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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Prominentia spiralis cochleae ; Meerrettichperoxidase ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Inner ear spiral prominence ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transport of macromolecules in the spiral prominence of the guinea pig was studied after perilymphatic and intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection. HRP was taken up by the spiral prominence epithelium from the perilymphatic space and in a much higher degree from the endolymphatic space. A highly endocytic ativity was shown by the stroma cells surrounding the spiral prominence vessel. HRP particles were stored in the cytoplasm within vesicles and vacuoles of different sizes and different contrasts. The mode of tracer storage in the spiral prominence epithelium and in the stroma cells from the morphological point of view suggests lysosomal digestion. HRP was transported from the perilymphatic space into the spiral prominence vessel lumen by means of vesicular transport through the vessel wall, while transport of the tracer from the vessel lumen into the perilymphatic space after intravenous injection was not observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach perilymphatischer und intravenöser Applikation von Meerrettichperoxidase wurde der Transport des Makromoleküls in der Prominentia spiralis des Meerschweinchens verfolgt. Die Tracer-Partikelchen wurden aus dem perilymphatischen Raum und vornehmlich jedoch aus dem Ductus cochlearis in das Oberflächenepithel der Prominentia spiralis aufgenommen. Die das Vas prominens umgebenden Stromazellen nahmen relativ viel Meerrettichperoxidase auf, die im Zytoplasma in unterschiedlich großen und unterschiedlich kontrastreichen Vesikeln und Vakuolen abgelagert wurde. Die Art der zytoplasmatischen Ablagerung des Tracers in den Epithelzellen und den Stromazellen spricht vom morphologischen Aspekt her für einen lysosomalen Abbau. Meerrettichperoxidase wurde von der Perilymphe in das Lumen des Vas prominens transportiert. Dieser Transport erfolgte vesikulär durch das Gefäßendothel. Ein Transport des Tracers in umgekehrter Richtung wurde nach intravenöser Applikation nicht beobachtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Menière's disease ; Vestibular nerve ; Vestibular ganglion ; Pathologic alterations ; Electron microscopy ; Morbus Menière ; Nervus vestibularis ; Ganglion vestibuli ; Pathologische Veränderungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vestibularisganglien von 17 Patienten mit einem Morbus Menière wurden nach transtemporaler oder translabyrinthärer Neurektomie elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Als Vergleichsmaterial dienten drei Ganglien, die bei anderer Indikation entnommen wurden und vier postmortale Entnahmen von Ohrgesunden. Bei allen Menière-Präparaten zeigten sich am Bindegewebe gleichartige pathologische Veränderungen von unterschiedlich starkem Ausmaß. Sie bestanden in einer Zunahme des Kollagens, wobei sowohl unterschiedliche Kaliber des Faserquerschnittes als auch Veränderungen der Periodizität der Querstreifung beobachtet wurden. Aktive Fibroblasten und reaktive Schwannsche Zellen, die isoliert lagen, keinem Axon zugeordnet waren und deren z. T. hirschgeweihförmig verzweigte, dünne Zellausläufer Kollagenbündel umhüllten, wurden als Zeichen einer noch ablaufenden Kollagenbildung gedeutet. Die Blutgefäße wiesen häufig eine Vervielfachung der Basalmembran auf, die von einem mehrfach breiteren Saum einer homogenen Matrix umgeben war. Die Perizyten waren oft entweder nekrotisch oder teilweise nicht mehr zu beobachten. Die Endothelzellen wiesen in der Regel kein aktives Zytoplasma auf. Sie erschienen teilweise autolytisch. Die pinozytotische Aktivität erwies sich als auffallend verringert. Diese qualitativen Veränderungen im interstitiellen Gewebe könnten auf ein primär lokales pathologisches Geschehen im Bereich des Nerven und des Ganglions hinweisen.
    Notes: Summary Vestibular ganglia of 17 patients with Menière's disease, obtained by transtemporal or translabyrinthine neurectomy, were studied by electron microscopy. Three ganglia removed because of other disease and four ganglia of normal ears taken post mortem served as controls. The neuronal fibrous tissue of Menière cases showed without exception pathologic changes of various extent. The amount of collagen was increased, whereby different fiber diameters were observed as well as changes in the periodicity of cross banding. Signs of continuing collagen formation were found: active fibroblasts and an increased number of isolated Schwann cells without axons, showing deerhorn-like ramifications which enveloped collagen bundles. The blood vessels were frequently surrounded by multiple basal membranes and broad bands of homogenous matrix. The pericytes were either necrotic or nonexistent. The endothelial cell cytoplasma was usually not in an active state. Sometimes it seemed to be autolytic. The pinocytotic activity was strikingly diminished. These qualitative changes of the interstitial tissue might point to a local pathologic event in the region of the vestibular nerve and ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 399 (1982), S. 61-78 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chordoid sarcoma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evaluation of a series of 12 chordoid sarcomas suggests that there is a wider range of histological features in this entity then previously appreciated. Six of the lesions had a typical tumor cell organization and a mixture of cellular and myxoid stromal components, while the remaining cases were atypical because of a more solid growth pattern. Four of the 12 cases, that included both typically myxoid and more cellular examples, had small foci with hyalinized stroma segragating individual or small groups of tumor cells with and without lacunar spaces. Two atypical cases revealed more extensive and obvious chondrocytic differentiation in recurrent or metastatic lesions and in one of these, the histological pattern was that of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Ultrastructural examination of three cases revealed fine structural features of both the tumor cell population and extracellular matrix compatible with chondrocytic differentiation. Results of light and electron microscopy of this series of chordoid sarcoma add further support for categorizing this tumor with other malignant chondrocytic neoplasms. It is probable that chordoid sarcoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma represent the same entity and that this lesion has a close histogenetic relationship to mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Electron microscopy ; Growth hormone ; Immunocytology ; Pituitary adenoma ; Thyroid-stimulating hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pituitary adenoma removed by surgery from a 22-year-old man was studied by histology, immunocytology, transmission electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Clinically, the patient had acromegaly and euthyroidism with elevated blood GH concentrations. Blood TSH and T4 levels were within the normal range. Histologically, the adenoma was chromophobic and exhibited no PAS, lead hematoxylin, aldehyde thionin or Grimelius silver positivity. By the immunoperoxidase technique GH, β-TSH and α-subunit but no PRL, ACTH, α-endorphin, β-FSH or β-LH were demonstrated in the adenoma cells. Electron microscopy revealed adenoma cells which were similar to TSH cells and showed no resemblance to GH cells of nontumorous pituitaries or GH-secreting tumors. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated GH and β-TSH in the secretory granules. It is concluded that pituitary adenomas composed of TSH-like cells may secrete GH, resulting in acromegaly. Production of GH by adenomatous TSH cells cannot be explained on the basis of the one cell- one hormone theory. The question is raised whether bihormonal or multihormonal clones, capable of synthesizing more than one hormone, exist in the human pituitary. These cells are apparently dormant under normal conditions, but in the course of neoplastic transformation may undergo functional dedifferentiation and acquire the ability to produce two or more different hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy ; Electrolytes ; Silver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The significance of endothelial “silver lines” was studied by TEM in rat aortas after perfusion with glutaraldehyde followed by silver nitrate. Standard TEM technique proved unsatisfactory (coarse silver granules, imprecise localization, artefacts). Exposure of the silver-treated aortas to photographic fixer markedly improved the image of the deposits leaving fine, stable, uniform “residual granules” about 100 Å in diameter. Most of these granules were localized along the intercellular junctions; they also tended to pool in the basement membrane beneath each junction. This image suggests that the Ag+ ions pass through the junction, and react with its contents as well as with the basement membrane beyond it. A scheme is proposed to explain the reaction of Ag+ ions with anions and negatively charged radicals within the junction. It is concluded that the “silver lines” represent not only a histochemical effect, but also the visualization of a transendothelial electrolyte pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 181-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lung disease ; Electron microscopy ; Interstitial pneumonia ; Fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes the ultrastructural findings in 37 patients who underwent open lung biopsy which yielded diagnoses of fibrosing alveolitis. A spectrum of lesions are categorized for the capillary endothelium and its basement membrane, the interstitial space and its fibrocellular components, and the alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane. The findings typify the different pulmonary cellular reactions to injury. Evidence for cellular regeneration and death in both epithelial and endothelial cell populations include atypical epithelial cell proliferation, capillary basement membrane multilamination, decrease in capillary lumen size and prominent pericytic ensheathment of pulmonary capillaries. Within the interstitium of the lung, proliferation of collagen and elastic fibers are documented, but in addition, abundant myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are present. No ultrastructural evidence of immune complex deposition was found in this study. The morphologic findings of fibrosing alveolitis further support the widespread concept that the lung responds to various injuries in a similar manner and undergoes a common reparative response regardless of etiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Primary gallblader sarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Histopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six Swedish cases of primary sarcoma of the gallbladder from the period 1958–1973 and 1 case from 1975 were studied by light and electron microscopy. The literature was reviewed for the period after 1970. Ultrastructural features of sarcoma were investigated in order to exclude poorly differentiated carcinoma. One case was considered to be an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, three cases leiomyosarcoma and two were diagnosed as fibrosarcoma. One case, diagnosed as sarcoma of the gallbladder by light microscopy, was omitted because electron microscopical examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human malignant cells ; K-562 cell line ; Vascular arrest ; Endothelial attrition ; Extravasation ; Nude and lasat mice ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological aspects of the arrest and extravasation of malignant cells of human origin (K-562 cell line) in the lungs of athymic (nude) and asplenic-athymic (lasat) mice were studied by electron microscopy examination of serial sections. The specimens were obtained at sequential stages after the sc inoculation into newborn mice of 107 malignant cells. K-562 cells (105) were also injected iv into control groups of nude and lasat mice to assess the influence of the route of inoculation on the in vivo behavior of K-562 cells. Our results demonstrated that K-562 cells were arrested and proliferated within the pulmonary capillaries without the participation of platelets or fibrin. The neoplastic cells extravasated by attrition and penetration of the endothelium (rather than by diapedesis) and continued to proliferate in the interstitial tissue of the lung, developing into neoplastic nodules. Following iv injection, K-562 cells induced the formation of platelet-tumor cell aggregates within the pulmonary capillaries. However, under these conditions, the neoplastic cells did not adhere to the endothelium nor did they proliferate or extravasate. These aggregates were flushed out by the circulation, restoring the permeability of the capillaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Bladder neoplasms ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bladder tissues from 3 groups of patients were examined, using the light and electron microscopes (LM and TEM). One group of patients had a history of well-differentiated papillary transitional cell carcinomas and specimens were taken from cystoscopically normal areas. In a second group frank papillary carcinoma was biopsied. Finally, patients with no history of urothelial tumours and a normal cystoscopic appearance were biopsied during investigations for various benign conditions and these served as controls. In tissues from the first two groups certain differences were seen when these were compared to the controls and the frequency of these was significant. Light microscopic examination of 0.5 μ toluidine blue stained sections revealed an increased number of immature, small dark cells in the superficial layer of the epithelium (P〈0.001). Electron microscopic examination showed that in place of the characteristic asymmetric unit membrane of mature superficial cells, the surface was frequently covered with microvilli and the junctional complexes were often atypical. There was an increased number of abnormalities in the basal lamina (P〈0.001). These features were seen in the absence of cystoscopic and light microscopic changes in three out of eight patients with a history of tumours. It is, therefore, suggested that these are the earliest detectable morphological abnormalities in the pre-neoplastic urothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ovarian tumor ; Hilus cell tumor ; Leydig cell tumor ; Virilism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of virilizing ovarian hilus cell tumor (Leydig-cell tumor) in a 37 year old female was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of this rare and almost allways benign tumor are compared with those reported in the literature and with findings in normal and neoplastic interstitial cells of the testis. Tubulovesicular hyperplasia and formation of whorl structures of the endoplasmatic reticulum together with the presence of exocytosis vesicles on the cell surface may be the morphological manifestation of endocrine activity of the tumor. The identity of ultrastructural and optical diffraction characteristics of the crystal inclusions in both cells (hilar and testicular interstitial) favours the assumption of an homology of both cells and their neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Biphasic synovial sarcoma ; Semitendinosus bursa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In previous studies, the origin of synovial sarcoma directly from synovium has not been satisfactorily established. This case report describes the light and electron microscopic features of a biphasic synovial sarcoma occurring within the popliteal fossa. At surgery, a cystic mass was identified in relationship to the semitendinosus tendon at the anatomical site of the semitendinosus bursa. The tumour originated from the inner surface of the bursa as multiple papillary projections with no evidence of extension beyond the capsule of the bursa. Portions of the synovial surface were hyperplastic but otherwise normal. The findings indicate that biphasic synovial sarcoma can arise directly from synovium and support the hypothesis of a mesenchymal histogenesis for this tumour.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 335-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bladder neoplasm ; Mesonephric origin ; Urethral diverticulum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of a rare tumor arising in a diverticulum of the urethra was studied. Light microscopy revealed the typical structures of mesonephric tumor with obvious infiltration of the muscularis. Electron microscopic appearance indicated that the tumor cells were immature and not totally characteristic of any tissue of origin. Apart from appearances suggesting rapid growth, cellular inclusions of various appearance were found.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Human ; Bladder urothelium ; Electron microscopy ; Hyperthermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly subjects treated by hyperthermic perfusions has shown that the tissue responds, sooner or later, in every instance by desquamation. There is no evidence of cell death prior to desquamation although various organelles undergo structural alterations. Mitochondria are especially prone to suffer varying degrees of damage. A short heat shock has revealed differences in the initial response of the thick and thin regions of bladder urothelium known to occur in elderly subjects. After a long, fractionated treatment, regeneration is evident within 3 daysof the end of treatment, and follow-up biopsies have revealed a hyperplastic urothelium within 10 to 12 weeks. The constituent cells show signs of cytodifferentiation at this time but it remains unknown when an ultrastructurally normal urothelium with characteristic cell layers will be restored. The various treatments in this study suggest that the stem cells in the epithelium are unaffected by the levels of hyperthermia employed and that their unimpaired proliferative capacity ensures regeneration of the urothelium.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle end-plates ; Porphyric neuropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motor end-plates were studied in mice at various intervals after a single injection of a synthetic porphyrin, tetraphenylporphinesulfonate (TPPS). Ultrastructurally, excess accumulation of neurofilaments constituted the earliest abnormality. These were followed by atrophy of many nerve terminals and their separation from the postsynaptic area by interposed separation from the postsynaptic area by interposed Schwann cells. Five to 8 months after the injection some postsynaptic areas showed denervation and atrophy. These progressive changes in the nerve terminals were accompanied by secondary changes in the subneural apparatus. Morphometric analysis revealed marked atrophy of the end-plates and significant swelling of preterminal axons. The present findings are suggestive of partial denervation of muscle, occurring after the injection of a synthetic porphyrin.