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  • 1970-1974  (193)
  • 1965-1969  (67)
  • Electron Microscopy
  • Insulin
  • 101
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ionizing Radiation ; Late Effects ; Brain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The data with which this paper deals were obtained from white rats receiving limited head X-irradiation, tested for behavioral changes, and sacrificed for light and electron microscopic evaluation 1 year after the irradiation. No evidence was found for a general loss or change in cortical or subcortical neurons. On the other hand, there was bilateral focal degeneration in the fimbria of the fornix in the dorsal hippocampus. This involved considerable numbers of pyramidal and granule cells, presumably secondary to delayed vascular changes. Widespread hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted throughout the irradiated zone. Within each central necrotic zone invasive collagen, reticulin and fibrin were present. In general, blood vessels showed only occasional evidence of thickening. However, the blood vessels in the areas of frank necrosis in the fimbria and internal capsule exhibited intense thickening leading to hyalinization.
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  • 102
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Batten's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Appendix ; Curvilinear Inclusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic findings in the appendix of a five-year-old child suffering from Batten's disease are presented. They revealed accumulations of curviform densities in smooth muscle cells, nerve cells and Schwann cells of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. Typical lipofuscin pigment was not observed. The presence of transitional forms, however, suggesting progressive transformation of the inclusions into lipofuscin-like granules, is briefly discussed. It is proposed that, during life, electron microscopy of the appendix might be useful for the diagnosis or more specific classification of a form of storage disease.
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  • 103
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroglia ; Identification ; Light Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple method is described, using ultrathin sections, by which glial cells of all three types can be identified in the same section without using specialised techniques. Thesame cell can be identified by electronmicroscopy and thus allow for exact correlation of light and electron microscopic features. An outline description of glial types is given.
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  • 104
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Aluminium Cream ; Neurone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats were given injections of 0.01 cc of alumina cream into the cortex of the medial surface, above the distal part of the sulcus cruciatus. Then for a month the animals were “stimulated” by intravenous injections of penicillin. The electron microscopic study revealed: 1. A proximal zone close to the alumina cream; it is an inflammatory focus characterised by the presence of an exudate in which macrophages, plasmocytes and collagen fibres are present. 2. A middle zone: the astrocytes are hypertrophied and fibrous; the neurons exhibit either neurofibrillary degeneration or considerable increase of the number of mitochondria. Hypertrophied astrocytes and “hyperchondriomated” neurons are envisaged as possible indications of disturbances of electrical activity. 3. A distal zone: in this region the alterations of the cortex disappear.
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  • 105
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rod-Like Structures ; Ammon's Horn ; Electron Microscopy ; Age Incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of rod-like structures (RLS) was made in 173 pathological and in 67 normal brains. The pathological brains included cases with varied neuropathological conditions: vascular, metabolic, degenerative, infectious, traumatic, neoplastic, etc. The ages of the patients ranged from newborn to 97 years. RLS were found in 152 pathological brains (89%) and in 50 normal brains (75%). RLS were localized in all but one case, in Ammon's horn, specifically in Sommer's sector and in the stratum lacunosum beneath Sommer's sector. There was no correlation between any group of diseases studied and appearance or number of RLS. The number of RLS in Sommer's sector increased with advancing age. In the middle age, ihowever, the stratum lacunosum showed a higher number of RLS. The results of this study idicate that there is no significant relationship between RLS and any pathological condition and therefore that they represent non-specific changes, although a correlation with advancing age is probable. Although RLS appeared to be intracellular, their exact localization was not established.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Colitoxin Shock ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Pig ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations of the capillaries and venules in the central nervous system after intravenous application of coli endotoxin were studied in 193–7 weeks-old piglets (conventional, SPF and gnotobiotic). Slight lesions were found in the endothelium of capillaries and venules consisting of focal multiplication of microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles, vacuoles and dense bodies as well as occurrence of leukocytes adhering to the vascular surface being located in the vascular wall. There was severe extravasation in venules and occasionally in capillaries. The intercellular spaces of the neuropil were markedly widened and contained a plasma-like material. An increased number of lysosomes and osmiophilic depots were seen in the neuropil of 4 out of 19 animals resembling the lesions of porcine cerebrospinal angiopathy. Microthrombi, aggregations of platelets and erythrocytes were found in the vascular lumen indicating a disturbance of microcirculation after the application of coli endotoxin.
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  • 107
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acanthocytosis ; Sural Biopsy ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of sural nerve biopsies is described in two brothers with normo-lipoproteinaemic acanthocytosis and an associated neurological syndrome. There was a severe reduction of myelinated fibres. The Schwann cells had an increased population of lysosomes and contained remnants of myelin. The myelin lamellae were often split at the intraperiod lines. Centrioles were found in Schwann cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 108
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Encephalitis, Viral, Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Nervous System, Central and Peripheral ; Crystalline Aggregates ; Filamentous Collections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The CNS and posterior root ganglia of rabbits experimentally infected with Borna virus were studied by electron microscopy. Intracytoplasmic crystalline arrays were common in the non-neuronal cell elements of the central and peripheral nervous tissues of all infected animals. Peculiar filamentous collections were seen occasionally in the central and peripheral neurons of one third of the inoculated rabbits. Control animals showed no such changes. In the affected tissues the nuclear density was increased. There were numerous cells grouped around the vessels or scattered singly or in clusters in the parenchyma. Amongst them plasma cells could be recognized as well as mononuclear cells of hematogenous origin, microglia cells in various reactive stages and macrophages derived from either of the latter cell types. The nonspecific character of the crystalline aggregates is emphasized. The questionable viral nature of the filamentous bundles is considered briefly; other explanations as to their nature are also mentioned. Finally, attention is drawn to the heterogeneous composition of the glial nodules and to the ultrastructural variability of the various cell types found in the inflamed tissues.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofilament ; Neuropathy ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurofibrillary Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sural nerve biopsy was performed on a six-year-old girl with a slowly progressive distal mixed polyneuropathy. The nerve fiber population was reduced, and of those remaining, approximately half were greatly enlarged, measuring up to 35 microns in cross section. Longitudinal sections showed axonal enlargement to be segmental. Ultrastructurally, swollen axonal segments were filled with neurofilaments in closely-packed swirls which appeared to tie on occasion into granular electron-opaque condensations. Both, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers were involved, and some degree of onion-bulb formation was observed. Although masses of neurofilaments are found in peripheral axons in other disorders, none approaches the proportions encountered in this unique case.
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  • 110
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 288-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nerve Growth Factor ; Peripheral Nerve Fibres ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy ; Phase Contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) antiserum causes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia of newborn rats. Pre and post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from eleven such animals and eight controls were studied by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Quantitative techniques were applied to the study of different parameters of the axons and Schwann cells. Treated animals showed only 24% of the axonal population of controls and 34% of Schwann cells. This fiber loss was non-selective, affecting all fiber sizes. Schwann cells from treated animals enclosed fewer axons than normal and some contained none. Contrary to what is seen following transection of an unmyelinated nerve, regenerative axonal sprouting was not observed during the 6 week period studied. Schwann cell processes were elongated and unfolded, frequently engulfing bundles of collagen. NGF antiserum experiments provide a tool for the study of axonal and Schwann cell behaviour after neuronal loss avoiding the disadvantages of the traumatic disruption of neural architecture that results from experimental surgical lesions.
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  • 111
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Neurons ; Glycogen ; UDPG-transferase ; Glycogen Phosphorylase ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Partial ischemia of the spinal cord in adult cats was induced by abdominal aortic ligation. The most striking abnormality was an accumulation of glycogen in large motor neurons and astroglia in the peripheral anterior horns. Little or no histological and ultrastructural abnormalities were present in these regions. The first glycogen deposits appeared after 1/2 h in glial cells, whereas glycogen accumulation in neurons was first noticeable 1 h after ligation reaching a maximum in 24 h. A gradual decrease occurred with disappearance of glycogen at 10 days. Increase in UDPG-transferase was found preceeding glycogen appearance, and increase in glycogen-phosphorylase activity occurred later concurrent with glycogen accumulation. This unique neuronal glycogen deposition may be due to the UDPG-transferase normally present in γ-motor neurons of the anterior horns. Other possible mechanisms are also considered.
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  • 112
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Microglia ; Cerebral Cortex ; Cold Lesion ; Electron Microscopy ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural appearances of microglia in the rat cerebral cortex were examined following experimental cold lesions. It was found that microglia toop up extravascularized plasma by pinocytosis. These pinocytotic vesicles coalesced to form large vacuoles of medium electron density, which subsequently decreased in size and increased in density and morphological complexity. Concurrently the microglial cells underwent dedifferentiation and division. Between 3 and 7 days after making the cold lesion it was difficult to distinguish between phagocytes of microglial and haematogenous origin. The relationship of microglia to haematogenous phagocytes is discussed.
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  • 113
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Cats ; CSF Turnover ; Ependyma ; Subependymal Tissue ; Extracellular Space ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study of the ependymal and subependymal regions of experimental hdrocephalic cats was made. Hydrocephalus was induced by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover was measured in all experimental cats by ventricular perfusion just prior to glutaraldehyde fixation. The cats were sacrificed at 7 (acute hydrocephalus) and at 21 or more days (chronic hydrocephalus) after kaolin. The major pathological findings were: flattened and outstretched ependymal lining, detachment of ependymal cells and rarefaction of subependymal areas with increase in the extracellular space. The significant morphological alterations in acute hydrocephalus, characterized by a marked decreased rate of CSF absorption, were flattening and outstretching of ependymal cells with minimal rarefaction of subjacent tissues. In the acute animal with a measurable amount of CSF absorption, and more clearly, in the chronic animal with higher rates of CSF absorption, detachment of ependymal calls, significant rarefaction of subependymal tissues, and marked increased subependymal extracellular space were the predominant changes. It is concluded that these pathological changes provide the morphologic substrate for transventricular absorption of CSF.
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  • 114
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Nuclear Bodies ; Tubular Inclusions ; Nucleocapsids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this case of documented subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), electron microscopy of a brain biopsy revealed a previously unreported “fingerprint” configuration of tubular inclusions or nucleocapsids. The pattern resembled that of the whorled filamentous nuclear bodies which are so frequently encountered in ultrastructural studies of this disease. Furthermore, an apparent tubule was seen running parallel to filaments within the nucleus of still another affected cell. These findings lend support to the concept that nuclear bodies are converted into and/or synthesize nucleocapsids.
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  • 115
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    Acta neuropathologica 21 (1972), S. 282-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Jimpy Mouse ; Electron Microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Mouse Mutant ; Myelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corpus callosum of Jimpy mouse brain was investigated with the electron microscope in 14, 21, 29 days old animals, and compared with that of normal littermates. Myelination was almost lacking in Jimpy; this absence seems to be due to an agenesis rather than a destruction. The oligodendrocyte cell line is severely disturbed; adult oligodendrocytes are absent in all the animals studied, even in 29 days animals. The few oligodendrocytes present are young; they are found in the vicinity of the few myelinated fibers. Features suggestive of oligodendrocyte death were found both in corpus callosum and neighbouring cortex. The astrocyte cell line develops normally; evidences of cell reactivity such as increase of glycogen and gliofilaments were found. Microglia were present in large numbers and contained several types of inclusions, whose signification is discussed. It is concluded that the defect of myelination in Jimpy mice is closely related to abnormalities found in the oligodendrocyte line.
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  • 116
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 158-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Stab Wound ; Glycogen Reaction ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Abnormal accumulation of glycogen around cerebral stab wounds was studied histochemically, electron microscopically, and quantitatively in rats 4, 13, 28 days old and in adult (90–150 days old) animals. Glycogen did not accumulate around stab wounds in 4 and in 13-day old rats, whereas a considerable accumulation of glycogen was present in the 28 day and in adult animals. There was a close parallelism between the amount of glycogen accumulated and the degree of maturation of oxidative enzyme activity as reflected by succinic dehydrogenase activity in the cortex. In 28 day and in adult animals, a pale central necrotic core was surrounded by a zone of reduced enzyme activity. The region of glycogen accumulation was located peripherally to this zone.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical studies were performed on the cerebellum from a 9 month old Jewish boy with spongy degeneration. Histologically, the main pathological changes were noted in the Purkinje cell layer, the deeper areas of the granular cell layers and the subcortical white matter. Ultrastructurally, multiple vacuoles were present within the swollen cytoplasm and processes of protoplasmic astrocytes in the cortex, while in the subcortical white matter vacuoles were observed within splitting myelin lamellae as well as within astrocytes. There were also abnormal mitochondria within swollen protoplasmic astrocytic cytoplasm and processes which in ATPase preparations showed little or no reaction product. However, the fibrillary astrocytes were not swollen and contained intact mitochondria which showed normal reaction product in ATPase preparations. Since the myelin changes are known to be nonspecific and secondary to abnormal fluid accumulation, the characteristic distribution of the multiple vacuoles in the central nervous system in this disorder seems primarily to be related to swelling of the protoplasmic astrocytes.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipid Composition ; Axonal Loss ; Ganglioside Deficit ; Schilder's Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis with a four-year history of progressive neurologic deterioration in a boy dying at ten years of age is reported. The asymmetry of the process was indicated during life by the clinical findings. A unicentric focus of demyelination was found with the initial stages in the occipital and temporal white matter and a subacute reaction in the rostral cerebral white matter, brain stem, and cerebellum. Electron microscopic study confirmed the extensive axonal loss. No particles compatible with a virus structure were identified. Analysis of the regional composition of cerebral lipids demonstrated large deficits of cerebroside, sulfatide, cholesterol, total phospholipid, sphingomyelin, and ganglioside in the occipital lesion. A significant but less complete deficit of lipids was found at the lesion margin in frontal white matter. An increase of cholesterol esters was demonstrated at this site as well. The normal-appearing white matter of rostral frontal lobe showed a decreased level of ganglioside and normal concentrations of the other structural lipids. This decreased ganglioside concentration of grossly normal white matter suggest the advisability of considering Wallerian degeneration in interpreting the analytical data obtained in the study of the demyelinating disorders. The morphological and biochemical findings indicate the progressive spread of the axonolytic and myelinolytic process in the pathogenesis of Schilder's diffuse sclerosis.
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  • 119
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 122-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mercury Intoxication ; Nerve Cells ; Dorsal Root Ganglion ; Cerebellum ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary When given to rats, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds were found to be neurotoxic. After CH3HgCl intoxication, focal cytoplasmic degradation was the most characteristic lesion observed in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. A large cytoplasmic vacuole was formed in many neurons as a result of such lesions. After HgCl2 poisoning, the dorsal root ganglion neurons developed peripheral vacuoles, which were formed by the retraction of the neuron from its surrounding satellite cells. Extensive fragmentation of these neurons occurred as such vacuolation progressed. Multiple small lesions varying from 0.1–1.2 μ were found in the neuronal cytoplasm after both organic and inorganic mercury intoxication. Mercury could be demonstrated histochemically to have a close association with these lesions. In the anterior horn motoneurons, neither mercury compound produced any permanent pathological lesions in the nerve cell bodies, although there was severe dilatation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope at early stages of the intoxication. In the cerebellum, both organic and inorganic mercury compounds produced extensive coagulative or lucid changes in the granule cells. Degeneration of the Purkinje cells was also found at late stages of the poisoning.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Sural Nerve ; von Recklingshausen's Disease ; Schwann Cell ; Onion Bulb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of photo and electron microscopical preparations of a biopsied sural nerve from a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. In the toluidine blue stained Epon-sections the number of myelinated fibers per square millimeter was moderately decreased and the number of large myelinated fibers was severely reduced. Large, circular, lamellated structures which resemble the onion bulb were observed. These structures are different from the previously reported onion bulb in their size and core structure which contains usually a degenerated nerve fiber. Some consideration was given to the origin of these onion bulb-like lamellated structures.
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  • 121
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Segmental Demyelination ; Remyelination ; Axon/Schwann Cell Relationship ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations were made of early remyelination after segmental demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) and experimental diphtheritic neuropathy. In EAN 71% of axons which had been demyelinated were invaginated each within a single Schwann cell; remyelination associated with this cellular relationship was in accordance with the spiral myelin concept, 29% of demyelinated axons in EAN were initially enveloped each by several Schwann cell processes and the associated mechanism of remyelination was by “tunication” resulting in a transient irregular distribution of myelin lamellae around the axon circumference. In diphtheritic neuropathy regeneration more closely paralleled development in ontogeny. 88% of demyelinated axons were invaginated each within one Schwann cell, only 12% of axons were each enveloped by more than one Schwann cell process. Early remyelination by tunication was not observed in diphtheritic neuropathy. Additional loosely associated Schwann cell processes lying within the “old” Schwann cell basement membrane occurred frequently in both experimental conditions. Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, “redundant” myelin, and “desmosomes” were observed in the sheaths of incipient remyelination.
