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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (252)
  • 1995-1999  (252)
  • 1999  (252)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (96)
  • Children  (81)
  • nitrogen  (75)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (252)
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  • 1995-1999  (252)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Samea multiplicalis ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; Pistia stratiotes ; waterlettuce ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; compensatory feeding ; nitrogen ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenèe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5–10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; herbivory ; Asteraceae ; life history ; nitrogen ; plant quality ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytophagous insects which feed on the leaves of herbaceous host plants have to adapt their life histories to the fact that protein nitrogen is usually highest in growing tissues in spring. We monitored field populations of larvae and adults of three chrysomelid species (Galeruca tanaceti (L.) (main host Achillea millefolium (L.) Yarrow), Cassida rubiginosa (Mueller) (main host Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and Oreina luctuosa (Suffrian) (host Centaurea scabiosa (L.)) together with the amount of protein nitrogen of their food resources and host plant biomass. As expected, the development of host quality, measured as concentration of protein nitrogen, and host plant biomass showed inverse trends during the season. The euryphagous G. tanaceti attacks Achillea early and profits from high nitrogen concentrations in the leaves. Occasional overexploitations of local populations of Achillea are compensated by the capacity to move to other host species. In C. rubiginosa, a species with a host range restricted to the Cardueae, the main larval feeding activity is postponed to a period when the nitrogen content of the host leaves had dropped to 50% of its initial value, but when host plant biomass had increased by 30%. In the monophagous O. luctuosa the larval development is synchronized with a still later phase of host phenology, at which the nitrogen content is below 50% but plant biomass has reached its maximum. There seem to be selection factors, which oppose the use of high quality food in spring and which force the latter two species to postpone their larval development to a later time in the year. This could be caused by numerous factors like, for example, mean daytime temperature. Later in the season the larvae have to cope with the low quality of their host plants. They have, however, the advantage of large quantities of food available. A laboratory study with adults and mature larvae of O. luctuosa shows that this species can overcome low levels of protein nitrogen either by selecting younger leaves with higher nitrogen concentrations or by increasing the daily food consumption rate (RCR) on leaves with a low level of nitrogen and by a prolongation of the feeding period. In this way the larvae compensate the effect of lower daily growth rates (RGR) and a lower food conversion index (ECI) on poor food quality: Regardless of the level of protein nitrogen there was no statistically significant difference in total gain of weight during the third-instar feeding period and in the weight at the end of the third larval stage. The three investigated chrysomelids show that there exists a broad spectrum of adaptations to overcome the dilemma of variable food quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Methadone ; Dihydrocodeine ; Substitution ; Poisoning ; Children ; Schlüsselwörter Methadon ; Dihydrocodein ; Substitution ; Intoxikationen ; Kinder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über 3 überlebte und 4 tödlich verlaufene akzidentelle Intoxikationen, sechs mit Methadon, eine mit Dihydrocodein, berichtet. Die Intoxikationen betrafen nicht die Substituierten selbst, sondern deren Familienangehörige, Bekannte oder Mit-Patienten. In allen Fällen wurden die Substitutionsmittel weitgehend ungesichert und teilweise vermutlich auch unbeschriftet stehengelassen. Den Substituierten selbst war dabei die Gefahr, die von ihrem Substitutionsmittel ausging, offenbar nicht ausreichend bewußt. Diese Fälle zeigen deutlich, daß qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen bei der immer großzügigeren Substitutionspraxis, insbesondere in Hinblick auf „take-home“-Dosen, notwendig sind.
    Notes: Abstract A total of seven cases of accidental ingestion of methadone or dihydrocodeine by four children and three adults are reported of which four were fatal. In each case, someone in the environment was taking methadone or dihydrocodeine as a substitute drug for heroin addiction who obviously did not realize the dangers of methadone for non-addicts. Possible preventive measures are the usage of child-proof containers with adequate labels for take-home medications. Furthermore substituted addicts have to be thoroughly indoctrinated concerning the toxicity and hazards of methadone.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1248-9204
    Keywords: Contralateral hernia ; Children ; Incidence ; Predisposing disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is impossible to determine whether or not a child will develop a contralateral hernia after inguinal hernia repair. There exists no risk score for the occurrence of a contralateral hernia. This well-known fact prompted us to perform the underlying study. In a retrospective trial, we reviewed the files of all children operated on for inguinal hernias in our department from January 1986 until December 1994. During this period, we performed 1721 hernia repairs on 1708 children aged 0–16 years. In 96 (5.6%) of these patients, the indication to operate was a contralateral hernia following previous unilateral repair. Comparison of the ages at the time of primary inguinal repair of those children who developed a contralateral hernia (n=96) and those who did not (n=1612) showed a significantly increased incidence of contralateral hernias if the primary operation was performed before the age of two months (p〈0.0001). Diseases predisposing to hernias were found in 38% of all children (prematurity, dystrophia, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, ascites, asthma). The authors recommend a contralateral exploration for children under the age of two months if they have any predisposing disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Learning ; Development ; Memory ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immediate and 15-min delayed recall of semantically related or unrelated word lists was investigated in 144 normally developing children ranging from 5 to 10 years of age. Immediate recall for the related and unrelated lists increased in a parallel fashion as a function of age. The ability to cluster semantically related items during immediate recall also improved with age. However, in no age class recall scores and clustering indexes were significantly associated. Forgetting rate passing from the last immediate to the delayed recall trial increased for the unrelated list but decreased for the related list of words as a function of age. Results of regression analyses revealed that a developmental increase in forgetting on the unrelated list was actually due to the higher number of words recalled in the last immediate trial by older children. As for the related list, instead, the larger reliance on the clustering strategy of recall by older children was responsible for the progressive reduction of forgetting.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Lyme disease ; Chronic neuroborreliosis ; Children ; MRI ; Demyelinating disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lyme disease is a polymorphic and multisystemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Neurological manifestations are found in 10%–50% of cases. We present 2 cases followed for 5 and 6 years of chronic relapsing-remitting neuroborreliosis. Diagnosis of neuroborreliosis in these cases was based on serum and cerebrospinal fluid findings. We discuss clinical, neurophysiological, laboratory and instrumental aspects regarding the difficulties of reaching a correct diagnosis. Further studies, especially in the field of immunology, should help identify the mechanisms responsible for the disease becoming chronic. With this knowledge, it may be possible to design immunological therapies for relapses, and to prevent the evolution of the disease.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: adsorption ; adsorption isotherms ; dinitrogen ; FTIR spectroscopy ; geminal species ; NaY ; nitrogen ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption of N2 on NaY zeolites at 85 K and equilibrium pressures higher than 1 kPa results in the formation of geminal dinitrogen complexes characterized by an IR band at 2333.5 cm−1 (2255.4 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). With decreasing equilibrium pressure the complexes tend to loose one N2 ligand, thus forming linear species characterized by an IR band at 2336.8 cm−1 (2258.7 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). All species disappear completely after evacuation. Co-adsorption of N2 and CO revealed that the dinitrogen complexes are formed on Na+ cations. The changes in the concentrations of the linear and geminal N2 species with the changes in the equilibrium pressure are excellently described by equations of adsorption isotherms proposed earlier for mono- and di-carbonyls.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tic-Störung ; Zwangsstörung ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Neurobiologie ; Psycho- pharmakologie ; Verhaltenstherapie ; Key words Tic-disorder ; Obsessive-compulsive disorder ; Children ; Adolescents ; Neurobiology ; Psychopharmacology ; Behavior therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In children and adolescents motor/vocal tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior are known to be closely related. Thereby, a continuum of symptoms ranging from single tics to a mixed picture of tics/rituals/obsessive-compulsive traits to clinically relevant obsessions and compulsions could be described. As neurobiological substrates dysfunctions in corresponding cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits (sensorimotor circuit in tic symptomatology, orbitofrontal circuit in obsessive-compulsive behavior) were postulated. For both disturbances behavioral therapy can be used to improve control mechanisms to counterregulate tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior, respectively, and psychopharmacological agents can be administerd to compensate dysbalances in neurotransmitter systems. In case of a mixed symptomatologic picture it is necessary to include interventions for both pols of the symptom-continuum in the therapeutic programme to achieve extensive improvement as a basis for a further positive development of the patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Motorische/vokale Tics und zwanghafte Verhaltensweisen kommen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen häufig gemeinsam vor; dabei kann ein Symptomkontinuum von solitär auftretenden Tics über ein Mischbild von Tics und Ritualen/zwanghaften Gedanken und/oder Handlungen bis hin zu eindeutigen Zwangsphänomenen beschrieben werden. Neurobiologisch können diesem Symptomkontinuum unterschiedlich ausgebreitete Dysfunktionen entsprechender kortiko-striato-pallido-thalamo-kortikaler Regulationssysteme zugrunde liegen. Therapeutisch lassen sich bei beiden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten mittels verhaltenstherapeutischer Techniken Steuerungs- und Kontrollmöglichkeiten zur Gegenregulation der Auffälligkeiten verbessern sowie durch Einsatz von Psychopharmaka Dysbalancen von Neurotransmittersystemen ausgleichen. Bei einem Mischbild von Tics und Zwängen sind therapeutische Interventionen für beide Zielbereiche erforderlich. Nur so können umfassende Verbesserungen erreicht und günstige Entwicklungsbedingungen für die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen eröffnet werden.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Asthma bronchiale ; Schulkinder ; Türkische Kinder ; Key words Asthma ; Children ; Turkish children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objectives: In Germany 4.2% (in Munich 8.6%) of all children under 15 years of age are of Turkish origin, representing the largest ethnic minority in this age group. However, very little is known about the prevalence, severity and management of asthma and other atopic diseases in Turkish children living in Germany. Methods: In a cross-sectional survery the prevalence, severity and treatment of asthma and other atopic diseases was assessed in 7,445 schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years, living in Munich, southern Germany. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents for self-completion and children underwent skin-prick tests and cold-air hyperventilation challenge. Results: Of those returning the questionnaires (n = 6490/87%), 5,030 (77.5%) were of German and 451 (7%) of Turkish origin. Turkish children showed a significantly lower prevalence of asthma (5.3% versus 9.4%, P 〈 0.05) than their German peers. Furthermore, Turkish children with asthma were less frequently free of symptoms (10.5% versus 34.6%, P 〈 0.05), reported more severe symptoms (41.2% versus 10.9%, P 〈 0.05) and more hospital admissions (55.6% versus 21.6%, P 〈 0.05) due to asthma than German children. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that despite the lower prevalence of asthma and allergy in the Turkish population living in Germany, asthma is a major health problem for Turkish children. Furthermore, these findings suggest inadequate management of asthma in Turkish children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Türkische Kinder stellen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit 4,2% und in München mit 8,6% den größten Anteil nicht-deutscher Kinder in der Altersgruppe bis 15 Jahren. Wenig ist jedoch bisher über Häufigkeit, Symptome und Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale und anderer atopischer Erkrankungen der türkischen Minderheit in Deutschland bekannt. Methodik: In einer Querschnittstudie wurde bei 7445 Schulkindern im Alter von 9 bis 11 Jahren im Großraum München die Häufigkeit, der Schweregrad und die Behandlung des Asthma bronchiale und anderer atopischer Erkrankungen untersucht. Fragebögen wurden von den Eltern ausgefüllt, Lungenfunktionsuntersuchungen und Hautpricktests wurden bei den Kindern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Von denen, die die zugeschickten Fragebögen ausfüllten (n = 6490/87%), waren 5030 (77,5%) deutscher und 451 (7%) türkischer Nationalität. Die türkischen Kinder zeigten eine niedrigere Prävalenz von Asthma bronchiale (5,3% versus 9,4%, p 〈 0,05) und Neurodermitis (1,6% versus 12,9%, p 〈 0,001) im Vergleich zu den deutschen Kindern. Signifikante Unterschiede bestanden zwischen türkischen und deutschen Kindern in Art der Symptome und der Krankheitswahrnehmung. Türkische Kinder mit Asthma bronchiale waren seltener beschwerdefrei (10,5% versus 34,6%, p 〈 0,05) berichteten von schwereren Symptomen (41,2% versus 10,9%, p 〈 0,05) und von einer größeren Anzahl von Krankenhausaufenthalten (55,6% versus 21,6%, p 〈 0,05) aufgrund von Asthma bronchiale. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Studie legen den Schluß nahe, daß Asthma bronchiale trotz der niedrigeren Prävalenz in der türkischen Bevölkerungsgruppe ein erhebliches Gesundheitsproblem bei türkischen Schulkindern darstellt. Die höhere Anzahl von Fehltagen in der Schule und die deutlich höhere Anzahl von Klinikaufenthalten aufgrund von Asthma bronchiale sprechen für eine mangelhafte präventive Behandlung dieser Erkrankung bei türkischen Kindern.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 535-540 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörschäden ; Knalltrauma ; Kinder ; Tinnitus ; Erweiterte Hochtonaudiometrie ; Key words Hearing loss ; Acoustic trauma ; Children ; Tinnitus ; High-frequency audiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study presents an analysis of 20 cases of acute acoustic trauma caused by toy pistols. The problem generally involves boys within the age range from 6 to 11 years. Half of the incidents involved attacks with toy pistols used as weapons. Auditory damage appeared in two types, each of which had a notch in the audiogram at the frequency range between 10 and 14 kHz. In children, a shot close to one ear can damage both ears. Great differences in the severity of tinnitus were apparent. The most severe cases of tinnitus were observed in the children with no or minor premanent auditory damage. Children experiencing long periods of uninterrupted tinnitus suffer significantly. This is not only detrimental to family-life but also to the performance of the children at school. The total expenses of treatment for these 20 cases were estimated to be approximately 80,000 DM (40.000 Euro).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Studie wurden 20 Fälle von Knalltraumata durch Kinderpistolen erfaßt und ausgewertet. Die Problematik betrifft fast nur männliche Personen und schwerpunktmäßig den Altersbereich von 6–11 Jahren. Die Hälfte der Vorfälle waren Angriffe, bei denen die Kinderpistole als Waffe eingesetzt wurde, 2 Typen von Hörschäden sind festzustellen, die jedoch beide durch eine Senke im Bereich von 10–14 kHz charakterisiert sind. Bei Kindern kann der Schuß in eines der Ohren auch das andere Ohr schädigen. Sehr große Unterschiede bestehen im Auftreten von Tinnitus. Die Fälle mit starkem Tinnitus haben keine oder nur geringe bleibende Hörschäden. Die von Knalltraumata betroffenen Kinder leiden oft sehr stark unter langanhaltendem Tinnitus. Dabei wird nicht nur das Leben der Familien beeinträchtigt, sondern auch die schulischen Leistungen der Kinder leiden teilweise sehr stark darunter. Für die Therapie dieser 20 Fälle entstanden Gesamtkosten von ca. 80.000,- DM
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Laryngotracheale Stenose ; Cricotracheale Resektion ; Kinder ; Tracheotomie ; Key words Laryngotracheal stenosis ; Cricotracheal resection ; Tracheostomy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Approximately 90% of infants and children with severe acquired laryngotracheal stenoses are tracheotomy dependent and therefore impaired in their physical and speech developments. In addition, tracheotomized infants can be endangered by the cannula due to the possible crusting of secretions or its dislocation. Thus, early repair of a stenosis is mandatory. Within the last 10 years, we successfully operated on 18 children with severe laryngotracheal stenoses. Ten children were treated with a modified Cotton technique. This paper reports our results of cricotracheal resection performed in 8 children since 1994 (age distribution: 7 months through age 15 years). Four children had Cotton grade II stenoses, three had grade III stenoses and one grade IV stenoses. In 3 patients a tracheotomy had been performed at another institution. Since their tracheostomas were too far caudal, they could not be included in the primary resection. All 8 children have been successfully decannulated. Five children without tracheotomies could be extubated uneventfully on the 5th postoperative day. All three primarily tracheotomized children needed further endotracheal stenting with T-tubes because of stomal and suprastomal collapse. Two of these latter children additionally required a tracheoplasty with rib cartilage grafts in order to stabilize the suprastomal trachea prior to decannulation. No patient experienced injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerves or insufficiencies of the anastomosis. All children’s voices were not impaired. This is the third report in literature of cricotracheal resections in infants and children, indicating that this effective, one-stage procedure is superior to laryngotracheal reconstruction with rib cartilage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kinder mit schweren, erworbenen subglottischen laryngotrachealen Stenosen sind zu 90% tracheotomiert und daher in ihrer körperlichen und sprachlichen Entwicklung beeinträchtigt. Zusätzlich sind mit einer Trachealkanüle versorgte Kinder, insbesondere Kleinkinder, gefährdet, so daß die chirurgische Beseitigung der Stenose dringend geboten ist. Wir haben innerhalb der vergangenen 10 Jahre 18 Kinder mit einer schweren subglottischen laryngotrachealen Stenose operiert; 10 Kinder, über die kürzlich berichtet wurde, konnten mit der modifizierten Cotton-Technik erfolgreich dekanüliert werden. Über 8 Kinder (Alter 7 Monate bis 15 Jahre, 4mal Stenose II. Grades, 3mal Stenose III. Grades, einmal Stenose IV. Grades), die wir mit cricotrachealer Resektion (CTR) und thyrotrachealer Anastomose operierten, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit berichtet. 3 Kinder waren anderenorts bereits tracheotomiert. Da die Stomata zu weit kaudal lagen, konnten sie nicht in die Resektion einbezogen werden. Alle 8 Kinder konnten inzwischen dekanüliert werden und sind beschwerdefrei: Die 5 nicht tracheotomierten Kinder konnten problemlos am 5. postoperativen Tag extubiert werden. Die zuvor tracheotomierten Kinder konnten erst nach endotrachealer Schienung (2mal nach zusätzlicher Trachealplastik mit Rippenknorpel bei suprastomaler Tracheomalazie) dekanüliert werden. Bei keinem der Kinder trat eine Recurrensparese auf. Die Stimme bei allen Kindern ist unbeeinträchtigt. Die CTR, über die bei kindlichen laryngotrachealen Stenosen mit dieser Arbeit in der Literatur zum 3. Mal berichtet wird, ist eine sehr effektive, einzeitige, komplikationsarme Operationsmethode, deren Resultate für Atmung und Stimme günstiger sind, als mit der Erweiterungsplastik nach Cotton.
