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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Crustacean ; Sensorimotor ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellar sheath ; Myelinated axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ; Ischemia reperfusion injury ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is considered to be activated by stress, but the role of the MAPK family is still unknown in cardiac pathology. In the present study, not only the localization of MAPKs such as the extracellular responsive kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK (p38), but also ultrastructural changes were investigated in the ischemia-reperfusion model of Wistar rats. At 5, 10, 30, 60, and 180 min reperfusion after 30 min ischemia by occluding the coronary artery, the expression of these MAPKs was increased in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, after ischemia reperfusion, various ultrastructural changes such as decreased glycogen granules, mitochondrial swelling, and myolysis were observed in the blood vessels and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that protein kinases may regulate numerous biological processes, including the regulation of contraction and ion transport.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Gonadotroph adenoma ; FSH ; Childhood ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Female gonadotroph adenomas with endocrinological symptoms are uncommon. Six cases of such adenomas have been reported in the literature: two were girls who presented with precocious puberty and four were premenopausal women with accompanying multiple ovarian cysts. We describe here a 10-year-old Japanese girl with a gonadotroph macroadenoma and present detailed morphological findings of the tumor. The patient's chief complaints were nausea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral multiple ovarian cysts. Endocrinological assays showed elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (33.7 mIU/ml) and estradiol (3840 pg/ml). MRI of the head showed a large pituitary tumor. Two transsphenoidal operations and subsequent radiation therapy were performed. Immunohistochemically, more than half the tumor cells were positive for anti-FSH-β monoclonal antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells exhibited a fairly uniform picture of rounded cells. Their nuclei were slightly irregular and contained heterochromatin, and their cytoplasm contained many round, dense core granules, measuring 140–260 nm in diameter, together with well-developed organelles. An in vitro study showed that the tumor cells in primary culture produced FSH (1089.0 mIU/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of an FSH-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Helicobacter pylori ; Fibroblasts ; Smooth muscle cells ; Ultrastructure ; Gastroduodenal ulcer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been considered that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major cause of human gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers (G-DU). Many investigations of the relationship between H. pylori and apoptosis have been reported recently. However, these studies focused mostly on epithelium, using the TUNEL method. In the present study, we evaluated by electron microscopy the occurrence of apoptosis in the mesenchymal cells of lamina propria mucosae infected with H. pylori. Gastric biopsy specimens from 37 H. pylori-infected G-DU patients and 8 noninfected volunteers were examined with both light and electron microscopy and analyzed by the TUNEL method. The TUNEL method showed no significant difference between H. pylori-infected and noninfected cases. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed significant numbers of apototic fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in H. pylori-infected lamina propria mucosae, with a diminished number of collagen fibers in surrounding areas. These areas showed edematous changes histopathologically. These results indicated that H. pylori infection induces apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in lamina propria, with decrease in the numbers of collagen fibers, suggesting that these alterations may be affected by exaggerate acid secretion, decrease mucus protecting factors, and result in ulcer formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Ciliogenesis ; Ciliated cell ; Abnormal cilia ; Basal body ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cilia are motile processes extending from the basal bodies, playing important roles in the mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract and the transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus in mammals. Ciliogenesis is divided into four stages: (1) duplication of centrioles; (2) migration of centrioles to the apical cell surface to become basal bodies; (3) elongation of cilia containing the axoneme; and (4) formation of accessory structures of basal bodies. The orderly course of ciliogenesis appears to be disturbed by various internal and external factors and, as a result, various unusual forms of the ciliary apparatus develop in the cell. Inhibition of basal body migration results in development of intracytoplasmic axonemes, cilia within periciliary sheaths, and intracellular ciliated cysts. Swollen cilia and the bulging type of compound cilia are formed during ciliary budding and elongation. This review also discusses the origin, composition, and function of the centriolar precursor structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Elastic system fiber ; Ultrastructure ; Fibrotic human liver ; Oxytalan fiber ; Elaunin fiber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The network of elastic system fibers in human fibrotic liver was investigated by histological methods, immunohistochemical staining, and electron microscopy. Type III collagen was seen not only in regions of portal fibrosis but also in the sinusoidal wall. However, elastic system fibers were not found in the Disse space of the sinusoidal wall. Elastic system fibers including oxytalan, elaunin, and elastic fibers were found successively in the course of elastogenesis. A few normal oxytalan fibers and abnormal oxytalan fibers were observed in the periportal tracts. Few normal elaunin and abnormal elaunin fibers were observed in regions of portal fibrosis but not in the surrounding margin. Elastic fibers, only in scarce amounts, were observed around the portal veins in the case of chronic active hepatitis but not in acute hepatitis. Abnormal oxytalan fibers were seen as a bundle of wavelike microfibrils and had an irregular arrangement. Abnormal elaunin fibers were not associated with bundles of microfibrils. Abnormal elaunin fibers in large amounts were found interspersed with spiraled collagen, which most likely indicates that the oxytalan fibers degenerated in the course of elastogenesis. Thus, in a fibrotic liver it is possible that synthesis of normal elaunin and elastic fibers does not occur or that the quantity of such fibers synthesized may be small because of the effect of the degenerated oxytalan fibers. As a characteristic of liver fibrosis, the composition of abnormal elastic system fibers and spiraled collagen differs from that in other fibrotic organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Adenoid basal carcinoma ; Uterine cervix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare tumor with a favorable prognosis. A case of adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) of the uterine cervix was studied using light and electron microscopy. The patient was a 74-year-old Japanese woman who had undergone hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3. Incidentally, ABC was found in the resected uterus. The tumor cells made small nests and infiltrated the cervical portion of the uterus. In the nests, glands, cribriform patterns with glandlike structures, and squamous differentiation were seen. Immunohistochemically, the glandlike structures were positive for laminin and type IV collagen. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had irregular nuclei, scanty cytoplasm, and cribriform patterns in which glandlike structures were covered with basal lamina. No myoepithelial differentiation of the tumor cells was seen. These findings suggest a similarity between adenoid basal carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Furthermore, both tumors are considered to originate in the reserve cells of the uterine cervix. Because their outcomes are different, they should be distinguished from each other.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Giant rice body ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To report four cases of rice bodies (RBs) showing remarkable size variations and discuss their pathogenesis. Design and patients: Based on analysis of the clinical data, we speculate on the pathogenesis of RBs using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The patients comprised three men and one woman, three with RBs in the subacromial bursae and one in the wrist synovial sheath, aged 28 (woman), 44, 50 and 81 (wrist) years, respectively. Results: There were no particular differences in clinical data among the patients. T2-weighted MR imaging was very useful for diagnosis of the RBs, allowing their clear delineation from the bursal fluid. The RBs consisted of a layered protein- aceous substance with vague targetoid cut surfaces. Much fibrin and a lesser amount of collagen fibers were recognized together with various mononuclear cells, which were few in number and predominantly T cells. The bursae and synovial sheath had multiple fibrinoid spheroids at the luminal surface. Conclusion: Fibrinoid nodular deposits probably became detached, forming the nuclei of RBs and growing to a giant RB 65 mm in diameter.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Arteriogenesis ; Collateral vessels ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies in the canine heart had shown that the growth of collateral arteries occurs via proliferative enlargement of pre-existing arteriolar connections (arteriogenesis). In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructure and molecular histology of growing and remodeling collateral arteries that develop after femoral artery occlusion in rabbits as a function of time from 2 h to 240 days after occlusion. Pre-existent arteriolar collaterals had a diameter of about 50 µm. They consisted of one to two layers of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and were morphologically indistinguishable from normal arterioles. The stages of arteriogenesis consisted of arteriolar thinning, followed by transformation of SMCs from the contractile- into the proliferative- and synthetic phenotype. Endothelial cells (ECs) and SMCs proliferated, and SMCs migrated and formed a neo-intima. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) showed early upregulation in ECs, which was accompanied by accumulation of blood-derived macrophages. Mitosis of ECs and SMCs started about 24 h after occlusion, whereas adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion occurred as early as 12 h after occlusion, suggesting a role of monocytes in vascular cell proliferation. Treatment of rabbits with the pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 increased monocyte adhesion and accelerated vascular remodeling. In vitro shear-stress experiments in cultured ECs revealed an increased phosphorylation of the focal contacts after 30 min and induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression between 2 h and 6 h after shear onset, suggesting that shear stress may be the initiating event. We conclude that the process of arteriogenesis, which leads to the positive remodeling of an arteriole into an artery up to 12 times its original size, can be modified by modulators of inflammation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 310-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioglioma ; Ependymoma (tanycytic variant) ; Neurofibrillary tangle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a cystic ganglioglioma (GG) located in the right frontal lobe of the brain. Interestingly, the fibrillary spindle glial cells were often arranged in a fascicular pattern, and the generally uniform, round-to-oval delicate nuclei appeared to resemble those of ependymoma; and the neoplastic neurons often contained neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The glial component was positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally contained granular or microvesicular structures positive for epithelial membrane antigen. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that the glial cells were ependymal in nature; intracytoplasmic lumina and intercellular microrosettes lined with cilia and microvilli, as well as long zonulae adherentes, were evident. In addition, chromogranin A-positive granular staining, neurosecretory-granule-like structures, and parallel arrays of microtubules were sometimes associated with the blood vessels. We considered the present case to be an unusual example of GG with an ependymoma, more precisely a tanycytic ependymoma, as the glial component; to our knowledge, the existence of ependymoma as the main glial component of this particular tumor has not been described before. The occurrence of NFTs, which has been reported in several cases of GG, was an additional, unusual feature.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 214-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Eosinophilic inclusion body ; Inclusion ¶body ; Ependymoma ; Microlumina ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the pathological significance of previously unrecognized intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions (IEIs) in ependymoma. The study group consisted of 58 ependymomas, all of which were pathologically characterized and graded according to the 1993 WHO classification. Electron microscopic studies were performed in 16 cases. The study showed that 33 (57%) ependymomas had IEIs and that in 8 cases these were abundant. Round and eosinophilic, their sizes varied from 10 μm to a tiny dot. Similar eosinophilic bodies were also observed between tumor cells. The inclusions were weakly PAS positive. On immunostains, IEIs were frequently positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, less often for S-100 protein, and for epithelial membrane protein and CAM 5.2. They were negative for AE1/AE3, carcinoembryonic antigen and Ber-EP4. Ultrastructurally, IEIs represented intracytoplasmic lumens containing microvilli and cilia. These microlumina also frequently contained granulo-tubular materials. With reference to tumor subtypes, IEIs occurred most frequently in ordinary and clear cell ependymomas. IEIs were also present in 4 of 6 anaplastic ependymomas studied. In conclusion, IEIs represent microlumina and occur in more than a half of ependymomas including malignant examples. Their finding is a helpful diagnostic feature of ependymoma.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Female prostate (Skene gland) ; Ultrastructure ; Secretory (luminal) cells ; Basal (reserve) cells ; Intermediary cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The predominant cells of female prostatic glands lining their lumen were found to be tall cylindrical secretory cells with short stubby microvilli, protuberances of the apical cytoplasm, and with bleb formation. Abundant secretory vacuoles and granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed Golgi complexes and numerous mitochondria are characteristic of their active secretory configuration with apocrine (apical blebs) and merocrine (secretory vacuoles and granules) type of secretion. Basal (reserve) cells were seen to be located between the secretory (luminal) cells and the basement membrane. Their ground cytoplasm is dense with rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Their nuclei, unlike those of secretory cells, possess more peripheral condensed chromatin, denser dispersed chromatin and sporadic nucleoli. Besides the two basic types of mature prostatic cells intermediary cells were also seen, located between the basal and secretory cells or in their close vicinity. Their cytoplasm exhibits numerous profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Secretory vacuoles and granules were mostly practically absent (type 1 intermediary cells) so that they resembled basal (reserve) cells. In some of them, however, as in secretory cells, such secretory elements do gradually appear (type 2 intermediary cells). The finding of intermediary cells in the lining of prostatic glands supports the role of basal (reserve) cells in the renewal of cells in glands of the female prostate. The first ultrastructural analysis of the normal female prostate performed by transmission electron microscopy showed that, as in the postpubertal male, the prostatic glands in the adult female display mature secretory and basal cells. The results of the presented study further corroborate the contemporary concept of the female prostate as a functional genitourinary organ.