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  • 122
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 275 (1972), S. 299-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Human Blood Platelets ; Inhibition of Serotonin Uptake ; Lipid Solubility ; Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents ; Serotonin Release ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Beta-adrenergic blocking agents inhibit serotonin uptake by human blood platelets; in addition they induce release of the previously accumulated amine in vitro. Propranolol was the most active drug, followed by alprenolol, Kl 255, Kö 592, INPEA, oxprenolol, pindolol, Kö 1366, practolol, and sotalol. Kinetic analysis revealed a mixed type of inhibition of serotonin uptake. A significant correlation between these parameters and the lipid solubilities of the respective drugs was found. In contrast to the active serotonin uptake labelled β-sympatholytics were accumulated by the platelets passively, i. e. independently of temperature and of time of incubation. The degree of accumulation by human blood platelets and human erythrocyte ghosts was again correlated with the hydrophobicity of the compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that these effects of β-adrenergic blocking agents are mainly unspecific in nature, depending on the lipid solubility of the drugs, and leading to conformational changes within the membranes. This assumption is supported by the electron microscopical findings in human platelets, indicating ultrastructural changes and cell lysis.
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  • 123
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Iodoacetate ; Glycolysis ; Muscle Metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1,2-Bisphosphoenolpyruvate (bis-PEP), a new intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism, accumulates in the incubation medium of rat diaphragms. The metabolic properties of this intermediate have been studied. Bis-PEP is determined after isolation, by its radioactivity and the total phosphorus content. The production is stimulated by insulin. The addition of adrenalin and monoiodoacetate to media containing insulin causes a further increase in concentration of bis-PEP in the medium. When incubating with glucose labeled in the first or the sixth carbon atom, the dilution of the isotope incorporated into bis-PEP is different. The use of 1-14C-glucose gives rise to the production of bis-PEP with low specific activity; this dilution is counteracted by the addition of monoiodoacetate to the medium. The addition of non-radioactivedl-glyceraldehyde to the medium causes a doubling of the total amount accumulated and an approximately equal increase in isotope dilution. The addition of inert hydroxypyruvate decreases the dilution factor without increasing the total amount. When glycogen in the diaphragms is labeled by preliminary incubation with14C-glucose, labeled bis-PEP can be isolated from a second, non-radioactive medium. Anaerobiosis does not inhibit production. Assuming that in the intact diaphragm as in isolated systems the effect of monoiodoacetate is first and foremost on glyceraldehydedehyrogenase, it is suggested that the synthesis of bis-PEP takes place at a point above the formation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
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  • 124
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 540-561 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cholesterol ; Fats ; Insulin ; Lipoprotein lipase ; Lipoproteins ; NEFA ; Nicotinic acid ; Pre-β-lipoproteins ; Serum lipids ; Triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudé 84 sujets diabétiques a fin de mettre en évidence la frequence et le type des complications hyperlipidémiques au cours de la maladie diabétique. Pour déterminer quelques aspects de la pathogénèse, des patients ont reçu une diète hyperglucidique (CHO 75–80%), des autres ont reçu un surplus diététique de beurre (30% des calories totales), des autres enfin ont été tratés par acide nicotinique (2 g/die pendant 8 jours). Les résultats ont mis en évidence que une hyperlipémie est très fréquente au cours de diabète mais elle jamais atteint à des niveaux élevés; le type II est rare tandis que prédomine le type IV; il y a même la présence de un type «mélangé» (II+IV) e de «sinking pre-β». L'hyperlipémie, caractérisée par une légère réduction de la lipoprotéine-lipase, n'est pas modifiable ni par des diètes hyperglucidiques ni avec le surplus de gras saturés; au contraire l'action de l'acide nicotinique a réduit l'hyperglycémie et la bande pre-β. La légère hyperlipémie habituelle des diabétiques semble causée par une aumentation de l'afflux de NEFA au foie et par un déficit de la rémotion plasmatique de VLDL. Excéptionnellement une «grosse» hyperlipemie complique le diabète de la maturité ou le diabète en acido-cétose; en ces cas il s'agirait plus de une association de plusieurs gènes morbides que de une interdèpendence pathogénétique.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiados una serie de 84 diabéticos, al objeto de determinar la frecuencia con que la diabetes se complica con una hiperlipemia y el tipo de esta última. Para determinar algunos aspectos de la patogenesis, una parte de los pacientes se sometió a dieta hiperglucídica (carbohidratos 75–80 %), otra recibió un suplemento dietético de mantequilla (equivalente al 30% de la totalidad de calorías) y, finalmente, otra fue sometida a un tratamiento con ácido nicotínico (2 gramos diarios durante 8 días). Los datos obtenidos han demostrado que la hiperlipemia se da muy frecuentemente durante la diabetes pero que habitualmente no alcanza grados elevados; el tipo II se da con escasa frecuencia; predomina el tipo IV de hiperlipoproteinemia; y también se da la presencia de un tipo «mixto» y en un cierto porcentaje figuran también las «sinking pre-β». La hiperlipemia, caracterizada preferentemente por una leve reducción de la lipoproteinlipasa, no ha resultado susceptible de modificaciones ni con la dieta hiperglucídica ni con el suplemento de grasas saturadas; en cambio, tanto la hiperglicemia como lafaja pre-β se ha atenuado bajo el tratamiento con ácido nicotínico. La leve hiperlipemia habitual del diabético parece pues que se vincule a una hiperafluencia de NEFA al hígado y a un déficit de la eliminación plasmática de VLDL. En casos excepcionales una «gran» hiperlipemia complica la diabetes de la madurez o la diabetes quetonúrica; en tales casos más que una interdependencia patogenética parece que lo que está en juego es una asociación de genes morbosos plúrimos.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato una serie di 84 diabetici, al fine di accertare la frequenza con cui il diabete si complica con una iperlipemia, nonché il tipo di questa. Per determinare alcuni aspetti della patogenesi, parte dei pazienti sono stati sottoposti a dieta iperglicidica (carboidrati 75–80 %), parte hanno ricevuto un supplemento dietetico di burro (pari al 30 % delle calorie totali), mentre altri sono stati sottoposti a trattamento con acido nicotinico (2 g/die per 8 giorni). I dati ottenuti hanno consentito di accertare come una iperlipemia sia molto frequente in corso di diabete, ma come essa non raggiunga abitualmente gradi elevati; il tipo II è scarsamente frequente, mentre predomina il tipo IV di iperlipoproteinemia; vi è presenza anche di un tipo «misto», mentre in una certa aliquota figurano anche le «sinking pre-β». L'iperlipemia, per lo più caratterizzata da una lieve riduzione della lipoprotein-lipasi, non è risultata modificabile né con la dieta iperglicidica né con il supplemento di grassi saturi; sia l'iperlipemia che la banda pre-β si sono invece attenuate sotto trattamento con acido nicotinico. La lieve iperlipemia abituale del diabetico sembra quindi legata a un iperafflusso di NEFA al fegato e a un deficit della rimozione plasmatica di VLDL. In casi eccezionali, una «grossa» iperlipemia complica il diabete della maturità o il diabete chetonurico; in questi casi, più che una interdipendenza patogenetica sembra in gioco l'associazione di geni morbosi plurimi.
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  • 125
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 900-923 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Fat cells ; Glucose uptake ; Insulin ; Kinetic constants ; Rat epididymal tissue ; Second order kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après avoir mesuré le captage de glucose par les adipocytes de rat, on calcule les valeurs de K (constante de semi-saturation) et de V (captage maximum à des concentrations de glucose saturantes). L'insuline accroît le captage de glucose, tandis que le mannose et le 3-O-méthylglucose l'interdisent. Plusieurs préparations cellulaires donnent des valeurs différentes en ce qui concerne K, V et la sensibilité à l'insuline. On prend en considération l'effet possible de la teneur en triglycérides des adipocytes sur ces différents paramètres. Cependant, le caractère non-linéaire de certains diagrammes où les deux variables sont transformées dans leurs valéurs réciproques et certaines corrélations entre les divers paramètres cinétiques laissent penser à deux systèmes de captage de glucose dans les adipocytes de rat.
    Abstract: Resumen Se calculan los valores de K (constante de semisaturación) y de V (captación máxima y concentraciones de glucosa saturantes), por medio de mediciones de la captación de glucosa por parte de adipocitos de rata. La insulina aumenta la captación de glucosa, mientras que la manosa y el 3-O-metilglucosa la inhiben. Preparados celulares diversos facilitan diferentes valores por lo que se refiere a K, V y la sensibilidad a la insulina. Se considera el posible efecto del contenido de triglicéridos de los adipocitos según esos diversos parámetros. Sin embargo, la falta de linealidad de algunos diagrams en los que las variables se han transformado en sus recíprocos y ciertas correlaciones entre los varios parámetros cinéticos dan lugar a que se pueda suponer que en los adipocitos de rata puedan existir dos sistemas de captación de la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Da misurazioni della captazione di glucosio da parte di adipociti di ratto vengono calcolati i valori di K (costante di semi-saturazione) e di V (captazione massima a concentrazioni di glucosio saturanti). L'insulina aumenta la captazione di glucosio, mentre il mannosio ed il 3-O-metilglucosio la inibiscono. Preparati cellulari diversi forniscono differenti valori per quanto riguarda K, V e la sensibilità all'insulina. Viene considerato il possibile effetto del contenuto in trigliceridi degli adipociti su questi diversi parametri. Tuttavia, la non linearità di alcuni diagrammi in cui entrambe le variabili sono trasformate nei loro reciproci e certe correlazioni tra i varî parametri cinetici fanno pensare che negli adipociti di ratto possano esserci due sistemi di captazione del glucosio.
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  • 126
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 865-899 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: cAMP ; Chlorpropamide ; Diabetes ; Glibenclamide ; Glibornuride ; Glucagon ; Insulin ; Methylxanthines ; Sulphonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A présent, il est certain que les sulfanilurées exerçent essentiellement leur action au niveau du pancréas, stimulant la sécrétion insulinique et interdisant la sécrétion du glucagone. Dès la découverte des substances hypoglycemisantes par la voie orale, le développement de nouvelles sulfanilurées encore plus fortes a fait l'objet d'un très vif intérêt. Tout récemment, par la synthèse d'un nouveau composé plus puissant appartenant au groupe des sulfanilurées — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, des progrès encourageants ont été réalisés, notamment en ce qui concerne le traitment du diabète chez les individus d'un âge mûr. Nombre de patients dépendant de l'insuline atteints de cette forme de diabète peuvent être traités en effet avec de la glibenclamide. Parfois, il se peut que des hypoglycemies masquées se manifestent, ce qui témoigne de l'activité intense de cette substance. La glibenclamide se diversifie des autres sulfanilurées du fait des différentes modalités qui provoquent la sécrétion d'insuline. Cette substance agit également synergiquement avec le glucose stimulant cette sécrétion. Aucun autre médicament hypoglycemisant ne permet, chez l'animal aussi bien que chez l'homme, d'accroître dans une mesure autant considérable la tolérance des glycides. La glibenclamide semble exercer son influence au niveau de la cellule B sur le même récepteur ou avec le même mécanisme agissant avec le glucose.
    Abstract: Resumen Actualmente se considera como un hecho cierto que las sulfanilureas actúan principalmente a nivel del áncreas estimulando la secreción insulínica e inhibendo la de glucagón. Desde la época en que fueron descubiertas las substancias hipoglicémicas orales, ha sido objeto de vivo interés el desarrollo de sulfanilureas nuevas y más potentes. Recientemente, a través de la síntesis de un compuesto muy potente perteneciente al grupo de las sulfanilureas — la glibenclamida (HB 419, Daonil®) —, se han realizado progresos alentadores sobre todo en el tratamiento de la diabetes de la edad madura. En efecto, muchos enfermos insulinodependientes afectos de dicho tipo de diabetes pueden pasar a la glibenclamida. A veces se pueden virificar hipoglicemias disfrazadas, que prueban la intensa actividad de esta substancia. La glibenclamida se diferencia de las demás sulfanilureas por las diversas modalidades con que provoca la secreción de insulina. Además, actúa sinérgicamente con la glucosa en el stímulo de dicha secreción. Ningún otro producto hipoglicémico es capaz, tanto en el hombre como en el animal, de aumentar en medida tan notable la tolerancia glucídica. La glibenclamida parace actuar a nivel de la célula B en el mismo receptor o con el mismo mecanismo con que actúa la glucosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Attualmente, è considerato un fatto certo che le sulfaniluree agiscano principalmente a livello del pancreas, stimolando la secrezione insulinica ed inibendo quella del glucagone. Sin dall'epoca della scoperta degli ipoglicemizzanti orali, lo sviluppo di nuove e più efficaci sulfaniluree è stato oggetto di vivo interesse. Recentemente, attraverso la sintesi di un nuovo ed assai efficace composto appartenente al gruppo delle sulfaniluree — la glibenclamide (HB 419, Daonil®) —, incoraggianti progressi sono stati compiuti, soprattutto nel trattamento del diabete dell'età matura. Molti pazienti insulino-dipendenti affetti da tale tipo di diabete possono essere infatti passati alla glibenclamide. Talvolta possono verificarsi ipoglicemie mascherate, a dimostrazione dell'intensa attività di questa sostanza. La glibenclamide si differenzia dalle altre sulfaniluree per le diverse modalità con cui provoca la secrezione di insulina. Essa agisce inoltre sinergicamente con il glucosio nello stimolare tale secrezione. Nessun altro farmaco ipoglicemizzante è capace, sia nell'animale che nell'uomo, di aumentare in misura altrettanto notevole la tolleranza glicidica. La glibenclamide sembra agire a livello della cellula B sullo stesso recettore o con il medesimo meccanismo con cui agisce il glucosio.
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  • 127
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Complex formation ; Cysteine ; Cystine ; Insulin ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Par la méthode chromatographique de la gel-filtration sous les mêmes conditions réalisées pour l'isolement du complexe insuline tryptophane, aucune formation de complexes avec cysteine et cystine n'a été vérifiée.
    Abstract: Resumen Empleando el método cromatográfico da la gel-filtración, en las mismas condiciones actuadas para el aislamiento del complejo insulina-triptófano, no se ha observado formación de complejos con la cisteina y la cistina.
    Notes: Riassunto Impiegando il metodo cromatografico della gel-filtrazione, nelle medesime condizioni attuate per l'isolamento del complesso insulina-triptofano, non è stata osservata formazione di complessi con la cisteina e la cistina.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Antilipolytic effect ; Glycerol release ; Insulin ; Isolated fat cells ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Auteurs ont étudié l'effet antilypolytique de l'insuline sur la lypolyse induite par la noradrénaline. Après avoir choisi une dose minime d'hormone capable d'exercer sûrement une action antilypolytique, les Auteurs ont comparé des insulines de type différent, y compris l'insuline humaine, afin de déterminer l'existence éventuelle d'une efficacité différente.
    Abstract: Resumen Los autores han estudiato el efecto antilipolítico de la insulina sobre la lipolisis inducida por la noradrenalina. Tras haber elegido una dosis mínima de hormón capaz de desarrollar una acción antilipolítica segura, los autores han comparado entre ellas insulinas de diferentes especies, incluso de la humana, con la finalidad de determinar la posible existencia de una diversa eficacia.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato l'effetto antilipolitico dell'insulina sulla lipolisi indotta dalla noradrenalina. Dopo aver scelto una dose minima di ormone capace di esercitare una sicura azione antilipolitica, gli AA. hanno confrontato tra loro insuline di specie differente, compresa quella umana, allo scopo di determinare l'eventuale esistenza di una diversa efficacia.
