant with the beginning of the inspiratory laryngeal Prim.R. and which rapidly stopped as the latter continued during the stimulus train. The inspiratory Prim.R. corresponded to a simultaneous activation of both early and late (so defined during their spontaneous discharge) inspiratory motoneurones. The laryngeal motoneurones were more strongly activated than the phrenic ones. During the inspiratory Patt.R. all the phrenic motoneurones presented a recruitment delay earlier, compared with the spontaneous one, whereas the recruitment drastically changed from an inspiratory laryngeal motoneurone to another. Thus, the two pools of motoneurones presented different properties of activation. During the inspiratory Sil.P. no concomitant expiratory laryngeal activation was observed when most of the inspiratory motoneurones were inactive. As some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones did not stop firing, the existence of some central respiratory neurones exhibiting a similar persistent activity and subserving the inspiratory on-switch mechanisms may be hypothesized.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Ascending auditory pathway ; Inferior colliculus ; Medial geniculate body ; Cat ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (NBIC) in the cat were studied by the autoradiographic tracing method. Many fibers from the NBIC ascend ipsilaterally in the lateral tegmentum along the medial border of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. At midbrain levels, fibers from the NBIC end in the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the central gray and the peripeduncular tegmental region bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. NBIC fibers to the superior colliculus are distributed densely to laminae VI an III throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In the pretectum, NBIC fibers terminate in the anterior and medial nuclei and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. NBIC fibers to the dorsal thalamus are distributed largely ipsilaterally. Many NBIC fibers end in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate body, but few in the ventral division. The NBIC also sends fibers to the suprageniculate, limitans and lateralis posterior nuclei and the lateral portion of the posterior nuclear complex; these regions of termination of NBIC fibers constitute, as a whole, a single NBIC recipient sector. Additionally, the NBIC sends fibers to the centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, paraventricular and subparafascicular nuclei of the thalamus.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Neonatal ; Bilabyrinthectomy ; Recovery ; Locomotion ; Vision ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Four cats labyrinthectomized shortly after birth (DELAB) exhibited the classical vestibular syndrome and recovery, while their motor development was otherwise unimpaired. As adults, they were tested for visual vestibular substitution in a locomotor task with either orientation requirements (tilted platforms) or balance requirements (narrow platforms). Visual motion cues or static visual cues were controlled using normal or stroboscopic lighting, or darkness. Measurements of the average speed of locomotion showed that: Although all cats increase their speed when more visual cues become available, a marked deficit occurs in darkness only in the DELAB cats. With either vestibular cues alone or static visual cues alone, cats are able to reach the same level of performance in the tilted platform test, which suggests a total visual-vestibular interchangeability in orientation. DELAB cats perform very poorly in the narrow rail test. When continuous vision is allowed in the narrow rail test the DELABs' performance rises but does not match that of the control group. A specific deficit in balance for the DELAB group is thus reduced by normal continuous vision as compared to stroboscopic vision, suggesting a significant, though imperfect, substitution of motion visual cues for the missing dynamic vestibular cues. Dynamic visual cues play only a minor role in most situations, when locomotory speed is high. This results support the view that both the vestibular and the visual system can subserve two distinct functions: dynamic information may stabilize the stance in narrow unstable situations, during slow locomotion. and static orientation cues may mainly control the direction for displacement. Possible interactions between head positioning and body orientation in the DELAB cats are discussed.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 470-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Congenital microstrabismus ; Cat ; Visual cortex ; Binocularity ; Visual axis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Twenty-nine pigmented offspring of an innately esotropic female cat exhibited varying deficits in the number of binocular cells recorded in area 17 of the visual cortex as compared to 12 normal cats. Misalignment of the two eyes in these cats was found in the awake as well as in the paralysed state. Pupillography combined with measurements of visual disparity yielded abnormal esotropia of up to 8.4° under paralysis, which corresponds to an abnormal convergence of the freely moving eyes of up to 14° (average 7.4°). In the majority of animals cortical binocularity was found reduced by the two eyes controlling independent sets of separate units (U-shaped ocular dominance distribution) whereas in 7 cats the reduction was due to a partial loss of one eye's influence. The proportion of monocular units correlated with the degree of crossover of the visual axes (r = 0.73). Anatomical investigation of the retinofugal projections revealed normal appearance in three previously recorded cats in which more than 50% of cortical units had been monocularly driven. The small angles of esotropia and the “normal” appearance of eye position judged by the pupillary positions in the orbit of these cats, might suggest that we found an animal model for microstrabismus.