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer disease ; Fibrillar amyloid-β ; Astrocytes ; Microglial cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural three-dimensional reconstruction of human classical plaques in different stages of development shows that microglial cells are the major factor driving plaque formation by fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. The amount of fibrillar Aβ released by microglial cells and the area of direct contact between amyloid and neuron determine the extent of dystrophic changes in neuronal processes and synapses. The volume of hypertrophic astrocytic processes separating fibrillar amyloid from neuron is a measure of the protective activation of astrocytes. On the bases of the volume of amyloid star, microglial cells, dystrophic neurites, and hypertrophic astrocytic processes, and spatial relationships between plaque components, three stages in classical plaque development have been distinguished: early, mature, and late. In early plaque, the leading pathology is fibrillar Aβ deposition by microglial cells with amyloid star formation. The mature plaque is characterized by a balance between amyloid production, neuronal dystrophy, and astrocyte hypertrophy. In late classical plaque, microglial cells retract and expose neuropil on direct contact with amyloid star, enhancing both dystrophic changes in neurons and hypertrophic changes in astrocytes. In late plaques, activation of astrocytes predominates. They degrade amyloid star and peripheral amyloid wisps. The effect of these changes is classical plaque degradation to fibrillar primitive and finally to nonfibrillar, diffuse-like plaques.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words GM1-gangliosidosis ; Ultrastructure ; Electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The post-mortem diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases can be confounded by the unavailability of suitable material. Here we report the diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis in a cross-bred dog, from which only formalin-fixed brain was available, by a combination of electron microscopy and the detection of elevated levels of GM1-ganglioside within the tissue using the novel technique of electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of resin-embedded tissue revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (membranous cytoplasmic and zebra bodies) in brain stem and cerebellar neurons that were characteristic of a gangliosidosis. Glycolipids were extracted from the fixed tissue and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. Two major ions were detected, which corresponded to GM1 (d18:1–C18:0) and GM1 (d20:1–C18:0). Their identity was confirmed by comparison of their fragmentation patterns with those of authentic standards. The concentration of GM1 was approximately sixfold higher on a wet weight basis than in the brain of a normal control dog, confirming the diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Endothelial cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of the present work was to examine and compare the ultrastructure of bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) in vitro during several passages in a medium selective for endothelial cells. The identity of the endothelial cells was confirmed immunohistochemically, up to the tenth passage. Changes in their ultrastructure in comparison to endothelial cells in vivo occurred at the onset of culturing and not progressively with repeated passages. The cultured BRECs show high metabolic activity in all passages. While retaining their identity as endothelial cells, they modify their lipid metabolism, so that lipids are stored. This change in lipid metabolism was induced by the medium.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Ultrastructure ; Proteus anguinus ; Regressive evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied ultrastructure of the photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of blind, depigmented, neotenic cave salamander, Proteus anguinus. Unlike in epigean vertebrates the outer segments of most photoreceptor cells consists of concentrically arranged lamellae, however; in few cells, the outer segments contain 7-9 plasma membrane disks. In both types of photoreceptor cells the outer segments enclose lumps of vesicles of different sizes. The photoreceptor cells of Proteus anguinus are similar to those in other cavernicolous fish species.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Septic arthritis ; Surface antigens ; Ultrastructure ; Burkholderia pseudomallei ; IEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that frequently runs a protracted course and is very difficult to eradicate. The mechanisms that this organism uses to escape from host defense mechanisms and antibiotics are not well understood. The aim of the study was to compare the morphological characteristics and surface antigen expression of B. pseudomallei in naturally infected human synovial tissues with the characteristics of bacteria grown in culture media. Immunoelectron microscopic study was performed in four synovial biopsies taken from four B. pseudomallei septic arthritis patients. Colonies of pathogenic B. pseudomallei collected from culture media were used as positive controls. Polyclonal antibody to whole cell B. pseudomallei was used as a primary antibody. Complete bacteria-like particles were demonstrated both extracellularly and intracellularly in all four synovial specimens. The intracytoplasmic location of B. pseudomallei and mononuclear phagosome containing microcolony-like structures were demonstrated. B. pseudomallei found in the synovial membrane samples were mostly atypical, with fewer cytoplasmic electron lucent granules. Immunogold staining of bacterial surface antigens was weaker than staining of positive controls. We demonstrated atypical forms of B. pseudomallei and evidence for suppression of its surface antigens in naturally infected human synovial tissues. This adaptation may help bacteria to survive despite host immune surveillance and treatment with antibiotics.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Anthoceros punctatus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Bryophytes ; Glomus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus claroideum (Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words Streptozotocin ; Diabetes ; Ventricular myocyte ; Cardiac muscle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Contractile dysfunctions have been demonstrated in different experimental models of diabetes which have similar characteristics to many of the abnormalities found in the clinical setting. Administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to young adult rats induces β-cell necrosis of the pancreas which gives rise to hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia, features which are also seen in untreated type 1 clinical diabetes. We have investigated the chronic effects of STZ-induced diabetes on contraction in rat ventricular myocytes and ultrastructure of cardiac muscle. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (230–270 g) with a single injection of STZ (60 mg kg−1). At 2 and 10 months after STZ treatment, the amplitude of contraction was larger in diabetic compared to control myocytes. Time to peak contraction was significantly longer at 2 months but appeared to normalise at 10 months after STZ treatment. In contrast, time to half relaxation of contraction was not significantly different after 2 months but was significantly reduced at 10 months after STZ treatment compared to control. Transmission electron microscope examination of cardiac muscle showed that the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle, especially structures associated with contraction, were not greatly altered after STZ treatment. Sarcomere lengths were not significantly different in papillary or ventricular muscle at 4 or 8 months after STZ treatment compared to control. Our data provide evidence that morphological defects in contractile myofilaments and associated structures cannot explain contractile dysfunctions seen in ventricular myocytes from STZ-treated animals.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Cryopreservation ; Dehydration ; Thermal analysis ; Sucrose ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells were preserved in liquid nitrogen for over three years, using embedding of cells in calcium-alginate prior to subculture in sucrose-enriched medium, air-drying, and direct quenching in liquid nitrogen. Survival of cells reached 34%, yielding regrowth at the surface of all cryopreserved beads in less than 7 days. Following pretreatment and dehydration, the water content dropped from 2300% to 34% with respect to dry weight. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that glass transition occurred on cooling, followed by a slight crystallization event on rewarming. The survival of cells was independent of the cooling rate. The tolerance of the acute dehydration step increased progressively with sucrose pretreatment duration, indicating the requirement for adaptative cellular alterations. Ultrastructural studies revealed several changes in cells after sucrose pretreatment prolonged from 1 to 7 days: reversal of the initially plasmolyzed state, microvacuolation, numerous autophagic structures, scarcity of ribosomes, increase in number and size of starch grains. No cell division seemed to occur during this period. After air-drying and after a freeze-thaw cycle, followed by 24 h rehydration, regenerating cells had recovered a high level of ultrastructural organization and contained numerous polysomes suggesting an intense metabolic activity. Trehalose, a cryoprotective disaccharide not considered to be a metabolic substrate, yielded only 70% regrowth after freezing. Biochemical analysis showed that soluble sugars accumulated during the pretreatment, essentially sucrose or trehalose; the monosaccharide content also increased. In the light of these results, the action of sucrose in inducing freezing tolerance is discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Cyst nematodes ; Histology ; Resistance mechanism ; Syncytium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using susceptible and resistant sugar beet lines, comparative analyses of root histology and ultrastructure were made during invasion by nematodes and the induction and formation of specific feeding structures (syncytia).The resistant line carried the resistance geneHs1pro−1.Nematodes were able to invade and induce functional syncytia in roots of resistant and susceptible lines. However, syncytia in resistant roots were smaller and less hypertrophied. The vacuolar system of syncytia in susceptible plants contained many small vacuoles. In resistant plants vacuoles were larger but less numerous. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum prevailed in syncytial protoplasts of susceptible plants, whereas almost only rough endoplasmic reticulum occurred in syncytia in resistant plants. The most conspicuous and hitherto undescribed trait of syncytia in resistant roots was the initial appearance of loose, and later compact, aggregations of the endomembrane system which composed most of the endoplasmicreticulum system of syncytia at later stages. Syncytia in resistant plants usually degraded before the nematodes reached their adult stage. The appearance of membrane aggregations and the other resistance-specific features are discussed in relation to their possible effects on syncytium function and role in nematode resistance.
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  • 22
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    Protoplasma 211 (2000), S. 94-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Microspore culture ; Pollen ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have made a detailed cytological examination of the development of wheat embryoids, monitoring their initial divisions from two to ten cells by both light and electron microscopy. According to our observations the first embryogenic division is symmetrical. After the androgenesis induction treatment, there is a decrease in ribosome population with cells that have inactive nucleoli made up almost exclusively of a dense fibrillar component. This population is restored after initial embryogenic divisions. During the initial divisions the embryogenic pollen grains do not appear to change in size and the pollen wall remains intact. The exine undergoes no modification but the intine thickens, and we have observed that the thickness of the intine can be used as a cytological marker of androgenesis. The walls separating the cells obtained after embryogenic division contained numerous plasmodesmata. The beginnings of embryo polarization and cell differentiation could be made out in the very early pollen embryoids.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Glutathione ; Root ; Chromosomal aberration ; Ultrastructure ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Young spruce seedlings (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) grown in hydroponic culture were exposed to three different concentrations (50,100, and 500 μM) of reduced glutathione for 24 h. These physiologically relevant concentrations of glutathione had a multiple effect on the investigated tissue. Feeding of glutathione to roots increased the concentrations of thiols (glutathione, cysteine, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine) in roots, decreased the rate of cell divisions, induced mitotic abnormalities, and affected the cell ultrastructure. Electron micrographs showed effects such as advanced vacuolation, dilated rough-endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae, and separations of the plasma membrane from the cell wall.
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  • 24
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S27 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses ; Lipopigments ; Ultrastructure ; Classification ; Genes ; Neuronal loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphological aspects of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) encompass two main features: loss of nerve cells and accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments within cellular compartments. The former requires histology and morphometry for assessment, while the latter necessitates fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Accumulation of lipopigments is widespread throughout the central nervous system and extracerebrally. The latter feature enables diagnosis of NCL and its clinical subtype. Loss of neurons is most pronounced in cerebral and cerebellar cortices, in early childhood forms. In subcortical grey matter and in later-onset forms, juvenile and adult NCL, reduction in neurons and possible preceding dendritic pathology may only correctly be ascertained by age-matched, controlled morphometric investigations which, to date, have not yet completely assessed subcortical neuronal damage. Presently, clinical and morphological evaluations are mandatory for genetic analysis, genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnosis, the latter often being based on combined genetic and morphological studies.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Hemangioblastoma ; Supratentorial tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rarely seen, especially in children and adolescents. We report the case of a 17-year-old male with supratentorial hemangioblastoma. Neuroimaging demonstrated a cystic lesion within the right parietal lobe. Systemic examination revealed no abnormality. The lesion was not attached to the dura and was not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. It was very difficult to confirm the final diagnosis of this case, in spite of extensive examination by light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopy.