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  • 129
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 15-45 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Biological activity ; Connecting-peptide (C-peptide) ; Diabetes ; Functioning islet cell tumor ; Immunological activity ; Insulin ; Obesity ; Proinsulin ; Serum C-peptide ; Serum proinsulinlike material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La molécule de la proinsuline, precurseur à chaîne unique de l'insuline, commence par la chaîne B de l'insuline, continue à travers un peptide contenant quelque 30–35 acides aminés, par rapport à l'espèce, et se termine par la chaîne A de l'insuline. De nombreuses enquêtes expérimentalesin vitro ont révélé que la transformation de la proinsuline en insuline est liée à la formation des granules de sécrétion et que le C-peptide n'est pas métabolisé à l'intérieur des cellules B. Il a été démontré que la proinsuline et le C-peptide sont présents dans le sérum de sujets normaux, obèses et diabétiques. A jeun, la concentration de la proinsuline sérique représente environ 40 % de celle de l'insuline (c'est-à-dire 25 % de l'IRI sérique totale). Après une administration de 100 grammes de glucose, on a observé une diminution du rapport proinsuline/insuline. Dans quelques sujets ayant une tumeur fonctionnante des îlots de Langerhans, les valeurs de la proinsuline peuvent être extrêmement élevées, jusqu'à représenter environ 80–90 % de l'IRI sérique. La détermination du C-peptide dans le sérum a été effectuée par une méthode radioimmunologique spécifique. Après glucose, on a observé une augmentation des valeurs sériques du C-peptide. Dans des sujets normaux, obès et diabétiques et dans des sujets avec insulinome, les valeurs sériques du C-peptide et de l'insuline étaient essentiellement équivalents, si elles étaient évaluées sur base molaire. La présence de la proinsuline et du C-peptide dans la circulation a suscité un interêt considérable pour un effet éventuel biologique de ces substances. En dépit des résultats contrastants concernant l'activité biologique de la proinsuline, probablement à cause des techniques différentes utilisées, les effets métaboliques de la proinsuline dans les différents tissus sont très semblables à ceux de l'insuline. Par contre, le C-peptide ne semble pas posséder d'activité biologique. Il n'est pas encore certain si la proinsuline et le C-peptide présents dans la circulation exercent quelque action spécifique au niveau des tissus périphériques ou bien s'ils représentent simplement une conséquence passive du mécanisme de sécrétion de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Resumen La molécula de la proinsulina, precursora en cadena única de la insulina, inicia con la cadena B de la insulina, continua a través de un péptido compuesto de unos 30–35 aminoácidos, en relación con la especie y termina con la cadena A de la insulina. Numerosas investigaciones experimentalesin vitro sugieren que la transformación de la proinsulina en insulina se vincula a la formación de los gránulos de secreción y que el C-péptido no se metaboliza dentro de las células B. Se ha demostrado que la proinsulina y el C-péptido se hallan presentes en el suero de individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos. En ayunas, la concentración de la proinsulina serosa alcanza el 40 % aproximadamente de la correspondiente a la insulina (es decir, el 25 % del IRI sérico total). Tras suministro de 100 gramos de glucosa se ha observado una disminución de la relación proinsulina/insulina. En algunos individuos con tumor activo en las islas de Langerhans, los valores de la proinsulinemia pueden llegar a ser muy elevados, hasta alcanzar casi el 80–90 % del IRI suerosa. La determinación del C-péptido en el suero se ha efectuado por medio de un método radioinmunológico específico. Tras glucosa se ha observado un aumento de los valores suerosos del C-péptido. En individuos normales, obesos y diabéticos y en individuos con insulinoma los valores suerosos del C-péptido en circulación ha suscitado notable interés bajo el aspecto de un posible efecto biológico de esas substancias. A pesar de que con respecto a la actividad biológica de la proinsulina los resultados se presentan más bien en contraste, probablemente en función de las diversas técnicas seguidas, los efectos metabólicos de la proinsulina en los varios tejidos son muy parecidos a los de la insulina. Por el contrario, el C-péptido no parece tener actividad biológica alguna. Todavía no se conoce con seguridad si la proinsulina y el C-péptido presentes en la circulación desarrollan alguna función espécifica a nivel de los tejidos periféricos o si simplemente son una consecuencia pasiva del mecanismo de secreción de la insulina.
    Notes: Riassunto La molecola della proinsulina, precursore a catena unica dell'insulina, inizia con la catena B dell'insulina, prosegue attraverso un peptide composto di circa 30–35 aminoacidi, in rapporto alla specie e termina con la catena A dell'insulina. Numerose indagini sperimentaliin vitro suggeriscono che la trasformazione della proinsulina in insulina sia legata alla formazione dei granuli di secrezione e che il C-peptide non venga metabolizzato all'interno delle cellule B. É stato dimostrato che la proinsulina e il C-peptide sono presenti nel siero di soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici. A digiuno, la concentrazione della proinsulina sierica rappresenta circa il 40 % di quella dell'insulina (ovvero circa il 25 % dell'IRI sierica totale). Dopo somministrazione di 100 g di glucosio, è stata osservata una diminuzione del rapporto proinsulina/insulina. In alcuni soggetti con tumore funzionante delle isole di Langerhans, i valori della proinsulinemia possono essere molto elevati, fino a rappresentare circa l'80–90 % dell'IRI sierica. La determinazione del C-peptide nel siero è stata eseguita per mezzo di un metodo radioimmunologico specifico. Dopo glucosio, è stato osservato un aumento dei valori sierici del C-peptide. In soggetti normali, obesi e diabetici e in soggetti con insulinoma i valori sierici del C-peptide e dell'insulina erano essenzialmente equivalenti se valutati su base molare. La presenza della proinsulina e del C-peptide in circolo ha suscitato notevole interesse nei riguardi di un eventuale effetto biologico di queste sostanze. Nonostante che nei riguardi dell'attività biologica della proinsulina i risultati siano piuttosto contrastanti, probabilmente in rapporto alle diverse tecniche impiegate, gli effetti metabolici della proinsulina nei varî tessuti sono molto simili a quelli dell'insulina. Al contrario, il C-peptide non sembra possedere alcuna attività biologica. Non è ancora certo se la proinsulina e il C-peptide presenti in circolo svolgano qualche funzione specifica a livello dei tessuti periferici oppure se essi rappresentino semplicemente una conseguenza passiva del meccanismo di secrezione dell'insulina.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 270-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocytosis ; Locomotion ; Membrane turnover ; Hyalodiscus simplex ; Morphometry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hyalodiscus simplex zeigt während der normalen Fortbewegung eine auf den Uroidbereich beschränkte permanente Endocytoseaktivität, durch die kontinuierlich Zellmembran und extrazelluläres Milieu ins Innere der Zelle aufgenommen wird. Nach unter-schiedlich langer Inkubation in einer 2.5% igen Thorotrastlösung kann die Markierungssubstanz bei ihrer Passage durch die Zelle morphologisch verfolgt werden. Das endocytierte Thorotrast gelangt in ein intrazelluläres Membransystem, welches für die Verdauung verantwortlich ist und dessen Gesamtoberfläche in der Größenordnung der Zelloberfläche liegt. Verschiedene, funktionell miteinander in Verbindung stehende Vakuolen stellen die charakteristischen Komponenten des intrazellulären Verdauungssystems dar. Die morphometrische Auswertung der Markierungsversuche hat gezeigt, daß der Membran-Turnover etwa 2% pro Minute beträgt. Hyalodiscus simplex benötigt demnach bei normaler Lokomotion zur vollständigen Regeneration der Zellmembran eine Zeit von 7,5–8 Std. Da die Oberfläche trotz permanenter Endocytoseaktivität auch nach unterschiedlich langer Thorotrastinkubation stets konstant bleibt, darf vermutet werden, daß die endocytotisch aufgenommene Zellmembran durch einen noch unbekannten Mechanismus wieder regeneriert wird.
    Notes: Summary During locomotion Hyalodiscus simplex is active in permanent endocytosis at the uroid region. Thereby plasma membrane and extracellular medium are translocated into the cell interior. After different periods of incubation in a 2.5% solution of thorotrast the tracer can morphologically be followed during the passage through the cell. The ingested thorotrast is collected within a vacuolar system. This system is involved in intracellular digestion and composed of different types of vacuoles, which are structurally separated but functionally interconnected. Its total surface area approximately corresponds to the surface area of the entire cell. As demonstrated by morphometric analysis, the membrane turnover is about 2% per minute. Therefore, in the migrating amoebae 7.5–8 hours are required for the complete regeneration of the plasma membrane. Since the surface area of the cell remains constant despite of permanent endocytotic activity the ingested plasma membrane must be continuously regenerated by an unknown mechanism.
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  • 131
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 551-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic capillaries ; Intestinal villus ; Muscularis mucosae ; Guinea pig, Monkey ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zentralen Chylusgefäße in den Zotten des Duodenum und Jejunum von Meerschweinchen und Affe zeigen die Strukturbesonderheiten, die für die Lymphkapillaren des Dünndarms charakteristisch sind. Die Endothelzellen sind durch ihre langen Ausläufer in komplizierter Weise miteinander verzahnt. Sie können an diesen Stellen auseinanderweichen und größeren Chylomikronen den Durchtritt vom extrazellulären Raum in die Lymphkapillaren ermöglichen. Marklose Nervenfasern und vor allem glatte Muskelzellen der Muscularis mucosae treten mit dem Endothel der Lymphkapillaren in Kontakt. Das Zusammenwirken der Endothelverzahnungen mit der Zottenpumpe, die auf den Kontraktionen der glatten Muskelzellen beruht, wird im Hinblick auf den Lymphtransport diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The central lacteals in the villi of duodenum and jejunum (Macaca mulatta, Cavia cobaya) exhibit the same structural peculiarities as the lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine in general. The endothelial cells overlap extensively at their margins. At these points they may be separated from each other so enabling larger chylomicra to pass from the extracellular space into the lumen of the lacteal. Nonmyelinated nerve fibres as well as smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis mucosae in particular contact the endothelium of the lymphatic capillaries. The co-operation of the endothelial interdigitations with the villus pump, realized by the contractions of the smooth muscle cells, is discussed as mechanism of the lymph transport.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (Frog) ; Tubero-hypophysial system ; Neurosecretory cell types ; Releasing factors ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigation of neural isolated and normal pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum showed the presence, in Rana temporaria, of a tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system. A striking structural resemblance between this parvicellular, aldehydefuchsin negative, tubero-hypophysial neurosecretory system and the magnocellular, aldehydefuchsin positive, hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system was observed. Six different neurosecretory cell types are described, characterized by different shape and size of their respective secretory granules. The nature of the secretory product of these cells is briefly discussed.
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  • 133
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 24-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora Bodies ; Glycogenosis ; Branching Enzyme ; Epilepsia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lafora-Körperchen sind aus fibrillären und granulären Anteilen in verschiedener Menge zusammengesetzt. Sie sind in Nervenzellfortsätzen und Perikaryen gelegen und häufig mit cytoplasmatischen Elementen durchmischt. Die Bestandteile der Lafora-Körperchen sind elektronenoptisch hell, zeigen wechselnde Affinität zu Osmium und werden nach Bleiacetat-Vorbehandlung mit der klassischen Uranylacetat-Färbung schwach dargestellt. Sie besitzen eine starke Affinität zu Bleihydroxyd und reagieren mit Perjodsäure. Mit der PTA-Methode für basisches Protein und/oder saure Mucopolysaccharide färben sie sich nicht. Diese Befunde stimmen mit chemischen Untersuchungen überein, nach denen die Lafora-Körperchen hauptsächlich aus Polyglucosanen bestehen, und legen nahe, daß sowohl die granulären als auch die fibrillären ultrastrukturellen Anteile Glykolgruppen enthalten. Die Ultrastruktur der Lafora-Körperchen ist jener der Corpora amylacea, der Ablagerungen bei der basophilen Degeneration des Herzmuskels und bei Glykogenose-Typ IV sehr ähnlich.
    Notes: Summary Lafora bodies are composed of fibrillar and granular components in various concentrations. They are located in neuronal cell processes and perikarya and are frequently clearly intermingled with cytoplasmic elements. These components are electron-lucent, show a variable affinity for osmium, and are weakly stained by classical uranyl acetate stain following lead citrate. They exhibit a strong affinity for lead hydroxide and are periodic-acid reactive. They are not stained by the PTA technic for basic protein and/or acidic mucopolysaccharides. These results are in agreement with chemical studies according to which L. B are mostly composed of polyglucosans and suggest that both the granular and fibrillar ultrastructural components contain vic-glycol groups. The ultrastructure of L. B. is very similar to that of corpora amylacea, to deposits in basophilic degeneration of myocardium and in glycogenosis type IV.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Membranous and Fingerprint Inclusions ; Hypertrophied Cortical Astrocytes ; Nuclear Bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Deux cas de la maladie de Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt (idiotie amaurotique familiale juvénile) ont été étudiés en microscopie électronique, histochimiquement et biochimiquement. Le premier cas, dont l'histoire clinique a débuté à l'âge de 3 ans, a révélé des inclusions cytoplasmiques dans les cellules neuronales et gliales, composées de membranes fréquemment disposées en paires. La structure de ces inclusions était identique à l'examen du matériel autopsié six mois plus tard. Dans le deuxième cas, dont l'histoire clinique date de 4 ans et 4 mois, les inclusions étaient plus pléomorphes: elles étaient en général plus denses en électronique et comportaient fréquemment un élément à l'aspect d'«empreintes digitales». Quelques inclusions membraneuses semblables à celles du premier cas y ont également été retrouvées. En outre ont été observées une hypertrophie cytoplasmique prononcée des astrocytes corticaux, et une grande fréquence de cils, de corps basaux et de corps nucléaires dans ces astrocytes. Un paquet de filaments intranucléaires a été observé dans un neuron. Les données neurochimiques n'ont révélé aucune abnormalité dans les lipides ou les protéines du premier cas, ou dans les gangliosides du second. Malgré les différences morphologiques qui les caractérisent, la présence simultanée des deux types d'inclusions cytoplasmiques dans le même cas suggère qu'elles peuvent représenter des stages divers dans l'évolution du même processus fondamental. Il est possible que ce soit l'âge de la cellule nerveuse, lors de l'atteinte métabolique dont elle est l'object, qui détermine ces différences.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic, histochemical and neurochemical studies on two cases of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease (juvenile amaurotic familial idiocy) are presented. In the first case, with the clinical onset at the age of 3 years, cytoplasmic neuronal and glial inclusions consisted of membranous bodies, the membranes of which were frequently paired. The fine structure of these inclusions was unaltered when examined in autopsy material 6 months later. In case 2, with the clinical onset at 4 years and 4 months, the inclusions were more pleomorphic: they were usually more electron-dense, and frequently showed a characteristic “fingerprint” pattern component. A few membranous inclusions resembling those in case 1 were also present. Additional findings included marked cytoplasmic hypertrophy of inclusion-containing cortical astrocytes, and frequent cytoplasmic cilia, basal bodies, and nuclear bodies in the hypertrophic astrocytes. A packet of intranuclear filaments was found in one neuron. Neurochemical studies failed to reveal any abnormality of lipid or protein pattern in case 1, or of ganglioside pattern in case 2. Despite the morphological differences between the two types of cytoplasmic inclusions, the presence of both types within the same case suggests that they may represent different stages in the evolution of a single process. It is conceivable that such differences are related to the age of the neuron when the postulated intracellular defect first becomes manifest.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Landry-Guillain-Barré Syndrome ; Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Biopsie-Material des N. suralis einer Patientin mit typischem Landry-Guillain-Barré-Syndrom wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es fanden sich degenerative Veränderungen, die sowohl die Myelinscheiden als auch Schwannsche Zellen und unmyelinisierten Nervenfasern betraffen. Vor allem die Veränderungen an unmyelinisierten Nervenfasern scheinen mit der Funktionsstörung autonomer Nerven in Beziehung zu stehen.
    Notes: Summary N. suralis taken from a patient showing the typical Landry-Guillain-Barré Syndrome was examined electron microscopically and showed degenerative changes of the myelin sheaths, Schwann cells, axons and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The changes in the unmyelinated nerve fibres might be concerned with disturbances of autonomic function.
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  • 136
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 68-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transient Cerebral Ischemia ; Pial Circulation ; Neurophysiology ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zuammenfassung Passagere Globalischämie wurde an Katzen durch Unterbrechung der Blutversorgung des Gehirns unter direkter Beobachtung der Piagefäße erzeugt. Die piale Zirkulation konnte nur kurzfristig nach der Ischämie wiederhergestellt werden, doch wurde die postischämische Zirkulation durch intravasale Perfusion des Gehirns mittels verschiedener Salzlösungen beträchtlich verbessert. Der Funktionszustand der neuronalen Aktivität wurde mittels EEG und Pyramidenreaktion (PR) nach elektrischer Reizung des motorischen Cortex geprüft. Perfundierte und nichtperfundierte Katzen wurden im Hinblick auf die Struktur und Funktion des motorischen Cortex in der frühen postischämischen Periode verglichen. Bei perfundierten Tieren kamen die neurophysiologischen Signale nach Ischämie von wesentlich längerer Dauer wieder, als ber nichtperfundierten Katzen. Schwere strukturelle Veränderungen fanden sich an Capillaren, Neuronen und Gliazellen, wenn die Ischämie lange genug anhielt, um die PR zu unterdrücken. Bei perfundierten Tieren fehlten solche Veränderungen selbst nach Ischämie bis zu 30 min Dauer. Die gesteigerte Toleranz des Gehirns gegenüber Ischämie infolge intravasaler Durchströmung erscheint durch zumindest zwei verschiedene Mechanismen bedingt. Die Eliminierung metabolischer Schlackenstoffe verringert vermutlich die Gewebsschäden während der Ischämie und die verbesserte postischämische Zirkulation verhindert sekundäre ischämische Schäden.
    Notes: Summary Transient global ischemia was produced in cats by interrupting the arterial blood supply to the brain under direct observation of the pial vessels. The pial circulation could be restored only for a brief period after ischemia but intravascular rinsing of the brain during ischemia with various saline solutions considerably improved the postischemic circulation. The functional status of neuronal activity was assessed by recording the EEG and the pyramidal response (PR) after electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Perfused and nonperfused cats were compared with regard to the structure and function of the motor cortex in the early postischemic period. The neurophysiological signals recovered after ischemia of much longer duration in the perfused animals than in the nonperfused cats. Severe structural alterations were seen in capillaries, neurons and glial cells when ischemia was long enough to suppress the PR. In the perfused animals these changes were virtually absent even after ischemia up to 30 min duration. The increased tolerance of the brain to ischemia produced by the intravascular rinsing appears to result from at least two different mechanisms. Elimination of metabolic waste products presumably reduces tissue damage during ischemia and the improved postischemic circulation prevents secondary ischemic lesions.