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  • 13
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    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 122-127 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Körperliche Beschwerden ; CBCL/4 ; 18 ; Kultur-vergleichend ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Key words Somatic complaints ; CBCL/4 ; 18 ; Cross-cultural ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Question: What is the frequency of parent-reported somatic complaints of children in Germany and the Netherlands dependent on their age, sex and the education of their parents. Methods: 4876 CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist) of children aged 4 through 17 years from the general population were analysed. Results: Dutch children were scored higher by their parents than German children. Moreover somatic complaints increased with age and girls were scored higher. The frequencies of somatic complaints varied from 2% for ’problems with eyes’ to 15% for ’headaches’. The presence of one somatic complaint increased the likelihood of concomitant somatic complaints. Conclusion: Somatic complaints of children without any known cause are often seen. Some symptoms are often reported together. More, especially causal studies on the somatic symptoms of children are recommended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Wie verhält sich die Häufigkeit körperlicher Beschwerden bei Kindern in Deutschland und den Niederlanden nach Laieneinschätzung, gibt es Unterschiede abhängig vom Alter und Geschlecht der Kinder und des Ausbildungsniveaus der Eltern? Methode: 2757 deutsche und 2119 niederländische CBCL (child behavior checklist) über Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 4 und 17 Jahren aus repräsentativen Studien wurden mit Hilfe von Varianzanalysen ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Niederländische Eltern beschrieben mehr körperliche Beschwerden als deutsche. Die Ausprägung auf der Symptomskala stieg mit zunehmendem Alter und zeigte höhere Werte für Mädchen. Die Häufigkeit der Beschwerden variiert von 2% für „Augenbeschwerden” bis zu 15% für „Kopfschmerzen”. Bei Anwesenheit eines körperlichen Symptoms stieg die Frequenz zusätzlicher Beschwerden. Schlußfolgerung: Körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern treten häufig ohne bekannte Ursache auf, bestimmte Beschwerden werden häufig gleichzeitig beschrieben, wobei die Koinzidenz nicht umkehrbar ist. Weitere, besonders ursächliche Studien auf dem Gebiet der körperlichen Beschwerden bei Kindern sind auch hinsichtlich steigender Kosten im Gesundheitswesen empfehlenswert.
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 351-355 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Latexallergie ; Neuogene Blasenentleerungsstörung ; Kinder ; Key words Latex allergy ; Neurogenic bladder dysfunction ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objectives: The risk to suffer from natural latex allergy is increased in children with congenital neurogenic bladder dysfunction. We, therefore, evaluated whether or not a serologic screening for detection of sensitization to latex is reasonable in these children. Patients and Methods: 40 children aged from 6 months to 17 years were examined by specific questionnaire-based patient histories, and by determination of total serum immunoglobuline E (total IgE) and natural latex-specific serum immunoglobulin E (latex-IgE) by solid-phase immunoassays. Results: 5 children had a history of allergic reaction to rubber containing materials. In 10 children, latex-IgE was elevated 〉 0.35 kU/l, 6 out of these 10 children without a history of allergic reactions to rubber containing materials. There was a positive correlation of elevated latex-IgE values and the number of former surgical procedures (p 〈 0.006), while no correlation was found between elevated latex-IgE values and clean intermittent catheterization (p = 0.408). Conclusion: Compared to questionnaire-based patient histories, serologic screening examination including determination of latex-IgE values may better identify children at risk to suffer from sensitization to natural latex.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Naturlatexallergien kommen bei Kindern mit angeborener neurogener Blasenentleerungsstörung gehäuft vor. Es wurde deshalb untersucht, ob bei dieser Patientengruppe ein serologisches Screening zur Erfassung einer Sensibilisierung gegenüber Naturlatex sinnvoll ist. Patienten und Methode: Untersucht wurden 40 Kinder im Alter von 6 Monaten bis 17 Jahren. Die Untersuchung umfaßte eine gezielte Anamneseerhebung durch Fragebogen sowie die Bestimmung des Gesamtimmunglobulin E (Gesamt-IgE) und des naturlatexspezifischen Immunglobulin E (Latex-IgE) im Serum durch Festphasenimmunoassays. Ergebnisse: 5 Kinder hatten anamnestisch Zeichen einer allergischen Reaktion nach Gummikontakt. 10 Kinder wiesen im Serum erhöhte Werte des Latex-IgE auf, wobei 6 dieser Kinder bisher noch keine Zeichen einer Latexallergie hatten. Pathologische Werte für das Latex-IgE korrelierten statistisch signifikant mit der Anzahl operativer Eingriffe (p 〈 0,0006), nicht aber mit einem durchgeführten sauber intermittierenden Einmalkatheterismus (p = 0,408). Schlußfolgerung: Im Vergleich zur alleinigen fragebogengestützen Anamneseerhebung können durch ein serologisches Screening mit Bestimmung des Latex-IgE mehr Kinder entdeckt werden, die durch eine Sensibilisierung gegenüber Naturlatex gefährdet sind.
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  • 15
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 32-35 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Appendicitis ; Ultrasonography ; Children ; Graded compression ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The diagnosis of acute appendicitis in childhood is frequently difficult. In some situations the need to operate is clear, but in others the decisions may be much “tougher” because the clinical findings are equivocal. This is a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 253 children presenting with “acute abdominal pain? appendicitis” who had graded compression ultrasonography (GCUS) because the clinical scenario did not warrant immediate laparotomy. This represents 30% of all cases seen in the study period. The aim of the study was to examine the role of GCUS and a clinical scoring system (the Alvarado score) in patients in whom the diagnosis is uncertain.
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  • 16
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 50-55 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Burns ; Inhalation injury ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Survival from serious burns in children has improved substantially in recent years. Mortality is predominantly determined by the total body surface area burned and the often unrecognised inhalation injury. A retrospective review of 4,451 consecutive children with thermal injuries over a 10-year period was undertaken to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and pathology of inhalation injury and its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Inhalation burns were diagnosed clinically and confirmed endoscopically and post-mortem in 97 (2.2%) children; 77 sustained fire burns (mean age 4 years) and 20 hot-water burns (mean age 18 months). The Moylan classification stratified them into upper-airway burns in 59 children, major–airway burns in 29, and parenchymal burns in 44. Major-airway burns were always seen in conjunction with either upper-airway or parenchymal injury. Stridor and acute progressive respiratory distress were the two main symptoms, the onset of which was occasionally delayed for up to 72 h. Endoscopy was most helpful in confirming the diagnosis and determining airway management. Endotracheal intubation was needed in more than 50% of children, usually for less than 5 days, and was converted to tracheostomy in only 6. Persistent laryngeal and tracheal damage was identified in 4. Secondary pneumonia occurred in 41.5% of children with fire burns and 55% with hot-water burns. Extensive surface burns, parenchymal injury, and secondary pneumonia all contributed to the significant mortality. Post-mortem findings corroborated clinical and endoscopic evidence. This study suggests that inhalation burns were often not recognised, could present late, and usually had significant consequences. Early clinical diagnosis, supported by endoscopic findings and appropriate management, is essential if the high morbidity and mortality amongst these children is to be improved.
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  • 17
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 63-65 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Actinomycosis ; Antibiotic treatment ; Appendicitis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal actinomycosis (AMC) is a rare infection in children. The appendix is the most common intra-abdominal organ involved. It presents as an undifferentiated mass, forming abscesses and fistulas in the right lower quadrant. The case of a 15-year-old girl with a AMC of the appendix detected by the pathologist after routine appendectomy is discussed. Long-term antibiotic treatment and follow-up by ultrasound and laboratory controls are necessary.
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  • 18
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Ingrowing nails ; Conservative treatment ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ingrowing nails are not uncommon in children, and even so receive little attention in the pediatric surgery literature. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate our modification of the conservative treatment of ingrowing nails. Our technique of local treatment combined with patient education for better foot and toe care was successfully used and well tolerated by 19 out of 20 young patients with ingrown toenails.
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  • 19
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 353-357 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Testis torsion ; Scrotum ; Appendage ; Cremasteric reflex ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 543 boys suffering from acute scrotal pain underwent emergency surgery between 1986 and 1996. Of these, 91 had a testicular torsion (TT) (16.8%) and 250 had an appendage torsion (AT) (46%). The cause varied with patient age, with most TTs in newborns and boys of 15 years and most ATs in 10–11-year-olds; 21.5% were operated upon within 6 h of the onset of pain and 69.2% within 24 h. Most stayed in hospital for less than 24 h. Pre-surgical examination identified no criterion for excluding TT. We therefore believe that all children complaining of acute scrotal pain should undergo surgery. As release of an inflamed AT reduces pain, three-fourths of the children benefited directly from surgery.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Ovarian tumor ; Children ; Hypercalcemia ; Small-Cell carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumors of the ovary in girls represent about 80% of pediatric genital tumors; approximately 30% of these tumors are malignant. The risk of malignancy increases with decreasing age. The most frequent finding is a teratoma; other tumors are rare. Small-cell carcinoma (SCCO) of the ovary is extremely rare, occurring mostly in young women. We present an 8-year-old girl with a SCCO of the hypercalcemic type. The findings and treatment are discussed with emphasis on the poor prognosis in these patients, even in stage 1 disease. The current literature is reviewed.
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  • 21
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 579-581 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Hydatid disease ; Pancreas ; Children ; Echinococcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary hydatid disease of the pancreas is rare. The authors report a 3-year-old girl who had a cystic mass in the head of the pancreas with no other viscera involved. At laparatomy the entire endocyst was totally extracted from the surrounding pancreatic parenchyma. The postoperative course was uneventful. She is currently disease-free with a follow-up of 5 years. Only four other pediatric cases have been reported in the English literature.
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  • 22
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Central venous catheters ; Children ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The insertion of central venous catheters has become an established practice in the management of children with different types of malignancies for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, blood and blood products, as well as drawing blood for various investigations. A commonly encountered problem is that despite the catheter being patent it may be impossible to draw blood from it. We believe this is related to the cut of the catheter tip. To overcome this problem, a technique for cutting the tip of the catheter is described.
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  • 23
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 209-218 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cattle slurry ; fertilizer splitting ; nitrogen ; recovery ; residual nitrogen ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The recovery of soil mineral nitrogen (N) by crops, and its subsequent utilisation for dry matter (DM) production may be increased when the application of N is postponed until after crop emergence. The significance of this strategy for silage maize was studied in nine field experiments on Dutch sandy soils from 1983 to 1988. In five experiments the effect of slurry applied before planting at a rate of circa 66 m3 ha-1, was compared to the effect of a similar rate of which half was applied before planting and half at the 4–6 leaf stage. In the 4-6 leaf stage slurry was either injected or banded. In four other experiments the effect of mineral fertilizer-N splitting was studied. In these experiments, 30 m3 ha-1 cattle slurry, applied before planting, was supplemented with mineral fertilizer-N at rates ranging from 40 to 160 kg ha-1, either fully applied before crop emergence or split. When split, 40 kg ha-1 of the mineral fertilizer-N rate was banded at the 4–6 leaf stage. According to balance sheet calculations, substantial losses of slurry N and mineral fertilizer-N occurred during the growing season. Losses were compensated for, however, by apparent mineralization, ranging from 0.34 to 0.77 kg N ha-1 day-1. Split applications of cattle slurry had a significant positive effect on the DM yield in two out of five experiments compared to the conventional non-split application, but only when the post-emergence slurry application was banded which is no longer in accordance with present legislation. Split applications of mineral fertilizer-N had a significant positive effect in one experiment where rainfall was excessive but not in the others. The results provide insufficient evidence to recommend farmers to split applications. Soil mineral N sampling at the 4–6 leaf stage should hence be considered a control on the appropriateness of early N applications after exceptional weather conditions rather than a routine observation on which the post-emergence N dressing is to be based in a deliberate splitting strategy. Our data suggest that the financial return of a 40 kg ha-1 supplementation with mineral fertilizer-N, was questionable when more than 175 kg N ha-1 were found in the upper 0.6 m soil layer at the 4–6 leaf stage.
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  • 24
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farming systems ; nitrogen ; nitrogen budgets ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three approaches to nitrogen budgeting were developed and their ability to quantitatively describe nitrogen cycling in a fertilizer based and a grass–clover based beef system tested. Budgets ranged in complexity from the Economic Input:Output (EIO) budget, which accounted simply for purchases and sales of nitrogen over the farmgate, through the Biological Input:Output (BIO) budget, which included estimates of biological nitrogen fixation and attempted to partition losses into leaching and gaseous forms, to the Transfer:Recycle:Input:Output (TRIO) budget, which also accounted for key soil processes. Nitrogen unaccounted for in the fertilized system decreased with increasing budget complexity (285, 212 and 188 kg ha-1 yr-1 unaccounted for by the EIO, BIO and TRIO budgets, respectively). In the legume based grass–clover system, the EIO budget did not accurately describe total nitrogen inputs as it did not include 146 kg ha-1 yr-1 from symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In the grass–clover system, nitrogen unaccounted for was again greater using the BIO than the TRIO budget (103 and 79 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively). In conclusion, the most complex budgeting approach (TRIO) was able to account for the fate of a greater proportion of nitrogen inputs than the simpler approaches. However, the perceived success of the different approaches was strongly dependent on the precise objective.