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Optic nerve section ; Cat ; Pattern ERG ; Retinal morphology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous experiments have shown that the ERG response to alternating gratings vanishes gradually within 4 months after transection of the optic nerve, changes begin after 2–3 weeks. The response to gratings of low spatial frequencies deteriorates earlier than the response to gratings of high spatial frequencies (Maffei and Fiorentini 1981). Quantitative analysis of ganglion cell sizes in retinal wholemounts shows that ganglion cell shrinkage and ganglion cell loss begin at three weeks in the periphery of the retina, particularly in the temporal retina. The same morphological alteration subsequently becomes apparent also in the area centralis and the nasal retina, respectively. The main and early cell loss occurs among medium sized ganglion cells, supposedly the beta-cells. Among the alpha-cells only shrinkage is observed up to two months postoperatively. Light- and electron microscopic examination of cross sections through the retina show that pathological changes are restricted to the innermost layers.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 523-531 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Glutamatergic synapses ; Vestibular nerve lesion ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Evidence that glutamate acts as a neuro-transmitter in vestibular nerve fibers was sought (1) by electron microscope radioautographic identification of the uptake sites of [3H]-glutamic acid after incubation of slices of cat vestibular nuclei, and (2) by measuring changes in sodium-dependent high affinity glutamate uptake in nerve endings containing homogenates from normal and deafferented vestibular nuclei 8 to 11 days after unilateral vestibular nerve lesion. Electron microscopic radioautography revealed that glutamate had been taken up by numerous nerve endings projecting over the whole vestibular nuclear complex. The biochemical approach indicated that after section of the vestibular nerve, a significant decrease in high affinity glutamate uptake occurred in the vestibular nuclei, which lost their exclusively ipsilateral projection. This decrease varied from one area of the deafferented vestibular nuclei to another, reaching −58% in the lateral area of the central part corresponding to the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus and the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that glutamate (or aspartate) is used by the vestibular nerve fibers as a neurotransmitter in the vestibular nuclei.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Spinal cord ; Scratch reflex ; Ventral spino-cerebellar tract ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway ; Cerebellum ; Cooling the nervous tissue ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary (1) The “fictitious” scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spinoreticulo-cerebellar pathway (SRCP) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. (2) Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. (3) A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. (4) From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Corticocortical connections ; Motor cortex ; Areas 4, 5a, 5b, 7 ; Posterior parietal lobe ; Retrograde transport of HRP ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4γ) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Rat ; Spinal tract neurons ; Retrograde HRP transport ; Procedure and evaluation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Modifications have been made in Mesulam's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 10 (1984), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Schlagwort(e): Amitriptyline ; Hydrocortisone ; Insulin ; Prenalterol ; Cardiac failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A case of severe amitriptyline poisoning with grade IV coma, seizures, bradycardia and hypotension who did not respond to dopamine was successfully treated with prenalterol, a new cardioselective β-agonist. The case is discussed with respect to plasma concentrations of dopamine, prenalterol and amitriptyline. Prenalterol, hydrocortisone and insulin may be useful as inotropic agents in tricyclic poisoning where dopamine fails to provide an adequate response.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Sodium pump ; Na-K ATPase ; Na fluxes ; Vanadate ; Insulin ; Skeletal muscle ; Ouabain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We have measured the effects of concentrations of vanadate ranging between 0.01 and 10 mM on the22Na efflux of frog sartorius muscles. The addition of vanadate had no effects when concentrations lower than 0.5 mM were used; higher concentrations increased Na efflux. The increase was abolished by the addition of ouabain (10−5M). In muscles pretreated with ouabain vanadate did not modify Na efflux. The stimulatory effects of vanadate on Na efflux were also observed in Na-free solutions indicating that the effux of vanadate was not caused mainly either by an increase in the exchange of Na for Na or by an increase in Na entry into the muscle. We also examined the effects of vanadate on muscles immersed in solutions containing 20 mM K+; both vanadate and increased K+ produced stimulations of