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  • 137
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 234-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human Foetal Muscle ; Electron Microscopy ; Myotube ; Motor End-Plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An menschlichen Embryonen von 9–16 Wochen Alter wurden elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Muskeln und peripheren Nerven durchgeführt. Sie zeigten das Auftreten von motorischen Endplatten in der 10. Embryonalwoche, zu einem Zeitpunkt, wo der Muskel noch in myotubulären Stadium ist. Der Unterschied in der Struktur der Nervenfasern zwischen der 9. und der 16. Woche des Fetallebens besteht im Übergang aus der Form eines Multiaxonbündels zu Einzelaxonen, die voneinander durch einen intracellulären, von Kollagenfasern erfüllten Raum getrennt werden.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations were made on muscle and peripheral nerve of human embryos of the period between the 9th and 16th week. These observations showed the presence of motor end-plates at the 10th week of human embryonic life, at a time when the muscle cells were still in the myotube stage. The difference between the structure of nerve fibres of the 9th and those of the 16th week of foetal life consisted in a change from the form of one multiaxon bundle to single axons separated from each other by an intracellular space filled with collagen fibres.
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  • 138
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 129-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloidosis ; Brain ; Dog ; Man ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent changes in the brains of 4 aged dogs and one senile human were studied with the electron microscope using a special techique to reembed conventional histological sections in plastic (Rossiet al., 1970). Using this method typical amyloid filaments were found in fluorescent leptomeningeal and cortical vessels and in fluorescent plaques in the cerebral cortex. Leptomeningeal and cortical vessels in aged dogs and senile human disclosed dense intercellular accumulation of amyloid extending throughout the whole vessel wall. Contrary to man, perivascular penetration of amyloid filaments were not seen in the dog. They are, however, indicated by the presence of filaments in the adventitia. Senile plaques in both species are formed by the same elements. The central core of the plaque predominantly contains amyloid, while the periphery discloses various dystrophic changes of the ageing brain. Alzheimer filaments clearly distinguished from normal neurofilaments and from amyloid were present in the human brain but were absent in the dog brain.
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  • 139
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 287-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Olfactory Bulb ; Radiation ; Synapses ; Degeneration ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets d'une seule haute dose de rayons X sur le bulbe olfactif du rat adulte ont été étudiés par la microscopie électronique. Plusieurs éléments caractéristiques de la réponse cellulaire ont été décrits (pyknose neuronale; réponse gliale et accumulation de glycogène; oedème; activité phagocytique). Des approches vers la compréhension des méchanismes sousjacent ces effets et leur signification fonctionelle possible sont dicutées. Le dommage des cellules granulaires internes a donné lieu à la dégénération synaptique au niveau des contacts mitro-granulaires réciproques dans le stratum plexiforme. L'accent est mis sur l'importance que ce travail peut avoir lorsqu'appliqué à l'étude des connections des neurones à cylindre-axe court.
    Notes: Summary Effects of a single high dose of X-rays on the adult rat olfactory bulb have been studied by electron microscopy. Several features of the cell response were described (neuronal pyknosis; glial response and glycogen accumulation; edema; phagocytic activity). Approaches towards understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects and their possible functional significance are discussed. The damage of the internal granule cells gave rise to synaptic degeneration at the level of the reciprocal mitro-granular contacts in the stratum plexiforme. The importance that this work may have when applied to the study of short axon neuron connections is stressed.
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  • 140
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain Barrier ; Cerebral Ischemia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the effect of ischemia on the vascular permeability to proteins in the cat brain. Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase were used as protein tracers. They were intravenously injected and localized by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Acute complete cerebral ischemia produced by arterial ligations for 15 min to 3h did not induce extravasation of the tracers. Electron microscopical observations on the cortical vessels showed that this was due to a maintained barrier function of the vascular endothelium. Incomplete cerebral ischemia of corresponding duration produced by an arteriovenous shunt (between one common carotid artery and one femoral vein) caused exceptionally extravasation around cortical vessels. Some cats with long shunting time showed signs of increased vascular permeability in the thalamus where the tracers had accumulated in neurons. Severe swelling of capillary endothelial and perivascular glial cells and changes of their cytoplasmic organelles were present in animals without signs of increased vascular permeability to proteins. A discrepancy therefore exists between the maintained impermeability of the capillary endothelium to protein tracers and the ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cell cytoplasm following acute ischemia.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organic Mercury Compound ; Peripheral Nerve ; Regeneration ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten wurde oral durch 20 Tage täglich 1 mg organische Quecksilberverbindung verabreicht. Am 7. und 250. Tag nach Ende der Verabreichung wurden die peripheren Nerven untersucht. Am 7. Tag fanden sich Mitosen von Schwannschen Zellen und am 250. Tag deutliche Abnahme der myelinhaltigen Nervenfasern, begleitet von Regeneration der Nervenfasern und Zunahme von Kollagen im intercellulären Raum. Anderseits waren die Ganglienzellen der Hinterwurzeln intakt. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß die Regeneration geschädigter peripherer Nerven nach experimentellen Vergiftung mit organischem Quecksilber durch bis in periphere Abschnitte wachsende Axonsprossen und neugebildete Schwann-Zellen vor sich geht. Die Regenerationstendenz der peripheren Nerven war jedoch im ganzen nicht sehr ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary Rats were given 1 mg of organic mercury compound per rat daily by mouth for 20 days. Peripheral nerves were examined on the 7th day and 250 th day after withdrawal of administration. On the 7th day, mitosis of Schwann cells was observed and on the 250 th day, myelinated fibres were noticeably decreased in numbers, with regeneration of nerve fibres and an increase of collagen in the intercellular spaces. Posterior nerve root ganglion cells were however intact. From this it is speculated that regeneration of injured peripheral nerve fibres, experimentally poisoned with organic mercury, is the result of regeneration of axons growing out to the periphery, and by regeneration of Schwann cells. Regeneration of the peripheral nerves was not however a very marked feature.
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  • 142
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Encephalomyelitis, Viral, Experimental ; Group B Arboviruses ; Central Nervous System, Viral Spread ; Neuropil, Extracellular Spaces ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen weißen Mäusen wurde durch intracerebrale Infektion mit dem Zimmern-Virus, ein dem TBE-Komplex angehörendes Arbovirus der Gruppe B, eine Encephalomyelitis erzeugt. Bei ultrastrukturellen Untersuchungen dieses Prozesses konnten einige interessante Beobachtungen gemacht werden. Zimmern-Viruspartikel, welche einen Durchmesser von etwa 400–450 Å haben, wurden nicht nur innerhalb zahlreicher Nervenzellen, sondern wiederholt auch in den Intercellularfugen des Neuropils angetroffen. Aufgrund dieses Befundes ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, daß die extracellulären Räume im ZNS intra vitam wesentlich weiter sind als man sie nach Anwendung der üblichen elektronenmikroskopischen Präparationsverfahren zu Gesicht bekommt. Es liegt somit auch die Annahme nahe, daß die Intercellularspalten als Wege für die Ausbreitung zumindest von kleineren Viren (z. B. Picornaviren und Arboviren der Gruppe B) im eigentlichen Hirn- und Rückenmarksgewebe dienen können.
    Notes: Summary An encephalomyelitis was produced in adult albino mice by intracerebral infection with the Zimmern virus, which is a group B arbovirus belonging to the TBE complex. Ultrastructural studies of this process showed some interesting results. Zimmern virus particles, which measure about 400 to 450 Å in diameter, could be observed, not only inside numerous neurons, but also repeatedly within the intercellular gaps of the neuropil. This finding makes it very likely that the extracellular spaces of the CNS are considerably wider in the intravital state than they appear to be after employing the conventional electron microscopic preparatory techniques. One may also conclude, therefore, that the intercellular clefts can serve as pathways for the spread of at least smaller virions (e. g., picorna viruses and group B arboviruses) throughout the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord.
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  • 143
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 201-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal Muscular Atrophy ; Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome ; Electron Microscopy ; Denervation Atrophy ; Lysosomes ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 8 Fällen von gutartiger spinaler Muskelatrophie vom Typ Kugelberg-Welander wurden Muskelbiospien elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Progressive Disorganisation und Auflösung der Myofibrille wurde in den atrophischen Muskelfasern gefunden. Sie war verbunden mit dem Auftreten von Lysosomen in diesen Fibrillen. Die frühesten Veränderungen, die wahrscheinlich durch Denervation verursacht sind, waren in Fibrillen normaler Größe oder mit nur geringer Atrophie anzutreffen und bestanden in Erweiterung des sarkoplasmischen Reticulums, Vergrößerung der Mitochondrien und einer relativen Zunahme der Menge des Sarkoplasmas, das Aggregate von Ribosomen enthielt. Muskelfibrillen von normalem oder vergrößertem Umfang enthielten meist beträchtliche Mengen von Glykogen, hatten aber sonst normale Ultrastruktur. Ein kleiner Teil solcher Fibrillen hatte zentrale, im Sarkolemm gelegene Kerne oder zeigte fokale degenerative Veränderungen oder segmentartige hyaline Nekrose mit Unterbrechung der Plasmamembran. Die Befunde werden mit früheren elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen von denervierten Muskeln beim Menschen und im Tierversuch sowie mit den histochemischen Veränderungen in Muskelbiopsien solcher Fälle verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from 8 cases of benign spinal muscular atrophy of the Kugelberg-Welander variety were examined with the electron microscope. Progressive disorganisation and dissolution of myofibrils was found in atrophic muscle fibres and was associated with the presence of lysosomes in such fibres. Distinctive nuclear and sarcolemmal changes were also found in atrophic fibres. The earliest changes which were considered to be due to denervation were found in fibres which were slightly atrophied or of normal size and consisted of dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, enlargement of mitochondria and a relative increase in the amount of sarcoplasm which contained aggregates of ribosomes. Most of the fibres of normal or increased size contained considerable amounts of glycogen but were otherwise normal ultrastructurally. A small proportion of such fibres had internally-situated sarcolemmal nuclei or showed focal degenerative changes or segmental hyaline necrosis with disruption of the plasma membrane. The findings are considered in relation to those of previous electron-microscopic studies of denervated muscle in the experimental animal and in man and to the histochemical changes which are found in muscle biopsies from such cases.
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 302-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Synaptic Degeneration ; Tricresylphosphate Intoxication ; Spinal Cord ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine elektronenoptische Untersuchung der Synapsen-Degeneration im Vorderhorn des Rückenmarks vom Huhn wurde nach Gabe einer Einzeldosis von 0,5 cm3 Tricresylphosphat durchgeführt. Die Fixation erfolgte durch Perfusion mit 6% Glutaraldehyd. Degenerative Veränderungen fanden sich in den synaptischen Vesikeln und Mitochondrien des präsynaptischen Abschnittes. Diese Befunde werden mit Läsionen durch mechanische Schädigung und Bestrahlung verglichen. Es wird angenommen, daß sich der toxische Effekt von TCP sicher im Synapsenareal manifestiert. Dieses zeigt dabei Veränderungen ähnlich wie nach mechanischer oder Strahlenschädigung.
    Notes: Summary A study has been made of synaptic degeneration at an ultrastructural level using 6% glutaraldehyde perfusion, fixation method in the anterior horn of hen's spinal cord, after application of a single dose of 0.5 cm3 TCP on the comb. The degenerative changes are seen in the synaptic vesicles and mitochondria of pre-synaptic bag. A comparison of these findings is made with degenerative changes caused by mechanical interference and x-irradiation. It is concluded that the toxic effects of TCP are certainly manifested in the synaptic areas which show changes similar to those caused by the mechanical interference and by x-irradiation.
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  • 145
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 34-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypertrophic Interstitial Polyneuropathy ; Guillain-Barré Syndrome ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Myelin ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Befunde von zwei N. suralis-Biopsien eines 9 jährigen Knaben mit rezidivierender idiopathischer Polyneuropathie werden beschrieben. Die Biopsien wurden kurz nach einer klinischen Exazerbation und 6 Jahre nach Beginn der Neuropathie durchgeführt. Die Erkrankung hatte akut im Anschluß an Varizellen begonnen. Lichtoptisch fand sich eine aktive primäre Entmarkung bei Auftreten von Infiltraten aus Mononukleären, Lymphocyten und Makrophagen sowie Zwiebelschalenbildung, die in Araldit-Schnitten erkennbar waren. Folgende ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen wurden beobachtet: 1. Der Markzerfall schien durch Makrophagen hervorgerufen, die in intakte Fasern eindringen und in die Markscheiden entlang der minor dense line einbrechen. Myelin und Schwannzellen ohne direkten Kontakt mit den invadierenden Zellen erschienen normal. Extracelluläre bläschenförmige Markauflösung wie beim Landry-Guillain-Barré-Syndrom wurde nicht beobactet. Eine Art von mononukleären Zellen einschließlich solcher nach Art von transformierten Lymphocyten fanden sich im Endoneuralraum und wurden oft in Kontakt untereinander und mit Makrophagen beobachtet. 2. Die Schwannzellen, die Zwiebelschalen-Lamellen bildeten, zeigten wenig morphologische Hinweise auf aktive Proteinsynthese. Sie schienen jene Zellen darzustellen, die ursprünglich die Internoden gestützt hatten und während der Entmarkung und am Beginn der Remyelinisation abgerissen waren. 3. Der mittlere Durchmesser von Axonen in Nervenfasern mit aktiver oder frischer Demyelinisation war geringer als jener in Fasern mit fortgeschrittener Remyelinisierung. Das weist auf eine Querschnittszunahme der Axone während der Remyelinisation hin. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden diskutiert und mit jenen bei anderen nicht-infektiösen entzündlichen primären Entmarkungskrankheiten der peripheren und zentralen weißen Substanz verglichen. Es wird vermutet, daß die rezidivierende idiopathische Polyneuropathie des beschriebenen Typs und die multiple Sklerose verwandte Erkrankungen darstellen.
    Notes: Summary The light and electron microscopical features of two sural nerve biopsies obtained from a nine year old boy with recurrent idiopathic polyneuropathy are described. The biopsies were obtained shortly after an exacerbation of symptoms and six years after the onset of the neuropathy which began acutely following an attack of varicella. Light microscopy revealed active primary demyelination occurring in the presence of an infiltrate of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, with onion-bulb formation discernible in araldite sections. The following fine-structural changes were observed: 1. Myelin breakdown appeared to be initiated by macrophages penetrating intact fibres and burrowing into the myelin sheath along minor dense lines. Myelin and Schwann cells not in direct contact with the invading cell appeared normal. Extracellular vesicular dissolution of myelin, as seen in the Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome, was not observed. A variety of mononuclear cells including cells with the appearance of transformed lymphocytes were present in the endoneurial space and they were frequently observed to contact each other and macrophages. 2. The Schwann cells forming onion-bulb lamellae showed little morphological evidence of active protein synthesis, and appeared to be effete cells which had originally subserved the internode and which were cast off during demyelination and the commencement of remyelination. 3. The average diameter of axons in nerve fibres showing active or recent demyelination was less than that observed in fibres exhibiting advanced remyelination, suggesting that the diameter of axons increased during remyelination. The ultrastructural findings are discussed with respect to those observed in other noninfectious inflammatory primary demyelinating diseases of peripheral and central white matter, and it is suggested that recurrent idiopathic polyneuropathy of the type described in the present study and multiple sclerosis may be related disorders.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 193-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glia ; Differentiation ; Tissue Culture ; Autoradiography ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organotypic cultures of mammalian embryonic spinal cord-dorsal root ganglia combinations treated with H3 thymidine, were studied with light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Cultures pulsed with H3 thymidine for up to six hours showed 0–2% of labelled neuroepithelial cells when fixed immediately thereafter, and 7 to 15 times as many labelled cells when fixed on subsequent daysin vitro (DIV). Cultures exposed to radioactive material for days, at the initiation of the culture, and prior to myelinationin vitro, were compared. The cumulative evidence showed that the peak of proliferative activity occurred not after explantation, but between DIV 7 and DIV 12, which is after synapse formation and prior to myelination. Another smaller proliferative peak occurred after myelination between DIV 15 and DIV 19. Morphological observations with the light microscope revealed labelling of predominantly small dark cells during the first proliferative peak, that is, prior to myelination. Using electron microscopic criteria for identification, these small dark cells were “large glioblasts”, “large glial precursors” and “young” oligodendrocytes, and transitions could be observed between these cells in that order of differentiation. Oligodendrocytes when closely connected with myelin sheaths did not become labelled. Labelling and proliferation of medium large light cells inconspicuously preceded that of oligodendrocytes and their precursors, and continued modestly throughout myelination, achieving a modest peak and predominance during DIV 15 and DIV 19. Astrocytic features could be demonstrated ultrastructurally in these medium large light cells and mitotic division in this type of cell was observed. The possibility that part of this astrocytic population arose from “large glioblasts” was discussed. No labelled cells were seen ultrastructurally fulfilling criteria of amitotic division. No neurons showed labelling with H3 thymidine.