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  • 26
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 226 (1980), S. 239-250 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Enchondrale Schicht ; Labyrinthknochen ; Ultrastruktur ; Vergleichende Anatomie ; Endochondral layer ; Labyrinthine bone ; Ultrastructure ; Comparative anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The endochondral layer of labyrinthine bone of dog (Canis f. intermedius Woldrich) is examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. The osteocytes of the fine-fibred, alamellar “embryonic skein bone” (Meyer 1927) are surrounded by a fibre-less matrix. They correspond to osteocytes in long bones. Some of them are producing microfibrils according to formation of preosseous tissue which is called “intraosseous osteogenesis” (Knese 1970). Others are characterized by signs of micropetrosis or indicate osteocytic osteolysis. In the perivascular mesenchym of some vessels giant cells are visible which according to their ultrastructural characteristics are identified as osteoclasts. The occurrence of an embryonic type of bone in endochondral layer of otic capsule throughout life is discussed considering oxygenation via perivascular canalizition as well as biomechanical aspects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unseres Wissens ist dies die erste transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des normalen Labyrinthknochens. Hier wird die enchondrale Schicht beim Hund (Canis f. intermedius Woldrich) betrachtet, da menschliche Felsenbeine sich aufgrund postmortaler Veränderungen nicht für ultrastrukturelle Studien eignen. Im „zeitlebens embryonalen Strähnenknochen“ (Meyer 1927) sieht man Zellen, die in einem fibrillenfreien, perizellulären Hof unterschiedlicher Ausdehnung liegen. Diese entsprechen den Osteozyten in anderen Knochen. Einige dieser Zellen bilden Mikrofibrillen und sind zu einer „intraossären Osteogenese“ (Knese 1970) fähig. Andere Zellen bieten das Bild einer osteozytären Osteolyse. Auch kommt eine Mikropetrosis in nicht kanalisierten, perivaskulären Regionen vor. Im perivaskulären Mesenchym erkennt man vereinzelt Riesenzellen, die aufgrund ihrer Ultrastruktur als Osteoklasten zu bezeichnen sind. Das lebenslange Vorkommen des embryonalen Strähnenknochens in der Labyrinthkapsel wird unter Berücksichtigung biomechanischer Gesichtspunkte diskutiert. Dabei wird auch auf die perivaskuläre Kanalisierung des Strähnenknochens eingegangen.
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  • 27
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    Neurosurgical review 3 (1980), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Diffuse hypertrophy of the cerebellum ; Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma ; Epilepsy ; Granule cell hypertrophy ; Hamartoma of the cerebellum ; Lhermitte-Duclos disease ; Megalencephaly ; Ultrastructure ; Diffuse Hypertrophie des Kleinhirns ; Dysplastisches Kleinhirn-Gangliozytom ; Epilepsie ; Granuläre Zellhypertrophie ; Hamartom des Kleinhirns ; Lhermitte-Duclos'sche Krankheit ; Megalencephalie ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über zwei Fälle von Lhermitte-Duclos'scher Erkrankung bzw. diffuser Hypertrophie des Kleinhirns berichtet. Histopathologisch handelt es sich dabei um umschriebene Dysmorphien des Kleinhirns, die so charakteristisch sind, daß sie bei chirurgischer Exploration vom bloßen Auge erkannt werden können. Die vergröberten, hypertrophen Kleinhirnläppchen heben sich zudem durch eine unterschiedliche Färbung vom normalen Kleinhirn ab (Fig. 1). An Stelle der Körnerschicht gibt es dicht beieinanderliegende, dysplastische Ganglienzellen verschiedenen Typs (Fig. 3), die myelinisierte Axone (Fig. 7) in die dadurch stark myelinisierte Molekularschicht schicken. Die Purkinjezellschicht fehlt, die Marklamellen sind stark verschmälert. Die Läsion wird als Hamartom aufgefaßt; klinisch kann sie als Raumforderung der hinteren Schädelgrube in Erscheinung treten. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten mit diffuser Kleinhirnhypertrophie haben zusätzlich andere gehäuft vorkommende Läsionen wie Megalencephalie, Schädelund Skelettanomalien, benigne und maligne extracerebrale Tumoren u. a. m. Bei dem ersten Fall handelt es sich um einen 39jährigen Mann, der neben der diffusen Kleinhirnhypertrophie ein megalencephales Gehirn (2320 g) hatte, und an einem metastasierenden Coloncarcinom ad exitum gekommen ist. Im Alter von 34 Jahren ist eine 540 g schwere Struma entfernt worden. Die Ganglienzellnatur der dysplastischen Zellen der Körnerschicht ließ sich anhand des Nachweises von Synapsen (Fig. 6) und großen Nisslschollen (Fig. 5) elektronenmikroskopisch beweisen. Bei dem zweiten Fall handelt es sich um eine 74jährige Frau, deren Kleinhirnläsion — wie im ersten Fall — klinisch nicht in Erscheinung getreten ist. Die Aetiopathologie ist nicht bekannt. Die organoide Struktur der cerebellären Läsion, die häufige Vergesellschaftung mit Megalencephalie und anderen Mißbildungen, sowie das Vorkommen von familiären Fällen macht es wahrscheinlich, daß es sich dabei um eine Entwicklungsstörung handelt. Die Lhermitte-Duclos'sche Erkrankung ist selten. Meines Wissens sind zur Zeit insgesamt 42 Fälle bekannt geworden.
    Notes: Summary Two cases of Lhermitte-Duclos disease or diffuse hypertrophy of the cerebellum are presented. This brings the total number of such cases reported in the literature to 42. Pathologically the disease is characterized by a circumscribed cerebellar lesion consisting of thickening of the cortex with closely packed dysplastic ganglion cells in the granular layer and with large myelinated axons in the molecular layer. Purkinje cells are missing and the central white matter is greatly reduced. The first patient, a man 39 years of age, had, in association to the cerebellar lesion, a megalencephalic brain (2320 g). He had suffered from epilepsy since he was 24-years-old and died with metastasizing colon carcinoma. An electron microscopic study of the cerebellar lesion disclosed perikarya containing large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell processes filled with coated and dense core vesicles. In addition, there were numerous enlarged myelinated axons in the molecular layer. The second patient, a woman 74 years of age, had a small area of diffuse hypertrophy of the left cerebellar hemisphere measuring one centimeter in diameter. Specific symptoms were very scant in the first case and absent in the second one indicating a very slow evolution — if any — of the disease process. The etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. However, the organoid structure of the lesion, the frequent association of megalencephaly and other congenital abnormalities, and the occurrence of familiar cases would favor the disease being basically a developmental disorder.
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  • 28
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 230 (1980), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Clip ; Bleier-Clip ; Tube ; Histologie ; Sterilisation ; Ultrastruktur ; Clip ; Bleier clip ; Fallopian tube ; Histology ; Sterilization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A bilateral salpingectomy was performed at the time of vaginal hysterectomy in a pregnant patient sterilized 20 months earlier by application of Bleier clips to the fallopian tubes. Clip application to the left tube had been incomplete. Undisturbed tissue (left tube) and clipped tissue (right tube) were examined and compared by light and scanning electron microscopy. The segment of tube fully grasped by the clip had a completely detached lining epithelium with coarse and flattened mucosa, a loose stroma, and disorganized muscular bundles. The left tubal mucosa was normal, whereas the right tube was stenosed at the site of clip placement, with rigid walls and a 0.175 mm luminal diameter. With progressively greater stenosis toward the clip site, mucosal destruction increased. Polypoidal mucosal folds were seen, as well as fibrous adhesions between mucosal folds. These observations indicate that tissue damage is extensive enough after clip application to require excision of the damaged segment of tube and microsurgical re-anastomosis for reversal of sterilization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Untersuchungsgut, über welches hier eingehend berichtet wird, stammt von einer 37jährigen Schwangeren (8. Woche), bei welcher 20 Monate zuvor eine Sterilisation mit Bleier-Clips versucht worden war. Es ergab sich eine Indikation zur Hysterektomie mit bilateraler Salpingektomie, was uns erlaubte, die gewebliche Reaktion einer Tube, an der ein Bleier-Clip korrekt saß, mit der an der kontralateralen Tube, über welche die Schwangerschaft eingetreten war, zu vergleichen. Die Präparate wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopisch und anschließend an identischen Stellen desselben Blocks lichtmikroskopisch untersucht („post-scanning histology“). In der voll gefaßten rechten Tube war das luminale Epithel streckenweise von der Unterlage abgehoben, das Faltenrelief der Mucosa distal und proximal der Clipmarke vergröbert oder abgeflacht, das subepitheliale Bindegewebe aufgelockert und die Bündel der Muscularis auseinandergedrängt. Die nur partiell mitgefaßte und daher noch ausreichend durchgängige linke Tube war zwar stenosiert, jedoch abgesehen von Schwangerschaftszeichen ohne markante Veränderung des Epithels. In der durch der korrekt sitzenden Clip verschlossenen rechten Tube verengte sich die Stenose der Clipmarke trichterförmig von proximal wie von distal, ein solider Epithelstrang war lichtmikroskopisch jedoch durchgehend nachzuweisen. Schleimhautmikropolypen und narbige Überbrückungen des Faltenreliefs in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft des korrekt sitzenden Clips veranschaulichen, ebenso wie die narbigen Veränderungen der Tubenwand, daß eine funktionsfähige Wiederherstellung der Tubenkontinenz nach Entfernung eines zur temporären Sterilisierung applizierten Bleier-Clip kaum anders als durch eine mikrochirurgische Reanastomosierung nach Resektion der narbigen Stenose erwartet werden kann.