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  • 25
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chlorophyll meter ; irrigation ; LAI ; nitrogen ; Spring Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A Spring Wheat crop was grown using three irrigation levels and nitrogen rate applications to evaluate chlorophyll meter measurements as a possible nitrogen nutrition index for modelling. These measurements yielded the most reliable indications at Zadoks GS45. The lower limit indicating severe nitrogen deficiency in the leaves was approximately 35 SPAD units while the upper limit of 45 SPAD units, indicated an excess consumption.
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  • 26
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: algae ; flooded soils ; N cycling ; nitrogen ; 15N ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Algal N labelled with 15N added to a flooded soil in laboratory columns without plants was studied to determine the changes over time in the fate of N assimilated by algae and to study how its fate is affected by (a) exclusion of light simulating complete closure of the rice canopy, and (b) addition of fertilizer-NH4 *. In the light but with no added fertilizer-N there was little net mineralization of the added algal N during the first 4 weeks, but after 8 weeks 42% had been mineralized, of which 95% was denitrified. Exclusion of light caused net mineralization to proceed more rapidly in the first 4 weeks due to the death of algal cells and lowered reassimilation. After 8 weeks 51% had been mineralized, of which 54% was denitrified, 16% volatilized and 30% was present as KCl exchangeable NH4 +-N. Application of fertilizer-NH4 + apparently caused mineralization of 25% of the algal N within one week but the results were probably affected by pool substitution in which labelled N mineralized to NH4 +-N was diluted with fertilizer – NH+ 4 and then immobilized leaving more labelled NH4–N in the mineral pool. After 8 weeks, 42% of algal N had been mineralized, of which 69% was estimated to have been denitrified, 19% lost through NH3 volatilization and 12% remained as extracted NH4 ++NO- 3. Uptake of N by a rice crop would reduce the gaseous losses. Algal N was mineralized quickly enough to be available during the growing season of a rice crop and, depending on field conditions, algae may have a role in assimilating N and protecting it from loss as well as being a major driving force for NH3 volatilization through diurnal increases in pH.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: tomato plants ; susceptibility ; mite ; tridecan-2-one ; nitrogen ; potasium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to study the effect of NK fertilization levels and canopy height on the resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum and Lycopersicon esculentum to Aculops lycopersici (Acari: Eriophydae). The effects of NK fertilization levels and canopy height in the leaf size and density of trichomes and their effects on tridecan-2-one (2-TD) and undecan-2-one (2-UD) limiting the attack of A. lycopersici on tomato plants were assessed. Different NK fertilization levels had no effect on the resistance of L. hirsutum to A. lycopersici. No significant differences were found in attack rates of this mite on leaves of the top and median parts of L. hirsutum canopy. The type and density of trichomes were the main determining factor of A. lycopersici attack on tomato plants. High trichome densities and type VI glandular trichomes which produce tridecan-2-one are important resistance factors on tomato plants. L. hirsutum showed a high resistance level to A. lycopersici due to high densities of type VI glandular trichomes and consequently higher levels of tridecan-2-one in its leaves.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Hypergammaglobulinemia ; Polyclonal ; Acute myeloid leukemia ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (PHG) associated with hematological malignancies is a rare occurrence. We reviewed our series of 47 children with AML in order to define the prevalence of PHG and its prognostic value in achieving complete remission (CR) after induction treatment. Patients were stratified by immunoglobulin levels into two groups: with PHG and without PHG. CR reached after induction chemotherapy was considered a positive response. Conditional exact tests were used for the statistical analysis; conditional maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio (OR) were obtained. Significance levels (p) were determined from two-tailed tests. Twenty-two of 38 (57.9%) evaluable children showed PHG. Children with PHG and AML were more likely to be in CR after first induction treatment (OR=6.25, p=0.021), independent of sex, age at diagnosis, white blood cell count, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, FAB phenotype, and treatment protocol. Infections seemed to positively influence early treatment response (p=0.038). PHG and infections were not statistically associated (p=0.16). PHG may result from the uncontrolled stimulation of B lymphocytes by cytokines. Infections or transfusions may act as triggers for the immune system, leading to the antileukemic effect seen in patients with AML and PHG going into spontaneous remission. It could be that this activation caused the larger number of CRs observed in our series. Clarification of why PHG exerts a positive influence on children with AML could help us to understand the ways by which the organism is able to control a malignant disease.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Thrombopoietin ; Interleukin-11 ; Interleukin-6 ; Thrombocytopenia ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We measured serum levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin (IL)-11, and IL-6 in 90 different samples from 67 pediatric patients with thrombocytopenia (TP). The cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the biological activity of TPO was measured using a cell line transfected with human c-mpl. In patients with impaired megakaryocytopoiesis, as found in diseases such as aplastic anemia, amegakaryocytic TP, or TP with absent radii, we found TPO levels which were highly elevated compared with normal values (mean=261 AU/ml, n=52, vs. 22 AU/ml in healthy controls). In contrast, patients suffering from idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (mean=16 AU/ml, n=31) or platelet function defects (mean=23 AU/ml, n=7) demonstrated normal TPO levels. The biological activity tested in the bioassay correlated well with the ELISA data. However, sera of some patients with amegakaryocytic TP demonstrated a remarkably higher biological activity of TPO than expected from the ELISA data. Within the different groups there was no correlation between platelet counts and TPO levels. Only 27% of all samples had elevated levels of IL-11 (mean=450 pg/ml, n=20). Elevated IL-6 serum levels were detected in only 13% of all samples analyzed (mean=42 pg/ml, n=12). We conclude that megakaryocytopoiesis is regulated mainly by TPO, that it is dependent on the platelet and the megakaryocytic mass, and that IL-11 plays an additional role in supporting the platelet production. IL-6 does not appear to be up-regulated in children with thrombocytopenia.
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  • 30
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    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 44 (1999), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Vincristine ; Pharmacokinetics ; Repetitive dosing ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: We studied vincristine disposition after 169 weekly i.v. bolus injections in 32 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or Wilms' tumor. The aim of the study was to determine intrapatient and interpatient variability in vincristine disposition and demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics influencing this variability. Methods: Vincristine plasma concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography assay with electrochemical detection. A limited sampling strategy was used based on a bayesian parameter estimation algorithm that is part of the ADAPT II software package. A two-compartment, first-order model was fitted to the data, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the model using the ADAPT II software. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, simple and multiple regression analysis, and non-parametric or robust equivalents were used. Results: Results showed a large intrapatient and interpatient variability in distribution half-life, elimination half-life, total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution at steady state, and area under the concentration–time curve. Intrapatient variability was significantly smaller than interpatient variability for all these parameters except distribution half-life. The diagnosis or treatment protocol turned out to be the most predictive characteristic; leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients had a significantly higher total body clearance than Wilms' tumor patients. Conclusions: We conclude that both intrapatient and interpatient variability in vincristine pharmacokinetics is large in pediatric cancer patients and that variability, although significantly influenced by diagnosis, largely remains unpredictable.
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  • 31
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 519-522 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Pulmonary function test ; Adjustment ; Children ; Prediction equations ; Population specific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fitting adequate prediction equations for pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters is crucial in the analysis of lung function tests and their interpretation. Our work aimed at studying the necessity of building population specific prediction equations, rather than using prediction equations built-in in commercial equipment. We used as an example results of studies carried out among Israeli schoolchildren. Second to sixth grade children (7–13 years old), 1064 boys and 1211 girls, were studied in Tel-Aviv. PFT (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1st second, peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow in 50% volume, forced expiratory flow in 75% volume) performed by these children were adjusted for height, weight and age, for each sex separately, by a multiple regression procedure. Predicted PFT parameters of 300 boys and 301 girls aged 7–13 years, living along the southern shore of Israel, were calculated using the equations built for the same aged Tel-Aviv children as well as the prediction equations built-in in the spirometer used. The ratios between the observed PFT parameters in the southern children and their expected values, using the Israeli population specific equations, were around 1.00. Using the built-in equations resulted in ratios around 0.90. Conclusion The development of population specific prediction equations for PFT parameters is necessary. Such equations should be used both in clinical assessment to minimize misclassification (healthy/sick child) and in epidemiological studies.
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  • 32
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 550-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key wordsShigella ; Toxic encephalopathy ; Children ; Brain oedema ; Shiga toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 6-year-old girl is described who died following rapid neurological deterioration, ending in lethal cerebral oedema. Despite the absence of severe intestinal and metabolic derangement, Shigella was cultured from the stool. Toxic encephalopathy is responsible for death following this rare complication of childhood shigellosis in developed countries. The pathophysiology is unknown. Conclusion Lethal toxic encephalopathy can be caused by Shigella despite the absence of severe intestinal and metabolic derangement. If shigelllosis is suspected, headache may be a first significant sign for the development of toxic encephalopathy. Early recognition and rapid measures to prevent brain oedema may improve outcome.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 200-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor development ; Anticipatory postural adjustments ; Bimanual coordination ; Children ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) are needed to perform a movement without perturbing posture. We investigated the development of APA in 3- to 4-year-old children during a bimanual load-lifting task. The task required maintaining a stable elbow position despite imposed or voluntary unloading of the forearm. Although children can compensate the consequences of unloading by using APA, their performance did not reach an adults’ level. In addition, children showed high intra-individual variability in the voluntary situation, revealed by the coexistence of both adult-like and immature patterns in kinematic and electromyographic data. In conclusion, the present study reports that APA, associated with a bimanual load-lifting task, are still being set up in 3- to 4-year-old-children. The intra-individual variability should decrease with age and be associated with a progressive mastering of the timing parameters characterizing APA.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words HIV-1 ; T-cells ; CD69 ; Activation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the use of a whole-blood assay that measures spontaneous and activation-induced CD69 expression on peripheral blood T-cells in vitro for assessment of T-cell function in HIV-1-infected paediatric patients. Heparinized venous blood from 28 HIV-1 positive children and adolescents and 23 healthy controls was incubated for 4 h with or without 5 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Thereafter, analysis of CD69 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was done by flow cytometry; simultaneously we determined CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load. Neither spontaneous nor PHA-induced CD69 expression differed significantly between HIV-1 positive patients and healthy controls. However, T-cells from HIV-1 positive patients with plasma HIV-1 viral load levels above 70 × 103 copies/ml showed a higher spontaneous CD69 expression than T-cells from patients with lower plasma viral load levels in different stages of the disease. Antiretroviral treatment in four patients reduced spontaneous CD69 expression in CD4+ T-cells and PHA-induced CD69 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells significantly after 8 weeks of therapy. Conclusion Spontaneous and activation-induced expression of the early (activation) antigen CD69 on peripheral blood T-cells does not distinguish HIV-1 positive patients from HIV-1 negative healthy controls and is not correlated with peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts. This test may not be a reliable marker for functional T-cell deficiency during early stages of HIV disease. Increased spontaneous as well as PHA-induced CD69 expression on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents in vitro may rather reflect HIV-induced pre-activation of T-cells in vivo.
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  • 35
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 662-667 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Far-field potentials ; Achondroplasia ; Foramen magnum stenosis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children with achondroplasia may have high cervical myelopathy due to stenosis of the cranio-cervical junction resulting in neurological disability and an increased rate of sudden death. To detect myelopathy we recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) after median nerve stimulation in 30 patients with achondroplasia aged 13 months to 18 years (mean 6 years). In addition to the conventional technique of recording the cortical N20 and the central conduction time (CCT), we employed a noncephalic reference electrode recording the subcortical waveforms N13b and P13, generated near the cranio-cervical junction. The findings were related to the clinical status and MRI results. Eighteen patients had MRI evidence of spinal cord compression with indentation or narrowing of the upper cervical cord, and 13 showed signs of myelomalacia. Seven patients had neurological abnormalities. The sensitivities of the SEPs were 0.89 for cervical cord compression, 0.92 for myelomalacia and 1.0 for the clinically symptomatic patients. There were no false-positive results. The subcortical SEPs were more sensitive than the conventional recordings. However, the conventional SEPs were highly specific in the most severely affected patients; here the specificity was 1.0 for patients with myelomalacia and 0.96 for symptomatic patients. Postoperative SEPs improved after occipital decompression in two children. Conclusion The analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials, in particular of subcortical tracings, is useful in the detection of early cervical myelopathy in children with achondroplasia. Early neurosurgical decompression may prevent irreversible damage.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Antithrombin concentrate ; Children ; Septicaemia ; Acquired antithrombin deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Consumption coagulopathy is a serious problem in childhood. In addition to treatment of the underlying disease, consumption coagulopathy was previously treated with heparin. Nowadays it is treated by substitution of coagulation factors, especially antithrombin (AT) concentrate, alone or in combination with heparin. In this pilot study we administered AT concentrate (dosage 80 U/kgbw/d), without additional heparin treatment, to 29 children beyond infancy with acquired AT deficiency. Antithrombin, platelet count, fibrinogen, PT, and APTT were assayed before and during the course of AT substitution. These coagulation parameters returned to normal 48 hours after normalisation of the plasma AT level. AT levels normalised within 24 h of initial substitution in all children. Lethal outcome due to the underlying disease was observed in only two children. Conclusion Data of this pilot study suggest that, concomitantly with the treatment of the underlying disease, consumption coagulopathy in childhood can be managed successfully with early substitution of AT concentrate.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Coagulation ; Fibrinolysis ; Head injury ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the post-trauma haemostatic changes in 27 children with severe cranio-cerebral trauma defined by a modified Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 〈10. Blood samples for coagulation studies (fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWf), factor VIII:C, antithrombin, protein C, plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI), D-dimer) were obtained within two hours of admission, 24 h later, and on days 3–5, 7–9, 21 and 35. Data of this study indicate that alterations of coagulation in paediatric patients are similar to those in adults: On hospitalisation, activated haemostasis was found with decreased fibrinogen, antithrombin and protein C along with enhanced t-PA and PAI. Twenty-four hours later, hypercoagulability with significantly increased vWF and fibrinogen started, with a peak level within the second week. Within 24 h of admission, 17 children developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with a clear-cut decrease of antithrombin and fibrinogen together with platelet consumption and enhanced D-dimer. The outcome of children with DIC was significantly poorer than in those without DIC. Complete recovery was seen in five patients; sequelae no handicap and moderate disability were each found in six patients. Severe disability was diagnosed in two children, and fulminant DIC with lethal outcome occurred in eight patients. The GCS (P 〈 0.01) and the occurrence of DIC (P 〈 0.005) showed the strongest association with the patients' clinical outcome. Conclusion Our data underline the significance of post-trauma disturbances of the haemostatic system for the clinical course and outcome in children with severe cranio-cerebral injuries.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung disease ; Pneumoconiosis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report two cases of children with malignancies and subpleural nodules found on computed tomography (CT) scan. In both cases the diagnosis was anthracosis. This pathologic condition has never been reported in children. Causes of anthracosis include a smoking environment, living in urban areas and air pollution.