Na efflux that were additive. Similarly when the effects of vanadate and insulin were measured on the Na efflux of the same muscle, additive effects were found. As the ouabain-sensitive Na efflux in frog muscle is generally agreed to be due to the activity of the Na-K ATPase, our findings suggest that the net effect of vanadate in intact muscle cells is an increase in the activity of the Na pump. Since vanadate affects many enzymes it is quite possible that the stimulatory action is not due to a direct effect on the Na-K ATPase but may be mediated through an intermediary step. Regardless of the specific mechanism, it is evident that, our results as well as other findings in the literature, strongly indicate that Na pumping by intact cells can be increased by vanadate administration. Hence it is not justified to attribute the physiological modifications caused by vanadate administration to blockade of the Na-K ATPase unless the attribution is justified by specific experimental evidence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 160-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Biological transport ; Insulin ; Energy metabolism ; Epinephrine ; Endocrinology ; Albuterol (salbutamol) ; Active sodium-potassium transport ; Muscle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The total metabolic energy expenditure associated with active Na−K-transport over the first 20 min of stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol (ΔHmNa−K) was determined from direct calorimetric and tracer ion flux measurements in isolated muscles at rest. The reversible work performed by the Na−K-pump during the same interval of time (WrevNa−K) was calculated as the product of the ouabain-suppressible Na−K transfers and the mean free energy increase imparted to the two ions as they are transported against their electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane. Comparison of membrane potential and intracellular Na and K concentrations before and after the stimulations indicated that part of WrevNa−K had contributed to increase the ion electrochemical gradients in the preparation (i.e. had not been lost as heat) during the 20 min period. Accordingly, the maximum value of ΔHmNa−K was taken as the sum of the ouabain-suppressible heat production and WrevNa−K. Following stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol this maximum corresponded to 10, 10 and 12% respectively, of basal metabolism. Under the same three conditions, the minimum “energetic efficiency” of the active Na−K-transport process, defined as the ratio between WrevNa−K and maximum ΔHmNa−K, was 35, 41 and 38%, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 142 (1984), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Craniopharyngioma ; Growth ; Insulin ; Neurosurgery ; Radiotherapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Management of craniopharyngiomas is still controversial. 28 children with this tumor were studied. GH deficiency was present in 22 patients following surgery, 10 of these GH-lacking patients had normal or accelerated growth (usually associated with rapid weight gain) postoperatively. Somatomedin levels were normal in three of six normally growing patients. After craniotomy their basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin levels were in the normal range, but their insulin secretion was markedly increased. Postoperatively there was a significant correlation between peak insulin levels following arginine infusion and growth velocity in all patients. Complete tumor removal could be performed in 28% of our patients. Altogether 36% of all patients had at least one tumor recurrence. Recent literature with the addition of our series showed tumor recurrence in 22% of patients with “total” tumor excision and in 72% of patients with partial tumor removal. Radiotherapy seems to be capable of destroying craniopharyngioma tissue. The recurrence rate was only 26% in patients with subtotal excision plus radiotherapy. Unless radical tumor removal can be attempted with safety, subtotal tumor removal plus radiotherapy appears to be the treatment of choice for craniopharyngioma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 178-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Phospholipids ; Acrylamide ; Neuropathy ; Lipids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Treatment of cats with acrylamide, either 7.5 or 15 mg/kg IM, once a day for 10 days, resulted in increases of 31 and 47% in the phospholipid content of sciatic nerve, respectively, from a control level of 41.1±2.7 mg/kg wet weight. Determination of the distribution of individual phospholipids indicated no significant differences between control cats and those receiving a cumulative dose of 150 mg/kg acrylamide. In a separate experiment, cats were treated with the 150 mg/kg dose of acrylamide and the sciatic nerve was divided into proximal and distal portions at the level of the triceps surae nerve. Significant increases in phospholipid content were observed in both the proximal and distal portions of peripheral nerve of the acrylamide-intoxicated cats. This effect was present even when the phospholipid content was expressed in terms of total protein, dry weight or total lipid. Total weight of nerve segments, however, was significantly decreased in the neuropathic animals. The data are consistent with a focal degeneration of axons with relative sparing of phospholipids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 304-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Visual cortex ; Contrast/response function ; Orientation and direction sensitivity ; Ocularity ; Binocular responses ; Feature specific responses ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The responses of neurons in area 17 were tested as a function of various stimulus parameters. The thresholds of individual cortical neurons were at contrasts between 0.01 and 0.1 (increment of 0.5×10−1 cd/m−2 on a background of 3 cd/m−2), the dynamic ranges were 1.0–2.0 log units of increment, and all cells showed a response decrease at increments above a certain maximum (supersaturation response). The averaged contrast/response curve for all neurons was S-shaped in the logarithmic plot, had a dynamic range of 2.5 log units, reached its maximum at a contrast of 0.75 and supersaturated above this level. The contrast/ sensitivity curves changed their slope under different stimulus conditions. They became flatter when the non-dominant eye was stimuated as compared to dominant eye stimulation or when the stimulation was done at a non-optimal orientation or direction, and they became steeper when both eyes were stimulated. But the maximum was reached at the same contrast and supersaturation was seen above maximum contrast no matter whether a cell was stronlgy (e.g. binocular stimulation at optimal orientation) or weakly excited (non-dominant or non-optimal orientation stimulation). After normalization, the averaged population contrast/response curves were virtually identical at all stimulus conditions. It was concluded, that range as well as maximum and supersaturation of cortical contrast/response curves are determined before the input reaches the cortex, and that the cortical cells summate, essentially, linearly. The findings furthermore demonstrate that the supersaturation of the cortical input must be due to subtractive inhibition, and that the same is true for the orientation sensitive inhibition in the cortex itself. Both, the peripheral contrast and the cortical orientation dependant inhibition cannot be explained by multiplicative inhibition. The fact, that the responses of neurons depend on many variables relativates their significance for feature representation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endocrine pancreas ; Angioarchitecture ; Cat ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By the use of scanningand transmission electron microscopy, the possible sources of errors in interpretation of the microcirculation of the pancreas can be reduced in comparison to the classical India-ink injection method. Sphincter-like structures in the capillary wall of the cat pancreas are established by pericytes. These sphincters encircle the junctional zones between the endocrine and exocrine capillaries. They are assumed to be regulatory structures of blood flow and to regulate indirectly hormone secretion according to demand.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Foetal pancreas ; β Cells ; Insulin ; Fasting mothers ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After maternal fasting for 72 h the pancreatic β cells of 18-day-old foetal rats show a conspicuous enrichment in secretory material, with an increase of pancreatic insulin concentration and a marked development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The morphometric analysis shows that the intracytoplasmic migration of the secretory granules is inhibited, principally inside the cell web. Consequently the number of secretory granules fused with plasma membrane decreases and this is associated with a decreased foetal plasma insulin. The difference in the ultrastructural aspect of the β cells of foetuses from fasting mothers and of foetuses from fed mothers is less conspicuous at 19 days of gestation and progressively disappears at 20 and 21 days. The modifications in ultrastructural aspect and in functional state are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Skeletofusimotor innervation ; Muscle spindles ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Endings of four β skeletofusimotor axons in a spindle of the cat tenuissimus muscle were examined in semithin (1-μm thick) and ultrathin transverse serial sections. Two (dynamic) β axons terminated on the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber and on extrafusal fibers of the dark type. Two (static) β axons terminated on the nuclear chain intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers of the intermediate type. The degree of indentation of axon terminals into the muscle surface, thickness of the sole plate and extent of folding of subjunctional membranes differed among intrafusal and extrafusal terminations of the same axon. Endings of β axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were also morphologically dissimilar. Motor axons may not determine ending morphology. Rather the form and structure of a β bag1 or chain ending may be determined by the type of intrafusal fiber on which the ending lies and the ending's distance from the primary sensory axon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle glycogen ; Time sequence ; Free fatty acids ; Insulin ; Exercise in humans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary To evaluate the metabolic and hormonal adaptations following a rapid change in muscle glycogen availability, 14 subjects had their muscle glycogen content increased in one leg (IG) and decreased in the other (DG). In group A (n=7), subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 70% maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min using the DG leg. Without resting these same subjects exercised another 20 min using the IG leg. Subjects in group B (n=7) followed the same single-leg exercise protocol but in the reverse order. In order to get some information on the time sequence of these possible adaptations, blood samples were collected at rest and at the beginning and the end of each exercise period (min 5, 20, 25, and 40). Results indicated that 5 min after the switch from the DG leg to the IG leg. transient increases in plasma free fatty acids (1.20 to 1.39 meq·l−1) and serum insulin (10.1 to 12 mU·l−1) concentrations occured. Between minute 25 and 40 of exercise, the DG to IG switch was accompanied by a decrease in free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations as well as an increase in lactate levels. An opposite response was observed in the IG to DG condition during the same time span. Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and serum cortisol concentrations were not significantly affected by the leg change. These results suggest a rapid preferential use of muscle glycogen when available and a time lag in the response of the extramuscular substrate mobilization factors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Exercise ; Triglycerides ; Free fatty acids ; Glycerol ; Insulin ; Catecholamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Metabolic and hormonal responses to prolonged treadmill exercise in dogs fed a fat-enriched meal 4 h prior to the exercise were compared to those measured 4 h after a mixed meal or in the postabsorptive state. Ingestion of the fat-enriched meal caused significant elevations in the resting values of plasma triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and glycerol concentrations. A reduction of the plasma TG concentration (from 1.6±0.2 to 1.1±0.10 mmol·l−1,P〈0.005) occurred only in dogs exercising after the fat-enriched meal. No significant changes in this variable were noted in dogs fed a mixed meal, whilst in the postabsorptive state exercise caused an increase in the plasma TG level (from 0.42±0.03 to 0.99±0.11 mmol·l−1,P〈0.01). The exercise-induced elevations in plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were the highest in the dogs given the fat-enriched meal. Plasma glycerol during exercise correlated with the initial values of circulating TG (r=0.73). The plasma FFA-glycerol ratio, at the end of exercise was lowest in the dogs taking the fat-enriched meal (1.39±0.19), suggesting an increased utilization of FFA in comparison with that in the postabsorptive state (3.27±0.37) or after a mixed meal (2.88±0.55). Basal serum insulin (IRI) concentrations were similarly enhanced in dogs fed fat-enriched and mixed meals, and they were reduced to control values within 60 min of exercise. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations correlated with time of exercise (r=0.84 andr=0.96, respectively) and were unaffected by the nutritional modifications. It is concluded that ingestion of a single fat-enriched meal considerably modifies the exercise-induced changes in lipid metabolism. The pattern of changes in plasma TG, FFA, and glycerol concentrations indicates an enhanced hydrolysis of plasma chylomicron-TG, suggesting that this lipid source may contribute markedly to exercise metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 52 (1984), S. 426-430 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Apoproteins ; Lipoproteins ; Insulin ; Blood lactate ; Physical training
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Eight well-trained males were studied before, during and after 6 months of a progressively increased amount of endurance training in order to elucidate the effects on the apoproteins and apo-lipoproteins. Initially high HDL-cholesterol levels were revealed (1.62±0.15 mmol×l−1, mean ± SE.). After a transient but not significant, slight decline at the onset of the increased training program (1.57±0.06 mmol×l−1) HDL-cholesterol increased gradually to the end of the training period (1.92±0.12 mmol×l−1). There was an increased aerobic capacity as judged by maximal oxygen uptake and by lactate concentration during standardized submaximal work. However, at the end of the training period, a levelling off in maximal oxygen uptake was revealed, while HDL-cholesterol was still increasing. The present data demonstrate that HDL can be influenced by training at all levels of aerobic capacity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; area 18 ; classification criteria ; receptive field types
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sommario È noto che non tutti i campi recettivi dei neuroni corticali visivi rientrano nelle due grandi categorie delle cellule semplici e delle cellule complesse. Pertanto, quei campi recettivi che non presentano proprietà ben definite o solo intermedie a quelle delle cellule semplici e complesse da alcuni autori vengono considerati semplici e da altri complessi. Queste incertezze classificatorie dipendono dal fatto che non esiste un unico schema di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi, poiché i due schemi attualmente più seguiti, quello di Hubel e Wiesel e quello di Bishop, vengono considerati non comparabili essendo il primo uno schema qualitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi stazionari ed il seconda uno schema quantitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi in movimento. Campi recettivi che non posseggono le proprietà tipiche delle cellule semplici e complesse sono stati osservati nel gatto oltre che nell'area 17 anche nell'area 18. I vari campi recettivi registrati in quest'ultima area sono stati analizzati sia qualitativamente che quantitativamente usando i criteri di classificazione dei due schemi attualmente esistenti. È stato osservato che, almeno per quanto riguarda le cellule semplici, tali schemi di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi non sono antitetici ma equivalenti.