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  • 29
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 230 (1980), S. 49-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors ; Ultrastructure ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are rare, most of them being endocrinologically active and causing virilization. Their histogenesis and nomenclature are still under discussion. Six such tumors were identified in the Laboratory for Histopathology of the University Women's Hospital, Zürich. The clinical data as well as the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural features of these tumors are analysed and discussed. In an attempt to clarify their histogenesis, the ultrastructural features of these tumors have been compared with those of two granulosa cell tumors as well as with those of a testis in a patient with testicular feminization. Our own results and a study of published data suggest that Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors arise from ovarian stroma. Because of their obvious morphological similarities to testicular structures they should be termed “gonadal stromal tumors of android type”.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial thalamic nucleus ; Cerebellar degenerating boutons ; Ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal degeneration of cerebellar afferents in the ventral medial thalamic nucleus (VM) was studied in cats at the ultrastructural level after uni- or bilateral lesions in the brachium conjunctivum (BC). To achieve discrete lesions within the BC, a new very accurate stereotaxic technique was used. Numerous large terminals belonging to a population of so-called LR boutons were observed degenerating in the VM. The boutons displayed a wide variety of degenerative changes. Some revealed the features of the classical neurofilamentous type of degeneration. Others, although containing a slightly increased number of neurofilaments, featured much more prominently large numbers of coated vesicle shells and heavy accumulations of a flocculent electrondense material. Degeneration in a third group of boutons similar to some extent to the light type of degeneration was characterized by tight clumping of enormously swollen or distorted synaptic vesicles within a light matrix. At later stages, however, all these boutons were believed to become shrunken and electron-dense since intermediate stages between the light- and dark-appearing boutons were observed. The degenerating cerebellar boutons formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts. Groups of 3 or 4 boutons terminated upon dendrites of projection neurons synapsing more frequently on spines than on dendritic stems. The synaptic contacts between cerebellar boutons and the vesicle-containing dendrites of local circuit neurons were encountered as often if not more than the contacts on projection neuron dendrites. Triads consisting of cerebellar boutons and dendrites of both types of neurons were observed very regularly. This synaptic arrangement provides the anatomical basis for the modification of cerebellar input in the VM by interneurons.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cortisol ; Myocardium ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were treated with high cortisol doses for 1 week. The dose administered daily was 15 mg per animal in group 1 (7 animals) and 30 mg in group 2 (7 animals). 7 rats served as control group. After cortisol treatment the body weights decreased due to skeletal muscle catabolism and the heart weights increased. Morphometric analysis of the left ventricular posterior papillary muscles gave evidence that the increased heart weights resulted from an increased number of mitochondria and an increased volume of the cytoplasm, whereas the myofibrillar mass was not affected. The surface area of inner mitochondrial membranes (+cristae mitochondriales) per myofibrillar unit volume increased from 15.7 μ2/μ3 to 21.3 μ2/μ3 in group 1 and 21.4 μ2/μ3 in group 2. Ultrastructural changes indicating myocardial cell damage were absent. Similar quantitative results have been reported to occur in the early phase of cardiac overload. For elucidating the hemodynamic effects of glucocorticoid a second experiment was performed: 7 Wistar rats were treated with cortisol in the same way as group 1, 7 others of the same body weight served as control. The systolic arterial pressure was significantly elevated in the cortisol group. Though myocardial tissue is known to be able to accumulate large quantities of glucocorticoids our results indicate that the application of high cortisol doses for a short time does not produce myocardial cell damage and does not suppress the myocardial adaption to the glucocorticoid-induced hypertension, i.e. hypertrophy. On the contrary, it seems to be possible that the adaption process is itself facilitated or accelerated by the presence of high cortisol concentrations in the heart. This thesis is supported by the considerably higher relative heart weights in the cortisol groups and is in agreement with observations reported by other authors.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Parathyroid carcinoma ; Tumour progession ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of parathyroid carcinoma in a 74-year-old female patient was studied by light and electron microscopy. The malignancy of the parathyroid tumour was confirmed by local recurrence and infiltration of adjacent structures. The tumour was composed of uniform chief cells without mitoses. Ultrastructurally, the cells were characterized by tortuous plasma membranes, numerous secretion granules, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and lack of lipid vacuoles, all indicating hyperactivity, but not malignancy. At death, the autopsy revealed local recurrence of tumour tissue, but no distant metastases. Both light and electron microscopy showed that considerable dedifferentiation of the tumour tissue had occurred. The tumour cells were now characterized by a marked nuclear pleomorphism and a coarse clumping of the chromatin. The presence of secretion granules alone suggested a parathyroid origin. Thus, at death there was unequivocal histological evidence of a carcinoma, whereas no such diagnosis could be made from the early biopsy. The clinical course alone indicated the malignant nature of the lesion.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Prolactin ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifteen cases of pituitary adenoma, 14 of which were associated with hyperprolactinemia, were studied by observation and granule morphometry of electron micrographs, immunohistochemistry and sequential observation of in vitro release with regard to hormone production, storage and secretion. Adenoma cells of 6 cases with marked elevation of plasma prolactin were sparsely granulated, showed characteristic ultrastrucures including the presence of small secretory granules, well developed Golgi and rough membranes, misplaced exocytosis, and positive or negative immunostaining for prolactin. These adenomas also showed vigorous release of the hormone into the circulation and/or culture medium. In vitro studies showed that negative immunostaining of adenoma cells did not preclude the production and secretion of the hormone. One densely granulated adenoma containing cells with numerous lactotroph type granules showed moderate release of prolactin into the circulation. In an acromegalic case associated with both high plasma growth hormone and prolactin, some cells were shown by immunohistochemistry to store both hormones. There were 4 adenomas which could not be shown to produce, store and secrete prolactin by any method available.
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  • 34
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    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Ultrastructure ; Hypophysectomy ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were partially hypophysectomized and sacrificed at intervals of from 2 days to 1 year following the operation. The resected material was examined under the light microscope and the residual pituitary under the light and electron microscope. Neither regeneration nor an anatomical restoration of the adenohypophysis occurred even one year after partial hypophysectomy. An increased number of small chromophobe stem cells and juvenile chromophil cells were found in the residual pituitary. The amount of mitoses were not significantly increased. The ACTH, FSH and prolactin producing cells demonstrated electron microscopically distinct changes which were interpreted as signs of intensified activity. This can be seen as a “functional regeneration” to maintain vital pituitary function for the organism.
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  • 35
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    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 353-369 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Granulosa cell tumors ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of three granulosa cell tumors are presented. The neoplastic non-luteinized granulosa cells are characterized at sub-microscopical level by severely indented nuclei with prominent nucleoli, sparse to moderately developed predominantly granular endoplasmic reticulum, scanty lipids and lysosomes, small mitochondria with lamellar cristae and abundant intracytoplasmic filamentous material. The luteinized cells display a strongly developed tubular agranular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae. These findings are compared with those of previous reports and discussed in relation to the well-known hormonal activity of these tumors.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Eosinophilic granuloma ; Frontal lobe ; Histiocytosis-X ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical symptoms, pathological findings and surgical treatment of a case of primary frontal lobe eosinophilic granuloma are presented. Initially a frontal mass was detected that clinically seemed like a low-growth tumor. After operation, the histological, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies showed positive acid phosphatase, α-naftil-esterase, oil-red and PAS reactions of tumoral cells and the presence of rod-shaped bodies in proliferative histiocytes, all which confirmed the pathological diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma. Other osseous or visceral histiocytosis-X signs were not observed. The patient remains asymptomatic after a postoperative follow-up of 2 years.
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  • 37
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Soft tissue sarcoma ; Myofibroblasts ; Ultrastructure ; Host response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of 129 soft tissue sarcomas was examined ultrastructurally to determine in which neoplasms and to what extent myofibroblasts could be demonstrated. Twenty cases of fibromatosis and fasciitis served as controls. Myofibroblasts were identified in all 30 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and all 4 cases of well-differentiated sclerosing liposarcoma. Though most numerous in areas of desmoplasia, in no instance did myofibroblasts constitute the dominant cellular constituent of either neoplasm. Myofibroblasts were identified with lesser frequency and in smaller numbers in fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma and neuroblastoma. None were observed in a wide assortment of diverse sarcomas in which desmoplasia was not a feature. In comparison each lesion judged by light microscopy to represent either fibromatosis or fasciitis was composed principally of myofibroblasts. The demonstration of abundant myofibroblasts within a soft tissue lesion which has been subjected to wide sampling strongly suggests a benign proliferative process as opposed to a malignant neoplasm. It is hypothesized that myofibroblasts observed within collagenized regions of soft tissue sarcomas may constitute an expression of host response to neoplasia.
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  • 38
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chondrosarcoma ; Clear-cell chondrosarcoma ; Glucosaminoglycans ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two cases of clear-cell chondrosarcoma located in the upper end of the right femur of men aged 30 and 40 years are reported. The roentgenologic appearances suggested a chondroblastoma. Both patients are alive, one and four years after surgical removal of the tumor. Glucosaminoglycans were studied with cationic dyes at different pH, with and without pretreatment with testicular hyaluronidase, and with the Scott technique at the light-microscopic level. Ultrastructurally, the glucosaminoglycans were studied with the high iron diamine and dialyzed iron techniques and glycogen with the PATCH-method. Light-microscopically, the tumors were characterized by clear vacuolated cells with distinct cytoplasm boundaries and scattered multinucleated giant cells of osteoclast type. Histochemical studies at the light-microscopic level indicate the presence of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate but no keratosulphate. Ultrastructurally, the predominant clear-cells showed features characteristic for chondroblasts. The cytoplasm showed areas lacking organelles and containing a low-density, finely granular matrix. These areas are considered to correspond to the clear cytoplasmic vacuoles seen under the light microscope. Most of the organelles were seen in the perinuclear region. The irregular tumor cells formed delicate protruding cytoplasmic extensions, which delineated intercellular spaces appearing as vacuoles under the light microscope. The benign multinucleated giant cells had an ultrastructural appearance typical of osteoclasts. Histochemical analysis at the electron-microscopic level showed the presence of sulphated glucosaminoglycans in the intercellular matrix and in association with the cytoplasmic membrane. Glycogen and non-sulphated acid glucosaminoglycans were found within the cytoplasm of the clear-cells.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome of Finnish type ; Histochemical ; Placentomegaly ; Trophoblast basement membrane alteration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the morphological aspects of a thirty-six week gestational age placenta in the Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome of Finnish type. The study, conducted with histological, histochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural methods, demonstrates the presence of primary disorders of placentation consisting of persistent embryonic villi, arrested ramification and chorionangiomatosis. The villous development is compatible with the first-second trimester of pregnancy. Vasculo-syncytial membranes are quantitatively increased. Histochemical findings document placental immaturity further: Perls' reaction was positive for the trophoblast basement membrane (this is normally not observed beyond the second trimester), Alcian Blue positivity at pH 1 was also evident and was observed in three month gestational age placentae and in controls. Periodic Acid Silver Methenamine and Thioaldehyde Fuchsin documented abnormal thickenings of the trophoblast basement membrane. Electron microscopic observation reveals that the trophoblast basement membrane is thickened. Osmiophilic bodies are distributed throughout the trophoblast basement membrane and also within the basement membrane like material. Abundant microfibrils are present in the villous stroma. Lamination of basement membrane like material is observed in a subendothelial position. On the basis of their findings and in conjunction with the data in the literature regarding biochemical alterations of renal glomerular basement membranes in Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Finnish type, the Authors suggest that a primitive membranopathy forms the basis for this pathological condition.
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  • 40
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 59-77 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Myocardium ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were fed with ethanol for 33 weeks. Ethanol was administered in a liquid diet containing 33% of the calories as ethanol. In the control group ethanol was isocalorically replaced by glucose. Light and electron microscopic investigation of the hearts did not indicate significant structural abnormalities, in contrast to the results of some other groups. Nevertheless, morphometric analysis revealed considerable quantitative changes. The number of mitochondria was remarkably reduced and the volume of an average single mitochondrion nearly doubled, whereas the volume fractions of mitochondria and myofibrils were unaltered. The analysis of the mitochondrial subcompartments indicated a slight decrease of the surface area of inner mitochondrial membranes per unit volume of mitochondria and a slight increase of the volume fraction of the mitochondrial matrix space. Myocardial cell hypertrophy or atrophy were not observed. We believe that the mitochondrial changes are the expression of an impaired biogenesis of these organelles. The increased number of capillaries in the ethanol-fed group is possibly caused by functional ethanol effects which may be partly similar to effects of chronic hypoxia. Ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced damage of heart mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
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  • 41
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 103-117 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gonadal dysgenesis ; H-Y antigen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gonads of 4 phenotypically female individuals with XY chromosomal constitution and signs of virilisation were examined by light microscopy. Electron microscopic examination was also performed in two cases. Serological analysis of H-Y antigen titer yielded positive results. The matrix of the gonads is shown to be ovarian stroma, in which tubular and follicular structures are embedded. The epithelia of the follicles resemble granulosa cells of the ovary, the tubular epithelia are resemble Sertoli cells. Tubules and follicles both show extensive regressive changes. A varying number of Leyding cells/stroma lutein cells were found in each gonad. The different degree of development of testicular and ovarian structures in the dysgenetic gonads might be explained by a defect of the gonadal specific receptor for the H-Y antigen, this defect varying in time of occurrence, duration and severity.
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  • 42
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 287-305 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myeloproliferative disease ; Osteomyelofibrosis ; Bone marrow biopsy ; Blast crisis ; Ultrastructure ; Basophilic leukaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and morphological findings are presented in two patients suffering from myelofibrosis and osteomyelosclerosis which terminated in an acute blastic crisis. Clinical follow-up data and light microscopy of the bone marrow however, revealed a chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) with progression into myelofibrosis during the course of disease. In one patient the blastic transformation involved predominantly basophils, and in the other, neutrophils, with an accompanying abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in both cases. Electron microscopy of this cell population demonstrated remarkable atypicalities of the neutrophilic, basophilic and megakaryocytic cell lines. These abnormalities consisted of a nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony and a partial arrest of maturation, sometimes resulting in bizarre cell forms. Our investigations support the hypothesis of a mixed cellularity type of myelosis with a gradual and insiduous progression into osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis and a potential blastic crisis. In the evolution of blastic crisis all cell lines may be transformed, but with predominance of one population — basophils and neutrophils in our two cases — in addition to atypicalities of megakaryocytes.