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  • 147
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 327-341 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Electron Microscopy ; Striated Muscle ; Membranous-Tubular Structures ; Filamentous Structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the first ultrastructural study of muscle fiber in a child affected by infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy or Seitelberger's disease. In a first step, diagnosis was performed by light and electron microscopy in biopsy and autopsy findings in central and peripheral nervous system. Muscle fiber and axonal changes are very similar. The ultrastructure findings in muscle fiber are as follows: 1. neural atrophy, 2. overproduction of membrano-tubular structures related to sarcoplasmic reticulum hyperplasia, 3. filamentous aggregates by presumed overproduction of myofilaments, 4. overproduction of abnormal mitochondria. These changes, already described in various muscular diseases, are not specific; they seem related to an abnormal muscle fiber reaction in close association to dystrophic axonal endings.
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  • 148
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 110-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Motorneurones ; Neurotomy ; Chromatolysis ; Glycogen Deposits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinal cord motorneurones of young chickens were examined 2–93 days after section of the brachial plexus nerves. The maximal reaction to axotomy was found 7–14 days after the operation. The majority of cells showed nuclear eccentricity, displacement of Nissl substance towards the periphery and accumulation of mitochondria and other organelles in the cytocentrum. The most conspicuous alteration, however, in a large number of neurones, was the occurrence of numerous dense granules corresponding in size and staining characteristics to glycogen. These granules most often formed large deposits in marginal regions of cells. In the light microscope the presence of polysaccharides, apparently glycogen, was demonstrated with the PAS reaction. From 14 to 93 days after the operation most perikarya regained their normal ultrastructural appearance. Increased amounts of glycogen granules could be seen in some of the cells till the end of the fourth postoperative week. The development of glycogen deposits in axotomized perikarya indicates that considerable alterations in the breakdown and/or synthesis of glycogen apparently occur in young animals after neurotomy.
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  • 149
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 184-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Haemangioblastoma of the Brain ; Angioblastic Meningioma ; Blastomatous Vessels ; “Zwischenzellen” ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4 hemangioblastomas of the cerebellum, 1 of the choroid plexus, 1 of the spinal cord, and 3 angioblastic meningiomas of the brain were investigated with the electron microscope. They all show a similar histological arrangement of vessels, intervascular cells (Zwischenzellen), and the intercellular space. The vessels of the tumors regardless where they originate from are identical in their appearance. They differ from autochthonous vessels by the irregular form of the endothelium and the presence of pores. The “Zwischenzellen” of hemangioblastomas are not so uniform as those of angioblastic meningiomas. Corresponding to differences in the nucleus/cytoplasma ratio, the development of the ER and the number of cytofilaments as well as the content of lipid droplets hemangioblastomas can be subdivided in 4 types. Nevertheless they constitute a cytological unity. In 3 hemangioblastomas mast cells were found. glial cells mixed up with tumor cells are present only in the border of tumorous and nervous tissue. The extracellular space is filled either with a protein-rich exsudate or with collagen fibrils. — The electron microscopic findings support the histological identity of hemangioblastomas and angioblastic meningiomas. The relation of “Zwischenzellen” to the vessel walls, their similarity to endothelial cells, and their tendence to form basement membranes indicate that they derive from blastomatous vessels.
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  • 150
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Membrane Fragments ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a human case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fragments of membranes were seen within some vacuoles. They form accumulations of vesicular or curled structures and have to be differentiated from other membranous profiles that one can observe within the large spongy cavities. They are similar to what have been recently described in the experimental disease but their cellular signification is unknown.
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  • 151
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 290-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy ; Hyperlipemia ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disorganization ; Membrane Invagination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 73 old patient with very high serum lipids suffered from recurrent peripherad polyneuropathy. Examination of sural nerve showed disorganisation of myelin sheaths ann plasma membrane invaginations into the axons which seems to represent both Schwanl cell and axonal membranes. An extensive basal membrane hyperplasia and perineural connective tissue proliferation were present. The possibility that these changes are related to the patient's hyperlipemia is discussed.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Myelo-Optico-Neuropathy ; Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary N. suralis, taken from a patient in the chronic state of “Subacute Myelo-Optico-Neuropathy (SMON)” was examined by electron microscopy. The nerve showed a depletion of myelinated nerve fibres. Vacuoles or degenerated mitochondria were observed in the axis cylinders of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Schwann cells were increased in number and many of them were atrophic. Onion-bulb formations were seen diffusely; regeneration of myelinated nerve fibres was sparse.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Organic Mercury Poisoning ; Muscles ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Teil des M. gastrocnemius von experimentell mit organischem Quecksilber vergifteten Ratten fanden sich pathologische Veränderungen. Aufgrund dieses Befundes wird vermutet, daß die Vergiftungsläsion zwar die hinteren Nervenwurzelfasern bevorzugt, aber auch Teile der vorderen Nervenwurzelfasern betreffen kann.
    Notes: Summary Pathological changes were found in a part of M. gastrocnemius in rats experimentally poisoned by an organic mercury compound. The authors assume from this that organic mercury mainly affects the posterior nerve root fibres, but some of the anterior nerve root fibres may also be involved.
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  • 154
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tri-Ortho-Cresyl-Phosphate ; Spinal Ganglion ; Neurofilaments ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Spinalganglien und periphere Nerven von normalen und mit Tri-Ortho-Cresyl-Phosphat (TOCP) vergifteten Hühnern elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den normalen Ganglien fanden sich zwei unterschiedliche Neuronentypen, große Zellen mit hellem Cytoplasma, in dem sich reichlich Neurofilamente fande, und kleinere Neurone, welche wenig oder keine Filamente enthielten. Die “hellen” Zellen reagierten auf TOCP mit einer starken Vermehrung der Neurofilamente, während die dunklen, kleineren Neurone eine Hypertrophie des endoplasmatischen Reticulums zeigten. Diese Veränderungen waren eindeutig nach 15 tägiger TOCP-Applikation sichtbar. An den peripheren Nerven traten bereits nach 6 tägiger Vergiftung deutlichen Reaktionen im Sinne einer Proliferation der glatten Membranen auf. Die möglichen Zusammenhänge dieser Veränderungen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves of normal and tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)-poisoned chickens were examined with the electron microscope. The normal ganglia contained two main neuron types, a large neuron with light cytoplasm and abundant neurofilaments, and a smaller, darker cell which contained few or no filaments. The “light” neurons reacted to TOCP with a very great increase in the number of filaments present in the cytoplasm, while the darker cells showed a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were not definitely present until 15 days after TOCP ingestion, while the largediameter fibres of the peripheral nerves showed a proliferation of smooth membranes at 6 days. The possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.
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  • 155
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 150-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Kuru Plaques ; Electron Microscopy ; Subacute Presenile Polioencephalopathy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche PAS-positive Plaques fanden sich im Kleinhirn eines Falles von Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrom. Die licht- und elektronenoptischen Strukturen der Plaques waren identisch mit den bei Kuru-Fällen beschriebenen. Diese Befunde bilden ein weiteres Bindeglied zwischen diesen beiden neurologischen Erkrankungen, die viele gemeinsame klinische, histopathologische und virologische Eigenschaften besitzen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous periodic-acid-Schiff positive plaques occurred in the cerebellum of a patient diagnosed as having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Microscopic and submicroscopic structures of the plaques were identical with those described in Kuru. This is an additional link between these two neurological diseases in which the clinical, histopathological, and virological features are in many respects similar.
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  • 156
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 353-362 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Gamma Irradiated ; Neural Tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde am retikulären Gewebe der Medulla nach kurzfristiger Gesamtkörper-gamma-Bestrahlung werden beschrieben. 25 erwachsene Ratten wurden in eine Kontrollgruppe und vier bestrahlte Gruppen, die 1000, 2000, 5000 bzw. 10000 rad erhielten, geteilt. Die Gewebepräparation bestand bei allen Gruppen in Immersionfixation in Veronalacetat gepuffertem OsO4 und einer Perfusionstechnik, die s-Collidingepuffertes Glutaraldehyd benützte. Mit einer Ausnahme zeigten die nervösen Ultrastrukturbefunde der Kontrollgruppe Übereinstimmung mit anderen Beobachtungen. Eine Struktur, die sog. konzentrischen Membrankörper (KMK), wurde nach Perfusion der Tiere mit s-Collidin-gepufferter Fixierlösung gefunden. Diese KMK bestehen aus lamellierten Membranen mit einer Intraperiodizität von 40–50Å. In allen bestrahlten Gruppen wurden Membranaggregate gefunden. Es wurde angenommen, daß diese Strukturen in den Gruppen mit niedriger Bestrahlung aus den KMK, hingegen aus KMK und Markscheiden-Zerfallsprodukten in den Gruppen mit höherer Bestrahlungsdosis gebildet wurden. Progressive cytoplasmatische Vacuolisation, Mitochondrien- und Markscheidenschädigung waren abhängig von der Dosishöhe. Da keine Capillarschädigung bei den bestrahlten Tieren gefunden werden konnte, wurde angenommen, daß die beobachteten cellulären Läsionen der Effekt direkter oder lokalisierter Bestrahlungsschädigung waren.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural observations recorded after shortterm, whole body gamma irradiation on medullary reticular tissue were evaluated. Twenty-five adult rats were divided into one control and four irradiated groups which received 1,000 rads, 2,000 rads, 5,000 rads, and 10,000 rads, respectively. Tissue preparations in each group consisted of immersion fixation in veronal acetate buffered OsO4 and a perfusion technique utilizing s-collidine buffered glutaraldehyde. The micrographs from the control group revealed conformity to neurological ultrastructures as reported by other authors, with one exception. A structure termed “concentric membranous body” (CMB) was observed in the s-collidine buffered, perfused animals. This structure was noted to be associated with neuronal membranes and to contain laminated repeating intraperiodicity of 40–50Å. In all irradiated groups (1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 rads) membranous swirls were observed. These structures appeared to be of CMB origin in the lower exposure groups and from both CMB and myelin sheath breakdown in the higher groups. Progressive cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial, and myelin sheath damage were noted as being related to dose level. Since no apparent capillary bed damage was observed in any irradiated animal, it was concluded that the cellular abnormalities recorded were the result of direct or localized irradiation damage of the brain.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocytic Organelles ; Lipidoses and Allied Diseases ; Electron Microscopy ; Lipid Synthesis ; Evolution of Intracytoplasmic Lipidoses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The astrocytic organelles in 12 patients with various lipidoses and allied diseases were studied. Histochemically and ultrastructurally, astrocytes contained cytoplasmic inclusions which were identical to those seen in neurons from cases of similar disorders. In the early stage of these disorders, the astrocytic cytoplasm displays a close relationship between increased numbers of mitochondria and dilated smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the more advanced stage, the mitochondria decrease in number, and the lipid bodies show close proximity to or continuity with the smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum. During the late stages of the disorder, the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies become numerous, and the mitochondria are further reduced in number. It, therefore, appears that in astrocytes in these disorders the mitochondria and the smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum play an important role during the evolution of the intracytoplasmic lipid bodies. On the basis of these observations, the possible morphogenesis of lipid cytosomes is discussed.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain Barrier ; Cerebral Ischemia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the influence of ischemia on the passage of protein tracers across capillaries in certain blood-brain barrier (BBB) injuries. Total cerebral ischemia was produced by arterial ligation and BBB injury was caused by intracarotid injection of mercuric chloride or by acute hypertension. Changes in the vulnerability of the BBB was correlated with the ischemic impact on the brain as revealed by suppression of electroencephalogram (EEG) or of the pyramidal response (PR) after electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex. In cats not subjected to ischemia both the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions invariably caused extensive extravasation of protein tracers (Evans blue and peroxidase). Episodes of ischemia immediately before the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions, long enough to supress the EEG but not the PR, did not change the pattern of protein extravasation. However, when the duration of ischemia was severe enough to suppress both the EEG and the PR (about 9 min) chemical and hemodynamic insults failed to elicit exudation of proteins. Traumatic lesions caused extravasation regardless of the duration of preceding ischemia. The inhibition of protein extravasation induced by ischemia in the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions is probably related to changes in the vascular endothelium but their exact nature remains obscure.
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  • 159
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 310-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aging ; Lipofusion ; Centrophenoxine ; Spinal Ganglia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufbau und Vorkommen des Alterspigmentes in Neuronen und Satellitenzellen der cervicalen Spinalganglien seniler Ratten wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch nach 4-, 5-, 8-, 11- und 13 wöchiger Centrophenoxinbehandlung untersucht und mit dem in gleichaltrigen Kontrolltieren verglichen. Lichtmikroskopisch fand sich am PAS-gefärbten Material eine Verminderung des Alterspigmentes nach 8 wöchiger und längerer Behandlungsdauer. Elektronenmikroskopisch ließen sich bereits nach 4 wöchiger Centrophenoxinbehandlung vacuolige Veränderungen an den Pigmentkörpern der Satellitenzellen feststellen. Gleichartige Veränderungen zeigten sich nach 8 wöchiger Behandlung auch an den Pigmenten der Nervenzellen. Gleichzeitig fanden sich die Pigmentkonglomerate in den Typ A-Neuronen in einem Zustand der Disintegration. Die Veränderungen nahmen mit der Dauer der Behandlung zu und führten zu einer Verminderung der Pigmentkörper. Die möglichen Ursachen der Veränderung bzw. Verminderung der Pigmentkörper werden diskutiert und der Weg eines etwaigen Abtransportes der Alterspigmente aus den Nervenzellen erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The appearance and distribution of old age pigment in the neurons and satellite cells of the cervical spinal ganglions of senile rats were examined light- and electronmicroscopically after the rats had been treated for 4, 5, 8, 11 and 13 weeks with centrophenoxine. Untreated rats of the same age were also examined. Light microscopic examination of PAS-stained material revealed a decrease in the amount of old age pigment present in the neurones after eight or more weeks treatment. In the E.M. sections vacuolization of the pigment granules in the satellite cells could already be observed after four weeks treatment. After 8 weeks similar changes could be seen in the neurones, as well as a disintegration of the large accumulations of pigment in the perikarion type A neurones. The changes increased with length of treatment and led to a decrease in the total amount of pigment present. The possible causes of these changes and the probable route for the removal of old age pigment from nerve cells are discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polymyositis ; Lymphoid Cells ; Electron Microscopy ; Lymphocyte Transformation ; Cytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelbiopsien von 2 Polymyositisfällen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, wobei den Entzündungszellen in den Läsionen besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde. Vergrößerte, möglicherweise „aktivierte Lymphocyten” fanden sich in Kontakt mit dem Endothel kleiner Venolen; man traf sie auch beim Durchtritt durch die Gefäßwand an. Die Endothelzellen der Venolen waren oft vergrößert, die Basalmembran verdoppelt. Die perivasculären und interstitiellen Zellen rekrutierten sich aus kleinen Lymphocyten, größeren Lymphocyten mit den deutlichen morphologischen Zeichen der übergangsformen, pleomorphen Makrophagen sowie einigen Plasmazellen und Granulocyten. Bei einem Fall wurden innerhalb der Basalmembran mehrerer Muskelfasern Zellen gefunden, die primitiven lymphoiden Zellen ähnelten. In der Inkubation mit einem Muskelhomogenat wurden Lymphocyten vom peripheren Blut beider Patienten stimuliert. Die Lymphocyten erwiesen sich auch gegen Kulturen von fetalem quergestreiften menschlichen Muskel als cytotoxisch. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird in Hinblick auf die Pathogenese der Muskelfaserschädigung bei Polymyositis erwogen.
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from two cases of polymyositis were examined with the electron microscope, particular attention being given to the inflammatory cells in the lesions. Lymphocytes which were enlarged and possibly “activated” were found in contact with the endothelium of small venules; they were also seen apparently traversing the vessel wall. Venular endothelial cells were often swollen with reduplication of the basement membrane. Perivascular and interstitial cells comprised small lymphocytes, larger transforming lymphocytes with distinctive morphological features, pleomorphic macrophages and a few plasma cells and granulocytes. In one case cells resembling primitive lymphoid cells were found internal to the basement membrane of several muscle fibres. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from both patients were stimulated on incubation with a crude muscle homogenate. The lymphocytes also appeared to be cytotoxic to cultures of foetal human striated muscle. The significance of these findings is considered in relationship to the pathogenesis of the muscle fibre damage in polymyositis.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Nucleocapsid Structures ; Inclusions ; Nuclear Bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bioptisch gewonnenes Hirngewebe von 3 Patienten mit subakuter sklerosierender Panencephalitis (SSPE) wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Histologisch boten alle Fälle gewisse Läsionen der grauen und weißen Substanz. Einschlußkörper wurden in einem Fall mit nur diskreter Markschädigung gefunden. In den beiden anderen Fällen, in denen Kerneinschlüsse nicht nachweisbar waren, trat die Astrogliaproliferation im Mark stärker hervor. Elektronenmikroskopisch ergaben sich vier abnorme Befunde, die aber nicht in allen Fällen obligat angetroffen wurden. Zwei Typen von Nucleocapsid-Strukturen, kleinere und größere, ähnlich jenen in Masern-infizierten Zellen, wurden in einem Fall gesehen. Die kleineren Nucleocapside bildeten entweder Kern- oder Cytoplasmaeinschlüsse; die größeren waren gewöhnlich im Cytoplasma angehäuft. Kernkörperchen fanden sich in allen Fällen. Gitterartige Strukturen und Bündel von fibrillärem Material wurden ferner in zwei Fällen beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Brain tissue obtained by biopsy from three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was examined under the light and the electron microscope. Histologically all the cases showed some degree of abnormality of both the gray and the white matter. Inclusion bodies were found in one case in which changes in the white matter were minimal. In the other two cases, where inclusion bodies were not identified, astrocytic proliferation in the white matter was more conspicuous. In electron microscopy four abnormal findings were observed, but all were not necessarily seen in each case. Two types of nucleocapsid structures, smaller and larger, of the type seen in measles-infected cells, were identified in one case. The smaller nucleocapsids formed either nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions and the larger ones usually aggregated in the cytoplasm. Nuclear bodies were seen in all the cases. Lattice-like structures and bundles of fibrillar material were also observed in two cases.