    Notizen: Abstract There is in vision research a general unwillingness to classify or define visual cortical cell types, particularly new cell types, outside the classical simple/ complex dichotomy. Cells lacking clear-cut characteristics are, therefore, considered simple by some authors and complex by others. The present unsatisfactory state has largely arisen because of the absence of any rigorous, generally accepted, classification scheme of visual cortical neurons. Actually the present two classification schemes of visual cortical neurons, that is the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop schemes, are generally considered to be not comparable since the former is based on the cell qualitative static-field properties as revealed by hand-held stationary flashing stimuli, whereas the latter is based on the cell quantitative dynamic-field plotting properties as revealed by moving light stimuli. Since receptive fields lacking clear-cut characteristics of simple and complex cells have been observed in area 18 of the cat as well, all the receptive field types of this area have been classified either qualitatively or quantitatively using both the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop classifying procedures. It has been observed, at least as far as simple cells are concerned, that the two schemes are not antithetic but, on the contrary, equivalent if averaging procedures are taken into consideration.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 2 (1984), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; pancreas ; pancreatic islets ; insulin release ; proinsulin conversion ; transglutaminase ; methylamine ; trimethylamine ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The metabolic and secretory effects of methylamine in rat pancreatic islets were investigated. Methylamine accumulated in islet cells, was incorporated into endogenous islet proteins, and inhibited the incorporation of [2,5-3H] histamine into either N,N-dimethylcasein or endogenous islet proteins. Methylamine (2 mM) did not affect the oxidation of glucose or endogenous nutrients or the intracellular pH in islet cells. Glucose did not affect the activity of transglutaminase in islet homogenates, the uptake of 14C-methylamine by intact islets or its incorporation into endogenous islet proteins. Methylamine inhibited insulin release evoked by glucose, other nutrient secretagogues, and non-nutrient insulinotropic agents such as L-arginine or gliclazide. The inhibitory effect of methylamine upon insulin release was diminished in the presence of cytochalasin B or at low extracellular pH. Methylamine retarded the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Trimethylamine (0.7 mM) was more efficiently taken up by islet cells than methylamine (2.0 mM), and yet caused only a modest inhibition of insulin release. These findings suggest that methylamine interferes with a late step in the secretory sequence, possibly by inhibiting the access of secretory granules to their exocytotic site.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 75-76 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 83-84 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 124-137 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Die passende Anordnung von Reaktionspartnern zueinander in richtigen Abständen ist die strukturelle Voraussetzung für vektoriell ablaufende Reaktionen und Reaktionsketten. In biologischen Systemen, z. B. bei der photosynthetisch aktiven Thylakoidmembran oder den Membranrezeptoren, wird die Lage der Reaktionszentren durch Membranprotein-Komplexe festgelegt, über deren Struktur wenig bekannt ist. In synthetischen Vesikelmembranen sind geordnete reaktive Systeme erstmals durch Verwendung von Amphiphilen mit reaktiven Kopfgruppen als Bausteine, durch die regioselektive Einlagerung von Fremdmolekülen in die Membran, durch die Ausrichtung von Bola-Amphiphilen mit zwei Kopfgruppen unterschiedlicher Löslichkeit oder Größe sowie durch Domänenbildung erhalten worden. Auch chirale Überstrukturen in Membranen konnten beobachtet werden, und es gelang, stereoselektive Reaktionen in Vesikelmembranen durchzuführen. Dieser Fortschrittsbericht schließt mit einer Diskussion über Membranen aus nicht-amphiphilen Bausteinen und einer Erörterung ungelöster Probleme.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 165-166 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 68
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 170-170 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 70