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  • 43
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    Virchows Archiv 385 (1980), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hodgkin's disease ; Myofibroblasts ; Ultrastructure ; Nodular sclerosis ; Host response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease involving lymph nodes were studied by electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructural composition of the nodule-stromal interphase and the collagenized regions. In addition to a few lymphocytes, rare eosinophils and neutrophils, abundant filamentous and granular electron dense material, collagen fibers and myofibroblasts were observed in all instances. Since myofibroblasts possess contractile and synthetic properties, it is likely they contribute to the retraction and sclerosis which together represent one of the morphologic hallmarks of the disease. The dense fibrosis and contractile state of such tissue may constitute a beneficial host response to contain and limit local and vascular invasion by the neoplastic cellular population, thus contributing to the relative benignity of this form of Hodgkin's disease.
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  • 44
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    Anatomy and embryology 158 (1980), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta (human) ; Villous stroma ; Intercellular junctions ; Endothelium ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions within the villous stroma and the cytotrophoblastic layer of the human full term placenta were investigated using thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing. Numerous maculae adherentes (desmosomes) were found between the cytotrophoblast cells and the syncytiotrophoblast. This junction type was also seen connecting adjacent cytotrophoblast cells. Large gap junctions were frequently observed in contact areas of perikarya or at processes of adjacent fibroblasts. They often exhibited a peculiar pattern of their particles on the P-face of the membrane. Small rows of junctional particles were found on the P-faces of interconnected smooth muscle cells and gap junctions frequently bridged myoendothelial and interendothelial contact zones. The significance of the junctional complexes is discussed in relation to functional systems within the villous stroma of the human full term placenta.
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  • 45
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    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Macrophage ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry ; Acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular content of the endoneurium in peripheral nerves of normal adult rats was studied. Endoneurial cells with high light-microscopical activity of acid phosphatase were usually located close to blood vessels or near the perineurium. Cells with the ultrastructural appearance of macrophages showed the same distribution and accounted for 2–4% of the endoneurial cell nuclei profiles. These cells rapidly endocytosed carbon particles after endoneurial administration of colloidal carbon in vitro.
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  • 46
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    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Glial cells ; Portocaval anastomosis ; Ultrastructure ; Corpus striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes was investigated in rats 10 days, 30 days, and 10 weeks after portocaval anastomosis (PCA). Cell and nuclear sizes were measured by planimetry on randomly sampled cells magnified×24,000. The volume fractions of mitochondria, glia fibrils, and lipofuscin granules were measured in astrocytes by electronic image analysis. The mitochondrial profile area distribution and oligodendrocyte mitochondrial content were likewise estimated. All PCA animals had an increased astrocyte cell and cytoplasmic area, and after correction for cytoplasmic edema all groups had an enhanced mitochondrial fraction and mitochondrial number. The mitochondrial sizes were increased in all PCA groups. The mitochondrial profile area distribution curves did not suggest more than one group of mitochondria. All PCA groups had increased fractions of lipofuscin granules and glia fibrils. The oligodendrocytes had a slight fall in cell, nuclear, and cytoplasmic area after 30 days of shunting, and the mitochondrial fraction was diminished. After 10 weeks of PCA, all changes were reversed to normal values. It is concluded that the astrocytes are the active cells in the brain metabolism of ammonium. The oligodendrocytes seem to be dependent on neuronal integrity and do not contribute to the brain ammonium metabolism. The increase in astrocyte lipofuscin granules content may be explained by a beginning neuronal loss.
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  • 47
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    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; Catalase ; d-amino-acid oxidase ; Glial tumors ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphologically and cytochemically defined peroxisomes (microbodies) were demonstrated in a series of 11 human glial tumors. The cytochemical methods used were the diaminobenzidine method for catalase and a tetrazolium salt-phenozine methosulfate method ford-amino-acid oxidase. Ultrastructurally, the peroxisomes were found as single membrane limited organelles with a granular matrix. Marginal plates as well as continuities with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum could be demonstrated. Peroxisomes were found most abundantly in subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, to a lesser number in astrocytomas and least abundantly in glioblastomas.
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  • 48
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    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 157-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurons ; Thalamus ; Inclusions ; Ultrastructure ; Myotonic dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracytoplasmic cosinophilic inclusions were found by light microscopy in the thalamic neurons of 35 consecutive normal adult brains and in a case of myotonic dystrophy, but not in six newborn children, including one with myotonic dystrophy. Histochemical tests suggested a protein composition. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were composed of stacks of parallel alternating dark and light rectilinear profiles not surrounded by a limiting membrane. Such inclusions are a virtually constant finding in the adult human thalamus and probably represent sites of neuronal protein storage.
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  • 49
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    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lamellar bodies ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Purkinje neurons ; Adenohypophysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lamellar bodies are stacks of parallel cisternae of approximately regular spacing derived from ergastoplasm. Their occurrence was studied in various nervous and epithelial cells of different animal species in both normal and diseased subjects. This organelle appears to be, at least for some cell types, a normal cytoplasmic feature. The number of lamellar bodies increases in some pathologic conditions and when the cell metabolism is elevated.
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  • 50
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral neuroblastoma ; Desmoplastic variant ; Dense core vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A desmoplastic primary cerebral neuroblastoma originating in the frontal lobe of a boy who died at the age of 6 years contained dense core vesicles within the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells as evidence of neuronal differentiation. Sarcomatous transformation had occurred at the time of recurrence. At autopsy, he also had cerebrospinal and extraneural metastases.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Senescence ; 65 to 89-year-old people ; Histopathology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsies for histochemical and ultrastructural studies were taken from the M. vastus lateralis of 45 healthy sedentary men and women aged 65–89 years. With increasing age the histochemical reactions reveal changes in the fibre type distribution characterized by a decrease in the percentage and predominant atrophy of type II fibres. The most frequent changes in the oldest subjects are: targetoid fibres, type I fibre predominance, and type grouping phenomena; expressions of denervation. Myopathic alterations are observed unusually. Electron microscopic findings are characterized by myofibrillar disorder, streaming of Z line and rod formation, and dilatation and increase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. As the age increases, the fibres become richer in intracellular lipid droplets and lysosomes. Intramuscular microcirculatory alterations, consisting of arteriolosclerotic changes and increase in width of the capillary basement membrane, are also observed and discussed.
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  • 52
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    Anatomy and embryology 160 (1980), S. 11-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sertoli cells ; Rat ; Fetal and postnatal life ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells have various functions: mechanical (creation of two compartments in the seminiferous tubules, migration of germinal cells), secretory (secretion of anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin, androgen-binding-protein and estrogen) and phagocytic. We report an ultrastructural study of the rat Sertoli cell during maturation and consider possible correlations between the acquisition of certain morphological characteristics and certain functions. During fetal life, the Sertoli cell possesses differentiated zones of junction with the gonocytes and seems to have a role in the migration of the gonocytes towards the periphery of the seminiferous tubule. The Sertoli cell performs the phagocytosis of the gonocytes which degenerate during their migration, and seems to be the site of production of protein granules, whose presence can be related to the synthesis of anti-Müllerian hormone. After birth and before puberty, when the inclusions resembling secretory granules disappear, the Sertoli cell membranes in contact with spermatocytes II and spermatids differentiate, forming, through the differentiated junctional complexes, two compartments (adluminal and luminal) in the seminiferous tubules. Finally, they acquire the characteristics of active secretory cells, capable, in particular, of steroid synthesis.
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  • 53
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    Anatomy and embryology 160 (1980), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Adenohypophyseal rudiment ; Follicular cells ; Ultrastructure ; Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelial rudiment of 4 day-old quail embryo adenohypophysis, cultivated in vitro under conditions allowing glandular differentiation, displays peripheral cells that progressively acquire follicular cell features. They elongate, develop numerous microvilli, junctional complexes, interlocking membranes and bundles of microfilaments. These follicular-like cells derive from peripheral epithelial cells that, in situ, become glandular. These results show that follicular cells can develop from undifferentiated cells. They undergo this pathway of development, in all likelihood, as a result of perturbations in their microenvironment.
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  • 54
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    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Megakaryocyte ; Bone marrow ; Steel mice ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of steel mutant mice (Sl/Sld) and their normal littermates (+/+) were studied by light and electron microscopy with special emphasis on their maturity and distribution in the hematopoietic cords. A higher percentage of megakaryocytes lying against the sinus wall, a higher percentage of the sinus perimeter covered by megakaryocytes and a higher percentage of large megakaryocytes were found in Sl/Sld mice than in +/+ mice. In addition, more large megakaryocytes as well as senile megakaryocytes were observed in the spleen of Sl/Sld mice than in that of +/+ mice. These observations suggest that more platelets are produced in Sl/Sld mice than in +/+ mice on the basis of per unit area of the marrow tissue. Heretofore, the fate of the senile megakaryocytes in the marrow was not known. However, in Sl/Sld mice senile megakaryocytes were often found entering the marrow sinuses from the hematopoietic cords. They were also seen in the lung and the spleen where degradation of senile megakaryocytes was observed. These observations suggest that senile megakaryocytes in Sl/Sld mice leave the marrow and are removed by the reticuloendothelial system outside the marrow.
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  • 55
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    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 289-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta (rat) ; Development ; Intercellular junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of chorionic layers II and III and alterations of intercellular junctions within the developing placental labyrinth were investigated in rats. Between the 14th and 16th day of gestation, the trabecular structures of the labyrinth alter and increasing numbers of primary, secondary, and tertiary lamellae develop. Trophoblastic layer I remains multicellular. Layer III rearranges and cytoplasmic fusions result in a continuous cytoplasmic barrier intervening between the already syncytial trophoblastic layer II and fetal capillaries. Simultaneously, most of the “undifferentiated” cells within the labyrinth disappear. Thin sectioning anf freeze-fracturing reveal multiple images of intercellular junctions, particularly gap and tight junctions in the cellular and syncytial parts of layers II and III. Continuous and regularly arranged tight junctions occur as well as fragmented structures which are spaced irregularly. Gap junctions are occasionally found between the juxtasinusoidal regions of layers II and III on the 14th day. More often they occur within restricted areas near the center of the trabeculae, integrated within extensive tight junctional strands. Gap junctions increase in later stages of pregnancy and eventually become distributed between the interfaces of layers II and III in the primary lamellae.
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  • 56
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Allergic contact dermatitis ; Epidermal cell changes ; Ultrastructure ; Allergische Kontaktdermatitis ; epidermale Zellveränderungen ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühe epidermale Veränderungen bei allergischer Kontaktdermatitis wurden im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Gesunde freiwillige Testpersonen wurden mit DNCB sensibilisiert und in der Folge Kontaktreaktionen hervorgerufen. Epidermale Zellveränderungen nach 3 h waren unter anderem: Auftreten kleiner Vakuolen mit oder ohne Membran, stellenweise Erweiterung des Intercellularraums und eine Veränderung des Tonofilaments in kurze, gehäufte Bündel. Nicht sensibilisierte Haut, auf die DNCB appliziert wurde, zeigte auch kleine Vacuolen mit oder ohne Membran. Monocyten drangen in den Intercellularraum ein, der nicht ausgedehnt wurde. Die benachbarten Tonofilamente der Keratinocyten blieben normal.
    Notes: Summary Early epidermal lesions of allergic contact dermatitis were examined by electron microscopy. Normal human volunteers were sensitized to DNCB, and contact reactions were elicited sequentially. Epidermal cell changes at 3 h included: the occurrence of small vacuoles with or without membrane, focal dilatation of intercellular spaces, and the alteration of tonofilaments into short, aggregated bundles. Non-sensitized skin to which DNCB was applied also showed small vacuoles with or without membrane. Monocytes infiltrated into the intercellular spaces which were not dilated, and the neighboring tonofilaments of keratinocytes remained normal.