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  • 162
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Nerve Regeneration ; Unmyelinated Axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung über die Regeneration von marklosen Axonen wurde am N. vagus des Kaninchens durchgeführt. Als Folge einer lokalisierten Quetschverletzung des N. vagus am Hals in Höhe der Cartilago thyreoidea wurden die regenerierenden marklosen Axone in den laryngealen Recurrens-Ast abgelenkt, der normalerweise beinahe vollständig aus myelinreichen Fasern aufgebaut ist. Die regenerierenden marklosen Axone kommen um die regenerierenden myelinreichen Axone zu liegen, sind aber mit getrennten Schwannschen Zellen verbunden. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese aberrierende Regeneration der myelinfreien Axone wird diskutiert, ebenso ihre Bedeutung für die Human-Neuropathologie.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope investigation has been made into the regeneration of unmyelinated axons in the vagus nerve of the rabbit. Following a localized crush injury of the vagus nerve in the neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage, the regenerating unmyelinated axons become diverted into the recurrent laryngeal branch, which is normally composed almost entirely of myelinated fibres. Here the regenerating unmyelinated axons become arrayed around the regenerating myelinated axons, but are associated with separate Schwann cells. The possible explanation for this aberrant regeneration of the unmyelinated axons is discussed, as is its significance for human neuropathology.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Saponine ; Insulin ; Cell Membrane ; Glucose Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glucose uptake by isolated adipose tissue of rat and by Yoshida sarcoma ascites tumour cells was determined in vitro in tbe presence of aescin,α-aescin, andβ-aescin. 2. With adipose tissue small concentrations of aescin (about 6 × 10−6 M) decreased glucose in the outside medium and increased14CO2-production from [1-14C]-glucose. Higher concentrations (about 3 × 10−5M) inhibited glucose permeation. The behaviour ofβ-aescin was similar, but more pronounced andα-aescin had similar effects at higher concentrations. 3. From the kinetic analysis of the overall process, the resulting impairment of stimulation by 3-O-methylglucose and the ineffectiveness of SH-containing substances it is concluded, that aescin (like insulin, proteases, and phospholipases) stimulates membrane carrier. Higher concentrations of aescin inhibit glucose permeation probably by interference with membrane structure. 4. No stimulation of glucose transport is seen after the addition of aescin to ascites tumour cells. Concentrations of 3 × 10−5 M, however, impeded glucose transport by 90%. This difference underlines the distinct but not specific pecularities of certain tissue membranes which can be stimulated by insulin and other stimulants.
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  • 164
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    Pflügers Archiv 329 (1971), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myosin Adenosinetriphosphatase ; Cardiac Performance ; Glycogen ; Electron Microscopy ; Skeletal Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between cardiac function and 1. myocardial glycogen concentration, 2. ultrastructure, and 3. myosin ATPase activity was studied in cats at various times following adrenalectomy. These three variables were also studied in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from the same cats. Cardiac glycogen concentration was decreased in adrenal insufficient cats 11 days after withdrawal of steroid therapy, a time at which cardiac performance was already severely depressed. Skeletal muscle glycogen levels did not significantly decrease after adrenalectomy. Electron micrographs of the heart and the soleus at 8 days revealed normal myofibrils and mitochondria, but a shorter mean sarcomere length was observed in cardiac muscle. The ATPase activities of myosin isolated from the red fibered cativity of myosin isolated from the predominantly white fibered gastrocnemius muscle appeared to be unaffected by adrenalectomy. Regression analysis of cardiac function on cardiac myosin ATPase activity for adrenalectomized, dexamethasone-treated, and intact control animals revealed a significant correlation (p〈0.001) between cardiac performance and myosin ATPase activity.
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  • 165
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    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Sodium Excretion ; Potassium Excretion ; Water Excretion ; Isolated Kidney ; Insulin ; Natriumexkretion ; Kaliumexkretion ; Wasser-exkretion ; Isolierte Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin has been shown to decrease sodium, potassium and water excretion by direct action on the kidney. Reduction of sodium excretion is due to enhanced tubular reabsorption as a probable consequence of stimulated active sodium transport. The renal effect of insulin is demonstrated with plasma hormone concentration observable in pathophysiological conditions; it offers therefore a possible explanation for some clinical findings such as the changes in sodium, potassium and water excretion occurring in man after fasting and subsequent glucose feeding.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Surface Spreading ; Critical Point Drying ; Erythrocyte Ghosts ; Virus Particles ; Chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Methode der Oberflächenspreitung und der Kritischen Punkt-Trocknung zur elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation ungeschnittener biologischer Objekte wird im einzelnen beschrieben. Die Methode erlaubt, grobmorphologische Veränderungen von Erythrocytenschatten zu beurteilen, Virusteilchen in Zellen nachzuweisen und den inneren Aufbau einzelner Chromosomen zu charakterisieren.
    Notes: Abstract A method for the preparation of unsectioned biological material for whole-mount electron microscopy by surface spreading and critical point drying is described in detail. The applications are demonstrated by showing the three-dimensional structure of erythrocyte ghosts, virus particles, and chromosomes.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Glucagon ; potassium ; glucose ; insulin ; Glucagon ; Kalium ; Glucose ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Applikation von 3 mg Glucagon i.v. wurden an 6 Patienten im Blut von Lebervene und Aorta und an 2 Patienten im coronarvenösen Blut simultan die Kalium-und Glucosekonzentrationen bestimmt. Unmittelbar nach Glucagongabe kam cs zu einem Anstieg der Kaliumkonzentration, welche in der Lebervene frühzeitiger und in größerem Ausmaß nachweisbar war als in der Aorta. Nach 3 min nahm die Kaliumkonzentration in der Aorta wie in der Lebervene kontinuierlich ab. Zeitlich abgesetzt von der initialen Hyperkaliämie kam es unter Glucagon zu einer Hyperglykämie, welche ebenfalls in der Lebervene ausgeprägter und frühzeitiger erfolgte als in der Aorta. Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß Glucagon beim Menschen zu einem Nettokaliumefflux aus der Leber mit konsekutiver Hyperkaliämie führt. Die sekundäre, anhaltende Hypokaliämie nach Glucagongabe wird auf eine Stimulation der endogenen Insulinsekretion bezogen.
    Notes: Summary Potassium and glucose were measured simultaneously after i.v. injection of 3 mg glucagon in the hepatic vein and the aorta of six patients. In two patients, the measurements were performed in the coronary sinus. Immediately thereafter an increase of the potassium concentration was observed. In the hepatic vein the potassium level rose earlier and attained higher values than in the aorta. Three minutes later, the potassium concentration decreased in the aorta as well as in the hepatic vein.—The hyperglycemia due to glucagon occurred later than the hyperkalemia and was also higher and earlier in the hepatic vein than in the aorta. Our findings indicate that glucagon causes a netpotassium-efflux from the liver in man.—The secondary persistent hypokalemia after glucagon may be regarded as the consequence of a stimulated insulin secretion.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Arginine infusion ; Diet ; Fasting ; Glucose loading ; Growth hormone ; Insulin ; Intravenous insulin tolerance test ; Low-calorie diet ; NEFA ; Obesity ; Oral glucose tolerance test ; Plasma insulin ; Plasma NEFA ; Simple obesity ; Starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez 12 sujets atteints d'obésité essentielle on a étudié le comportement de la glycémie, des acides gras libres plasmatiques, de l'hormone de croissance et de l'insuline en conditions basales et au cours d'épreuves dynamiques (charge orale de glucose, charge d'insuline, infusion d'arginine). Cette observation a été répétée après une période de 30 jours de jeûne absolu et après une même période de régime hypocalorique (500 Cal). Les facteurs qui contribuent à déterminer les modifications observées au cours du jeûne absolu et du régime hypocalorique sont vraisemblablement de deux ordres: d'une part on souligne le rôle des acides gras libres en tant que facteurs capables de favoriser le dérèglement glucidique que l'on observe au cours du jeûne absolu, d'autre part on met en valeur l'importance de l'hypothalamus pour les modifications métaboliques que l'on trouve dans l'obésité. Les résultats obtenus démontrent de façon évidente que l'hyposécrétion de l'hormone de croissance joue un rôle d'importance considérable dans la physiopathologie de l'obésité.
    Abstract: Resumen En 12 individuos afectos de obesidad esencial se ha estudiado el comportamiento de la glicemia, de los NEFA plasmáticos, del HGH y de la insulina en condiciones de base y a lo largo de pruebas dinámicas (carga oral de glucosa, prueba de carga insulínica, infusión de arginina). Esta observación se ha repetido durante un periodo de 30 días de ayuno absoluto y después de un periodo de 30 días de dieta hipocalórica con 500 calorías. En el determinismo de las modificaciones observadas a lo largo del ayuno absoluto y de la dieta hipocalórica, intervienen verosimilmente dos órdenes de factores: por un lado se subraya la importancia de los NEFA como factores aptos para favorecer el desarreglo glucídico presente durante el ayuno absoluto y por el otro se reitera la importancia del hipotálamo al condicionar las modificaciones metabólicas que se observan en la obesidad. Del examen de los resultados se deduce con evidencia que la hipoincreción de HGH juega un papel de relieve en el cuadro fisiopatológico de la obesidad.
    Notes: Riassunto In 12 soggetti affetti da obesità essenziale è stato studiato il comportamento della glicemia, dei NEFA plasmatici, dell'HGH e dell'insulina in condizioni di base ed in corso di prove dinamiche (carico orale di glucosio, prova di carico insulinico, infusione di arginina). Questa osservazione è stata ripetuta dopo un periodo di 30 giorni di digiuno assoluto e dopo un periodo di 30 giorni di dieta ipocalorica (500 Cal). Nel determinismo delle modificazioni osservate in corso di digiuno assoluto e di dieta ipocalorica intervengono verosimilmente due ordini di fattori: da un lato si sottolinea l'importanza dei NEFA come fattori idonei a favorire la disregolazione glicidica presente in corso di digiuno assoluto, dall'altro si ribadisce l'importanza dell'ipotalamo nel condizionare le modificazioni metaboliche riscontrabili nell'obesità. Dall'esame dei risultati risulta evidente come l'ipoincrezione di HGH abbia un ruolo non trascurabile nel quadro fisiopatologico dell'obesità.
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  • 169
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    Acta diabetologica 8 (1971), S. 288-294 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Antagonism ; India ; Insulin ; Rat diaphragm ; Synalbumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'albumine extraite du plasma de 20 diabétiques indiens sur 21, essayée à la concentration de 1,25 %, s'est révélée antagoniste de l'insuline. Le même antagonisme a été relevé, à cette même concentration, pour l'albumine plasmatique de 5 sujets volontaires sains sur 29 (17,2 %). Les résultats de ces recherches, conduites dans l'Inde du nord, ne diffèrent pas de ceux qui ont été signalés auparavant dans l'émisphère occidental.
    Abstract: Resumen La albúmina extraída del plasma de 20 de entre 21 diabéticos indios, ha resultado ser antagonista de la insulina al efectuar la comprobación a 1,2 % de concentración; a esa misma concentración la albúmina plasmática de 5 sobre 29 (17,2%) voluntarios sanos acusaba también un antagonismo a la insulina. Los resultados de estas investigaciones efectuadas en la India septentrional no se diferencian de los referidos precedentemente referentes al hemisfero occidental.
    Notes: Riassunto L'albumina estratta dal plasma di 20 su 21 diabetici indiani è risultata antagonista all'insulina, quando veniva saggiata alla concentrazione dell'1,25 %; a questa stessa concentrazione, l'albumina plasmatica di 5 su 29 (17,2 %) volontarî sani mostrava anch'essa un antagonismo all'insulina. I risultati di queste ricerche effettuate nell'India settentrionale non differiscono da quelli precedentemente riferiti per quanto riguarda l'emisfero occidentale.
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  • 170
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 372-382 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Glucuronates ; Insulin ; Liver ; Uridine-Diphosphateglucuronic acid ; Diabetes ; Glucuronide ; Insulin ; Leber ; Uridindiphosphat-Glucuronsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synthesisin vitro of o-aminophenol-glucuronide by liver tissue has been investigated in diabetic rats. Insulin deficiency was induced by withdrawal of insulin in alloxan treated, insulin substituted rats or by injection of anti-insulinserum. The hepatic formation of o-aminophenol-glucuronide was strongly reduced under these conditions. This result could not be explained by differences in the activity of the UDP-glucuronyl-transferase. However, the concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid in liver tissue of the diabetic rats was also decreased to 50% of control values whereas the amount of UDPG was augmented. These findings are consistent with the observation that the activity of UDPG-dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid from UDPG, is reduced in the liver of diabetic or fasting rats. The activity of the UDPGA-pyrophosphatase which is responsible for inactivation of the nucleotide, has been found to be unchanged in the diabetic animals.
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  • 171
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    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependymoma ; Polygonal Crystalline Structures ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Polygonale kristalline Strukturen fanden sich in Lysosomen der Zellen eines menschlichen Ependymoms. Die von der granulären Matrix der Lysosomen gut abgegrenzten Strukturen waren aus regelrecht in Abständen von 150–160 Å angeordneten Formationen aufgebaut, in denen dichte und weniger dichte Schichten abwechselten. Diese waren in einer der drei Achsen angeordnet und bildeten rechteckige, tetragonale oder hexagonale Gebilde.
    Notes: Summary Polygonal crystalline structures were found in the lysosomes of human ependymoma cells, well demarcated from the granular matrix of the lysosomes. They were composed of a regular spacing at an interval of 150–160 Å of alternating dense and less dense layers, orientated along one to three axes and forming rectilinear, tetragonal, or hexagonal arrays.
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  • 172
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    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 114-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Opticoacoustic Nerve Degeneration ; Polyneuropathy ; Hypertrophic Changes ; Nerve Biopsy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die elektronenmikroskopische Befunde der Nervenbiopsie eines Patienten mit familiärer optikoakustischer Nervendegeneration und Polyneuropathie mitgeteilt. Diese Krankheit, die noch nicht klinisch abgerenzt ist, ähnelt der Charcot-Marie-Tooth-Krankheit wie auch der Refsumschen Krankheit. Eine hypertrophische Neuropathie mit Zwiebelschalenstrukturen wurde festgestellt. Die Zwiebelschalenstruktur erscheint oft bedingt durch eine abnorme Verlängerung der Schwann-Zellbasalmembran, die manchmal den Zwiebelschalenkern ringförmig einwickelt. Es wurden auch Degeneration der Markscheide und des Achsencylinders, unbedeutende Remyelinisierungsvorgänge und unspezifische Lipoid-Ablagerungen im Cytoplasma der Schwann-Zellen beobachtet. Abnorme Einschlüsse in den Schwann-Zellen, pathologische Ablagerungen im Endoneurium wie auch andere spezifische Befunde wurden nicht festgestellt. Die Befunde wurden als Frühveränderungen einer chronischen Neuropathie interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic data are presented on a sural nerve biopsy from a patient with familial opticoacoustic nerve degeneration with polyneuropathy. This disease is not yet defined clinically, but is similar to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Refsum's disease. Examination showed a hypertrophic neuropathy with onion-bulb formations. There was often abnormal elongation or an occasional circle of the basement membrane of a Schwann cell around the core of the onion-bulb. Degeneration of the myelin sheath and the axon, very rare remyelinative changes, and non-specific lipid deposits in the Schwann cell cytoplasm were observed. Unusual inclusions in the Schwann cells or accumulations in the endoneurium were not observed. Specific findings were not found in this study. These findings were considered to be those of the early changes of a chronic neuropathy.
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  • 173
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1970), S. 304-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Ulegyria and Status Marmoratus ; Myelinated Astrocyte-like Processes ; Hypermyelinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le cas d'un garçon âgé de 12 ans avec antécédant traumatique périnatal et porencéphalie encéphaloclastique est rapporté. L'étude au microscope électronique de zônes d'ulégyrie et d'état marbré montrent que les plaques fibromyéliniques présentes dans ces régions sont essentiellement constituées de prolongements fibrillaires d'origine probablement astrocytaire, entourés de lamelles myéliniques. L'hypermyélinisation de certains de ces prolongements est également présente. Ces observations plaident en faveur d'une activité régénératrice excessive de la part des cellules gliales myélinoformatrices.