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Polyglucosan bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cytochemical procedure for polysaccharides was carried out on a brain biopsy specimen, the thin-section study of which had shown excess glucogen granules and the corpora amylacea variety of polyglucosan bodies. Both granules and amyloid bodies were stained positively in contrast to the remaining structures of the brain tissue which remained unstained. This demonstrates that β-granules as well as filamentous and amorphous components of amyloid bodies are just different aspects of the polysaccharide molecule. Up to now the same kind of cytochemical evidence has been supplied for Lafora bodies of human material and Lafora-like bodies of rat material. The present study on corpora amylacea of human material shows that amyloid. Lafora, and Lafora-like bodies all behave the same way when stained for polysaccharides.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 146-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Spongiform changes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural study of the cortex of four patients with sporadic or familial AD, of two agematched controls without dementia, and of one normal pressure hydrocephalus, revealed in all the cases in the neuropil only occasional vacuoles which had a morphology similar to those observed in CJD. The degree of spongiform-like changes was, however, far less prominent than in CJD and considered mild in all the cases examined. Moreover, curled fragments of membranes within the vacuoles were not observed. It is suggested that the mild vacuolization of the neuropil occasionally observed in cortical biopsies of AD is a non-specific finding and cannot be considered a neuropathologic link between AD and CJD.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Central neuronal tumor ; Third ventricle tumor ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors report two cases of a rare tumor in adults which were inserted on the fornix and caused a frontal syndrome. By light microscopy, the tumors, highly calcified, were composed of small clear cells forming dense areas in a patchy fibrillary stroma. Electron microscopy revealed a striking neuronal differentiation with numerous synapses. These tumors, for which the term neurocytomas was proposed, were compared with the other CNS neuronal tumors described in the literature.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ; Electron microscopy ; Pectoral and psoas muscles ; Myofibrillar degeneration ; A band fragmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pectoral and psoas muscles from a 72-year-old man afflicted with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were processed at autopsy for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analyses of the pectoral muscle showed myofibrils which exhibited Z line streaming and a general breakdown in the organization of the sarcomere. In addition, some of the myofibrils displayed sites of degeneration at the center of the A band. The changes in the psoas muscles which are distant from the primary myopathic loci of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were more extensive than that seen in the pectoral muscle. Control tissues showed intact myofibrils and little postmortem alteration.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 23-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Electron microscopy ; Nerve endings ; Denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nerve endings in muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the hindpaw of the rat were studied by electron microscopy from 10 h to 7 days after section of the sciatic nerve. No sensory endings were found after 5 days and no motor endings after 3 days. Early changes in sensory endings included accumulation of lamellar bodies, mitochondrial swelling or shrinkage, an edematous appearance of the cytoplasm and disruption of membranes. The predominant way of removal was phagocytosis by activated mesenchymal cells; other endings were incorporated into the sarcoplasm as electrondense bodies. Early changes in motor endings included aggregation or swelling of synaptic vesicles, swelling or shrinkage of mitochondria, edematous change of the cytoplasm and disruption of membranes. The predominant way of removal was incorporation into the cytoplasm of adjacent Schwann cells and degradation to phagolysosomes. Sites of removed sensory endings could be identified by basement membrane reduplication, while the intact subsynaptic apparatus of removed motor endings was either loosely covered by Schwann cell processes, or by fibrillar material, or appeared empty. The differences in the removal of motor and sensory endings are explained by the differences in their anatomic structure.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Radiation effects ; Nervous system ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were exposed to high-LET krypton (84Kr) ions at low (4.2 rad) and high (1,584 rad) doses and killed to assess acute (36 h post-exposure) and late (35 days post-exposure) effects in the brain by means of electron microscopy. The main findings were: (a) glycogen granules appeared in the neuroglial compartment 36 h after exposure to either dose and were no longer present in flies killed 35 days later, (b) neuronal alterations (swelling and membrane disruption) were observed 35 days after exposure to both doses, (c) changes in the neuroglia (electron-dense masses of concentrically arranged membranous structures) were seen 35 days after exposure. The data are discussed in relation to previous research in the fruit fly using argon (40Ar) charged particles and to other radiation studies performed in the mammalian brain with the view of using the insect brain as a model for detailed study of radiation effects on neurons, neuroglia, and the neuron-neuroglia unit.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano body ; Hepatic encephalopathy ; Oligodendroglia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inclusions, essentially identical to Hirano bodies, were observed in the substantia nigra, dentate nuclei, and frontal lobes in three autopsy cases of hepatic encephalopathy. Similar inclusions were not observed in these areas in nine controls. The inclusions were mainly seen in the inner loops of the myelinated fibers, between the myelin lamellae, and among degenerated myelin sheaths. The same inclusions were rarely observed in postsynaptic terminals.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Decompression sickness ; Hypertonic solutions ; Blood-brain barrier ; Blood-spinal cord barrier ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability of microvasculature in the cerebral cortex, neostriatum, and spinal cord to i. v. injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been investigated in rats following experimental compression to 6.1 bars (abs.) air for 90 min, and subsequent decompression to the ambient pressure in 1 min. For comparison, 1 ml of 2.0 M urea was injected into the right common carotid artery of rats during 15 s. After exposure to compression-decompression, under the light microscope focal leaky areas were found in all the regions examined. The leakage was most prominent in the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the cerebral cortex. In decompressed rats, arterioles were most often the site of peroxidase extravasation, whereas extravasation of HRP was less frequently displayed by capillaries and venules. In urea-treated rats, capillaries and venules frequently displayed extravasation of HRP as well. Parenchymal cells accumulated the trace adjacent to the leaky areas. Under the electron microscope, the extravasation of HRP was associated with peroxidase-containing pleomorphic vesicular structures in the endothelium, both in decompressed and urea-injected rats. Moreover, in contrast to decompressed rats, the junctions between endothelial cells were penetrated by the trace in urea-treated rats. Accordingly, the results indicate that during decompression sickness the pathway for the extravasation of proteins is through vesicular transfer, whereas the injection of hyperosmolar urea induces extravasation, both through vesicular transfer and junctions between the endothelial cells.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Paraplegia ; Complete spinal cord lesion ; Histopatology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsies of the rectus femoris muscle of 22 paraplegic patients with complete acute spinal cord transection due to trauma were taken for enzyme-histochemical and electron-microscopic studies in successive stages starting from the occurrence of the accident (1–17 months). Ingravescent muscular atrophy was demonstrated with a progressive decrease in the fiber diameter and changes in the fiber type distribution with predominant type II atrophy in the first stage and type I atrophy in the later stage of the cord transection. Muscular “neurogenic” changes, such as angular dark atrophic fibers, targetoid fibers, and type predominance are frequently observed. Myopathic alterations are observed in a low percentage in the later stages of the lesion. The ultrastructural findings are characterized by myofibrillar alterations and by dilatation and proliferative phenomena of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system. There are ingravescent accumulation of lipid, interstitial fibrosis and microcirculatory alterations. The possible mechanism of “central” muscle atrophy is reviewed and discussed with reference to the morphological findings.