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  • 39
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 512-516 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Tumours ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Childhood meningeal tumours are uncommon and mostly meningiomas. We reviewed the histological and radiological findings in meningeal tumours in six children aged 12 years or less (four benign meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma). Compared to the adult counterpart, childhood meningiomas showed atypical features: cysts, haemorrhage, aggressiveness and unusual location. MRI features varied according to the site of the tumour, histology, haemorrhage, and presence of intra- or peritumoral cysts. Diagnosis of the extra-axial tumour was relatively easy in two patients with meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma. MRI findings strongly suggested an intra-axial tumour in two patients with benign meningiomas, because of severe adjacent edema. Awareness of the variable findings of childhood meningiomas and similar tumours may help in differentiation from brain tumours.
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  • 40
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 929-934 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion weighted ; Myelination ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the changes in brain water diffusion in childhood as seen on diffusion-weighted MRI in 30 children from 1 day of life to 17 years to provide a data base and to investigate the correlation of diffusion changes with known patterns of white matter maturation. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and apparent anisotropy (AA) were calculated in numerous regions of the brain to include major white matter tracts and gray matter. ADC and AA values were directly related to the structural maturity and compactness of the white matter tracts and changed with aging in a way that predated early myelination markers such as signal change on T1- or T2-weighted images. Diffusion of water is sensitive to structural changes in the brain such as white matter maturation and may be useful in investigating white matter disorders.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Case-control study ; Children ; CNS tumour ; Environmental exposure ; Indoor radon ; Leukaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A population-based case-control study on risk factors for childhood malignancies was used to investigate a previously reported association between elevated indoor radon concentrations and childhood cancer, with special regard to leukaemia. The patients were all children suffering from leukaemia and common solid tumours (nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, central nervous system (CNS) tumours) diagnosed between July 1988 and June 1993 in Lower Saxony (Germany) and aged less than 15 years. Two population-based control groups were matched by age and gender to the leukaemia patients. Long-term (1 year) radon measurements were performed in those homes where the children had been living for at least 1 year, with particular attention being paid to those rooms where they had stayed most of the time. Due to the sequential study design, radon measurements in these rooms could only be done for 36% (82 leukaemias, 82 solid tumours and 209 controls) of the 1038 families initially contacted. Overall mean indoor radon concentrations (27 Bq m–3) were low compared with the measured levels in other studies. Using a prespecified cutpoint of 70 Bq m–3, no association with indoor radon concentrations was seen for the leukaemias (odds ratio (OR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.32–5.33); however, the risk estimates were elevated for the solid tumours (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 0.96–7.13), mainly based on 6 CNS tumours. We did not find any evidence for an association between indoor radon and childhood leukaemia, which is in line with a recently published American case-control study. There is little support for an association with CNS tumours in the literature.
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  • 42
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 472-477 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fremdkörper ; Ingestion ; Kinder ; Diagnostik ; Key words Foreign body ; Ingestion ; Children ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Foreign body ingestion is not infrequent in infants and children. The diagnosis of radiopaque foreign body ingestion does not pose a major problem. It is crucial to take an X-ray from the pharynx to the level of the pylorus. If a foreign body that might get stuck at the ileocoecal valve is ingested, it is necessary to perform a radiograph of the whole abdomen. Foreign bodies that do not pass the cardia must be extracted endoscopically. In the case of foreign bodies with a smooth contour that have passed the pylorus, parents are advised to check the child’s stool or collect it and bring it for X-raying. If after a week there is no definite evidence that the foreign body has been excreted a follow-up radiograph is carried out. If the foreign body is still in the stomach or duodenum, endoscopy is necessary. The detection of nonopaque foreign bodies can be facilitated by giving oral contrast medium, making the depiction of the foreign body as a filling defect possible. As a complication, perforation can occur, the diagnosis of which may entail the use of sonography, conventional radiography and, to a lesser extent, CT.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fremdkörperingestion ist im späten Säuglings- und frühen Kleinkindalter kein seltenes Ereignis. Die Diagnose röntgendichter Fremdkörper bereitet keine Schwierigkeiten. Hierbei ist jedoch zu beachten, daß die Region vom Pharynx bis zum Pylorus abgebildet sein sollte. Wurden Fremdkörper verschluckt, bei denen die Gefahr der Einklemmung in der Bauhin’schen Klappe besteht, sollte das komplette Abdomen bis zum Anus dargestellt werden. Fremdkörper, welche die Kardia nicht passieren, müssen endoskopisch extrahiert werden. Haben glatt begrenzte Fremdkörper den Pylorus passiert, werden die Eltern aufgefordert, den Stuhl zu untersuchen oder zu sammeln und ihn zur röntgenologischen Untersuchung mitzubringen. Sollte der Fremdkörper innerhalb einer Woche nicht auffindbar sein, wird eine Kontrolluntersuchung durchgeführt. Ist der Fremdkörper dann noch im Magen oder im Duodenum, sollte er ebenfalls extrahiert werden. Der Nachweis nicht röntgendichter Fremdkörper kann mittels Gabe von positivem Kontrastmittel als Aussparungsfigur gelingen. Als Komplikation kann eine Perforation auftreten. Hierbei dienen Sonographie, konventionelles Röntgen und gegebenenfalls CT zur Diagnosefindung.
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  • 43
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S154 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Veno-occlusive disease ; Antithrombin ; Children ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a well-known complication of chemotherapy in Wilms tumor patients, particularly young children. Although this complication resolves uneventfully in most patients, fatal cases have been reported. Severe VOD after transplantation has a high mortality rate ranging from 45% to 98%. New hemostatic therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the prognosis of VOD. Chemotherapy-related VOD in Wilms tumor usually has a good prognosis. We describe two patients with Wilms tumor and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who developed severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver according to the Baltimore criteria while undergoing chemotherapy; the symptoms were hepatomegaly, ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, weight gain and, in one patient, short-term lethargy. Elevated LDH levels of 872 to 12,000 U/l were observed in our patients. All patients had thrombocytopenia between 29,000 and 40,000/μl and decreased antithrombin (AT) and protein C levels; two patients had gastrointestinal bleeding. All patients developed a coagulopathy because of severe hepatic dysfunction. Two patients received low-dose heparin at the onset of VOD. The thrombolytic therapy was rapidly changed to AT supplementation (20–80 IU/kg bw 2× per day) without heparin when thrombocytes were very low or gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. Resolution of VOD was observed in all patients receiving AT alone. The chemotherapy was discontinued in a patient with accidental actinomycin D overdosage in view of the severity of symptoms. The remaining two patients received chemotherapy according to the therapy protocol after restitution. All patients survived without sequelae with a median follow-up of 28 months (range 8–48 months). Conclusion Hepatic veno-occlusive disease is a rare but increasingly recognized complication in pediatric cancer patients receiving conventional chemotherapy. AT supplementation constitutes a good alternative treatment of severe VOD in comparison with other thrombolytic therapies, particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Keywords Liver ; Steatosis ; HIV ; AIDS ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty HIV-infected children were cross-sectionally examined for morphologic hepatic abnormalities, using ultrasonography or histology. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 27 children. The liver structure was normal in four patients, one of whom had moderate symptoms of the HIV infection and three of them severe symptoms. Abnormal liver structure, compatible with hepatic steatosis, was found in 23 (85%) patients. Five of them were in an early stage of the HIV infection (category N or A), three patients were ranked in category B and 15 patients in category C. Histological examination of the liver was performed in 11 children and steatosis was documented in ten (91%). In seven (70%) of these ten children steatosis had been suspected by ultrasonography. In conclusion, steatosis is common in HIV-infected children. It is non-specific and has no impact on disease, diagnostic evaluation or management. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a sensitive, accurate, non-invasive screening tool. It is more reliable than liver function tests.
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  • 45
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Alternative medicine ; Complementary therapies ; Critical care ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interest in alternative medicine (AM) is growing. In the USA and Canada, studies showed that 34% of adults and 11% of children use AM. In a prospective cohort study, we investigated the interest in AM among parents of critically ill children in the paediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital. From January 1996 to April 1997, we distributed questionnaires to the parents of critically ill children. These strictly anonymous questionnaires were completed at home and returned by mail. Exclusion criteria were short (〈1 day) or repeated hospitalizations, and insufficient proficiency of the German language. The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 591 patients; 561 received the questionnaire (95%) and 289 (52%) were returned. Of the respondents, 70% would appreciate AM as a complementary therapy on the ICU, 23% found AM equally or more important than conventional medicine whereas only 7% regarded AM as unimportant. On the ICU, 18% used AM; surprisingly 41% of them did not discuss it with physicians or nurses. An additional 21% would have liked to use AM, but did not do so. Typically, AM-users administered AM also at home to their children and themselves. Their children were however, older. Conclusions A substantial proportion of parents used measures of alternative medicine in the intensive care unit, or would have like to do so. However, few had the confidence to discuss this wish with the medical personal. This suggests that alternative medicine is of great interest, even on an intensive care unit. Nevertheless, discussion about alternative medicine seems to be taboo in doctor-patient relations.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Mild head injury ; Fractured bone ; Late sequelae ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two years after an accident resulting in either a mild head injury or a fractured bone, two groups of 22 children each, aged 4–14 years, were examined for the existence of any neurobehavioural symptoms by means of a standardized questionnaire filled out by their caretakers. Selection of the children was based on reports of the Accident and Emergency Department in 1 year. Significantly more symptoms were reported after mild head injury. The main symptoms reported were headache, dizziness, fatigue and memory problems. The total number of symptoms in the children with mild head injury exceeded four times this in the group of children with a fractured bone. Conclusion Even 2 years after a mild head injury there are still residual symptoms in daily life.
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  • 47
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S117 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Coagulation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have shown a high percentage of venous thromboses in children to be associated with haematological disorders. However, studies assessing the influence of haemostaseological disorders on paediatric stroke are rare. We compared 26 children with cerebral infarction (median age 2 months, range 0–16.2 years) and 17 with venous thrombosis (median age 4.5 years, range 0–17 years) with regard to prothrombotic risk factors. Prothrombotic disorders were found in 8 out of 26 patients with cerebral infarction (FV Leiden mutation: n = 4; protein C deficiency: n = 1; FV Leiden mutation + protein C deficiency: n = 2; prothrombin mutation G20210A: n = 1) and in 13 out of 17 with venous thrombosis (FV Leiden mutation n = 3; protein C deficiency n = 5; elevated HRGP + PAI: n = 1; combined deficiency of AT, protein C and plasminogen: n = 1; F XII deficiency: n = 1; lupus anticoagulans n = 1; FV Leiden + F XII deficiency + lupus anticoagulans + PAI: n = 1). Comparison of these prevalences with those of 150 healthy paediatric controls showed in children with FV Leiden mutation and/or protein C deficiency an increased risk of cerebral infarction (patients vs. controls: 26.9% vs. 6%; OR 5.77; 95%-CI 1.92–17.3; P = 0.0031) as well as of venous thrombosis (53% vs. 5.3% 19.9; 95%-CI 6–65.6; P 〈 0.0001). This result is in contrast with reports on thrombophilia in cerebral infarction in adult patients. Conclusion Our results indicate that FV Leiden mutation and protein C deficiency may contribute to the multifactorial aetiology of stroke in early childhood.
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  • 48
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 362-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Type 1 diabetes ; Children ; Risk factors ; Case control ; Environmental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate environmental risk factors in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a population-based case-control study. Parents of all patients with manifestation of type 1 diabetes between 1989 and 1994 in Vienna were asked to complete a questionnaire (n = 114). Control children (n = 495), matched for age and sex, were randomly recruited from all schools in Vienna. Fathers of diabetic children were significantly older at the time their children were born than fathers of control children (P = 0.015). Children with diabetes were more likely to be second- or third-born children (P 〈 0.05) and fewer went to kindergarten than the control group children (P = 0.007). No significant difference in duration of gestation, percentage of delivery by caesarean section, birth weight or length was found. Neonatal jaundice was more often observed in the patient group (P = 0.038). Breast feeding was reported by 82.7% of mothers of diabetic children and by 81% of mothers of control children, and the duration of breast feeding was longer in patients than in controls (n.s.). Conclusion In our study, the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with higher paternal age and neonatal jaundice. No correlation could be found with dietary intake of cow's milk products in early infancy, vaccination and other environmental factors.
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  • 49
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 24-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Hashimoto thyroiditis ; Graves disease ; Children ; TSH function-blocking antibody ; Cytotoxic antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a cross-sectional study, 29 children aged between 1 month and 15.3 years (average age 6.8 years) born to mothers with Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis were examined clinically, biochemically, and by sonography of the thyroid gland. At the time of examination all children were clinically euthyroid. Tests of thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, TSH receptor antibody and free thyroxine (fT4) gave normal results. In 3 children subclinical hypothyroidism with elevated TSH and normal fT4 concentrations were found; one of these children had a minor decrease of total thyroxine. Three children with otherwise normal test results had marginally elevated tri-iodothyronine concentrations. Increased antibody titres were present in 8 out of 29 children. TSH function-blocking antibodies were elevated in 8 cases. In addition, cytotoxic antibodies were found in one of the children. The distribution pattern of antibodies was different in each child and unrelated to the type of maternal thyroid disease. Conclusion Children of mothers with auto-immune thyroid disease often have thyroid antibodies without signs of thyroid disease. Whether antibody-positive children have an increased risk of developing thyroid disorders later in life must be examined in a longitudinal study.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Gastro-intestinal bleeding ; Children ; Jejunal leiomyoma ; Neurofibromatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastro-intestinal bleeding is an uncommon presentation in children with neurofibromatosis. Gastro-intestinal involvement caused by jejunal leiomyoma has only been described in adults. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paediatric case of jejunal leiomyoma associated with neurofibromatosis. We present a 10-year-old girl with a 9-month history of anaemia and low gastro-intestinal bleeding. Abdominal sonography and small bowel series showed a submucosal mass in the proximal jejunum. On surgery, a submucosal tumour was excised and histological examination suggested a diagnosis of “smooth muscle tumour of undetermined malignant potential”. There were no recurrence of symptoms for 4 years after the operation. Conclusion Jejunal leiomyoma should be considered in a child with neurofibromatosis presenting with gastro-intestinal bleeding.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Respiratory chain ; Mitochondria ; Children ; Infancy ; Liver failure ; AbbreviationsMRCD mitochondrial respiratory chain disease ; OLT orthotopic ; liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial respiratory chain disease may lead to neonatal or late onset liver failure, requiring liver transplantation. In rare cases, the disease is restricted to the liver and the patient is cured after surgery. More frequently, other organs are simultaneously involved and neuromuscular or other extra-hepatic symptoms may pre-exist, or appear in the post-transplant follow up. Pre-transplant evaluation should aim to rule out neurological disease, which may be difficult to differentiate from signs accompanying liver insufficiency. Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels, compared to blood lactate, may be suggestive of central nervous system involvement. Of 11 cases with respiratory chain disorders who had liver transplantation in various centres, 4 are alive and well on follow up, and 6 died, three of them having developed neurological disease post orthotopic liver transplantation. All three patients with initial liver and gastro-intestinal disease died early after transplantation, indicating that these may be poor candidates for this procedure. Conclusion Liver transplantation is feasible in hepatic respiratory chain disorders, but extra-hepatic disease should be ruled out before transplantation. Extra-hepatic manifestations may, however, appear and cause patient death despite successful transplantation.
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  • 52
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. S085 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key wordsα1-Antitrypsin ; Liver disease ; Liver transplantation ; Children ; AbbreviationsAATα1-antitrypsin deficiency ; OLT orthotopic liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Only a minority of infants born with α1-antitrypsin deficiency will develop serious liver disease during childhood, mostly but not always after neonatal cholestasis. Early prognosis is difficult and all children have to be followed up carefully. The liver disease progresses with varying speed and it lacks specific features. At the time of liver transplantation the young patients have no pulmonary disease induced by the deficiency and in those with renal involvement, the kidney problems can mostly be dealt with by conservative therapy. The peri- and postoperative care of the patients who undergo liver transplantation does not differ from the usual routines.