    Notes: Summary A 12 year old boy with a history of perinatal injury resulting in encephaloclastic porencephaly is described. Electron microscopic examination of the plaques fibromyéliniques in areas of ulegyria and status marmoratus revealed that they mainly consist of fibrillated processes, apparently of astrocytic origin, surrounded by myelin lamellae. Hypermyelinization of some of these processes was also present. These observations suggest excessive regenerative activity on the part of myelin-forming glial cells.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Myelo-Optico-Neuropathy ; Peripheral Nerve ; Muscle ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von einem Patienten mit peripherer Nervenlähmung, die einer schweren Diarrhoe folgte, wurden Biopsien vom N. suralis und vom M. quadriceps femoris elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Markscheiden der peripheren Nervenfasern waren geschwollen und in Degeneration begriffen. Die Axone der markhaltigen Nervenfasern zeigten beginnende Degeneration; auch an den Schwannschen Zellen wurde Degeneration beobachtet. Bemerkenswerte Befunde am Muskel waren Unregelmäßigkeiten des Z-Bandes und Verschwinden der dicken Fasern. In allen Teilen der Muskel waren die Glykogengranula beträchtlich vermehrt. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß im vorliegenden Fall nicht nur die peripheren Nerven, sondern auch die Muskeln geschädigt worden waren. Die Muskelveränderungen stellen einen neuen Befund bei subakuter myelo-optischer Neuropathie dar.
    Notes: Summary N. suralis and M. quadriceps femoralis, taken from a patient with peripheral nerve paralysis following severe diarrhoea, were examined by electron microscopy. In the nerve fibres myelin sheaths were swollen and degenerated: axons in myelinated fibres also were degenerated. Degeneration was also observed in Schwann cells. In muscle the noteworthy findings were focal irregularity of Z-bands and disappearance of thick filaments. In all parts of the muscle, glycogen granules were remarkably increased in number. These findings reveal that in the present case there was damage not only to peripheral nerve but also to muscle. The changes in the muscle are a new observation in subacute myelooptico-neuropathy.
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  • 175
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    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Sural Nerve ; Arsenical neuropathy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Onion Bulb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die elektronenmikroskopischen Beobachtungen und Zupf-befunde an der Nervenbiopsie eines Patienten mit Arsenneuropathie mitgeteilt. Die Zupf-methode und die mit Toluidinblau gefärbte Epon-präparate zeigten eine Verminderung der markhaltigen Achsencylinder und Veränderungen nach Art der Wallerschen Degeneration. Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zeigten Markscheidenzerstörungen mit Achsencylinder-degeneration und Verlust bemarkter Axone sowie häufige degenerative Veränderungen im Cytoplasma der Schwann-Zellen. Keine Hinweise auf segmentale Demyelinisation, aber seltene zwiebelschalenähnliche Strukturen mit Schwann-Zellproliferation wurden beobachtet. Außerhalb der zwiebelschalenähnlichen Strukturen war keine wesentliche Verbreitung der Basalmembran und Vermehrung von Kollagenfasern sowie keine Phagocytose vorhanden. Diese Befunde werden im wesentlichen als Folge der Wallerschen Degeneration betrachtet. Es werden einige Betrachtungen über die ungewöhnlichen zwiebelschalenähnlichen Strukturen angestellt.
    Notes: Summary Examination of electron microscopical and teased preparations of a biopsied sural nerve from a patient with arsenical neuropathy is reported. Teased preparations and toluidine blue stained epon sections showed a decrease in the number of myelinated fibres and Wallerian degeneration. Electron microscopy revealed destruction of myelin sheaths, further disintegration associated with degeneration or disappearance of myelinated axons and numerous degenerative changes in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. There was no evidence of segmental demyelination. Occasional onion-bulb-like structures, however, associated with proliferation of Schwann cells, were observed. Obvious elongation of the basement membrane, except in an onion-bulb-like structure, or collagen fibril proliferation or evidence of phagocytosis was not found. These findings are considered to correspond mainly with Wallerian degeneration. Some consideration as given to the unusual onion-bulb-like structures.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organic Mercury Compound ; Peripheral Nerve ; Minamata Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Organische Quecksilberverbindungen schädigen im Nervensystem zunächst die peripheren Nerven. Dabei werden die sensiblen Fasern bevorzugt betroffen: es kommt zur Proliferation und Degeneration der Schwannschen Zellen sowie zu starken Veränderungen an Markscheiden und Axonen. Vermehrte Schwannsche Zellen und Makrophagen bewirken die Beseitigung und Verdauung degenerierter Markscheiden und Axone. Die Veränderungen an markhaltigen Nervenfasern beginnen hauptsächlich am Ranvierschen Schnürring. Organisches Quecksilber schädigt in einer bestimmten Dosierung ausschließlich die peripheren Nerven. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß bei Patienten mit organischen Quecksilbervergiftungen mitunter nur Symptome von Schäden an sensiblen Nerven auftreten können.
    Notes: Summary Organic mercury firstly affects peripheral nerves all over the nervous system. In peripheral nerves, pathological changes are selectively observed in sensory nerve fibres and are as follows: Swelling and degeneration of Schwann cells, noticeable changes in both myelin sheaths and axons. Proliferating cells such as Schwann cells and macrophages may be acting the role of removal and digestion of degenerated myelin and axon. The pathological changes in myelinated fibres tend to begin at the nodes of Ranvier. With the quantity of organic mercury which was administered, only peripheral nerves were injured. From this point of view, we speculate that, of the neurological signs, only sensory disturbance might be found in some of the patients poisoned by organic mercury.
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  • 177
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1970), S. 261-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Allergic Neuritis ; Electron Microscopy ; Mononuclear Cells ; Demyelination ; Remyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kaninchen mit einer experimentell-allergischen Neuritis (EAN) wurden 8 Tage bis 4 Monate nach der Injektion einer Emulsion aus heterologem Nervengewebe mit Freundschem Adjuvans phasenkontrast- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Im akuten Stadium der Demyelinisation ist eine Beteiligung von mononucleären Infiltratzellen am Vorgang der Entmarkung peripherer Nervenfasern in der gleichen Weise nachweisbar, wie es Lampert (1969) bei der EAN von Ratten dargestellt hat. Da die Markscheidenschäden jedoch nicht immer in unmittelbarem Kontakt mit den Infiltratzellen auftreten, sind humorale Faktoren, die möglicherweise von den Infiltratzellen ausgeschieden werden, als Ursache der Markscheidenschäden nicht mit Sicherheit auszuschließen. Der weitere Abbau der geschädigten Markscheiden findet dann sowohl in den zu Makrophagen transformierten Infiltratzellen als auch in den proliferierenden Schwann-Zellen statt. Ausnahmsweise dominieren unter den Infiltratzellen auch bei der einfachen experimentell-allergischen Neuritis neutrophile Leukocyteninfiltrate; sie kommen in Zusammenhang mit anderen Zeichen einer schweren Störung der Gefäßnervenschranke wie Erythrodiapedesen und Fibrinexsudaten im fortgeschrittenen Stadium der Gewebsschädigung vor. Auf Axonläsionen und die im Ausheilungsstadium der EAN vorkommenden Zwiebelschalenformationen sowie die wiederholt beobachteten Gruppen regenerierter, von einer gemeinsamen Basalmembran gebündelter Nervenfasern wird kurz hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary Rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), induced by intradermally injected emulsified heterologous antigen together with Freund's adjuvant, were investigated by phase and electron microscopy 8 days to 4 months after the injection. Early lesions of the myelin sheaths in EAN can be demonstrated to occur in close contact with infiltrated mononuclear cells as has been reported by Lampert (1969) in rats. Yet since myelin lesions are not always restricted to areas of immediate contact with infiltrated mononuclear cells, it cannot be excluded that humoral factors, possibly excreted by the infiltrated cells, may initiate the myelin lesions. Further breakdown of myelin sheaths takes place in proliferating Schwann cells as well as in infiltrated mononuclear cells. Occasionally, neutrophilic leucocytes predominate among the cellular infiltrates. They occur together with erythrodiapedesis, and fibrinous exsudates in areas of severance of the blood-nerve barrier. Axonal lesions, and during remyelination, “onion bulb” formation were also seen as a sequence of the demyelinating lesions. Also, bundles of small regenerated nerve fibers enclosed by a single basement membrane were repeatedly observed in areas with remyelinated nerve fibers.
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  • 178
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    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 240-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependymoma ; Electron Microscopy ; Secretory Granules ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein unikales Ependymom des Filum terminale mit intracytoplas-matischen Sekretgranula wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch nachgewiesen. Auffallende strukturelle und histochemische Änlichkeiten bestehen zwischen den Sekretionsprodukten des Tumors und denen im sekretorischen System des Endabschnittes des Rückenmarks bei Fischen. Die Funktion und der Wirkungsort des Sekretionsproduktes sind unbekannt.
    Notes: Summary An unique ependymoma of the filum terminale with intracytoplasmic secretory granules has been identified by light and electron microscopy. A striking structural and histochemical similarity exists between the tumor secretory product and that found in the secretory system present in the terminal portion of the spinal cord of the fish. The function and site of action of the secretory product is unknown.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Isolated Nerve Fibres ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Technik zur Isolierung peripherer Nervenfasern durch Auffasern und nachfolgende licht-undd elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung beschrieben. Diese Technik wurde zum Studium ungewöhnlich geschwollener Fasern angewandt, die proximal der Läsion bei durchschnittenen Nerven von Ratten beobachtet wurden. Diese Fasern wurden als das Ergebnis der Demyelinisation bereits remyelinisierter Segmente dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary A technique is described for isolating peripheral nerve fibres by teasing and subsequently examining them by light and electron microscopy. The technique was applied to the study of unusual swollen fibres observed central to the lesion in transected nerves in rats. These were shown to be the result of the demyelination of already remyelinated segments of the fibre.
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    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 288-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Kuru ; Inclusion ; Cytoplasmic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fällen von Kuru wurden im Cytoplasma von ansonst normalen Purkinjezellen Strukturen mit strahlendichten Balkenmustern gefunden. Solche sind auch in geringerer Zahl im Axoplasma von Nervenfasern sowohl im menschlichen wie auch im Schimpansenmaterial vorhanden. Sie weisen eine zarte Punktstruktur auf sind und eng mit intracellulären Membranprofilen verbunden.
    Notes: Summary Within the cytoplasm of otherwise normal Purkinje cells barred structures have been found in cases of Kuru. They are also present in small numbers in axoplasm of nerver fibres, both in human and chimpanzee material. They present a discrete punctate structure and are closely associated with intracellular membranous profiles.
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  • 181
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    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 327-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Infantile ; Electron Microscopy ; Spheroids ; Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Seitelberger's Disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent 2 cas de DNAI.Le tableau clinique, d'évolution mortelle en 2 ans, associe un arrêt du développement psycho-moteur, des signes pyramidaux et extrapyramidaux, un nystagmus pendulaire avec atrophie optique. L'étude en microscopie optique définit:—les aspects morphologiques, la nature glycolipoprotéique et la répartition topographique des sphéroïdes, électivement disposés dans les structures médullaires, bulbo-protubérantielles et cérébelleuses, phylogénétiquement les plus anciennes, —l'atrophie du cortex cérébelleux, —la surcharge soudanophile avec état dysmyélinique du pallidum, —la dégénérescence des voies afférentes et efférentes des fibres longues de la moelle, du tronc cérébral et des voies optiques.L'étude en microscopie électronique précise la structure des sphéroïdes composés d'amas membrano-tubulaires et cisternaux, des corps denses amorphes ou lamellés, multigranuleux, pseudo-cristallins ou multivésiculaires et de mitochondries pathologiques. La formation de ce matériel est liée à l'hyperplasie du réticulum endoplasmique lisse et à l'accumulation de mitochondries anormales dans les péricaryons neuronaux, les prolongements dendro-axonaux, les culs de sacs synaptiques. Les auteurs rapprochent leurs constatations de faits semblables observés en pathologie humaine et expérimentale.
    Notes: Summary Two cases of INAD are reported. Clinical features with fatal issue within 2 years, are characterized by psychomotor retardation, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, pendular nystagmus with bilateral atrophia of optic discs.Light microscopy shows:—the morphology of spheroids, their glycolipoproteid component and their elective distribution in medulla, brain-stem and cerebellum, phylogenetically the oldest parts of the CNS—a cerebellar cortical atrophia—sudanophilic fatty deposits associated to status dysmyelinatus of pallidum—a degeneration of pyramidal, spinocerebellar tracts and optic pathways.Electron microscopy in the two cortical biopsies allows to specify the internal structure of spheroids made of membrano-tubular and interconnected aggregates, amorphous and lamellar electron-dense bodies, multigranular bodies, cristalline-like inclusions, multivesicular bodies and involved mitochondria. That complex material represents an overproduction of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal mitochondria located in neuronal perikarya, axons, dendrites and enlarged synaptic bulbs. These pathological findings are compared to those already described in human and experimental cases.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mental Deficiency ; Astrocytes ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Fall von Schwachsinn ohne starke somatische und neurologische Symptome wurde eine Biopsie der Frontalwindung vorgenommen und das Material elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht: Bei Fehlen eines cerebralen Abbauprozesses fanden sich Einschlußkörperchen im Cytoplasma der Astrocyten und eine abnorme Zunahme der Lipofuscingranula im Cytoplasma der Nevenzellen. Diese Einschlußkörperchen erwiesen sich aus geschädigtem ergastoplasmischen Reticulum und RNP-Körperchen bestehend. Aus diesen Befunden wurde geschlossen, daß die physiologische Funktion der Astrocyten infolge einer Störung des Protein-Metabolismus in den Astrocyten beeinträchtigt war; außerdem war die Funktion der Nervenzellen durch die Zunhme der Lipofuscingranula sekundär gestört. Es scheint, daß die Veränderungen eng mit dem Schwachsinn zusammenhingen und daß die intellektuellen Funktionen teilweise von der Funktion der Gliazellen abhängen.
    Notes: Summary A biopsy of a frontal gyrus from a case of idiocy, without gross bodily symptoms or neurological signs, was examined by electron microscopy. The results of this examination were as follows: there was no destructive process in the cerebral tissue but inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes and there was an abnormal increase in lipofuscin granules, in the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. The inclusions consisted of damaged endoplasmic reticulum and RNP granules. From these findings, it was considered that the physiological function of the astrocytes was disturbed, as the result of a disturbance in protein metabolism and that the function of the nerve cells was also disturbed, with an increase in lipofuscin granules. These changes seem to be intimately concerned with mental deficiency and part of intellectual function seems to depend on the functions of the glia cells.
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  • 183
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    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 161-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscular Dystrophy ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Ring Fibres ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Biopsie des M. vastus lateralis bei einem 49 jährigen Mann mit langsam progressiver Myopathie mit isoliertem Befall der Mm. quadriceps wurde untersucht. Es fanden sich zahlreiche atrophische Fasern und Ringbinden. Die atrophischen Fasern zeigten Zunahme an Glykogen und Mitochondrien sowie Verlust der Myofibrillen als geringere Läsionen sowie Fragmentierung und grobe Desorganisation der Myofilamente in den stärker betroffenen Fasern. Ausstülpungen der Basalmembran ragten aus ihrer Oberfläche vor. Phagocyten traten in wenigen degenerierten Fasern und in den Basalmembranschläuchen auf. Alle untersuchten Ringbinden hatten einen intakten Längskern mit einem eng anliegenden zirkulären Band von Myofibrillen. Schwere Veränderungen, wie sie in den atrophischen Fasern vorlagen, waren in den Ringbinden nicht anzutreffen. Die degenerativen Veränderungen beschränkten sich auf die umgebenden Myofibrillen, die Verlust der Myofilamente verschiedenen Grades sowie Anhäufungen von Glykogen und Mitochondrien aufwiesen. Die Verff. sind der Meinung, daß die Ringbinden originäre Strukturen und keine Artefakte durch Fixation oder bioptische Eingriffe darstellen.
    Notes: Summary A biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis of a man of 49 years with slowly progressive myopathy largely confined to the quadriceps muscles. Both atrophic fibres and ring fibres were numerous. The atrophic fibres showed increase in glycogen and mitochondria and loss of myofilaments as the lesser changes, with fragmentation and gross disorganisation of myofilaments in the more severely affected fibres. Folds of basement membrane projected from their surfaces. Phagocytes occurred in a few degenerate fibres and in basement membrane tubes. All the ring fibres examined had an intact longitudinal core with a closely applied encircling band of myofibrils. Severe changes of the type found in the atrophic fibres were not seen in the ring fibres. Degenerative changes were confined to the circumferential myofibrils, which presented loss of myofilaments of varying degree and aggregations of glycogen and mitochondria. We believe that ring fibres are genuine structures and are not artefacts produced either by fixation or by the biopsy procedure.