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  • 25
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    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 19-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human kidney ; Nephron development ; Distal segments ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural development of the human distal nephron was studied in fetuses 14–18 weeks of gestational age. The three-dimensional course of the nephrons was traced in serial semi-thin sections. Single semi-thin sections containing defined distal nephron segments were then reembedded, thin-sectioned and analyzed by electron microscopy. In stage I (renal vesicle) and stage II (S-shaped body) epithelial cells were essentially similar in ultrastructure. In stage III there were only minor variations in cell ultrastructure between distal nephron segments, but distinct differences were observed between proximal and distal tubule cells, the former being the most differentiated. The segments which are present in nephrons of adult kidneys could be identified in stage IV and some ultrastructural differences recognized between the cells. However, the amplification of the baso-lateral membrane, which is prominent in iontransporting mature distal segments, was almost absent and the baso-lateral membrane area per unit tubule length was similar in all distal segments. Intercalated cells were present towards the end of the distal convoluted and in the connecting tubule in stage IV but the ampulla of the collecting tubule was composed of cells with a uniform ultrastructure. Cell ultrastructure varied again to some extent in the collecting tubule. The present observations demonstrate that distal nephron segments in the human kidney are structurally undifferentiated in the early fetal development and suggest that they only to a limited extent are capable of modifying the composition of the tubular fluid.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma ; Immunoglobulin ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent antibody technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using our electron microscopic method for polysome analysis and an immunofluorescent technique we studied Ig production and secretion by tumor cells in seven BJP myeloma patients and seven “nonsecretory” myeloma patients. In BJP myeloma Ig production and secretion is of three types: Type 1, only L-chains are synthesized and secreted; Type 2, the myeloma cells show fluorescence for H-chains, but upon polysome analysis there is no peak at polysomes corresponding to H-chain production; Type 3, the myeloma cells show fluorescence for H-chains, and polysome analysis shows two peaks corresponding to L- and H-chain production. Polysome analysis of “nonsecretory” myelomas show the presence of only very few membrane-bound polysomes and their distribution curves are entirely different from those of “ordinary” myeloma. Furthermore, the distribution patterns vary among seven cases. Results obtained by polysome analysis and immunofluorescent technique suggest that the “nonsecretory” myeloma could be divided into several subtypes.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Chronic alcoholism ; Tubular aggregates ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of tubular aggregates (TA) in type II muscle fibers in two of 20 alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease, and with no apparent neuromuscular disorder, is reported. The localization, histochemical reactions, and ultrastructural features of the TA are similar to those previously described in other conditions. In one of the two cases TA were demonstrated by E/M observations only and not by histochemistry. No correlations were found between the biochemical changes and the presence of tubular aggregates. We believe that TA are long-standing structures since the muscle biopsies were performed 12 and 13 days after the ingestion of alcohol had been discontinued. They may represent a non-specific response of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to compensate for the deficient calcium uptake reported in alcoholic patients.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral vessels ; Telencephalon ; Looptail mutant mouse ; Pathogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral capillaries in the telencephalon of normal (+/+;Lp/+)_and abnormal (Lp/Lp) loop-tail mutant mice were studied chronologically by means of electron microscopy at stages ranging from 15 through 18 days of gestation. In the abnormal tissue, neural rosettes were common, and cellular material and red blood cells were often contained within the lumen of the rosettes. The endothelial cells of telencephalic blood vessels in the abnormal brains showed a persistence of cellular projections, subluminal vacuoles, and swollen mitochondria beyond the stage when these features ordinarily disappear in normal embryonic cerebral vessels. The endothelial cells in the abnormal brains also failed to become fully invested with pericytes, and red blood cells gradually infiltrated the neural tissue, particularly in subependymal regions, at 16–18 days of gestation.
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  • 29
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    Archives of dermatological research 274 (1982), S. 373-375 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Merkel cell ; PUVA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 30
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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  • 31
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1982), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ; Liver ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Female NMRI mice aged 9–12 weeks were each given a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of a suspension containing either the total extracts or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction of airborne particles. Both the total extracts and PAH fractions contain 3 Vg benzopyrene. After about 15 months the livers were removed from the animals, which had by that time developed tumors at the injection site, and were subjected to ectronmicroscopical study. The essential alterations were observed in the nucleoli and the cell nuclei, which had greatly proliferated and exhibited irregular nuclear membranes. Advanced fibrosis was observed in central liver specimens of all groups. Marked alterations were also observed in the mitochondria and the mitochondria) cristae as well as in the bile canaliculi. Intracytoplasmic glycogen usually occurred densely clustered along the periphery of the cell. It may be concluded from the observations that both the total extract of atmospheric suspended particulate matter and the PAH fraction cause hematogenic damage to the liver following subcutaneous injection, a finding which cannot be interpreted as metastatic carcinoma.
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  • 32
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 104 (1982), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Ewing's sarcoma ; Type IV collagen ; Factor-VIII-associated protein ; Endothelial differentiation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six cases of Ewing's sarcoma were investigated by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. A layer of basement membrane-like deposits was found between typical principal and secondary tumor cells. To clarify the nature of these ultrastructural deposits, antibodies against collagen type IV were applied to frozen sections of corresponding tumor tissue. This reaction revealed type IV collagen as a regular component of basement membranes in nonneoplastic tumor capillaries, but it was equally able to localize collagen type IV between single tumor cells in capillary-free areas. With the same method, factor-VIII-associated protein, predominantly found in endothelial cells, could be demonstrated in some tumor cells. These results demonstrate that, in addition to anaplastic cells, some tumor cells are found in Ewing's sarcoma that share certain differentiating features with the endothelial cell.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Lymphocytes ; Metabolic disorders ; Inclusions ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural examination of peripheral lymphocytes was performed in 28 cases of various lysosomal diseases, including infantile, late infantile and juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL), mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), juvenile and adult metachromatic leukodystrophies (MLD), GM1-gangliosidosis, one patient with presumed mucolipidosis type IV, mucolipidosis type III, and glycogenosis type II. Based on our own observations on the ultrastructure of lymphocytes in lysosomal disorders, our results may be divided into the following 3 groups: 1. pathological findings with specific inclusions: each type of NCL, presumed mucolipidosis type IV, glycogenosis type II; 2. pathological findings with vacuoles: types I-H, II, III-A and III-B, IV, VI-A and VI-B of MPS, GM1-gangliosidosis; 3. apparently no pathological findings: juvenile and adult MLD, mucolipidosis type III, GM2-gangliosidosis, Gaucher disease. These results led us to conclude that morphological investigations utilizing lymphocytes do not always offer sufficient diagnostic information although easy accessibility favors diagnostic ultrastructural studies of lymphocytes. Such morphological studies should be supplemented by diagnostic biochemical methods.