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. A57 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 171-193 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Der Name „Endor“ bezeichnet seit biblischer Zeit einen kleinen Ort in der Nähe des Sees Genezareth (etwa 1000 v. Chr., 1. Sam. 28, 7ff.). Das Akronym „ENDOR“ (Electron Nuclear DOuble Resonance) kennzeichnet die Erweiterung der Elektronenspinresonanz- zur Elektron-Kern-Doppelresonanzspektroskopie, einer Methode, die der Untersuchung komplizierterer paramagnetischer Moleküle neue Dimensionen eröffnet hat. Erst die im letzten Jahrzehnt technisch ausgereifte ENDOR-Spektroskopie sprengt die Auflösungsgrenzen der EPR-Spektroskopie und ermöglicht so beispielsweise interessante Anwendungen in biochemischen Bereichen. ENDOR-Untersuchungen haben zu neuen Einsichten in den Primärprozeß der Photosynthese, die Wirkungsweise von Vitamin E und K sowie den Mechanismus der Katalyse durch Flavoenzyme in biologischen Redoxketten gefuhrt. ENDOR und die Erweiterung zum Dreifachresonanzexperiment TRIPLE bieten unter anderem die Möglichkeit zur genauen Bestimmung von Hyperfeinkopplungskonstanten einschließlich ihrer oft besonders interessierenden Vorzeichen. Neben Protonen sind viele andere Kerne „ENDOR-fähig“, z.B. 2H, 13C, 14N. Die ENDOR-Technik ist nicht auf Monoradikale beschränkt, sondern kann auch auf Polyradikale in Spinzuständen höherer Multiplizitäten angewendet werden (Triplett-, Quartett-, Quintett-Zustand). Die Meßgröen lassen Aussagen über Spin- und Ladungsdichteverteilungen, Radikalstrukturen und die innermolekulare Dynamik zu. Sie sind für die Prüfung der Ergebnisse quantenmechanischer Rechnungen hervorragend geeignet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 96-123 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Photochemisches Lochbrennen ist eine spezielle Art der Sättigungsspektroskopie im optischen Bereich, die viel Ähnlichkeit mit NMR-Methoden zur Bestimmung von Relaxationszeiten hat. Die Löcher - genauer gesagt Einkerbungen - brennt man (mit Laserlicht) in Absorptionsbanden von Farbstoffmolekülen, die in einem Polymer oder Glas in Spuren enthalten sind. Aufgrund ihrer Linienschärfe sind photochemisch erzeugte Löcher hochempfindliche Sensoren. Sie reagieren auf geringfügige Störungen des Systems durch äußere Parameter mit meßbaren Verschiebungen oder Verbreiterungen. Anwendungen des photochemischen Lochbrennens in der Spektroskopie von Biomolekülen und im Bereich der Datenspeicherung zeigen in mögliche Richtungen für zukünftige Entwicklungen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 42 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 78
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 246-246 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 81
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  • 82
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    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 83
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 85
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 48-49 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 29-48 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Allyl-Kationen reagieren mit 1,3-Dienen zu sieben-, fünf- und sechsgliedrigen Ringen, aber auch zu Produkten der elektrophilen Substitution und zu linearen 1 : 1-Addukten. In diesem Beitrag werden Fortschritte auf präparativem und mechanistischem Gebiet zusammengefaßt, wobei die Synthese siebengliedriger Carbocyclen im Mittelpunkt steht. Es wird erstmals eine umfassende mechanistische Beschreibung vorgestellt: Drei Reaktionsklassen setzen den Produkttyp und die resultierende Stereochemie in Beziehung zur Nucleophilie des Diens, zur Elektrophilie des intermediären Allyl-Kations und zur Donorstärke der Gruppe Y, die an das zentrale Kohlenstoffatom der Allylgruppe gebunden ist. Das Problem „Allylresonanz contra nucleophile Beteiligung von Y“ wird diskutiert; experimentelle Hinweise deuten auf eine schwache Beteiligung von Y als Funktion seiner Nucleophilie. Die durch die Struktur erzwungene Planarität des π-Allylsystems in Cyclopentenyl-Kationen mit gutem Donor Y führt hier zu einer erhöhten Ladungstrennung und damit Elektrophilie.
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    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 52-52 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 60-61 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 96
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    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. i 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 96 (1984), S. 138-138 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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