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  • 53
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    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 298-301 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Isolated ; Sphenoid ; Sinusitis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute isolated infectious sphenoiditis is an uncommon, potentially dangerous condition which is often misdiagnosed because of its nonspecific symptoms and paucity of clinical signs. We present eight children with isolated sphenoiditis who were managed in our medical centre during the last 2 years and review the literature. All the patients were adolescents or pre-adolescents and all experienced moderate to severe refractory oppressive headache. Four had a history of sinusitis or allergic rhinitis. None had fever or any other directing clinical sign. Diagnosis was made by cranial computer tomography. All were treated with antibiotics and recovered completely without infectious or neurological complications. Conclusion Acute isolated infectious sphenoiditis should be considered in adolescents and pre-adolescents who present with constant moderate to severe oppressive headache. Awareness of this entity will enable early diagnosis and initiation of antibiotic treatment which is essential to avoid complications and surgical intervention.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Heparin treatment ; Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ; HIT antibodies ; Children ; Catheter patency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunological form of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction of heparin medication. It is mediated by multimolecular complexes consisting of platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin-IgG which bind to platelets via platelet Fcγ receptors. Cross-linking of multiple Fcγ receptors results in platelet activation, platelet aggregation and enhanced thrombin generation with a increasing risk of developing new thrombosis. In children, data on HIT are sparse. This review of the literature reports on 8 children aged 3 months to 15 years and 14 newborns suffering from HIT. Additionally, we report one new case treated with danaparoid sodium. Thrombotic complications were venous (n = 12) and arterial (n = 15). The children received heparin either for a spontaneous thrombotic event, for severe cardiac diseases or to maintain patency of intravascular catheters which are used for nutrition, blood sampling, and for application of medication. After diagnosis of HIT they were further anticoagulated with aspirin, warfarin, danaparoid sodium, lepirudin or low molecular weight heparin. Conclusion Although HIT is less frequently reported in newborns and children, paediatricians should be aware of HIT in childhood as a potential complication of heparin application. The widespread practice of flushing catheters with heparin should also be debated in view of the risk of triggering the primary immune-response of HIT. In 1999, treatment options for further parenteral anticoagulation of HIT patients are danaparoid sodium (a low-molecular weight heparinoid) and lepirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor).
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Factor V G1691A ; Prothrombin G20210A ; Lipoprotein (a) ; Central venous lines ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of inherited thrombophilia in the development of central venous line (CVL)-related thrombosis, the following parameters were determined in 77 pediatric-oncologic patients with CVL: activated protein C (APC)-ratio, factor V (FV) G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutation, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, coagulation factor XII, lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine. An inherited prothrombotic risk factor was found in 17 patients (23%). Four out of 14 patients with a single defect (hyperlipoproteinemia, heterozygous FV G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutation, protein C deficiency type I) and all three patients with combined defects (heterozygous FV G1691A mutation combined with heterozygous prothrombin G20210A variant, protein S deficiency or hyperlipoproteinemia) suffered from CVL-related thrombosis. In 11 out of 77 patients (14%) a CVL-related thrombosis was detected. In 2 children thrombosis occurred a few days after asparaginase therapy and in another three thrombosis was associated with CVL-related septicemia caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. After removal of CVL, thrombosis was detected in 5 children, in 2 without clinical symptoms but in the presence of inherited prothrombotic risk factors. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the clinical importance of CVL in combination with inherited thrombophilia in the development of thrombosis in pediatric-oncologic patients. Before or shortly after insertion of CVL, patients should be tested for the presence of factor V G1691A mutation, prothrombin G20210A variant and increased lipoprotein (a) values.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Optic nerves ; Neuritis ; Children ; Central nervous system ; MR imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A 4-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis. Although precise neuro-ophthalmological evaluation was difficult, the diagnosis was made with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging using fat-suppression technique in the initial stage of the disease. Enhancement and enlargement of the intraorbital and intracanalicular optic nerve were demonstrated bilaterally as well as protrusion of the optic nerve head. The disease responded dramatically to intravenous steroid therapy. The etiologies in children usually differ from those in adolescent and adult patients.
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  • 57
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    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Precision grip ; Motor development ; Motor control ; Children ; Object manipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent evidence has shown that the anticipatory control of grip and load force is not innate and develops over several years in childhood. The present study examined the development of grasping behavior by quantifying the relationship between grip force and the vertical acceleration of an object. Children and adults were requested to use a precision grip to lift an instrumented object which varied in size and weight. Grip force, grip force rate and the vertical position and acceleration profiles of the test object were measured or calculated. The results demonstrated the presence of distinct developmental milestones in the maturation of precision grip from 2 to 9 years of age. With 2-year-old children, the peak acceleration was negatively correlated (r=–0.51, n=34, P〈0.01) with peak grip force during lifting. By 3 years of age, peak acceleration and peak grip force during lifting became positively correlated (r=0.28, n=104, P〈0.01) and the correlation continued to strengthen up to 9 years of age. Variations in the temporal coupling of both peak grip force and peak acceleration also decreased with maturation. Furthermore, starting at 4-years-old, children clearly controlled the acceleration and deceleration of the object in a symmetrical pattern and used a single burst of grip force rate to grasp the object with some regularity, suggesting that the emergence of an anticipatory control strategy had already begun.
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  • 58
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    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Low back pain ; Children ; Clinical examination ; Questionnaire ; Prevalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to analyse the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and confounding factors in primary school children in the city of Antwerp. A total of 392 children aged 9 were included in the study. All children completed a validated three-page questionnaire and they all underwent a specific lumbar spine oriented medical examination during their annual routine medical school control. This examination was performed by the city school doctors. The questionnaire was composed of easy “yes/no” questions and visual analogue scales. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and chi-squared test at the significance level P 〈 0.05. The prevalence of LBP was high. No gender difference was found. A total of 142 children (36%) reported having suffered at least one episode of LBP in their lives. Of these, 33 (23%) had sought medical help for LBP from a doctor or physiotherapist. Sixty-four percent of children reporting LBP said that at least one of their parents suffered from or complained of LBP. This was significantly higher than for the children who did not report having suffered LBP. The way in which the school satchel was carried (in the hand, on the back) had no bearing on the incidence of LBP. There was significantly more LBP in children who reported playing video games for more than 2 h per day, but this was not so for television watchers. The visual analogue scales concerning general well-being were all very significantly correlated with self-reported LBP, with children who reported LBP being more tired, less happy, and worse sleepers. Of the 19 clinical parameters taken down during the medical examination, only one was significantly more prevalent in the group of children reporting LBP: pain on palpation at the insertion site on the iliac crest of the ilio-lumbar ligament. From this study we can establish that there are few clinical signs that can help to single out school children with LBP.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinderdermatologie ; Exanthem ; Kinder ; Key words Pediatric dermatology ; Exanthema ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Unilateral laterothoracic exanthem a (ULE) is a self-limited, probably infectious-allergic skin disease predominately affecting small children. We describe five such cases. The typical unilaterally located or at least unilaterally dominant exanthem usually starts in the axillary region and is characterized by red, partly confluent papules and fine scales. Two of the children presented with atypical manifestations of ULE. Due to its asymptomatic course, therapy is not necessary in the majority of cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 5 Kinder mit der Diagnose eines unilateralen laterothorakalen Exanthems (ULE) werden vorgestellt. Beim ULE handelt es sich um eine selbstlimitierende, vermutlich infektallergische Hauterkrankung, die hauptsächlich im Kleinkindesalter auftritt. Das typischerweise streng einseitig lokalisierte, immer jedoch einseitig dominierende Exanthem geht meist von der Axillarregion aus und zeigt erythematöse, teils konfluierende Papeln. Zwei der fünf Kinder zeigten auch atypische Hautveränderungen eines ULE. Eine Behandlung ist aufgrund seines überwiegend asymptomatischen Verlaufs in der Mehrzahl der Fälle nicht notwendig.
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  • 60
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 563-570 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Ependymoma ; Children ; Chemotherapy ; Phase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chemotherapy has been used extensively in the management of children with intracranial ependymoma. In this review, we discuss the results of phase II studies and clinical trials conducted in newly diagnosed and recurrent ependymomas. There is little evidence that chemotherapy is effective in this tumour. The response rate to single agents is 11%, with less than 5% complete responses, cisplatin being the most active agent in phase II studies. Combinations may be more effective, although the response rate with high-dose regimens is disappointing. Early results of protocols conducted in infants and young children do not suggest that chemotherapy is beneficial. A more rigorous assessment of chemotherapy is required in order to define its role in patients with intracranial ependymomas. Indeed, it is difficult to justify the use of chemotherapy outside such studies. More large studies, perhaps intergroup, limited to children with ependymomas would be of particular value.
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  • 61
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Severe neurological disabilities ; Managed and rationed care ; Children ; Questionnaire survey ; Pediatric neurosurgeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The attitudes of pediatric neurosurgeons to managed and rationed care for children with severe neurological disabilities were surveyed as reflected in responses from International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN) members to a questionnaire. Of 399 ISPN members, 156 (39.1%) responded to the questionnaire. There were 15 questions, which were designed to explore what care is medically indicated, whether all medically indicated care should always be provided, and how this care should be managed or rationed. Most respondents agreed that these patients should receive the same level of medical care as a normally developing child. However, respondents felt that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not indicated if a child is not retrievable. Most respondents also felt that provision of care should be influenced by cost. The responses to the questions from ISPN members were compared with those from Child Neurology Society (CNS) members.
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  • 62
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 468-471 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Seizures ; Epilepsy ; Children ; EEG ; Computed tomography (CT) ; Saudi Arabia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical patterns, including history, examination, and electroencephalographic (EEG) and computed tomography (CT) findings were examined prospectively in 263 children (153 boys, 110 girls) with newly diagnosed recurrent seizures. The overall mean age was 4.2 years, with a range of 0.05–13 years. The age of onset was within the first year of life in 128 (48.7%) of the patients. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (14.8%), febrile seizures (9.1%) and developmental delay (4.6%) were the predominant signs in this age group. Consanguinity of the parents was present in 29.7% cases. The main EEG abnormalities were epileptiform activity, which was generalized in 133 (50.6%) and focal in 80 (30.4%). Other abnormalities included slow wave activity in 41 (15.6%) and hypsarrhythmia in 3 (1.1%). The main seizure types were generalized in 60.4% and partial in 32.7%. The types of epileptic syndromes included localization-related (28.1%), generalized (23.2%), undetermined (37.4%) and (special) syndromes 11.4%. The cranial CT findings were normal in 60.5%, and the predominant abnormality was cerebral atrophy in 25.3%. The pattern of seizure types and the peak presentation in early childhood are comparable to those in western reports.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Cerebrospinal fluid shunt ; Infection ; Colonization ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the efficiency of our management protocol, 33 pediatric cases of bacteria-infected cerebrospinal fluid shunt were reviewed. The causative organism was staphylococcus in 23 patients. In 23 patients, shunt infection was managed according to the protocol. The complexity of the shunt system did not prolong hospitalization. Unchanged but externalized tubings showed persistent colonization despite adequate antibiotics in 10 of 21 patients. Staphylococcal infection was oxacillin-resistant in 7 of 19. The efficiency of an `off-antibiotics' trial was minimal. Further modification of the protocol is expected to enhance efficiency of the management.
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  • 64
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 695-710 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniosynostosis ; Blood salvage ; Blood conservation ; Allogeneic blood transfusion ; Children ; History
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the history of surgery, every single step forward in the development of complex surgical techniques has been sustained by the acquisition of more reliable and effective methods for controlling hemostasis. For many years, in fact, uncontrolled hemorrhages, together with infections, represented the most deadly hazard of surgical procedures. In the last century, technical advances in surgical hardware and homologous blood transfusions have been utilized to counteract operative and postoperative anemia and hypovolemia. At the end of this millennium, however, new revelations about the infective and noninfective risks of allogeneic blood transfusions have led to a new acceleration in patients’ and physicians’ demands for autologous transfusions and more efficient blood conservation techniques. Specific surgical protocols, based on the preoperative administration of r-HuEPO, preoperative autologous blood donation, acute preoperative normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative blood salvage techniques, have been designed by pediatric neurosurgeons to minimize the exposure of patients affected by craniosynostoses to allogeneic blood and blood components even when the surgical procedure is to be realized at an early age. In spite of the evolution expected in this area in the immediate future, the implementation of these blood concentration methodologies may prove to be highly effective only when associated with a concerned attitude of the surgeon toward blood-sparing intraoperative strategies.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Head injury ; Children ; Traumatic intracerebral haematoma ; Coma scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to the case of extracerebral haematomas, the criteria for operative treatment of traumatic intracerebral haematoma (TIH) are not clear. The purpose of this study was to find factors that would be helpful in reaching a decision for surgical or conservative treatment of TIH. We performed a retrospective analysis of 31 consecutive cases of TIH treated in our department. The following factors were estimated: age, mechanism of injury, initial GCS or CCS score, neurological deficits, coexistence of arterial hypotension and respiratory disturbances, and localisation and size of the haematoma. The outcome was evaluated according to a modified GOS. Treatment was surgical for 20 patients and conservative for 11. Patients with GCS or CCS scores of 3–8 were treated surgically significantly more often than those with higher scores. The other factors did not correlate with type of treatment. It seems, then, that the clinical status of the patient, especially the level of consciousness according to the GCS or CCS score, is the most important predictor of the need for surgery in children with TIH.
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  • 66
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 467-471 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fremdkörper ; Aspiration ; Diagnostik ; Kinder ; Atemwege ; Key words Foreign body ; Aspiration ; Diagnostic imaging ; Children ; Respiratory tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aspiration of foreign bodies is a common cause of respiratory distress in children between the age of 6 months and 3 years. The diagnosis of radiopaque foreign bodies is easy when the whole respiratory tract is depicted. Nonopaque foreign bodies need a more differentiated diagnostic approach. The first step should be plain films in inspiration and expiration. The performance of additional chest radiographs, fluoroscopy and if need be CT or nuclear scans depends on the result of the plain films. The chest radiograph may reveal a variety of findings, the commonest of which is unilateral air trapping. Rarely, atelectasis, recurrent pneumonia at the same localisation and inspiratory obstruction are found. Combinations of the above-mentioned findings are possible. Moreover, the absence of positive radiological findings does not exclude the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fremdkörperaspiration stellt eine häufige Ursache für Atemnot und respiratorische Insuffizienz bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern zwischen 6 Monaten und 3 Jahren dar. Röntgendichte Fremdkörper bereiten bei Abbildung des gesamten Respirationstraktes keine diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten. Nicht röntgendichte Fremdkörper erfordern ein differenzierteres Vorgehen, wobei der erste radiologische Schritt in einer konventionellen Thoraxaufnahme in In- und Exspiration bestehen sollte. Zusätzliche Aufnahmen, Durchleuchtungsuntersuchung und gegebenenfalls die Durchführung einer computertomographischen oder szintigraphischen Untersuchung hängen vom Ergebnis der Thoraxaufnahme ab. Häufigstes radiologisches Erscheinungsbild ist die einseitige exspiratorische Ventilstenose mit Überblähung des betroffenen Lungenabschnittes. Seltener finden sich Atelektasen, rezidivierende Pneumonien an identischer Lokalisation und inspiratorische Ventilstenosen. Kombinationsbilder sind möglich, selbst ein unauffälliges Untersuchungsergebnis kann eine Aspiration nicht ausschließen.