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 283-290 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Allergic contact dermatitis ; Infiltrating cells ; Monocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Allergische Kontaktdermatitis ; Infiltratzellen ; Monocyten ; Lymphocyten ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Art und Feinstruktur mononuklearer Zellen, die bei allergischer Kontaktdermatitis nach ungefähr 6 h in der Epidermis auftreten, wurden im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es handelte sich um Monocyten und Lymphocyten, die in ungefähr gleicher Zahl auftraten. Die Ultrastruktur der Monocyten war die gleiche wie die normaler Monocyten im Blut. Offenbar in aktiver Bewegung, erweitern sie die intercellulären Verbindungen der Keratinocyten. Die Lymphocyten zeigten einen runden oder ovalen Kern mit einigem elektronendichten Cytoplasma, das Ribosomen und Polysomen enthielt, aber nur fallweise Mitochondrien und Golgi-Komplexe.
    Notes: Summary The kind and fine structure of mononuclear cells appearing in the epidermis at about 6 h of allergic contact dermatitis were examined by electron microscopy. They were monocytes and lymphocytes, the number being about equal. The ultrastructure of monocytes was that described for normal ones in blood, and apparently actively moving, streching the intercellular connections of the keratinocytes. Lymphocytes displayed a round or oval nucleus with some electron-dense cytoplasm which contained ribosomes and polysomes but only occasional mitochondria and Golgi complexes.
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    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human pituitary adenomas ; Tissue culture ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary adenomas of 120 patients were investigated in tissue and in cell cultures. Under different conditions of culture, the biopsies revealed different rates of growth. In tissue cultures 66% of the samples could be propagated while tumour specimens explanted in cell suspensions proliferated in 80% of the cases. Attempts to establish subcultures were also more successful when specimens were put into cell cultures primarily. Further differences of growth characteristics were observed in connection with the histological types of the parent tissues. According to the old terminology cells of mixed type adenomas had the longest life-span both in tissue and in cell cultures. Considering the proliferative activity, this type of tumour could be most frequently subcultured. Concerning the relationship of different cell components of the biopsies it was proven that survival and proliferation of adenoma cells may occur without fibroblasts. The appearance of fibroblast-like cells in older cultures is a morphological manifestation of the senescence of the specific cell types. Qualitative features of cultured adenoma cells showed that on the basis of cytomorphological properties “chromophobe” samples could be separated from the other types. Cells of acidophil and mixed type growths had the capacity of developing in vitro various migratory shapes, while “chromophobe” cells did not possess this ability. The histological diagnoses made independently from cultures confirmed the tissue culture findings. Differences of in vitro characteristics correlated also with the ultrastructural features of the cultured adenoma cells.
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  • 59
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    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurons ; Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of the cerebral cortex and spinal anterior horns disclosed periodically repeating processes located in the envelope space or in the intracristal space of neuronal mitochondria. The alteration was observed in postmortem cases in which fixation was delayed either voluntarity or involuntarily, but was not present in postmortem or surgical specimens in which fixation was prompt. The change is interpreted as an artifact due to delayed fixation.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aging ; Hypertension ; Blood-brain barrier ; Ultrastructure ; Blood vessels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates that markedly different patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure and body weight occur among normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, a variety of age-related structural alterations occurred in the walls of arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the frontal cortex. These changes include: (1) an increase in the thickness of the vascular wall by deposits of collagen and basal lamina which, in some cases, extended into the surrounding neuropil; (2) the presence of a flocculent material in the adventitia of intracerebral arterioles; (3) vesicular inclusions in perivascular macrophages, pericytes and smooth muscle cells which were labelled with i.v. administered horseradish peroxidase (HRP); (4) fragmentation of smooth muscle cells; and (5) accumulation of lipofuscin-like pigments in perivascular glial processes. The hypertensive rats exhibited these changes, but they were more advanced and more widely distributed throughout the cerebral cortex. The aged hypertensive rats occasionally had large bundles of 10 nm diameter, intermediate filaments in the endothelial cells. Whereas no change in blood-brain barrier permeability to HRP was observed in the aged normotensive rats, all age groups of the hypertensive rats exhibited increased permeability to HRP in the initial segment of penetrating arterioles in laminae I and II of the cerebral cortex.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
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  • 62
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
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  • 64
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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  • 65
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    European journal of pediatrics 134 (1980), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Achondrogenesis type I ; Ultrastructure ; Chondrocytes ; Cytoplasmic inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The light- and electron-microscopic structure of articular and costal cartilage in a case of achondrogenesis type I has been described. The most characteristic ultrastructural change in the chondrocytes was conspicuous dilatation of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum (RER) which contained amorphous electronopaque material. This change in the RER was accompanied by marked hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus; the matrix was basically unchanged.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Ageing ; Pentachlorophenol ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Altersabhängige Unterschiede im Reaktionsverhalten der Leber bei männlichen Wistarratten nach intraperitonealer Applikation von 30 mg technischem Pentachlorphenol (PCP) pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht über 15 Tage wurden feinstrukturell-morphometrisch ausgewertet. Neben einer altersabhängigen Erhöhung des relativen Lebergewichts und einer Abnahme des Körpergewichts konnten umfangreiche Alterationen an den Hepatocytenzellkernen und Zellorganellen festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse belegen, da β PCP neben Veränderungen an den Mitochondrien und Microbodies eine Proliferation der Membranen des glatten ER und eine Verminderung von Membranen des rauhen ER hervorruft.
    Notes: Abstract Age-dependent effects of technical pentachlorophenol (PCP) on male rat livers were investigated after a 15 day treatment with PCP, 30 mg/kg/d body weight. The liver tissues were investigated morphometrically at light and electron microscopical levels. Statistically significant alterations of nuclei and organelles of the hepatocytes were described.
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  • 67
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    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 501-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus, klinische und klinisch-chemische Befunde ; Akuter Hyperparathyreoidismus ; Ultrastruktur ; Hypercalciämie ; Parathormonspiegel ; Primary hyperparathyroidism, clinical and laboratory findings ; Acute hyperparathyroidism ; Ultrastructure ; Hypercalcemia ; Parathormone, blood level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a series of 6 patients out of 47 cases with extrarenal hyperparathyroidism we investigated the clinical, laboratory and ultrastructural peculiarities of acute hyperparathyroidism. It was found that there are characteristic differences between both entities which, however, are fluid. Clinically more severe were neuromuscular psychiatric and mental signs. In the laboratory parameters PTH determined by radio-immunoassay and calcium were higher whereas hemoglobin was lower. The weights of the adenomas did not differ in both groups and this was also true for light microscopy findings. Electron microscopy revealed accelerated hormone extrusion and autodigestion of retrieved membrane material in the cases of acute hyperparathyroidism similar to characteristics of parathyroid cells stimulated by hypocalcemia in tissue culture.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 6 Kranken mit akutem Hyperparathyreoidismus werden klinische Befunde, Labordaten und Besonderheiten in der Ultrastruktur der Nebenschilddrüsen den Daten von 47 Kranken mit extrarenalen Hyperparathyreoidismus gegenübergestellt. Typische Unterschiede konnten aufgezeigt werden, die Übergänge sind aber fließend. Beim klinischen Verlauf waren neuromuskuläre Zeichen, psychiatrische und Störungen des Bewußtseins deutlicher in der ersten Gruppe. Beim Vergleich der Labordaten war radioimmunchemisches Parathormon höher in der akuten Gruppe und das Hämoglobin niedriger. Das Gewicht der Adenome und die lichtmikroskopischen Befunde waren nicht unterschiedlich in beiden Gruppen. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Studien des Adenomgewebes zeigten eine erhöhte Hormonausschüttung mit einer deutlichen Beschleunigung der Autodigestion von Membranmaterial. Diese Veränderungen entsprechen etwa denen, wie sie an Nebenschilddrüsengewebe in der Gewebekultur nach Stimulation durch Hypocalciämie gefunden werden.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
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  • 70
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 307-324 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Polycythemia vera ; Secondary polycythemia ; Histopathology ; Ultrastructure ; Cytogenetics ; Bone marrow biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and morphological studies including light microscopy, electron microscopy and karyotyping of the bone marrow, were performed on a total of 164 patients with polycythemic conditions. A final diagnosis was obtained from clinical findings and histopathology of plastic embedded core biopsies of the bone marrow including sequential examinations. 51 patients revealed a secondary polycythemia whereas 113 displayed polycythemia vera (P. vera). In this last group 83 cases have persisting P. vera. 30 showed a transgression towards chronic myeloid leukemia with or without accompanying myelofibrosis — osteomyelosclerosis (so called chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis — CMGM). The histopathology of the bone marrow in P. vera revealed consistent alterations which are useful in distinguishing this disorder from secondary polycythemia (SP) and CMGM: depletion of iron storage, increased neutrophilic granulopoiesis but no gross atypia in maturation, polymorphism of megakaryocytes with conspicuous giant forms and dilatation and increased branchings of venous sinusoids. Electron microscopic findings were in agreement and showed further abnormalities of cytological maturation in the erythrocytic and granulocytic lineage. Cytogenetic studies in 27 non-treated patients with P. vera revealed the Philadelphia chromosomes in 2 cases, whereas in SP only minor chromosomal anomalies have been encountered in a few patients. It is concluded that histopathology of trephine biopsies of the bone marrow is an invaluable aid to establish a correct diagnosis, differentiating P. vera from the other potentially polycythemic disorders and helping to detect a possible progression towards leukemia at an early stage. Cytogenetic investigations may show early structural and numerical abnormalities of the karyotype and possibly precede a presumptive transgression towards myeloid leukemia (CMGM). A simultaneously performed histological and chromosomal examination of bone marrow samples is therefore desirable in each case of a polycythemic condition.