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  • 184
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    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; Electron Microscopy ; Arachnoid Sarcoma ; Lymphocyte-Like Cells ; Dark Cells ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 9 Medulloblastome wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Sie zeigten eine relativ einheitliche histologische und cytologische Struktur. Die Tumorzellen haben eine wechselnde Form, wenig Organellen und in der Regel zahlreiche cytoplasmatische Fortsätze. In Gewebspartikeln, die nach der vorherigen lichtmikroskopischen Untersuchung aus dem Tumorzentrum stammten, wurden keine Zellen mit glialer oder neuronaler Differenzierung beobachtet. Nur in den am Tumorrand gelegenen Infiltrationszonen, wo die Tumorgrenze nicht mehr sicher zu bestimmen war, fanden sich gliale oder neuronale Zellelemente. — Das Medulloblastom hat die wesentlichen morphologischen Kriterien der kleinzelligen Sarkome und des embryonalen Gewebes. Deren gemeinsames Charakteristicum, daß sie nämlich keine speziellen Differenzierungen besitzen, ist auch eine spezifische Eigenschaft des Medulloblastoms.
    Notes: Summary 9 medulloblastomas were investigated by electron microscopy. They all showed a rather unique histological and cytological structure. The cells were differently shaped, had in general many cytoplasmic processes and only few organells. Special differentiations which would have made tumour elements look like glial or neural cells were not observed when the tissue samples under investigation were carefully selected by light microscopical examination. Glial or neural elements were found only in infiltration zones where no clear distinction between pre-existing cerebellar and tumourous tissues could be made by conventional histological investigation. Medulloblastomas have essentially the same appearance as parvicellular sarcomas or embryonic tissues. Their common characteristic, viz. that they usually show no special differentiation, is also the most specific quality of medulloblastomas.
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  • 185
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    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 342-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy, Infantile ; Cortical Biopsy ; Spheroid-Like Axons ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein 21/2 Jahre altes arabisches Mädchen (Eltern Cousins 2. Grades) bot seit dem 1. Lebensjahr progressive psychomotorische Retardierung. Eine Hirnrindenbiopsie ergab normale lichtoptische Verhältnisse, während elektronenoptisch reichlich schollenartige Axonauftreibungen gefunden wurden. Ihr Inhalt setzte sich aus vesico-tubulärem Material oder aus dicht gepacktem filamentösen Material zusammen. Synapsen waren zwischen den Sphäroiden und anderen neuronalen Somata sowie Dendriten nachweisbar. In den Mitochondrien und Sphäroiden fanden sich kristalline Strukturen. Es wird vermutet, daß die “neuroaxonale Dystrophie” durch Rindenbiopsie diagnostiziert werden kann.
    Notes: Summary A 21/2 year old girl who, since the age of 1 year presented, a progressive psychomotor retardation. A cortical biopsy appeared normal by light microscopy, but by electron microscopy an abundance of dilated spheroid-like axons were found. They contained either vesiculo-tubular material or densly packed filamentous material. Synapses were demonstrated between the spheroids and other neuronal bodies or dendrites. Crystalline like material was observed within mitochondria and the spheroids. It is suggested that Neuroaxonal dystrophy may be diagnosed by cortical brain biopsy.
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  • 186
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    Pflügers Archiv 317 (1970), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Spindles ; Intrafusal Muscle Fibres ; Electron Microscopy ; Rabbit ; Muskelspindel ; Intrafusalen Muskelfasern ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Kaninchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The ultrastructure of muscle spindles in deep lumbrical muscles of adult rabbit has been investigated. Contrary to findings obtained by previous authors at the light microscope, indicating morphologic uniformity of intrafusal fibre type in rabbit spindles, two populations of intrafusal muscle fibres have been detected. 2. The first type of fibres is made by myofibrils which have a thick Z line and lack a distinct M line. These fibres are also characterized by the apparent fusion of fibrillar fields due to the paucity of the sarcoplasm, which contains very little glycogen. The mitochondria are scattered and of small size. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed and the triads are quite rare. These fibres resemble the nuclear bag fibres of cat muscle spindles. 3. The second type of fibres is made by myofibrils which have a thin Z line and a prominent M line. There is a great separation of the fibrillar fields as a result of abundant sarcoplasm which contains large accumulation of glycogen and ribosomes. The mitochondria are densely distributed and of large size. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is well developed and the triads are rather numerous. These fibres resemble the nuclear chain fibres of cat muscle spindles. 4. The demonstration of two types of intrafusal muscle fibres in rabbit spindles may account for the duality of physiological responses obtained from these receptor organs in this animal species.
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  • 187
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    Pflügers Archiv 321 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: CNS ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; Metabolism ; Phospholipids ; Hypoglykämie ; Insulin ; Phospholipide ; Stoffwechsel ; ZNS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Kaninchen in Pernocton®-Narkose wurde die Wirkung hoher Insulingaben auf Gesamtphospholipide und verschiedene Phospholipidkomponenten von Großhirn, Großhirnrinde, Kleinhirn und Medulla oblongata in zeitlicher Beziehung zur abnehmenden Blutglucosekonzentration und der elektrischen Hirnfunktion untersucht. 1. Statistisch signifikante Verminderungen im Gehalt der Phospholipide traten in Großhirn, Großhirnrinde und Kleinhirn erst mit Unterschreiten einer bestimmten, regional unterschiedlichen, kritischen Blutglucosekonzentration auf. In der Medulla oblongata war keine signifikante Abnahme der Phospholipidgehalte nachweisbar. 2. Es erfolgte keine Veränderung der Phospholipidgehalte einzelner Hirnanteile, wenn durch gleichzeitige Insulin- und Glucoseverabreichung die Blutglucosekonzentration erheblich erhöht wurde. 3. Die Verminderung endogener Phospholipide des Gehirns während Insulinhypoglykämie wird mit einem der Energiebildung dienenden Abbau sowie einer verzögerten Neubildung erklärt.
    Notes: Summary The effects of insulin in massive doses on total phospholipids and individual phospholipid fractions of cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata was studied on rabbits in Pernocton® anaesthesia. The experiments were performed in order to correlate the time course of the decrease in blood glucose with phospholipid changes and concomitant electrographic patterns of the CNS. 1. Statistically significant decreases in phospholipid content of cerebrum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum did not take place until blood sugar levels were lowered to a critical concentration. This concentration was found to be different in various parts of the brain. In the medulla oblongata no significant decrease of phospholipid content was detected. 2. No effect on regional phospholipids was observed when blood sugar levels were highly increased above normal levels by simultaneous administration of insulin and glucose. 3. The decrease in brain lipid phosphorus during insulin hypoglycemia is explained by a diminished rate of synthesis as well as a breakdown of phospholipids vielding energy supply.
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  • 188
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    Archives of toxicology 26 (1970), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Insulin ; Suicide ; Determination of Insulin in Autopsy Material ; Insulin ; Suicid ; Insulinnachweis an Leichenmaterial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen 50jährigen Diabetiker berichtet, welcher sich in suicidaler Absicht insgesamt 1080 E Insulin Novo lente s.c. injiziert hatte und innert 26 Std verstorben war. Post mortem war der Nachweis des exogenen Hyperinsulinismus durch quantitative Bestimmung des freien Insulins im Serum und an den Injektionsstellen gelungen.
    Notes: Summary A case is described in which a 50 yr. old diabetic with suicidal intention injected a total of 1,080 units of lente insulin (Novo) s.c. and died within 26 hrs. It was possible to demonstrate the exogenous hyperinsulinism post mortem by quantitative determination of free insulin in the serum and at the injection site.
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  • 189
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    Acta diabetologica 7 (1970), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Abnormal insulin ; Heredity of diabetes ; Insulin ; Insulinase ; Pathogenesis of diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Sur la base de la résistance à l'action de l'insulinase non purifiée de rat et à l'index d'incorporation du glucose14C administré par voie intrapéritoneale dans le glycogène du diaphragme de rat, on a démontré l'existence de différences entre l'insuline purifiée immunologiquement et extraite par le plasma de diabétiques jeunes et par le pancréas de certaines sujets affectés de diabète de la maturité d'une côté et insuline normale de l'autre. La différence semble être héritée ainsi que facteur mendelien simple.
    Abstract: Resumen Basándose en la resistencia a la acción de la insulina sin purificar procedente de ratón y al índice de incorporación del glucosio14C suministrado por vía intraperitoneal en el glicógeno del diafragma de ratón, se ha demostrado la existencia de diferencias entre la insulina purificada inmunologicamente y extraída del plasma de diabéticos jóvenes y del páncreas de algunos pacientes enfermos de diabetes maduro por una parte y la insulina normal por la otra. La diferencia parece ser heredada como factor mendeliano simple.
    Notes: Riassunto Sulla base della resistenza all'azione di insulinasi grezza di topo e all'indice di incorporazione del glucosio14C somministrato per via intraperitoneale nel glicogeno del diaframma di topo, è stata dimostrata l'esistenza di differenze fra insulina purificata immunologicamente ed estratta dal plasma di diabetici giovani e dal pancreas di alcuni soggetti affetti da diabete maturo da una parte e insulina normale dall'altra. La differenza sembra essere ereditata come fattore mendeliano semplice.
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  • 190
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    Acta diabetologica 7 (1970), S. 1004-1021 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Computer ; Glucagon ; Glucose ; Glucose utilization ; Insulin ; Mathematical model ; Oral glucose tolerance test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Auteurs ont élaboré un modèle analogique pour la simulation des courbes glycémiques et insulinémiques qu'on obtient après surcharge orale de glucose chez l'homme. Le modèle analogique simule avec bonne approximation les courbes obtenues expérimentalement chez un groupe de sujets normaux. Les caractéristiques, les limites et les éventuels advantages du modèle proposé sont discutés.
    Abstract: Resumen Los Autores han elaborado un modelo analógico para la simulación de las curvas glicémicas e insulinémicas que se obtienen después de carga oral de glucosa en el hombre. El modelo analógico simula con una buena aproximación la marcha de las curvas obtenidas experimentalmente en un grupo de individuos normales. Se exponen las características, los límites y las posibles ventajas del modelo propuesto.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno elaborato un modello analogico per la simulazione delle curve glicemiche ed insulinemiche che si ottengono dopo carico orale di glucosio nell'uomo. Il modello analogico simula con buona approssimazione l'andamento delle curve ottenute sperimentalmente in un gruppo di soggetti normali. Vengono discussi le caratteristiche, i limiti ed i possibili vantaggi del modello proposto.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Glucose ; Human adipose tissue ; Insulin ; Isolated fat cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'insuline agit de stimulus pour l'incorporation de l'114C du glucose dans le CO2 produit par les cellules adipeuses humaines isoléesin vitro. Cet effet est mis en évidence seulement par des concentrations assez élevées de l'hormone, dans les conditions expérimentales décrites dans ce travail. En même temps on peut aussi mettre en évidence l'effet antilypolitique de l'insuline, en faible quantité, seulement avec des concentrations assez élevées de l'hormone dans le médium d'incubation. La présence de glucose dans le médium d'incubation provoque une libération augmentée du glycérol et une libération diminuée des acides gras.
    Abstract: Resumen La insulina estimula la incorporación del 114C de la glucosa en el CO2 producido por células adiposas humanas aisladasin vitro. Dicho efecto parece ser evidente sólo con concentraciones bastante elevadas del hormón y en las condiciones experimentales descritas en el presente estudio. De manera análoga el efecto antilipolítico de la insulina se puede evidenciar, aunque limitadamente, sólo con concentraciones relativamente elevadas del hormón en el medio de incubación. La presencia de glucosa en el medio de incubación provoca una liberación mayor de glicerol y una liberación menor de los ácidos grasos.
    Notes: Riassunto L'insulina stimola l'incorporazione dell' 114C del glucosio nel CO2 prodotto da cellule adipose umane isolatein vitro. Tale effetto sembra essere evidente solo con concentrazioni abbastanza elevate dell'ormone, nelle condizioni sperimentali descritte nel presente lavoro. Analogamente, anche l'effetto antilipolitico dell'insulina è evidenziabile, in modesta entità, solo con concentrazioni relativamente elevate dell'ormone nelmedium di incubazione. La presenza di glucosio nelmedium di incubazione provoca aumentata liberazione di glicerolo e diminuita liberazione degli acidi grassi.
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  • 192
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bladder ; Bufo marinus ; Transport ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The appearance of the mucosal cell layer of the isolated urinary bladder of the toadBufo marinus, has been examined using stereoscopic and conventional transmission electron microscopy. Three cell types can be identified in surface view, these are granular cells, mitochondriarich cells and goblet cells. Cell boundaries between granular cells are clearly defined by membranous folds along their margins. Although no changes are seen in the stereoscopic electron micrographs when the granular cells are made permeable to water by vasopressin, the changes observed on transmission electron micrographs include swelling of cell bodies and nuclei, filling of intercellular channels with water, and the appearance beneath the mucosal cell membrane surface of electron dense granules. Differences between the appearance of the bladder mucosal cells by the two methods of electron microscopical examination are due largely to water loss when the tissue is freeze dried prior to stereoscopic examination.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Galactose infusion ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Blood ; Excretion ; Men ; Galaktoseinfusion ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Blut ; Ausscheidung ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Gesunden Personen wurde Galaktose über einen Zeitraum von 6 Std infundiert, die konstanten Zufuhrraten betrugen 0,3, 0,5 und 0,75 g/kg/Std. Zwei Versuchspersonen erhielten Galaktose und Glucose gleichzeitig, je 0,5 g/kg/Std. Galaktose und Glucose im Blut und Urin wurden enzymatisch bestimmt, Insulin wurde radioimmunologisch nachgewiesen. 2. Galaktosezufuhrraten von 0,5 und 0,75 g/kg/Std führen während der ganzen Infusionszeit zu einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg der Galaktose im Blut, die Ausscheidung im Urin verläuft dazu parallel. Ein „steady state“ ergibt sich nur bei einer Zufuhr von 0,3 g/kg/Std. 3. Zu Beginn der Galaktoseinfusion zeigt sich ein geringer Anstieg der Glucose im Blut, spätestens nach 75 min ist der Ausgangswert wieder erreicht; von da ab verändern sich die Glucosespiegel nicht mehr. 4. Galaktoseinfusionen führen zu Glucoseverlusten im Urin. Die Gesamtausscheidung der Glucose innerhalb einer sechseinhalbstündigen Sammelperiode liegt zwischen 1 und 4 g. 5. Wenn gleichzeitig mit der Galaktose Glucose infundiert wird, ist der Galaktoseanstieg im Blut deutlich geringer, dafür steigt die Glucose bis auf Werte über 200 mg% an, nach 150 min ist aber ein konstanter Glucosespiegel erreicht. Die Galaktosurie ist geringer, die Glucosurie größer. 6. Die Plasmainsulinspiegel steigen nur während einer Galaktosezufuhr von 0,75 g/kg/Std um 11 μE/ml (p 〈 0,025) durchschnittlich an; niedrigere Zufuhrraten zeigen keine signifikanten Änderungen des Plasmainsulins. 7. Alle Galaktosezufuhrraten bewirken einen Abfall der freien Fettsäuren im Plasma, gegen Ende der Infusionen steigen diese aber wieder an. 8. Die Verwertung von Galaktose nimmt mit steigender Zufuhrrate zu; unter einer Zufuhr von 0,75 g/kg/Std werden durchschnittlich 42 g Galaktose/Std verwertet. 9. Als Nebenwirkungen hoher Galaktosezufuhrraten beobachteten wir gelegentlich Kopfschmerzen, Übelkeit und abdominale Beschwerden.
    Notes: Summary 1. 14 healthy volunteers received galactose infusions over a 6 h period intravenously by means of an infusion pump. Administration rates used were 0.3, 0.5 and 0.75 g/kg/h. In addition, two further individuals received a mixed galactoseglucose infusion of 0.5 g/kg/h of each hexose. Galactose and glucose in blood and urine were determined enzymatically at regular 1/2 h periods, insulin was assayed radioimmunologically. 2. 0.5–0.75 g/kg/h galactose cause a continuous rise of galactose blood level, the urinary galactose excretion paralleles the blood level, a steady state, however, is found only using an administration rate of 0.3 g/kg/h. 3. Glucose in blood during galactose infusion shows a short initial rise with subsequent fall to preinfusion level without further gross change. In addition to a rising galactosuria there is a small but definite increase of glucosuria. The overall glucosuria within a 6 1/2 h collecting time ranges, depending on the infusion rate used, between 1–4 g. 4. If at the same time glucose is administered together with galactose, there is a significantly smaller rise of galactose in blood. Glucose rises up to 200 mg% and reaches a constant blood level after 150 min. Galactosuria decreases, glucosuria increases. 5. Insulin in plasma rises only 11 μU/ml using an infusion rate of 0.75 g/kg/h, other administration rates do not cause a significant change of plasma insulin level. 6. Free fatty acids drop during the first hours of the infusion, rising, however, towards the end of the infusion. 7. Galactose retention increases with elevation of the administration rate. Using an infusion rate of 0.75 g/kg/h, 42 g galactose/h are retained. 8. Eventually galactose infusions may cause headache, nausea and abdominal discomfort.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
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  • 195
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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  • 196
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
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  • 197
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notes: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 198
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 199
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notes: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notes: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
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