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  • 67
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    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 243-245 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Patella ; Fracture ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Fractures of the patella are relatively rare injuries for children. Fourteen patients with patellar fractures were reviewed. There were 12 boys and two girls with the age ranging between 9 and 15 years and an average of 11.4 years. Sleeve fractures were the most common type of patellar fractures observed (eight cases), followed by transverse fractures (four cases) and comminuted fractures (two cases). All the fractures were treated with open reduction and followed up for 2 to 20 years. Overall results were good in 13 patients, and flexion limitation of the knee was seen in one. Fractures of the patella in children are characterised by sleeve fractures. The prognosis of the patients treated with open reduction is generally good.
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  • 68
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    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 7 (1999), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Iron ; carbon ; nitrogen ; microstructure ; characterization ; HIP-drip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new processing technique makes nitrogen alloying possible by adding nitrogen under elevated nitrogen pressure to prealloyed Fe-C ingots during continuous casting, producing a whole new class of precipitation-free, iron–carbon–nitrogen alloys. When both carbon and nitrogen bulk concentration levels exceeded 0.5 wt%, a duplex fcc-/(bcc-bct-) Fe microstructure resulted that is iron carbide- and nitride-free. With increasing carbon and nitrogen concentrations, there was an increase in the retained fcc-Fe phase. In cooling rate studies, increasing carbon and nitrogen concentrations shifted the knee of the fcc-Fe-to-bcc-Fe phase time–temperature–transformation (T–T–T) curve to longer times. Hardness, compression strength, and wear resistance increased with increasing carbon and nitrogen concentrations and were superior to iron–carbon alloys without the nitrogen addition.
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  • 69
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    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: plastic mulch ; transplanting ; nitrogen ; planting depth ; seed tuber weight ; physiological age ; radiation conversion efficiency ; harvest index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In many seed potato producing areas, micro- and minitubers are too small for direct planting as seed tubers in the field. Such use of these propagules can, however, be feasible if the crop's growth and development can be advanced. Increasing light interception, harvest index and yield of useable progeny tubers has been proved possible with plastic mulch and pre-planting of small tubers in a greenhouse. High amounts of nitrogen (up to 180 kg ha−1) or deep planting (up to 9 cm) were less effective. Using older or pre-sprouted micro- or minitubers may be beneficial, because this might increase the number of sprouts per mother tuber (and thus stems per plant) or advance the growth of sprouts or stems. However, this would require even more careful management, due to the weakness of these sprouts and stems. Micro- and minitubers should be as large as feasible when used for direct planting in the field.
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  • 70
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    Personal and ubiquitous computing 3 (1999), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1617-4917
    Keywords: Child-centred participatory design ; Children ; Collaboration ; Education ; Handheld computing ; Learning environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computers are becoming an important tool in learning environments; however, children's access to computer technology is often limited. Computers are commonly placed at the back of the classroom or in a separate computer room. At home, if computers are available, they are often found in a home-office or another communal area. In both cases, the physical location of the computers is separate from many places where children's activities and learning occur. Flexible access to technology will provide tools to help children construct knowledge throughout their daily activities. The growth of handheld computers provides the potential to integrate computer technology into the many facers of children's lives. This paper investigates issues surrounding the design of handheld computers for children's use in learning environments. It focuses on child-centred design, engaging children as active participants in the design of handheld technologies. Two central issues are addressed: mobility and sharability.
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  • 71
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    Personal and ubiquitous computing 3 (1999), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1617-4917
    Keywords: Children ; Product concept design ; Social aspects of fun ; User study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes two explorative user studies conducted in a research project called Maypole. The purpose of the first user study was to understand how children thought communication with personal technologies could be fun. The second study focused on what children thought was fun in taking and editing digital images. In both studies, children aged 7–12 were given existing personal technologies to use in their own environment for one week. After that, a focus group was held with the children in order to discuss what they thought was fun in using the technologies. The results of the two user studies illustrate how fun in using personal technologies could relate to a user's social behaviour, and not only to human-computer interaction. Therefore, designers are encouraged to explore further the social aspects of fun in their creations. Moreover, the two studies illustrate some methodological problems in studying a user's experience of fun, which refer to a need for more public research on methods.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Endomyocardial biopsy ; Dilated cardiomyopathy ; Children ; Ultrastructure ; Basal lamina layering of capillary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We analyzed the electron-microscopic features of endomyocardial biopsy from pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The specimens examined were taken from the right ventricle of ten patients aged from 2 to 15 years (mean 9.7 years). Biopsy specimens from eight patients with congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot), aged from 3 to 12 (mean 7.3 years), and ten adult patients with DCM, aged from 32 to 60 (mean 45 years), were also examined. Patients considered to have endocardial fibroelastosis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, specific cardiomyopathy, or coronary heart disease were excluded from this study. Specimens from pediatric patients with DCM showed various degrees of ultrastructural abnormalities of myocytes, including myofibrillar fragmentation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and intracellular edema. The ultrastructurally determined contractility failure index based on the severity of myocardial degeneration at the electronmicroscopic level was 4.9 ± 1.1. This value was significantly higher than that in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (0.9 ± 0.6,P 〈 0.001) but was not significantly different from that in adult patients with DCM (6.1 ± 2.6). The index of pediatric patients with DCM who died within 3 years was high (6.0 ± 0.8). Basal lamina layering of a capillary (BLL) in the myocardium was revealed in 1 of the 10 (10%) pediatric patients with DCM and in 6 of the 10 (60%) adult patients with DCM (P 〈 0.05). No BLL was noted in the patients with tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of DCM in children and adults.
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  • 73
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    European journal of trauma 25 (1999), S. 254-266 
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Unterarmfraktur ; Kind ; Konservative/operative Therapie ; Forearm fractures ; Children ; Conservative/operative treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Forearm fractures rank among the most frequent injuries of children and adolescents. At our department, during a 5-year's period a total of 783 forearm fractures have been treated. The patient's age ranged between 1 and 17 years, with an average of 10.2 years. The vast majority were isolated forearm lesions without concomitant injuries, and the gender ratio of males to females was nearly 3 : 2. With 58.1% the left extremity was involved more frequently than the right one (40.4%), in 12 children (1.5%) fractures of both forearms were diagnosed simultaneously. Predominantly isolated radius fractures (59.1%) were seen, followed by complete forearm fractures (36.7%). Greenstick fractures occurred as frequent as 38.2%. With 78.7% the distal forearm was the most common location, followed by the middle and proximal shaft with 14.3% and 7.0%, respectively. Treatment was predominantly non-operative, only in 2.6% open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) became necessary. Therefore, majority treatment was outpatient and complications occurred very rarely. The data presented confirm the outstanding spontaneous correction capacity of the distal forearm in children in contrast to fractures located more proximally. Therefore, patients suffering from shaft fractures of the middle third have been invited to follow-up examinations revealing 44.4% excellent and good results, respectively. Fair and unsatisfying results have been found in 5.6% each. It could be demonstrated, that residual angulations of the middle third often overtax the organism's spontaneous correction capacity, at least as far as children aged 10 years and older are concerned. Therefore, in middle shaft forearm fractures in children generally should be reduced anatomically. If anatomical reposition and redression cannot be achieved conservatively, operative stabilization is indicated. We consider closed reduction and elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) the treatment of choice. In cases of higher degree open fractures or nerve lesions, revision with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) using plates or external fixation are recommended, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unterarmfrakturen gehören zu den häufigsten Verletzungen im Kindes- and Jugendalter. In einem Zeitraum von fünf Jahren wurden insgesamt 783 Kinder and Jugendliche im Alter von einem bis zu 17 Jahren mit Unterarmfrakturen behandelt. Der Altersdurchschnitt lag bei 10,2 Jahren. Es handelte sich vorwiegend um isolierte Verletzungen, and das Verhältnis von Jungen zu Mädchen lag bei 3 : 2. Der linke Arm war mit 58,1% häufiger betroffen als der rechte (40,4%), zwölf Kinder (1,5%) hatten doppelseitige Frakturen. Zum größten Ted (59,1%) handelte es sich um isolierte Radiusfrakturen, gefolgt von den kompletten Unterarmfrakturen (36,7%). In 38,2% der Fälle lagen Grünholzfrakturen vor. Die Frakturen des distalen Schaftdrittels wurden mit 78,7% am haufigsten gesehen, gefolgt von Brüchen des mittleren (14,3%) and proximalen (7,0%) Drittels. Die Therapie erfolgte vorwiegend konservativ, die osteosynthetische Versorgung wurde nur in 2,6% der Fälle erforderlich. Somit konnte die Behandlung meist ambulant erfolgen, and Komplikationen waren außerordentlich selten. Das gute Spontankorrekturpotential kindlicher Unterarmfrakturen des distalen Drittels gegenüber weiter proximal gelegenen Frakturen bestätigte sich in der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Daher wurden die Patienten mit Frakturen des mittleren Drittels — soweit erreichbar - embestellt and eingehend nachuntersucht. Hierbei fanden sich in jeweils 44,4% der Fälle sehr gute and gute funktionelle Ergebnisse. Befriedigende and schlechte Behandlungsresultate wiesen je 5,6% der Patienten auf. Es zeigte sich, daß belassene Achsfehlstellungen im mittleren Drittel vor allem nach Erreichen des zehnten Lebensjahres die spontane Korrekturfähigkeit im Rahmen des weiteren Wachstums häufig überfordern and mit einem Ausgleich der Fehlstellung daher nicht regelhaft gerechnet werden darf. Daher sollten Unterarmfrakturen des mittleren Schaftdrittels bei Kindern anatomiegerecht reponiert werden. Gelingen Reposition oder Retention auf konservativem Wege nicht, ist die Indikation zur osteosynthetischen Versorgung gegeben. Hier empfiehlt sich, außer bei höhergradig offenen Frakturen oder Nervenschäden, als Therapie der ersten Wahl die geschlossene Reposition in Narkose mit elastisch-stabiler Markraumschienung (ESM). Dieses Osteosyntheseverfahren birgt gleichzeitig die Vorteile des kleineren operativen Traumas mit Verkürzung von Ruhigstellung (Gipsbehandlung) and Krankenhausaufenthalt. Schlüsselwörter: Unterarmfraktur - Kind - Konservative/operative Therapie
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: denitrification ; nature restoration ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; riparian areas ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Denmark, as in many other European countries, the diffuse losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the rural landscape are the major causes of surface water eutrophication and groundwater pollution. The export of total N and total P from the Gjern river basin amounted to 18.2 kg ha−1 and 0.63 kg P ha−1 during June 1994 to May 1995. Diffuse losses of N and P from agricultural areas were the main nutrient source in the river basin contributing 76% and 51%, respectively, of the total export. Investigations of nutrient cycling in the Gjern river basin have revealed the importance of permanent nutrient sinks (denitrification and overbank sedimentation) and temporary nutrient storage in watercourses. Temporary retention of N and P in the watercourses thus amounted to 7.2–16.1 g N m−2 yr−1 and 3.7–8.3 g P m−2 yr−1 during low-flow periods. Deposition of P on temporarily flooded riparian areas amounted from 0.16 to 6.50 g P m−2 during single irrigation and overbank flood events, whereas denitrification of nitrate amounted on average to 7.96 kg N yr−1 per running metre watercourse in a minerotrophic fen and 1.53 kg N yr−1 per linear metre watercourse in a wet meadow. On average, annual retention of N and P in 18 Danish shallow lakes amounted to 32.5 g N m−2 yr−1 and 0.30 g P m−2 yr−1, respectively, during the period 1989–1995. The results indicate that permanent nutrient sinks and temporary nutrient storage in river systems represent an important component of river basin nutrient budgets. Model estimates of the natural retention potential of the Gjern river basin revealed an increase from 38.8 to 81.4 tonnes yr−1 and that P-retention increased from −0.80 to 0.90 tonnes yr−1 following restoration of the water courses, riparian areas and a shallow lake. Catchment management measures such as nature restoration at the river basin scale can thus help to combat diffuse nutrient pollution.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: mineralization ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; salinity ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant zonation patterns across New England salt marshes have been investigated for years, but how nutrient availability differs between zones has received little attention. We investigated how N availability, P availability, and plant N status varied across Juncus gerardii, Spartina patens, and mixed forb zones of a Northern New England high salt marsh. We also investigated relationships between several edaphic factors and community production and diversity across the high marsh. P availability, soil salinity, and soil moisture were higher in the mixed forb zone than in the two graminoid zones. NH+ 4-N availability was highest in the J. gerardii zone, but NO− 3-N availability and mid season net N mineralization rates did not vary among zones. Plant tissue N concentrations were highest in the mixed forb zone and lowest in the S. patens zone, reflecting plant physiologies more so than soil N availability. Community production was highest in the J. gerardii zone and was positively correlated with N availability and negatively correlated with soil moisture. Plant species diversity was highest in the mixed forb zone and was positively correlated with P availability and soil salinity. Thus, nutrient availability, plant N status, and plant species diversity varied across zones of this high marsh. Further investigation is needed to ascertain if soil nutrient availability influences or is a result of the production and diversity differences that exist between vegetation zones of New England high salt marshes.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: denitrification ; eutrophication ; estuary ; nitrogen ; sediment-water exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this review of sediment denitrification in estuaries and coastal ecosystems, we examine current denitrification measurement methodologies and the dominant biogeochemical controls on denitrification rates in coastal sediments. Integrated estimates of denitrification in coastal ecosystems are confounded by methodological difficulties, a lack of systematic understanding of the effects of changing environmental conditions, and inadequate attention to spatial and temporal variability to provide both seasonal and annual rates. Recent improvements in measurement techniques involving 15 N techniques and direct N2 concentration changes appear to provide realistic rates of sediment denitrification. Controlling factors in coastal systems include concentrations of water column NO 3 − , overall rates of sediment carbon metabolism, overlying water oxygen concentrations, the depth of oxygen penetration, and the presence/absence of aquatic vegetation and macrofauna. In systems experiencing environmental change, either degradation or improvement, the importance of denitrification can change. With the eutrophication of the Chesapeake Bay, the overall rates of denitrification relative to N loading terms have decreased, with factors such as loss of benthic habitat via anoxia and loss of submerged aquatic vegetation driving such effects.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words:Helicobacter pylori ; Carbon-14 urea breath test ; Biokinetics ; Dosimetry ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The long-term biokinetics and dosimetry of carbon-14 were studied in nine adults and eight children undergoing carbon-14 urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. The elimination of 14C via exhaled air and urine was measured with the liquid scintillation counting technique and with accelerator mass spectrometry. After the subjects had been given 110 kBq 14C-urea (children: 55 kBq) orally, samples of exhaled air were taken up to 180 days after administration and samples of urine were collected up to 40 days. Sixteen of the subjects were found to be HP-negative. In these subjects a total of 91.1%±3.9% (mean of adults and children ± standard error of the mean) of the administered 14C activity was recovered. The majority of the administered activity, 88.3%±6.2% in adults and 87.7%±5.0% in children, was excreted via the urine within 72 h after administration. A smaller fraction was exhaled. In adults 4.6%±0.6% of the activity was exhaled within 20 days and in children 2.6%±0.3%. Uncertainties in the biokinetic results are mainly due to assumptions concerning endogenous CO2 production and urinary excretion rate and are estimated to be less than 30%. The absorbed dose to various organs and the effective dose were calculated using the ICRP model for urea and CO2. The urinary bladder received the highest absorbed dose: in adults, 0.15±0.01 mGy/MBq and in children of various ages (7–14 years), 0.14–0.36 mGy/MBq. The findings indicate that an investigation with 14C-urea gives an effective dose to adults of 2.1±0.1 µSv (for 110 kBq) and to children of 0.9–2.5 µSv (for 55 kBq). From a radiation protection point of view, there is thus no reason for restrictions on even repeated screening investigations with 14C-urea in whole families, including children.