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  • 71
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    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 325-341 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Polycythemia vera ; Myeloid leukemia ; Histopathology ; Ultrastructure ; Cytogenetics ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Of 113 Patients with polycythemia vera (P. vera) who had been followed for the last 8 years, 30 cases (27%) developed myeloid leukemia with fibrosis of the bone marrow. Core biopsies of the bone marrow including sequential examinations in several cases revealed neoplastic proliferation of neutrophil granulopoiesis and an atypical megakaryopoiesis with accompanying fibrosis of varying degrees. These alterations were consistent with a subtype of chronic myeloid leukemia — the so called chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) — and correspond to (agnogenic) myeloid metaplasia with osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis. 5 of those 30 patients showed spontaneous transgression into myeloid leukemia, none of them had received any ionizing radiation or cytostatic therapy. A blast crisis or so called acute leukemia in P. vera was seen only in one patient who was treated by an overdose of radioactive phosphorus and later evolved into osteomyelosclerosis with blastic transformation. These findings of a chronic leukemia or CMGM arising from P. vera was further confirmed by atypia of ultrastructure and particularly by our cytogenetic evaluation. Chromosomal studies showed a Ph′-chromosome to be present in 5 of 8 patients with CMGM and myelofibrosis. Clinical and statistical evaluation of survival times showed a median survival expectation of all P. vera patients of 15 years. Life expectancy of the patients who still displayed P. vera was more favorable than those cases with transformation into CMGM, disregarding any therapy. Transformation of P. vera into CMGM occurred about 8 years after the onset of disease and following transgression into leukemia, half of these patients were dead after 2.5 years. Our results demonstrate that P. vera represents a “panmyelosis” with an inherent malignant nature, or a neoplastic proliferation of all three cell lines. This concept is supported by several facts: atypia of cytological differentiation as observed by light- and electron microscopy of the bone marrow, chromosomal anomalies with aneuploidy and an infrequent Ph'-marker, spontaneous transgression into chronic myeloid leukemia or its subtype CMGM without relevant therapy and a clonal evolution as shown by enzymatic studies reported in the literature.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral eyes ; Scorpion ; Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Arhabdomeric cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dioptric apparatus of the lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus austrails, consists of a cuticular lens, but lacks a vitreous body. The retina is formed by (1) retinula cells displaying a contiguous network of rhabdoms; (2) arhabdomeric cells bearing a distal dendrite that contacts retinula cells via numerous projections and ends before the rhabdomere of the retinula cells; (3) pigment cells that ensheath retinula and arhabdomeric cells with the exception of the contact regions; and (4) neurosecretory fibres possibly originating in the supraesophageal ganglion. The ratio of the number of retinula to arhabdomeric cells is determined to be close to 2 ∶ 1 in the three larger anterolateral eyes, in contrast to the median eyes where the ratio is 5 ∶ 1. The construction of the dioptric apparatus as well as the anatomy of the retina imply that in the lateral eyes of Androctonus australis visual acuity is reduced. A certain degree of spatial discrimination, however, may be retained by the presence of a relatively high number of arhabdomeric cells. It is suggested that the lateral eyes of A. australis mainly function as light detectors, e.g., for Zeitgeber stimuli.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sense organs ; Compound eyes ; Interfacetal mechanoreceptor ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the compound eyes of adult Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst was examined by use of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Each ommatidium of these photopic eyes is eucone and has a “subcorneal layer” situated between the corneal lens and crystalline cone. A distal rhabdomere consisting only of microvilli from retinula cell seven, a more proximal, rectangular, fused rhabdom formed from six retinula cells, and a basal, eighth retinula cell with a spherical rhabdomere comprise the light sensitive portions of the ommatidium. The “subcorneal layer” consists of lamellae of endocuticular microfibrils and, in surface view, shows 11 concave polygons. Proximal extensions of the crystalline thread form inter-retinular fibres containing microtubules between retinula cells 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/1. The primary pigment cells are devoid of pigment granules, but are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proximal to each retinula cell nucleus are two basal bodies, one perpendicular to the other. The more proximal basal body extends two fibrillar feet proximally which fuse to form a horizontally-banded ciliary rootlet extending the length of the retinula peripheral to the rhabdom. Each ommatidium is surrounded by 16 secondary pigment cells. Interfacetal mechanoreceptors between some adjacent lenses each have a single bipolar neuron, with a dendritic sheath, tubular body, cilium, outer and inner sheath cells, and an axon surrounded by a neurilemma sheath cell.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Thyroid (rat)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin cells are relatively numerous in the thyroid gland of the rat. In contrast, somatostatin cells are very scarce except at the time of birth and a few days thereafter, when they are conspicuously numerous. Somatostatin cells of the thyroid gland, which are ultrastructurally similar to somatostatin cells in gut and pancreas, also contain immunoreactive calcitonin. It is not clear whether somatostatin cells in the rat thyroid gland produce calcitonin or accumulate calcitonin from the environment.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 241-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulogenesis ; Glomerular capillaries ; Kidney development ; Corrosion casts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kidneys of 2 to 10 day-old rats of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were fixed with glutaraldehyde by retrograde vascular perfusion and then prepared for observation in TEM and SEM. In addition methacrylate casts of differentiating glomerular capillaries were examined by SEM. Although the glomerular vascular pattern differs from one glomerulus to another, its differentiation proceeds according to the following general plan. First the glomerular capillary splits longitudinally, finally to form 3 to 5 lobules consisting of a capillary network, sustained centrally by the mesangium. In the present study the differentiation of glomerular capillaries is described in five successive arbitrarily selected stages. At Stage I a capillary loop penetrates between the lower limb and the middle segment of the S-shaped body, the rudimentary nephron. At Stage II the capillary undergoes a first subdivision, establishing the primitive lobulation of the glomerulus. At Stage III the vascular and urinary poles differentiate. At Stage IV the glomerulus assumes the aspect of a spherical body, and the capillaries in each lobule undergo subdivision. In Stage V the glomerular vascular pattern approaches its adult appearance, although the maturation processes continue for an extended period of time. Hence in the 10 day-old rat the best-differentiated glomeruli are half the size of adult glomeruli, and their capillary loops are proportionally less well-developed. The capillaries of adjacent lobules may communicate with each other, but a direct vascular shunt between the afferent and efferent vessels cannot be demonstrated.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stannius bodies ; Secretory cell types ; Teleosts (Fundulus, Carassius) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Stannius bodies of killifish and goldfish were ultrastructurally investigated after exposure of the fish to media of different osmolality and calcium content. In both species two structurally different secretory cell types are found. Type-1 cells predominate. They contain an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, some large Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter of about 0.4 μm. These cells are activated by transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, but not by transfer to low-calcium seawater. Type-2 cells often contain cytoplasmic processes that penetrate between the type-1 cells and are ending on the basal lamina. In this contact area granule release takes place. Type-2 cells contain some strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum, several small Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter between 0.15 and 0.20 μm. Type-2 cells are not activated after transfer of fish to seawater. In killifish seawater exposure leads to a reduction of type-2 cells. The differences between the reactions of both cell types to different media point to functional differences between their secretory products. Type-1 cells may produce a hypocalcemic factor. It is concluded that type-2 cells are typical for freshwater fish or euryhaline fish spending part of their life cycle in freshwater. The proper function of these cells is unclear.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (Mammalia) ; Erythropoiesis ; Macrocytes ; Anaemia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of wild young and adult bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was examined by histological methods for the presence of developing erythroid cells. Nucleated erythroid cells were observed in 26% of the glands examined by light microscopy and in 69% of the glands examined by electron microscopy. The largest number of developing erythroid cells was observed in the thymus of pregnant females, also showing raised reticulocyte counts (3.1–10.2%). However, erythropoiesis could also be found in breeding and non-breeding, first year and older animals. Erythroid cells were mainly located in the cortex, sometimes in small groups interspersed between lymphoid cells, and also randomly scattered in the cortex. Occasionally, macrocytic erythroid cells were also present. Pyknotic cells were commonly present, and granulopoiesis was frequently observed.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lesioned axons ; Ultrastructure ; Crayfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal stumps of severed medial giant axons (MGAs) and of non-giant axons (NGAs) in the CNS of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii show long-term (5–9 months) survival associated with disorientation of mitochondria and thickening of the glial sheath. However, the morphological responses of the two axonal types differ in that neither the proximal nor the distal stump of severed MGAs ever fills with mitochondria as is observed in some severed NGAs. Furthermore, the adaxonal glial layer never completely encircles portions of MGA axoplasm as occurs in many severed NGAs; in fact, ultrastructural changes in the adaxonal layer around severed MGAs are often difficult to detect. No multiple axonal profiles are ever seen within the glial sheath of the proximal or distal stumps of severed MGAs whereas these structures are easily located within severed NGAs.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion, insect ; Median neurosecretory cells ; Melanogryllus desertus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on the nature of their granules, eight principal types of neurons, six of which are thought to be neurosecretory, are recognized in the median neurosecretory cell group of the brain of Melanogryllus desertus. Most of the neurosecretory cells contain granules with diameters of 200–300 nm. In a few the granules are smaller with diameters varying from 60–100 nm. Most of the cells have well developed Golgi areas and dense bodies of different sizes. Dense bodies are closely associated with neurosecretory granules. Accumulations of electron-dense granular material occur in expanded cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum, particularly in type-I cells.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Ageing ; 5-hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion (CSMG) complex of aged (24 month) rats have been studied by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and electron microscopy. Comparisons have been made with the CSMG of young adult (4 month) rats. In the aged rats the noradrenaline fluorescence of the majority of neuronal perikarya was very low or absent and few intraganglionic fluorescent varicosities were seen. Lipofuscin pigment was very prominent at the nuclear pole region of neurones and also in dendrites and axonal processes. Ultrastructural studies revealed large accumulations of residual bodies at the nuclear poles and in axons and dendritic profiles. Within the perikarya many mitochondria were distorted or swollen, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was disarranged and much dilated as were Golgi cisternae. Primary lysosomes were encountered throughout the neurone perikaryon and its axonal or dendritic processes. In contrast to the young adult CSMG, no evidence for loading of transmitter storage vesicles with an identical dose level of 5-hydroxydopamine was detected in any part of the neurones of aged rats. This might reflect an impairment of the uptake mechanisms and/or storage of noradrenaline in aged sympathetic neurones and their axonal and dendritic processes.
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Pituicytes ; Ependyma ; Choristoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis from 12 patients undergoing hypophysectomy for palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma was studied electron microscopically. Special attention was given to the cellular elements, the pituicytes. Five different classes of pituicytes, with various transitional forms, were elucidated based on their ultrastructural characteristics: (1) The most common type, referred to as “major pituicytes”, is reminiscent of astrocytes. (2) “Dark pituicytes” are thought to represent different functional stages of the “major pituicytes”. (3) “Ependymal pituicytes” are believed to provide ultrastructural evidence that human pituicytes are phylogenetically derived from ependymal cells. (4) “Oncocytic pituicytes” were observed in all cases and are of unknown significance. (5) The ultrastructural features of “granular pituicytes” suggest the existence of an active uptake and catabolism of extracellular material by pituicytes, probably through “ultraphagocytosis” or “endocytosis”. These five classes of pituicytes are considered to represent different functional forms of one cell line that originates phylogenetically from the ependyma.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 361-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enamel organ ; Human foetus ; Tooth germ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium in primary tooth germs (bell stage) from four human foetuses was investigated. Characteristically, the cells of the differentiated external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium exhibit many free ribosomes, few rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, well-developed Golgi complexes, many coated and smooth vesicles, often in relation to the cell membranes, and many bundles of tonofilaments. The cells are connected by numerous desmosomes and gap junctions. A parallel differentiation of stratum intermedium — external enamel epithelium, and the ameloblast layer is demonstrated. The morphology of the cells of the three layers indicates that these have secretory, transport and supporting functions.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Trophamnion ; Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme ; Ultrastructure ; Planula ; Parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larval stage of Polypodium hydriforme is planuliform and parasitic inside the growing oocytes of acipenserid fishes. The larva has inverted germ layers and a special envelope, the trophamnion, surrounding it within the host oocyte. The trophamnion is a giant unicellular provisory structure derived from the second polar body and performing both protective and digestive functions, clearly a result of adaptation to parasitism. The trophamnion displays microvilli on its inner surface, and irregular protrusions anchoring it to the yolk on its outer surface. Its cytoplasm contains long nuclear fragments, ribosomes, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, prominent Golgi bodies, primary lysosomes, and secondary lysosomes with partially digested inclusions. The cells of the larva proper are poorly differentiated. No muscular, glandular, neural, interstitial, or nematocyst-forming cells have been found. The entodermal (outer layer) cells bear flagella and contain rough endoplasmic reticulum; the ectodermal (inner layer) cells lack cilia and contain an apical layer of acid mucopolysaccharid granules. The cells of both layers contain mitochondria, microtubules, and Golgi bodies; their nuclei display large nucleoli with nucleolonema-like structure, decondensed chromatin, and some perichromatin granules. At their apical rims, the ectodermal cells form septate junctions; laterally, the cells of both layers form simple contacts and occasional interdigitations. The lateral surfaces of entodermal cells are strengthened by microtubules.