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  • 34
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Wall degradation ; Lysozyme ; Autolysines ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to former findings lysozyme was able to attack the cell walls ofStaphylococcus aureus under acid conditions. However, experiments with14C-labelled cell walls and ribonuclease indicated that, under these conditions, lysozyme acted less as an muralytic enzyme but more as an activator of pre-existing autolytic wall enzymes. Electron microscopic studies showed that under these acid conditions the cell walls were degraded by a new mechanism (i.e. “attack from the inside”). This attack on the cell wall started asymmetrically within the region of the cross wall and induced the formation of periodically arranged lytic sites between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper. Subsequently, a gap between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane resulted and large cell wall segments became detached and suspended in the medium. The sequence of lytic events corresponded to processes known to take place during wall regeneration and wall formation. In the final stage of lysozyme action at pH 5 no cell debris but “stabilized protoplasts” were to be seen without detectable alterations of the primary shape of the cells. At the same time long extended ribbon-like structures appeared outside the bacteria. The origin as well as the chemical nature of this material is discussed. Furthermore, immunological implications are considered.
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  • 37
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    International orthopaedics 6 (1982), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Acid phosphate ; Alkaline phosphate ; Bone tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La morphologie de 26 sarcomes ostéogéniques a été étudiée par microscopie électronique et la localisation des phosphatases acide et alcaline a pu être précisée au niveau ultrastructural. Quatre différents types de cellules ont été mis en évidence dans les tumeurs: cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique, fibroblastique et chondroblastique, ainsi que des cellules géantes multinuclées. Les cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique étaient présentes dans presque toutes les tumeurs étudiées. Une activité phosphatasique acide a été trouvée dans les lysosomes de toutes les cellules étudiées. Une activité phosphatasique alcaline a été observée dans — ou sur — la membrane plasmatique et dans les vésicules associées des cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique et fibroblastique ainsi que des cellules géantes. L'abondance des produits de réaction de la phosphatase alcaline contrastant avec une faible activité phosphatasique acide est en accord avec la nature de cette tumeur ostéogénique. Les résultats de l'étude histochimique ont aidé à comprendre la pathobiologie des différentes cellules qui constituent les sarcomes ostéogéniques.
    Notes: Summary The morphology of 26 cases of osteogenic sarcoma was studied using electron microscopic techniques, and the localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity at the ultrastructural level elucidated. Four different cells were present in the tumours: osteoblast-like, fibroblast-like, chondroblast-like, and multinucleated giant cells. The osteoblast-like cell was present in most of the tumours studied. Acid phosphatase activity was present in lysosome-like structures of almost all the cell-types studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in or on the plasma membranes and associated vesicles of osteoblast-like, fibroblast-like, and multinucleated giant cells. The abundant reaction product deposition of alkaline phosphatase as compared with the lower acid phosphatase activity is in agreement with the nature of this bone-forming tumour. The results of the histochemical studies have added to the understanding of the pathobiology of the different cells composing osteogenic sarcomas.
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  • 38
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 206-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Sensilla ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal sensilla inI. typographus are almost exclusively confined to the flattened terminal flagellar segment. The sensillar types have distinct distribution patterns in the three areas where they are found. Judging from the ultrastructural characteristics the following functions can be assigned to the sensillar types: chemoreception, single-walled and double-walled sensilla; chemoreception/mechanoreception, terminal-pore sensillum. Moreover there are two types of mechanoreceptors, one of which is connected to a bristle, whereas the other terminates within the cuticle of the flagellar segment.
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  • 39
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Ethacrynic acid ; Spiral prominence ; Electron microscopy ; Ethacrynsäure ; Prominentia spiralis cochleae ; Elek tronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einmaliger intravenöser Ethacrynsäure-Applikation (40 mg/kg Körpergewicht) wurden die ultastrukturellen Veränderungen in der Prominentia spiralis der Meerschweinchenschnecke nach Einwirkungszeiten zwischen 5 und 90 min untersucht. Nach einer initialen Schwellung der den Endolymphraum begrenzenden Epithelzellen entwickelte sich ein interzelluläres Ödem und eine ausgeprägte Schrumpfung der das Vas prominens umgebenden Stromazellen mit nachfolgender Erweiterung des Perivascularraumes. Während die Veränderungen in der Stria vascularis und der Prominentia spiralis im zeitlichen Verlauf sich weitgehend identisch entwickelten, setzte die Rückbildung zur normalen Ultrastruktur in der Prominentia spiralis früher ein.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the guinea pig spiral prominence were studied at various times after a single intravenous injection of ethacrynic acid (40 mg/kg body-weight). Initial swelling of endolymph-facing epithelial cells was followed by dilatation of the intercellular spaces and marked shrinkage of the stroma cells surrounding the spiral prominence vessel. While the changes in the stria vascularis and the spiral prominence progressed at about the same pace, the regression to normal ultrastructure set in earlier in the spiral prominence.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 589-608 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (frog) ; Glomerulus ; Nephron ; Tight junctions ; Freeze-fracturing ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas the glomerular and tubular structures of the kidney of the frog (Rana esculenta) were studied with special reference to intercellular junctions. In the glomerulus the filtration barrier is of very variable thickness, and frequent tight and gap junctional contacts occur between podocyte processes. Although structurally less elaborate, the proximal tubule resembles its mammalian counterpart. In the initial part the tight junctions are relatively shallow but become very broad in the mid and distal portions of the proximal tubule. The proximal tubular cells are extensively linked by gap junctions. In some animals the shapes of the cells in the proximal and distal portions of the proximal tubule were markedly different. The distal tubule consists of two segments which differ mainly in the pattern of interdigitations and the structure of the zonulae occludentes. Similarities with the tight junctional morphology of the mammalian distal tubule are striking. In the first part of the distal tubule (diluting segment) a narrow band of parallel tight junctions is found closely resembling that found in the mammalian straight distal tubule; in the more distal part of the distal tubule, however, a broad band of anastomosing tight junctional strands exists, like the zonula occludens of the mammalian convoluted distal tubule. The connecting tubule displays cellular dimorphism: its wall contains a mixture of light and dark (flask) cells. The luminal and basolateral membranes of the flask cells are covered with numerous rod-shaped particles. The tight junctions of the connecting tubule are broad and increase in depth and number of strands along its length; they are typical of a very tight epithelium. In spite of several dissimilarities with phylogenetically younger kidneys our findings suggest that many structural principles of the mammalian kidney are also represented in the kidneys of amphibians. The structural-functional relationships are discussed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomach (Teleost) ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the gastric mucosa of two teleost species, the perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) three endocrine cell types were found, located predominantly between the mucoid cells of the gastric mucosa. A fourth cell type is present in the gastric glands of catfish. Each cell type was defined by its characteristic secretory granules. Type-I cells were predominant in both fish. These cells contained round or oval granules with a pleomorphic core. The average diameter of granules was 400 nm for the perch and 270 nm for the catfish. Type-II cells of both species displayed small, highly osmiophilic granules about 100 nm in diameter. The secretory granules of type-III cells (260 nm in the perch and 190 nm in the catfish) were round or slightly oval in shape and were filled with a finely particulate electron-dense material. Type-IV cells of the catfish were found in the gastric glands only. Their cytoplasm was filled with homogeneous, moderately electron-dense granules averaging 340 nm in diameter. The physiological significance of these different morphological types of gastric endocrine cells requires further investigation.