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  • 78
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    International journal of anthropology 14 (1999), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Ascaris ; Nutrition ; I.Q. ; Children ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was estimated that about 1.3 billion persons all over the world were infected with Ascaris Lumbricoides (A.L.), Especially children in tropical and subtropical countries. AIM To investigate the effects of A.L. infection on the nutritional status and the intellectual level in a sample of Egyptian primary school children from rural Giza province. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A sample of 637 children (329 boys and 308 girls) aged 6–12 years, have been subjected to some anthropometric measurements including body weight, body height, arm circumference, head circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. In addition, the I.Q. was determined using “Draw-a-man” test. Blood hemoglobin concentration was also determined using a spectrophotometric method. All the children were then subjected to stools and urine examinations, and peri-anal swab. Only 242 children were included for further study, of whom 45 boys and 38 girls were found infected with A.L. solely, and 81 boys and 78 girls of about the same age free of parasitic infections were taken as control. RESULTS Children infected with A.L. has significantly lower body weight, height, and arm circumference but insignificantly lower skinfold thickness and head circumference as comparedto the control group. Infected children had significantly lower hemoglobin concentration and I.Q. than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Selected anthropometric measurements, biochemical and intellectual tests from a useful complementary battery for reliable and informative investigation of the effects of parasitic infection on child nutrition and health. A.L. was found to have a significant effect on the physical and intellectual status of the rural Egyptian children of age 6–12 years.
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  • 79
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    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 504-511 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Co-activation ; Children ; Knee ; Electromyography ; Isokinetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Determining the mechanisms of co-activation around the knee joint with respect to age and sex is important in terms of our greater understanding of strength development. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, sex and muscle action on moment of force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the agonist and antagonist muscle groups during isokinetic eccentric and concentric knee extension and flexion. The study comprised nine pubertal boys [mean age 12.6 (SD 0.5) years], nine girls [12.7 (SD 0.5) years] nine adult men [23.1 (SD 2.1) years] and nine adult women [23.7 (SD 3.1) years] who performed maximal isometric eccentric and concentric efforts of knee extensors and flexors on a dynamometer at 30° · s−1. The moment of force and surface EMG activity of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles were recorded. The moment of force:agonist averaged EMG (aEMG) ratios were calculated. The antagonist aEMG values were expressed as a percentage of the aEMG activity of the same muscle, at the same angle, angular velocity and muscle action when the muscle was acting as agonist. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs indicated no significant effects of age or sex on moment:aEMG ratios. Eccentric ratios were significantly higher than the corresponding concentric ones (P 〈 0.05). The results also indicated no significant effect of age and sex on the aEMG of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles when acting as antagonists. The antagonist aEMG was significantly greater during concentric agonist efforts compared with the corresponding eccentric ones (P 〈 0.05). These findings would suggest that the moment exerted per unit of agonist EMG and the antagonist activity are similar in children compared with adults and are not sex dependent. Future comparisons between eccentric and concentric moments of force and agonist ENG should take into consideration the antagonist effects, irrespective of age or sex.
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  • 80
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    European journal of applied physiology 80 (1999), S. 118-124 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Exercise ; Children ; Ventilation ; Gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purposes of this investigation were to quantify the noise component of child breath-by-breath data, investigate the major determinants of the breath-to-breath noise, and to characterise the noise statistically. Twenty-four healthy children (12 males and 12 females) of mean (SD) age 13.1 (0.3) years completed 25 min of steady-state cycle ergometry at an exercise intensity of 50 W. Ventilatory and gas exchange variables were computed breath-by-breath. The mean (SD) oxygen consumption (V˙O2) ranged from 0.72 (0.16) to 0.92 (0.26) l · min−1; mean (SD) carbon dioxide production (V˙CO2) ranged from 0.67 (0.20) l · min−1 to 0.85 (0.16) l · min−1; and mean (SD) minute ventilation ranged from 17.81 (3.54) l · min−1 to 24.97 (5.63) l · min−1. The majority of the breath-to-breath noise distributions differed significantly from Gaussian distributions with equivalent mean and SD parameters. The values of the normalised autocorrelation functions indicated a negligible breath-to-breath correlation. Tidal volume accounted for the majority of the V˙O2 (43%) and V˙CO2 (49%) variance. The breath-to-breath noise can be explained in terms of variations in the breathing pattern, although the large noise magnitude, together with the relatively small attainable response amplitudes in children reduces the certainty with which ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics can be measured.
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  • 81
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    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: estuaries ; nitrogen ; oxygen depletion ; phosphorus ; regression model ; vertical mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a detailed analysis of oxygen saturation in a shallow Danish estuary it was possible to separate the effect of meteorological forcings (i.e. wind and solar radiation) and nutrient loads on oxygen depletion in bottom water. Regression analysis showed that oxygen saturation tied to nitrogen load rather than to phosphorus load. During summer periods of stratification the oxygen saturation could be attributed to the time elapsed after the onset of stratification and the accumulated nitrogen loading 10 month prior to measurement. Using a 10-year meteorological database and an empirical model it was calculated that a 25% reduction in nitrogen loading would reduce the number of days with severe oxygen depletion (i.e. 〈15% of saturation) by more than 50%.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Asthma ; Atopic diseases ; Children ; Epidemiology ; Socio-economic status ; Tobacco smoke
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cross-sectional survey of a cohort study was carried out between June and December 1994 in Valencia, Spain (population in 1994: 764,293 inhabitants). Two hundred sixty public and private schools randomly selected from the total of schools in Valencia were invited to participate; 3948 children aged 6–7 years cooperated in our study after informed consent was obtained from parents and school director. The survey in Valencia is part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Prevalences for asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were determined and contrasted with socioeconomic status (SES) among children. No statistically significant associations were established between the prevalences of asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, and SES. However, atopic dermatitis was found to be common among upper class children (21.5 per 100 children). Likewise, significant associations were observed between the severity of atopy (2 or 3 atopic manifestations) and SES (p=0.000), being greater for lower strata (4.5 per 100 children); for the three SES level significant differences were established (p = 0.008) regarding passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the home.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Children ; Clinical characteristics ; Lower respiratory tract infections ; Nosocomial infections ; Respiratory syncytial virus ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper has analyzed respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in 201 hospitalized children. In children with wheezing, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly higher in those with pneumonia than with syndroma pertussis, while the white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly lower in patients with bronchitis than in those with bronchiolitis and syndroma pertussis. Bronchodilatators were applied in 75.6% and corticosteroids in 20% of patients. Ten patients were ventilated. Fatal disease outcome was observed in one infant. Twelve consecutive-year study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections showed that 27.3% of these diseases were bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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  • 84
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    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Adenoidectomy ; Children ; Day‐case surgery ; Home care ; Pain medication ; Postoperative pain ; Tonsillectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to describe how parents manage their child's postoperative pain at home following day‐case surgery. The incidence of pain, different analgesics used and problems related to administering medications were the main interests of the study. A postal questionnaire was sent to the parents of 275 children who were under 8 years of age and had undergone an ear, nose and throat (ENT) day‐case operation. The questionnaire was sent to the parents a week after discharge from hospital. Altogether, the parents of 227 children answered the questionnaire (response rate 83%). The study was divided into two phases (preintervention and postintervention), and incorporated a training program for doctors and nurses between these two phases. The training program aimed to improve the treatment practices of postoperative pain in children. Seventy‐eight per cent of the children in the preintervention study and 75% in the postintervention study experienced at least mild pain after discharge. The training program for doctors and nurses affected the home treatment practices of postoperative pain. The proportion of parents treating their children increased from 68% to 80% after the training program (p=0.028). Many parents faced problems while treating their children; for example, 19% (n=30) of the children refused to take their medicine, and suppositories were regarded to be an especially unpleasant dosage form. However, no serious adverse effects were reported. We conclude that due to the pain experienced at home by the great majority of children following day‐case ENT operations, parents need information on how to manage their child's pain. A training program for doctors and nurses can improve the treatment of children's pain even at home. Since some children dislike suppositories, it would be worth considering the use of small tablets or mixtures instead.
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  • 85
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 61-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: core sampling ; foliar nutrient concentrations ; minirhizotrons ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizolab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato-cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) cause severe yield losses in potato. Plants infected with potato-cyst nematodes generally have reduced concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the foliage. This study investigated whether reduced growth of nematode-infected potato is caused by nutrient limitation. Experiments in the field and in containers showed that phosphorus concentration correlated best with total crop biomass at early stages of growth. The role of phosphorus in nematode damage was further investigated in the field and in the Wageningen Rhizolab. The experimental field was infested with potato-cyst nematodes and two levels of nematode density were established by fumigation with a nematicide. Prior applications of calcium carbonate resulted in pHKCl levels of 4.8 and 6.1. Two levels of phosphorus fertiliser were applied: either 0 or 225 kg P ha−1. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, soil of both pH levels from the field was used after treatment with 1 MRad gamma irradiation to kill the nematodes. Subsequently, half of the soil was inoculated with cysts to give a nematode density of 30 viable juveniles per gram of soil. In the field, nine weeks after planting, the total crop biomass ranged from 107 g m−2 for the treatment with nematodes at pHKCl 6.1 without phosphorus fertiliser to 289 g m−2 for the fumigated treatment at pHKCl 4.8 with phosphorus fertiliser. The differences in total biomass for the various treatments were explained by differences in foliar phosphorus concentration. Nematodes induced or aggravated P deficiency and reduced total biomass. This was not the only damage mechanism as at high, non-limiting levels of foliar phosphorus concentration, nematodes still reduced total biomass. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, directly after planting, the number of roots visible against minirhizotrons was reduced by nematodes. However, the increase of root number in the nematode treatment continued longer than in the control, until root number was higher than that of the control. The compensary root growth of the nematode treatment was restricted to the top 30 cm and nematodes reduced rooting depth. High soil pH reduced growth, mainly by reducing the availability of phosphate. Both nematodes and high soil pH reduced nutrient uptake per unit root length. Our results lead us to suggest an interaction between nematodes and soil pH, with nematode damage being higher at pHKCl 6.1 than at pHKCl 4.8.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Osaka Bay ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; stable isotope ratio ; terrestrial organic matter ; TOC ; POC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of surface sediments were measured within Osaka Bay, in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, in order to better understand the sedimentation processes operating on both terrestrial and marine organic matter in the Bay. The δ13C and δ15N of surface sediments in the estuary of the Yodo River were less than −23‰ and 5‰ respectively, but increased in the area up to about 10 km from the river mouth. At greater distances they became constant (giving δ13C of about −20‰ and δ15N about 6‰). It can be concluded that large amounts of terrestrial organic matter exist near the mouth of the Yodo River. Stable isotope ratios in the estuary of the Yodo River within 10 km of the river mouth were useful indicators allowing study of the movement of terrestrial organic matter. Deposition rates for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) over the whole of the Bay were estimated to be 63,100 ton C/year and 7,590 ton N/year, respectively. The deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be 13,200 (range 2,000–21,500) ton C/year for the whole of Osaka Bay, and terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be about 21% (range 3–34) of the TOC deposition rate. The ratio of the deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon to the rate inflow of riverine TOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were estimated to be 19% (range 3–31) and 76% (range 12–100), respectively.
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  • 87
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    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: economics ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; wastewater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The optimal wastewater treatment level is affected by costs, hazards and benefits. Lowering the wastewater treatment level decreases fertilization costs because of the increased levels of available nutrients left in the water, and irrigation costs decrease if water prices reflect the lower treatment costs. Agricultural yields and/or prices may decrease according to differences between levels of nutrients needed by crops and those available in wastewater. The present article focuses on determination of monthly optimal treatment levels and of the mix of crops calculated to maximize agricultural incomes, according to farmers' point of view. It does not reflect the national point-view focusing on maximization of net national benefits considering also environmental hazards. The methodology appears in Haruvy (1994) and application will be presented in another article (Haruvy et al., 1999).
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  • 88
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    Child psychiatry & human development 29 (1999), S. 261-276 
    ISSN: 1573-3327
    Keywords: Children ; Obsessive-Compulsive ; Rituals ; Fear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the relationship between ritualistic, compulsive-like behaviors and normative fears and phobias in 61 children ranging from 1 to 7 years of age. Parents reported on their children's ritualistic habits, and perfectionistic behaviors that reflect what we have previously called “compulsive-like” behaviors. Parents also reported on their children's fears and phobias. Results indicated that various aspects of children's ritualistic and compulsive-like behaviors are correlated with children's fears and phobias. Developmental differences existed such that younger children's (〈 4 years) repetitive, compulsive-like behaviors were related to “prepotent” fears such as stranger and separation anxieties, whereas the compulsive-like behaviors of older children (〉 4 years) were correlated with more specific, “contextual” fears such as fears of contamination, death, and fears often associated with concerns of the inner city such as burglars, assault, etc. These findings are discussed in terms of the phenomenologic and possible neurobiological continuities between normative and pathologic rituals, fears and phobias.