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Connective tissue ; Portal vein ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The smooth muscle of rabbit portal vein was studied by electron microscopy with particular emphasis on the mechanical linkage between the muscle cells and on the distribution of connective tissue. The media of this vein is composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers which are orientated almost perpendicularly to each other. The muscle of the inner circular layer shows very irregular contours with much branching and anastomosing of the cytoplasmic processes, which often make membrane contacts with neighbouring cells to form an extensive network of cytoplasmic processes. The muscle cells of the outer longitudinal layer are arranged in densely packed bundles and are spindle-shaped, with no branching processes. Opposing dense areas from neighbouring cells, with variable gap distances (30–100 nm) and close membrane contacts (intermediate junctions) with a gap of 11 nm were observed in both circular and longitudinal muscle layers. In the terminal regions of muscle cells in both circular and longitudinal layers a specialized anchoring structure was present which was closely related to extracellular elastic tissue. Muscle cells in the longitudinal layer showed the most elaborate structure, the tapering end of the muscle cell showing a honeycomb-like structure penetrated by columns of connective tissue compounds. The functional implications of these structures are discussed.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 339-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seasonal breeding ; Leydig cells ; Ultrastructure ; Bat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Leydig cells of the bat, Myotis adversus, have been examined by electron microscopy throughout fourteen months. During the breeding season the Leydig cells become hypertrophied and are characterised by prominent areas of agranular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous small, membrane-bound granules. Microperoxisomes are also observed. During the period of testicular regression. Leydig cell size and the number of membrane-bound granules are greatly reduced. Lipid droplets and dense bodies are more numerous.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 417-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Malaysian rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les pinéalocytes d'un Rat de Malaisie (Rattus sabanus), un animal vivant près de l'équateur donc dans une zone où les variations annuelles de la longueur des jours sont minimes, examinés au microscope électronique ont été comparés à ceux d'autres Mammifères. Une seule population de pinéalocytes a été observée. La présence d'un grand nombre de vésicules granulaires et de rubans circonscrits par des vésicules est la caractéristique premi`ere des pinéalocytes de cette espèce. Les rubans circonscrits par des vésicules ont été plus spécialement observés dans les terminaisons des prolongements des pinéalocytes où ils sont nombreux et la plus souvent en contact directe avec l'espace périvasculaire. L'importance physiologique de ces rubans circonscrits par des vésicules et des vésicules granulaires est discuté.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the Malaysian rat (Rattus sabanus), a mammal inhabiting a zone near the equator where the annual variations of daylength are inconspicuous, was examined and compared with that of pinealocytes of other mammals. On the basis of the presence of granular vesicles, only one population of pinealocytes was found. A large number of granular vesicles and vesicle-crowned rodlets is characteristic of the pinealocytes of this equatorial species. Vesicle-crowned rodlets are especially numerous in the endings of the pinealocyte processes and; they most often found in direct topographical connection with the perivascular spaces. The physiological significance of the presence of such large amounts of vesicle-crowned rodlets and of the secretory process characterized by the formation of granular vesicles is discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-release-inhibiting factor (somatostatin) ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The superior cervical ganglia (SCG), celiac superior mesenteric ganglia (CMG), and splanchnic nerve of unoperated guinea pigs, as well as both proximal and distal stumps of a previously transected branch of the postganglionic plexus of the CMG, were immunostained for somatostatin (SS). In addition, the PAP technique was adapted for fine-structural visualization of SS. A greater proportion of cells were labeled for SS in the CMG than in the SCG. PAP molecules were present in one type of intraganglionic axons. Only two labeled axons were found in the splanchnic nerve. Neither proximal nor the distal stump of the transected CMG postganglionic nerve contained labeled axons. The present results support the hypothesis that the intraganglionic axons labeled for SS arise from SS-containing intraganglionic neurons.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Muscle fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Vascularisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the lateral muscles of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied by light- and electron microscopy and morphometry. Three fibre types form separate layers without intermingling. The red fibres are superficial, the white fibres deep and the intermediate fibres between them. From morphometric analyses, the mitochondrial volume fraction in red fibres is 30%, in intermediate fibres 3.7% and in white fibres 0.7%. Z lines are most fuzzy in the red fibres. Triads of the sarcotubular system are always situated at the level of the Z discs. In red fibres the three elements are arranged in a series along the myofibrils, whereas in white fibres they are arranged transversely and in the intermediate fibres they are aligned obliquely. The number of capillaries surrounding each fibre is 2.3, 0.9 and 0.2 for the red, intermediate and white fibres, respectively. In red fibres 16% of the surface is directly covered by capillaries. The corresponding percentages for intermediate and white fibres are 5 and 1, respectively. Per unit volume of the fibre, the directly vascularised fibre surface in red fibres is about ten times larger than that of white fibres. The degree of vascularisation of the fibre types is directly related to the volume fraction of mitochondria, and thus to their aerobic capacities.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcergy ; Calcification ; Cutaneous calcinosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats a subcutaneous injection of KMnO4 leads to the calcification of the connective tissue. During mineral deposition, both intra- and extracellular changes are observed in the connective tissue. The intracellular phase is characterized by the formation of intramitochondrial granules and cytoplasmic vesicles, both in fibroblastic and extrinsic cells. In the extracellular phase, numerous heterogeneous matrix vesicles appear in the extracellular matrix. At the same time, globular particles which are resistant to microincineration, are observed between the collagen fibrils. The mineralization of the extracellular matrix takes place in two stages. The first stage comprises the appearance of needle-like structures and round aggregates. The needle-like structures are observed occasionally in the matrix vesicles and often in the extracellular matrix where they appear isolated or diverging from a central point. The round aggregates, composed of dense particles, are seen in the ground substance between the collagen fibrils. The second stage is characterized by a progressive mineralization of the collagen fibrils and the elastic fibers, without formation of extended calcified plaques.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral blood lymphocyte ; Density separation ; T cell depleted rabbits ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density separation of purified peripheral blood leucocytes from T-cell depleted rabbits on a linear Ficoll-metrizoate gradient has been applied to obtain different leucocyte fractions. Two lymphocyte fractions separated on density seem to have different characteristics, both morphologically and immunologically. In this study these two fractions have been characterized ultrastructurally by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a relationship has been established between the surface architecture (SEM), the cell size (SEM/TEM) and surface-Ig/C3-receptors (LM, light microscopy). Finally three types of lymphocytes have been described in the two lymphocyte fractions separated on density. Morphometric information such as cell size, cell shape, eu-/heterochromatin ratio in the nucleus and the nucleus-/cell ratio have been correlated to the stage of activation of the B lymphocyte in a representative density separation.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 183-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus node ; Atrium ; Ultrastructure ; Caveolae ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Caveolae or membrane vesicles are commonly observed in smooth and skeletal muscle as well as in working heart muscle. Using sections of fixed tissue and replicas of freeze-cleaved material, we show in this study that caveolae are also very numerous in sinus node cells of the rabbit, and to a lesser degree, in the atrial cells. Caveolae increase the plasma membrane surface area by 115% in the leading sinus node, and by 56% in the atrial cells. In these two cell types, the membrane of the caveolae contains four times fewer intramembranous particles than the rest of the plasma membrane, and this difference applies to both PF and EF faces. The role of the caveolae is still unclear, but it does not seem that they have a pinocytotic function.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridia ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Tardigrada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi consists of one dorsal and two lateral components and shows a high degree of structural complexity. In each of these a tricellular external lobe and a column can be distinguished, the two parts being connected distally. The surface of the lobe cells is increased by deep basal infoldings and fingerlike processes which form a labyrinth next to the basal lamina. Their cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and granules in amounts depending on the physiological state of the animal. Excretory crystals occur in caveolae located in the lobe: between the fingershaped processes of the cell and in the space enclosed by the basal lamina on one side and the column on the other. The column faces an extracellular channel meandering along its whole length which is surrounded on the outside by a basal lamina. Morphologically the column is similar to the protonephridial channel of Rotifera. At the ultrastructural level, the cytoplasm of the column shows numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and a well developed Golgi apparatus. The lumen of the channel is coated by glycocalyx. At the base of the column several small cells form the proximal part of a duct that communicates with the gut. The morphology and ultrastructure of the excretory system of M. richtersi have been compared with similar a system in Isohypsibius megalonyx (Greven, 1979), and on these grounds a proposal is put forward to call the excretory organs of Tardigrada “nephridia” instead of “Malpighian tubules”.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl ; Preoptic area ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory parvocellular perikarya were found in the preoptic region of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). The dense-core secretory vesicles belong to two categories: vesicles with a diameter of (i)80–90 nm and (ii) 110–140nm. Scattered magnocellular elements display larger dense-core granules. The parvocellular neurons form unit-like clusters, showing also zones of direct apposition of neuronal membranes. The surrounding neuropil is rich in synaptic structures, formed by at least three types of axon terminals, distinguishable on the basis of vesicular morphology. These observations confirm the findings in other avian species. The hypothetical function of this system of peptidergic neurons in the rostral hypothalamus of birds is discussed.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycoproteins ; Ultrastructure ; Tunicamycin ; Colonic epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycoproteins are associated with several structures of colonic absorptive cells of the mouse. These include the cell coat, Golgi apparatus and vesicles that transport the glycoproteins from the apparatus to the cell surface (Michaels and Leblond 1976). In many in vitro systems, the antibiotic tunicamycin inhibits the glycosylation of asparagine residues yielding carbohydrate-poor glycoproteins. In the present in vivo study, tunicamycin was injected into mice. The murine colonic epithelial cells were prepared routinely for electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Cells from the experimental and control animals were similar morphologically. However, staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, revealed differences in the distribution of glycoproteins. In animals that received the higher dosages of tunicamycin there was a substantial reduction in silver staining in both the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles of colonic epithelial cells compared to these structures in cells of identically treated control tissues, whereas the staining over the cell coat was not significantly altered. Possible explanations for the staining of the cell coat in the treated animals were provided in the text. This report demonstrates the feasibility of using tunicamycin in vivo and detection of the changes obtained by the silver methenamine method.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transmitter-dualism ; Multipotential neuron ; Heart innervation ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The segmental heart nerves of Caligo beltrao Illiger (Brassolidae) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Heart and alary muscles are innervated by branching processes of single multinucleate neurons (MNNs). There is one MNN situated at each segmental fan-shaped group of alary muscles. The main nerve of the MNN consists of a bundle of processes. This nerve extends centripetally toward the CNS and corresponds to the dorsal portion of the transverse nerve. However, neither axo-somatic nor axo-axonic synapses were found, the presence of which might suggest that this nerve contains axons of different neuronal origin. The synaptic contacts of the MNN with axons originating from the CNS are therefore assumed to be established beyond the spiracular region. In addition to the neuro-muscular junctions of the smaller centrifugal axon branches there are neurohaemal release sites along the entire length of all MNN axon bundles. Axon terminals are packed with either dense-cored or multigranular vesicles. Both morphological types of vesicles are, however, found side by side in the large axons and in the perikaryon, often at the same Golgi element. These morphological findings may support the concept that more than one transmitter is produced in a single neuron. Questions that arise in reference to dual or polyfunctional neurons and to the control of cardiac activity are discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysteroids ; Moulting hormones ; Xyleborus ferrugineus pupae ; Ultrastructure ; Prothoracic gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic glands of female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus at three ages (0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old) were examined for ultrastructural changes that correlate with high titers of ecdysteroids in the entire pupa. In all three ages, the prothoracic gland cells appear compact with a prominent nucleus. Lysosome-like structures with concentrically oriented internal membrane are observed in both 0-h and 72-h-old gland cells. Mitochondria are abundant in the glands of both ages, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is relatively sparse. Numerous microtubules are present in the prothoracic gland cells of 48-h-old female pupae that contain relatively high titers of ecdysteroids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum also is especially abundant at this age of the pupa. Ecdysone titers, estimated by the radioimmunoassay method (RIA), were 161.04±22.61 pg/mg, 704.25±69.02 pg/mg and 298.72±26.80pg/mg body weight in 0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old female pupae, respectively.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophic chamber ; Nutritive cord ; Ultrastructure ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each ovariole of the coccidian Aspidiotus hederae contains a single oocyte connected by means of a nutritive cord to the trophic chamber. The trophic chamber consists of three nurse cells characterized by an enlarged, ramified nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. The perinuclear cytoplasm contains nuage material, large amounts of free ribosomes, and scattered mitochondria. Occasional cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and bacteroids are found in trophocyte cytoplasm. The nutritive cord contains many microtubules in parallel array interspersed with numerous free ribosomes and a few mitochondria. The nutritive cord is strengthened by trophocyte projections which surround it. Microtubules in the projections are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cord.
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