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 409-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean compound eye ; Eighth retinular cell ; Crystalline tract ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The base of the crystalline tract, the distal part of the eighth retinular cell and its rhabdomer constitute a structural unit in the apical region of the retinula of Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus, shielded from the blood by a special covering cell.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 637-645 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell surface antigen ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoperoxidase ; Monoclonal antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-electron microscopy was performed on live, cultured, early postnatal cerebellar and retinal cells of the mouse to identify A2B5 antigenbearing elements. In cerebellar cultures, granule cells, some immature oligodendroglia, and astroblasts express A2B5 antigen on their cell surfaces. The typical features of astroblasts include large cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and a mixed population of intermediate-sized filaments and microtubules. Immature oligodendroglia cells express the antigen on their cell bodies and on procecesses filled with cytoplasm. Cytoplasm-free membranous whorls, however, are devoid of A2B5 antigen, but not of 0 or NS-1 antigens. In retinal cultures, A2B5 antigen is observed on differentiating neurons with the exception of photoreceptor cells as identified by ribbon synapses.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 673-683 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles, rat ; Denervation ; Sensory terminals ; Nerve degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles located on the crural interosseous membrane was studied in adult rats 6 h to 10 months after transection of the right sciatic nerve. Axon terminals degenerated one day after transection and were engulfed and resorbed by cells of the inner core within one week. The axial space left after removal of the axonal debris was closed by the lamellae of the inner core. The main structural features of the inner core and capsule remained preserved after denervation throughout the period of study. The denervated inner cores, however, became atrophic 10 months after neurotomy, their mean diameter being reduced by 17.5% compared with that of contralateral control corpuscles. The number of capsular lamellae was unaltered, and perineurial pathways of the peripheral nerve stump remained preserved. Schwann cells proliferated and formed Büngner bands during the first month after denervation, but retracted their processes and became atrophic at later stages after neurotomy. Survival of Pacinian corpuscles after long-term denervation in adult rats is in contrast to their rapid degeneration within several days after nerve section in neonates.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Junctions ; Smooth muscle ; Echinodermata ; Holothuria, Aspidochirotida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy reveals that sarcolemmata of adjacent muscle cells form pentalaminar junctions by fusion of apposed trilaminar double leaflet membranes. These junctions appear to be candidates for low resistance pathways between muscle fibers. The muscles depolarize slowly when bathed in solutions containing elevated concentrations of KCl, and the sucrose gap method can then be used to measure the potential difference between polarized and depolarized regions. Thus the junctions which we have observed may provide the structural basis for electrical transmission through the sucrose gap.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Tick ; Babesia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peritrophic membrane (PM) has been demonstrated in the gut of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults of the tick Ixodes dammini. This is the first report of a PM in ticks. This temporary structure divides the lumen of the gut into two compartments, an endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper, and an ectoperitrophic space located between the PM and the epithelial cells of the gut wall. The PM is a mechanical barrier and even such small particles as ribosomes derived from ingested reticulocytes are retained in the lumen proper; they are never found in the ectoperitrophic compartment. In Ixodes dammini fed on hamsters infected with Babesia microti some of the parasites are found in the ectoperitrophic space. This passage is accomplished by a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, which develops in some Babesia during their metamorphosis in the gut of the vector. The arrowhead, while passing through the PM, changes its fine structure and loses its internal organization as if releasing some of its contents. Its disintegration continues and it disappears shortly after the Babesia have entered the epithelial cells. Only Babesia equipped with the arrowhead structure are able to cross the PM. This is the first documented case of a parasite traversing a solidified PM.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 25-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paddle cilia ; Discocilia ; Pleurobranchaea ; Chemoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of various regions of the body of the marine gastropod Pleurobranchaea californica (McFarland) has revealed a characteristic cell type that bears cilia with dilated discoid-shaped tips. The tips of the cilia consist of an expansion of the ciliary membrane around a looped distal extension of the axoneme. These kinocilia have been observed in numerous other marine invertebrates and are generally referred to as paddle cilia (Tamarin et al. 1974) or discocilia (Heimler 1978). Although many functions have been proposed for paddle cilia, little empirical evidence supports any of the proposals. In Pleurobranchaea we have found that the distribution of this ciliated cell type corresponds exactly to areas of the body known from behavioral studies (Lee et al. 1974; Davis and Matera 1981) to mediate chemoreception. Transmission electron microscopy of the epithelium lining the rhinophores and tentacles of Pleurobranchaea revealed details of the ultrastructure of these ciliated cells and showed that they are primary receptors. These ciliated receptors lie in a yellow-brown pseudostratified columnar epithelium that superficially resembles the olfactory mucosa of vertebrates.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment granules ; Chromatophores ; Granulogenesis ; Palaemonid shrimp ; Macrobrachium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible biogenesis of two pigment granule types present in the monochromatic, brown chromatosomes enveloping the ventral nerve chord of the freshwater palaemonid shrimps Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. heterochirus and M. olfersii is examined by transmission electron microscopy in thin section and freeze fracture replicas. Prominent, membrane limited granules are suggested to have their origin in a complex, juxtanuclear, smooth endoplasmic reticulum labyrinth, continuous with the nuclear envelope. Amembranous, lipocarotenoid granules possibly derive from the external surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear envelope and SER membranes contain numerous 11 nm diameter intramembranous particles while pigment granule membranes exhibit fewer particles. A dictyosomal origin for the lipocarotenoid granules is discounted. Granulogenesis is suggested to be a continuous process in crustacean chromatophores.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Fiber types ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and stereological assessment of the mature avian anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle showed that it contains two kinds of extrafusal fibers. This fine structural dichotomy of fiber types in the ALD correlated well with their previously reported histochemical duality. Distinct differences occur in sarcomere banding, myofibrillar area, sarcotubular and mitochondrial density, and in morphology of motor-nerve terminals. Both myofiber types in this muscle were interpreted as representing varieties of “slow” or tonic muscle fibers. Both fibers contain myofibrils that, despite differences in cross-sectional area, were large, irregular, and ribbon-shaped, typical of the “Felderstruktur” appearance of true “slow” fibers. Whereas the majority of fibers (type-1) are devoid of well-defined M-bands, the minor fiber population (type-2) exhibit prominent M-bands in the center of each sarcomere. In addition, type-1 tonic fibers contain a significantly lower mitochondrial and sarcotubular volume than the tonic fibers of type-2. While both fiber types exhibit motor-nerve terminals that are small, smooth and punctate in appearance, those on the type2 fibers often had a number of shallow postjunctional folds. Whether or not these two classes of extrafusal fiber in this muscle represent two separate and distinct types of motor units remains to be determined functionally.