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  • 89
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    Child psychiatry & human development 30 (1999), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1573-3327
    Keywords: In-School Intervention ; Suspensions ; Reading ; Consistency ; Parents ; Schools ; Children ; Bullies ; Victims ; Anti-social Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study developed a method of in-school intervention that dramatically reduced the suspension rate and violence in elementary schools. It suggests that children who were not read to by their parents often become bullies and/or victims of bullies. Other parental practices, including inconsistent discipline in the home, also may be contributing factors.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Baltic Sea ; cyanobacteria ; estuaries ; grazing ; iron ; lakes ; molybdenum ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen limitation ; Zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Explaining the nearly ubiquitous absence of nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms in strongly nitrogen-limited estuaries presents a major challenge to aquatic ecologists. In freshwater lakes of moderate productivity, nitrogen limitation is seldom maintained for long since heterocystic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria bloom, fix nitrogen, and alleviate the nitrogen limitation. In marked contrast to lakes, this behavior occurs in only a few estuaries worldwide. Primary production is limited by nitrogen in most temperate estuaries, yet no measurable planktonic nitrogen fixation occurs. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixers from most estuaries is due to an interaction of bottom-up and top-down controls. The availability of Mo, a trace metal required for nitrogen fixation, is lower in estuaries than in freshwater lakes. This is not an absolute physiological constraint against the occurrence of nitrogen-fixing organisms, but the lower Mo availability may slow the growth rate of these organisms. The slower growth rate makes nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in estuaries more sensitive to mortality from grazing by Zooplankton and benthic organisms. We use a simple, mechanistically based simulation model to explore this hypothesis. The model correctly predicts the timing of the formation of heterocystic, cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes and the magnitude of the rate of nitrogen fixation. The model also correctly predicts that high Zooplankton biomasses in freshwaters can partially suppress blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, even in strongly nitrogen-limited lakes. Further, the model indicates that a relatively small and environmentally realistic decrease in Mo availability, such as that which may occur in seawater compared to freshwaters due to sulfate inhibition of Mo assimilation, can suppress blooms of heterocystic cyanobacteria and prevent planktonic nitrogen fixation. For example, the model predicts that at a Zooplankton biomass of 0.2 mg l−1, cyanobacteria will bloom and fix nitrogen in lakes but not in estuaries of full-strength seawater salinity because of the lower Mo availability. Thus, the model provides strong support for our hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down controls may interact to cause the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixation in most estuaries. The model also provides a basis for further exploration of this hypothesis in individual estuarine systems and correctly predicts that planktonic nitrogen fixation can occur in low salinity estuaries, such as the Baltic Sea, where Mo availability is greater than in higher salinity estuaries.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more 15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in 15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: estuaries ; lakes ; marine ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rivers ; streams ; temperate ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Published data and analyses from temperate and tropical aquatic systems are used to summarize knowledge about the potential impact of land-use alteration on the nitrogen biogeochemistry of tropical aquatic ecosystems, identify important patterns and recommend key needs for research. The tropical N-cycle is traced from pre-disturbance conditions through the phases of disturbance, highlighting major differences between tropical and temperate systems that might influence development strategies in the tropics. Analyses suggest that tropical freshwaters are more frequently N-limited than temperate zones, while tropical marine systems may show more frequent P limitation. These analyses indicate that disturbances to pristine tropical lands will lead to greatly increased primary production in freshwaters and large changes in tropical freshwater communities. Increased freshwater nutrient flux will also lead to an expansion of the high production, N- and light-limited zones around river deltas, a switch from P- to N-limitation in calcareous marine systems, with large changes in the community composition of fragile mangrove and reef systems. Key information gaps are highlighted, including data on mechanisms of nutrient transport and atmospheric deposition in the tropics, nutrient and material retention capacities of tropical impoundments, and N/P coupling and stoichiometric impacts of nutrient supplies on tropical aquatic communities. The current base of biogeochemical data suggests that alterations in the N-cycle will have greater impacts on tropical aquatic ecosystems than those already observed in the temperate zone.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Baltic Sea ; cyanobacteria ; estuaries ; grazing ; iron ; lakes ; molybdenum ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen limitation ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Explaining the nearly ubiquitous absence of nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms in strongly nitrogen-limited estuaries presents a major challenge to aquatic ecologists. In freshwater lakes of moderate productivity, nitrogen limitation is seldom maintained for long since heterocystic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria bloom, fix nitrogen, and alleviate the nitrogen limitation. In marked contrast to lakes, this behavior occurs in only a few estuaries worldwide. Primary production is limited by nitrogen in most temperate estuaries, yet no measurable planktonic nitrogen fixation occurs. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixers from most estuaries is due to an interaction of bottom-up and top-down controls. The availability of Mo, a trace metal required for nitrogen fixation, is lower in estuaries than in freshwater lakes. This is not an absolute physiological constraint against the occurrence of nitrogen-fixing organisms, but the lower Mo availability may slow the growth rate of these organisms. The slower growth rate makes nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in estuaries more sensitive to mortality from grazing by zooplankton and benthic organisms. We use a simple, mechanistically based simulation model to explore this hypothesis. The model correctly predicts the timing of the formation of heterocystic, cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes and the magnitude of the rate of nitrogen fixation. The model also correctly predicts that high zooplankton biomasses in freshwaters can partially suppress blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, even in strongly nitrogen-limited lakes. Further, the model indicates that a relatively small and environmentally realistic decrease in Mo availability, such as that which may occur in seawater compared to freshwaters due to sulfate inhibition of Mo assimilation, can suppress blooms of heterocystic cyanobacteria and prevent planktonic nitrogen fixation. For example, the model predicts that at a zooplankton biomass of 0.2 mg l−1, cyanobacteria will bloom and fix nitrogen in lakes but not in estuaries of full-strength seawater salinity because of the lower Mo availability. Thus, the model provides strong support for our hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down controls may interact to cause the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixation in most estuaries. The model also provides a basis for further exploration of this hypothesis in individual estuarine systems and correctly predicts that planktonic nitrogen fixation can occur in low salinity estuaries, such as the Baltic Sea, where Mo availability is greater than in higher salinity estuaries.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Hernia repair ; Children ; Laparoscopy ; Patient selection. ; Schlüsselwörter: Kinderchirurgie ; Leistenhernie ; intraoperative Laparoskopie ; Diagnostik ; Patientenselektion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Aus epidemiologischen Untersuchungen ist bekannt, daß bei ca. 50 % der Kinder mit einseitiger Leistenhernie auf der Gegenseite ebenfalls ein offener Processus vaginalis vorliegt. 10–25 % dieser Kinder entwickeln in der Folge eine kontralaterale Hernie. Seit 1996 wird in unserer Klinik bei Säuglingen und Kindern mit klinisch unilateraler Leistenhernie mittels intraoperativer Laparoskopie durch den eröffneten Bruchsack der kontralaterale innere Leistenring inspiziert. Vorgehen: Bisher wurden 112 Kinder untersucht (Alter: 6 Monate bis 7 Jahre; 78 Jungen, 34 Mädchen). Nach Freipräparation des Bruchsacks wurde dieser eröffnet und ein 5,5-mm-Trokar durch den inneren Leistenring eingebracht. Nach Anlage des Pneumoperitoneums erfolgte mit einer 5-mm-(30 °)-Optik zunächst die orientierende Laparoskopie, anschließend mit der 70 °-Optik die Inspektion des kontralateralen inneren Leistenrings. Ergaben sich Hinweise für einen breit offenen Processus vaginalis (Typ III nach Chin), wurde in gleicher Narkose diese Seite ebenfalls offen chirurgisch exploriert. Ergebnisse: Laparoskopisch fand sich bei 19 Patienten (17 %) ein nach oben genannten Kriterien pathologischer Befund (6 Mädchen, 13 Jungen). Diese wurden auf der Gegenseite operiert und die laparoskopische Diagnose in allen Fällen bestätigt. Verfahrensbedingte Komplikationen traten nicht auf. Die Eingriffe erfolgten im Rahmen der Eintageschirurgie. Die Operationsdauer erhöhte sich durch die intraoperative Laparoskopie um im Median 6 min (3–11 min). Deutlich häufiger fanden sich pathologische Befunde bei Patienten unter 2 Jahren (14 von 19 Patienten). Schlußfolgerungen: Das beschriebene Verfahren erlaubt ohne nennenswerten zusätzlichen Zeitbedarf, Patienten zu selektionieren, die von einer einzeitigen offenen Exploration der gegenseitigen Leistenregion profitieren. Somit können Zweitoperationen mit erneuter Narkose und Hospitalisierung vermieden werden. Zusätzlich erlaubt die intraoperative Laparoskopie die allgemeine Beurteilung der Abdominalorgane sowie Klärung spezieller Fragen wie, z. B. die Vitalität reponierter Darmschlingen.
    Notes: Summary. Background: Approximately 50 % of children with a clinical unilateral inguinal hernia display a patent processus vaginalis on the contralateral side; half of these children subsequently develop an inguinal hernia.The management of this problem is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative laparoscopy in a no-puncture technique through the opened hernia sack. Method: In 112 children (age 6 months to 7 years ) with clinical unilateral hernia laparoscopy (5 mm laparoscope, 30 ° and 70 °). In cases of a wide-open contralateral internal inguinal ring (type III) open surgical exploration was performed. Results: Nineteen patients (17 %) fulfilled the laparoscopic criteria of a type III ring; the diagnose was confirmed during open contralateral exploration. Fourteen of these patients were younger than two years. The median time for laparoscopy was 6 min (3–11 min). No complications associated with the laparoscopy were observed. Conclusions: Intraoperative laparoscopy during unilateral hernia repair allows the identification of patients who profit from bilateral open surgery during the same operation with little additional operating time and so far with no resulting complications. Application of this method may avoid a second hospitalization and operation, as well as an unnecessary routine bilateral open exploration. As an additional source of information through excellent visualization of the abdominal cavity, this method proved helpful to examine incarcerated bowel after repositioning.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizae ; Eucalyptus regnans ; forest burns ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare the effects on the growth of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings of unheated soil and soil heated to different extents (as indicated by soil colour–bright red or black) in burnt logging coupes, and to separate the effects of heating of the soil on direct nutrient availability and on morphotypes and effectiveness of ectomycorrhizae. Burnt soils were collected from three logging coupes burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously and unbumt soil from adjacent regrowth forests. Compared to unburnt soil, the early seedling growth was stimulated in black burnt soil from all coupes (burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously). Seedling growth was generally poor in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. However, the concentration of extractable P was extremely high in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. In black burnt soil, extractable P was increased in soil 2 months after burning, but not in the soils collected 14 or 25 months after burning. However, both total P content and concentration in seedlings were increased in all collections of black burnt soil. Frequency of ectomycorrhizae was high in seedlings grown in all black burnt soils, but the mycorrhizal mantles were poorly developed in seedlings in black burnt soil collected 2 months after burning. Seedlings were also ectomycorrhizal in red burnt soil, except in soil collected 2 months after burning. Fine root inocula from seedlings grown in black burnt soils collected 14 and 25 months after burning significantly stimulated both seedling growth and P uptake compared with the uninoculated control, whereas the fine root inocula from the seedlings grown in all the other soils did not. These results suggest that, in black burnt soil, both direct nutritional changes and changes in the ectomycorrhizae may contribute to seedling growth promotion after regeneration burns. The generally poor seedling growth in red burnt soils is likely to have been due to N deficiency as the seedlings in these soils were yellow-green and the tissue concentrations of N were significantly lower than in other treatments.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; pool substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to compare the direct approach for estimating crop N uptake from 15N labelled organic inputs, to two indirect approaches, 15N isotope dilution and A value. In the first experiment soils received 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg N kg soil−1 in the form of Casuarina equisitifolia residues in addition to ammonium sulphate fertiliser, to give a total of 100 mg N kg soil−1 added. This was a cross labelling design, thus two matching sets of treatments, were set up, identical in all but the position of the 15N label. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown in the soils amended with residues for 11 weeks and N derived from residues (Ndfr) estimated using the A-value or the direct approach. The A-value approach appeared to significantly overestimate %Ndfr compared to the direct method. In the second experiment contrasting residues were added to soil, fababean (Vicia faba L. var. minor), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), soyabean fixing, (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), soyabean non-fixing, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize. This was also cross-labelling design, labelled and unlabelled residues were used. Maize plants were grown in these soils for 11 weeks and %Ndfr in the maize plants estimated using 15 N isotope dilution and the direct approach. The 15 N isotope dilution approach also overestimated %Ndfr compared to the direct method in this experiment. Pool substitution appeared to be responsible for the discrepancy between the direct and indirect techniques. It was concluded that 15N isotope dilution and A-value approaches as used in these experiments (i.e where residues and 15N label are added simultaneously) were not appropriate techniques for estimating N derived from organic residues in soils.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; Prunus ; remobilisation ; storage ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two-year old nectarine trees (Prunus persica, Batsch, var. nectarina, cv. Starkredgold on GF305 rootstock) planted in pots each received five applications of 1.0 g 15N labelled urea either from mid May to mid July (early uptake) or from mid August to the beginning of October (late uptake). All trees were supplied with a corresponding amount of unlabelled urea when they did not receive the labelled N. In autumn, all abscised leaves were collected and during winter randomly selected trees were harvested and divided into main organs. The remaining trees were transplanted into similar pots filled with sand; they received no N fertiliser and were harvested in May to evaluate the remobilisation of N. Total N and 15N abundance were determined in each organ. Nectarine trees took up similar amounts of N in the 'early' and in the 'late' period; however, more labelled nitrogen was recovered in the perennial organs during the winter when trees received the labelled N in the 'late' than in the 'early' period. Some 73–80% of the N present in the dormant trees was stored in the roots, which contained almost twice the amount of labelled N taken up 'late' than that absorbed 'early'. Nitrogen for spring growth was remobilised predominantly from the roots and accounted for some 43–49% of the labelled N recovered in the tree during winter. Results suggest that the nitrogen taken up 'late' in the season is preferentially stored in roots and used by peach trees to sustain new growth the following spring.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: legume ; nitrogen ; N2-fixation ; pea ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A S-deficient soil was used in pot experiments to investigate the effects of S addition on growth and N2-fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Addition of 100 mg S pot−1 increased seed yield by more than 2-fold. Numbers of pods formed were the most sensitive yield component affected by S deficiency. Sulphur addition also increased the concentration of N in leaves and stems, and the total content of N in the shoots. The amounts of N fixed by pea were determined at four growth stages from stem elongation to maturity, using the 15N dilution technique. Sulphur addition doubled the amount of N fixed at all growth stages. In contrast, leaf chlorophyll content and shoot dry weight were increased significantly by S addition only after the flowering and pod fill stage, respectively. Pea roots were found to have high concentrations of S, reaching approximately 10 mg g−1 dry weight and being 2.6–4.4 times the S concentration in the shoots under S-sufficient conditions. These results suggest that roots/nodules of pea have a high demand for S, and that N2-fixation is very sensitive to S deficiency. The effects of S deficiency on pea growth were likely to be caused by the shortage of N, due to decreased N2-fixation.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fire ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil nutrient heterogeneity ; tree effects ; tropical dry forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Individual trees are known to influence soil chemical properties, creating spatial patterns that vary with distance from the stem. The influence of trees on soil chemical properties is commonly viewed as the agronomic basis for low-input agroforestry and shifting cultivation practices, and as an important source of spatial heterogeneity in forest soils. Few studies, however, have examined the persistence of the effects of trees on soil after the pathways responsible for the effects are removed. Here, we present evidence from a Mexican dry forest indicating that stem-related patterns of soil nutrients do persist following slash-and-burn removal of trees and two years of cropping. Pre-disturbance concentrations of resin extractable phosphorus (P), bicarbonate extractable P, NaOH extractable P, total P, total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), KCl extractable nitrate (NO3 -), and net N mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in stem than dripline soils under two canopy dominant species of large-stemmed trees with contrasting morphologies and phenologies (Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. and Forchhammeria pallida Liebm.). These stem effects persisted through slash burning and a first growing season for labile inorganic and organic P, NaOH inorganic P, and plant-available P, and through a second growing season for labile organic P, NaOH organic P, and plant-available P. While stem effects for extractable NO3 -, net nitrification rates, total N and C disappeared after felling and slash burning, these stem effects returned after the first growing season. These results support the view that tree-influenced patterns of soil nutrients do persist after tree death, and that trees contribute to the long-term spatial heterogeneity of forest soils.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphatase activity ; phosphorus ; protease activity ; soil microbial biomass ; substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Estimating in situ N and P status of the soil microbiota is complicated because microbiological features reflect potentials rather than field conditions. Complementary microbiological assays were, therefore, combined to evaluate the N and P requirement of the microbiota in seven agricultural, grassland and forest topsoils of the Bornhöved Lake district as follows: (i) the sensitivity of the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) to supplemental addition of N and P was monitored during microbial growth and (ii) soil protease and phosphatase activities were analysed and related to soil mass and microbial biomass content. Nitrogen addition increased the maximal SIR rate in all except one soil indicating that the growth of organisms is restricted by this element when easily degradable C source is present. Supplemental N (and in some cases also P) retarded the respiratory response within the first 24 h which suggests microbial sensitivity and/or greater anabolic efficiency. With additional N the maximal SIR rate was most strongly enhanced in topsoils of the beech forest and the dystric alder forest. Thus, the microbial growth in these soils that were below litter horizons seems to be mostly restricted by N. Supplemental P positively affected respiratory response of soils under monoculture, wet grassland and dystric alder forest. In the dystric alder forest soil, high rates of alkaline and unbuffered phosphatase activity were observed when activity was related to either soil mass or microbial biomass content. The data of proteolytic and phospholytic enzymes are discussed with reference to nutrient deficiency and microbial strategy for N and P adsorption.
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