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 87-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cells ; In vitro-growth ; Whole blood serum ; Plasma-derived serum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal diploid cells require serum to proliferate in culture. Platelet-derived growth factor has been identified as the main serum component responsible for this effect. Here, smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from the aorta of 5-day-old rats and cultured in the presence of 10% whole blood serum (WBS) or plasma-derived serum (PDS), i.e. with or without platelet factor, and studied by transmission electron microscopy. The cells proliferated actively in WBS-medium but remained quiescent in PDS-medium. Fine structurally, cells from WBS-cultures demonstrated numerous mitochondria, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a large Golgi complex, a few lysosomes, and microfilaments arranged in parallel bundles. After transfer to PDS-medium, the RER- and Golgi cisternae were markedly dilated and the number of membrane-associated ribosomes decreased. Segregation of fragments of cytoplasm within autophagosomes was frequently observed and the number of lysosomes increased. Lipid droplets were more abundant and often gathered in the Golgi area. Moreover, the cells had become more irregular in shape and showed many bleb-like processes at their surface. Microfilament bundles had also become more prominent and crossed each other in different directions. These observations show that the removal of platelet factor from the medium clearly modifies the fine structure of cultured smooth muscle cells. The findings are in good agreement with the concept that platelet factor not only supports the proliferation of cultured cells but also stimulates their secretory activity.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 267-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina (Astacus) ; Rhabdom ; Osmolarity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of the retinula cells in the retina of the light-adapted crayfish in response to hyper- and hypoosmotic van Harreveld solutions was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Increased osmolarity of the bathing medium to twice that of the physiological value leads to shrinkage of the retinula-cell somata. Microvilli, on the other hand, do not undergo shrinkage. Some other characteristic irreversible changes do, however, take place, including detachment of microvilli from the soma, showing a two- or threefold increase in diameter, and a concomitant decrease in number, probably due to fusion of microvilli. Prolonged incubation or higher osmolarities (5 isosmol) cause alteration of the microvillar membranes to whorls. Structural changes are often restricted to microvillar stacks evaginating from certain individual retinular cells. The number of affected stacks increases depending on the duration of incubation or the osmotic pressure. Hypoosmotic solution (0.5 isosmol) also induces an increase of microvillar diameters and a concomitant reduction in number of microvilli per stack. Exposure to a 20% solution of glycerol causes destruction of the rhabdom structure and the formation of whorls from microvillar membranes. The present findings suggest that the structure of the microvilli is stabilized by an axial cytoskeleton.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (rat) irradiation ; Electron microscopy ; Interdigitating cells ; Macrophages ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phagocytic activity and population development of medullary interdigitating cells (IDC) and cortical macrophages have been studied in the rat thymus after irradiation-induced thymocyte necrosis. IDC clearly demonstrate phagocytic activity, particularly in the 16h stage after irradiation. At this stage the number of necrotic thymocytes is maximal and the total number of phagocytic cells is insufficient to phagocytize all necrotic material. IDC increase in number slightly and are predominantly phagocytizing in the corticomedullary region (CMR), where they appear to develop from macrophage-like cells. The results indicate that medullary IDC can be phagocytic but have a different developmental pathway than cortical macrophages. Cortical macrophages greatly increase in number and acquire the appearance of tingible body macrophages by phagocytizing many necrotic thymocytes. They seem to develop from monocytes that normally enter the thymus at the CMR. During the acute involution macrophages probably also enter the cortex via the connective tissue capsule. It is suggested that thymus medullary IDC probably belong to the mononuclear phagocytes, as do the cortical macrophages. In the specific medullary environment IDC gradually develop their characteristic ultrastructure for an apparently other than phagocytic function. The similarities between IDC and epidermal Langerhans cells are discussed.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Ovulation ; Ultrastructural change ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary No structural changes could be observed in the stigma until 2 h before ovulation. Within a few minutes of ovulation, the stratum granulosum and theca interna disappear completely in the middle part of the stigma. By 30 min before ovulation, the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the fibroblasts of the theca externa develops conspicuously. Then a few minutes before ovulation, the theca externa becomes much thinner with a conspicuous disintegration of the collagenous fibers into individual fibrils. These structural changes may contribute to the fragility of the stigma tissue and induce rupture of the follicle.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 383-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mouse ovary ; Junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions in the young mouse ovary were examined by electron microscopy utilizing freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Projections from the granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte (GI) traverse the zona pellucida and form small gap junctions on the oocyte surface. On the P-face of these cells, the junctional aggregations are occasionally associated with linear strands of particles. In contrast, large gap junctional areas are frequently observed between the more peripherally located granulosa cells (GE) and are also present in the theca interna (TI) cell layer surrounding the follicles. Three types of tight junctional strands are discernible on the P-face of theca externa cells (TE): angularly zigzag strands consisting of intermittently distributed intramembranous particles on wide ridges, intermediate zigzag strands consisting of more continuously distributed particles, and wavy strands consisting of rather fused particles. Tight junctional strands are also present in the middle of grooves on the E-face of endothelial cells of blood vessels. In the germinal epithelial cell layer, tight junctional strands appear to be discrete and form a less anastomosing network.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 369-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Pars intermedia ; Electron microscopy ; Fetal sheep ; Lamb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using light and electron microscopy, the morphogenesis of the pars intermedia of the sheep pituitary gland was examined in developing lambs between 26 days of gestation and the newborn stage. Following the establishment of contact between the anterior and posterior lobe primordia seen at 26 days, the connection with the pharyngeal roof disappeared by 31 days. The lumen of Rathke's pouch, which was a prominent cavity at the earlier stages, became inconspicuous by 40 days but progressively increased in size during gestation and, in some newborn animals, contained colloid material. At 40 days, the pars intermedia consisted of a uniform population of undifferentiated cells. Cells with cytoplasmic granules were first identified at 50 days. The cytological appearance of granular cells at 70 days indicated increased synthetic activity and by 80 days they closely resembled adult glandular cells. At 100 days, membrane activity suggestive of exocytosis was first observed in granular cells; fenestrated capillaries were present, and early follicle formation between adjacent non-granular cells was seen. This apparent exocytotic release of granules was observed much more frequently between 100 days of gestation and the newborn stage than in adult pars intermedia cells. These findings indicate that glandular cells of the developing pars intermedia are actively engaged in synthesis, storage and secretion from an early stage.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Implantation ; Blastocyst ; Pontamine ; blue reaction ; Decidualization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early uterine response to transplanted, delayed and estrogenactivated blastocysts was studied ultrastructurally and compared with that induced by intrauterine instillations of deciduogenic agents (arachis oil, air). The uterine responses to delayed and activated blastocysts showed no ultrastructural or temporal differences. Already within 4 h after transfer to a sensitized uterus, the delayed blastocysts exhibited signs of activation, and both types of blastocysts had started to attach onto an undamaged epithelial lining. Signs of stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells were also seen as early as 4 h after transfer, while the Pontamine-blue reaction did not appear until after 8 h. The results therefore indicate that the transplanted blastocysts induced decidualization atraumatically and that the delayed blastocysts were either deciduogenic already before transfer or rapidly acquired deciduogenic properties after transfer. Artificial decidual induction with oil and air led to damage or death of a large number of cells in the uterine luminal epithelium. Within only 15 min after instillation pronounced signs of cell damage were seen, and later numerous cells were extruded from the epithelial lining. In the stroma ultrastructural signs of decidual cell differentiation and a Pontamine-blue reaction were observed as early as 4 h after induction. It is therefore suggested that oil and air induce decidualization via the epithelium by means of trauma.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog cerebellum ; Ependymal surface ; Cilia ; Supraependymal cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the ventricular surface of the frog cerebellum showed regional differences. In the midline region of the adult cerebellum was found a band of profusely ciliated squamous ependymal cells. In the rest of the cerebellum the ependymal cells were columnar and each had a single cilium. In the cerebellum of the premetamorphic tadpole, the squamous ependymal cells of the midline region also were monociliated. During metamorphosis they gradually became multiciliated. Additionally, supraependymal cells and synaptic elements were present on the ventricular surface of the cerebellum of adult frogs as well as in late metamorphic tadpoles. In contrast, supraependymal cells were rarely observed in premetamorphic tadpoles, and it was concluded that the supraependymal system develops during metamorphosis. It is postulated that the band of cilia may be associated with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, and supraependymal synaptic elements function in neuroendocrine regulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 663-671 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chaetognatha ; Intestine ; Pleated septate junction ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intramembrane structures of the pleated septate junction which occur in the junctional complex of the intestine of the chaetognath Sagitta setosa have been investigated. The pleated septate junction is made up of linear rows of irregularly shaped and sized particles, often fused into short rods, and pits which can be fused into furrows. The distribution of these structures on E and P faces depends upon the preparative methods used. Many of the morphological characteristics are the same as those of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction type” defined by Green (1981a). The physiological significance of this junction is obscure. On the basis of the presence of septate junctions (both of the paired septate junction and pleated septate junction types) which have mainly morphological characteristics of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction” we can add to the hypothesis that chaetognaths are not related to the molluscs and arthropods.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Enteroendocrine cells ; Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Gastroenteropancreatic hormones ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four immunoreactive endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the pancreatic islets of B. conchonius: insulin-producing B cells, somatostatin-producing A1 (= D) cells, glucagon-producing A2 cells and pancreatic poly-peptide-producing PP cells. The principal islet of this species contains only a few PP cells, while many PP cells are present in the smaller islets. Except for the B cell all pancreatic endocrine cell types are also present in the pancreatic duct. At least six enteroendocrine cell types are present in the gut of B. conchonius: 1. a cell type (I) with small secretory granules, present throughout the intestine, and possibly involved in the regulation of gut motility; 2. a C-terminal gastrin immunoreactive cell, probably producing a caerulein-like peptide; these cells are located at the upper parts of the folds, especially in the proximal part of the intestinal bulb; 3. a met-enkephalin-immunoreactive cell, present throughout the first segment; 4. a glucagon-immunoreactive cell, which is rare in the first segment; 5. a PP-immunoreactive cell, mainly present in the first half of the first segment; 6. an immunoreactive cell, which cannot at present be specified, located in the intestinal bulb. The latter four cell types are mostly located in the basal parts of the folds, although some PP-immunoreactive cells can also be found in the upper parts. Most if not all enteroendocrine cells are of the open type. The possible functions of all enteroendocrine cell types are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Xenopus ; Spleen ; B-lymphocyte ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An indirect immunofluorescence study of the frozen sections of the spleen of an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis, showed that lymphocytes bearing a small amount of immunoglobulin (Ig) were localized mostly in the white pulp of non-immunized toads. There were fewer fluorescent cells in the red pulp. In the toads hyperimmunized with human gamma globulin (HGG), cells with strong cytoplasmic fluorescence increased significantly in the outer part of the white pulp. Electron microscopy of spleens from these toads showed that plasma cells at different stages of maturation were abundant in the white pulp, whereas in the red pulp, a smaller number of maturer plasma cells were observed. These results indicate that, in contrast with its mammalian counterpart, the splenic white pulp of this anuran is the site where thymusin-dependent lymphocytes commence blast formation and transformation into plasma cells.
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 229 (1980), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Gonadotroph hormones ; Pathology ; Pituitary adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 57-year-old woman, with long-standing hypogonadism secondary to irradiation of the ovaries, was found to have a pituitary tumor which was removed and investigated by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumor corresponded to a chromophobe, slightly PAS positive adenoma and the immunoperoxidase stain revealed the presence of both FSH and LH in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. The structural features of the adenoma cells resembled those of FSH cells in the nontumorous adenohypophysis. We thus believe that pituitary adenomas consisting of gonadotrophin-producing cells occur and that these may produce both FSH and LH. The relation between the gonadotrophin-producing adenoma and the preceding hypogonadism is uncertain.
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    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: TRH-like immunoreactivity ; PAP technique ; Electron microscopy ; Neuronal localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method TRH-like immunoreactivity (TRH-LI) was observed in certain neurons of the central nervous system. Their distribution agreed well with findings previously obtained with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. At the ultrastructural level electron-dense precipitates representing TRH-LI were observed in so-called large dense core vesicles, which were localized both in the cytoplasm of some hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies, as well as in boutons in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. The boutons often seemed to form axo-somatic or axodendritic synapses.
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    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the right visual cortex and a large electrolytic lesion made in the left lateral geniculate nucleus of an adult cat. Neurons of origin of the callosal projection to the injected cortex were identified by retrograde labelling and selected for electron microscopic study. Degenerating thalamo-cortical axon terminals were found to contact a labelled stellate cell in layer IV and a labelled pyramidal cell in layer III at the border region of areas 17 and 18. We conclude that there is a monosynaptic pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to the cells of origin of callosal axons to the contralateral visual cortex.
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  • 64
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    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 279-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial infarction ; Autonomic nerves ; Electron microscopy ; Rat experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of cardiac nerves in myocardial infarction were investigated by electron microscopy after differing intervals in 28 rats. During the first 4 h there are, in non-myelinated nerves within the myocardium, a swelling of the axoplasm with the occurrence of ‘pale’ axons and swelling of axonal mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. After bursting of the axolemma, these are spilled into the adjacent interstitial space. After 4 h first myelin figures are observed, and in some axons an accumulation of neurofilaments takes place. During the second to seventh day an extensive vesicular disintegration of axonal structures develops. Because of regressive changes, axons cannot be identified with certainty within the necrosis. After two or three weeks nerves with lamellar enfoldings of cytoplasmic processes corresponding to Büngner bands can be seen at the infarction border. These nerves may contain only a few residual axons. Myelinated nerves show a mainly vesicular disintegration. The results are discussed with regard to their functional significance and the special conditions of the animal model, in which ligature of the coronary artery may not only produce ischemia, but may also, by simultaneous ligature of the adjacent cardiac nerves, induce Wallerian degeneration.
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    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oesophagus ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 61-year-old man was operated for a large tumor, 12×4 cm in size, in the lower third of the oesophagus. The tumor had the appearance of a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma showing cross striations by light microscopy and typical sarcomeres by electron microscopy. This is the fifth undisputed oesophageal rhabdomyosarcoma described in the literature and the first examined using electron microscope.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glomerulonephritis ; Dense deposit disease ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven cases of glomerulonephritis with dense deposits were selected on the basis of electron microscopic examination performed either on material treated according to conventional techniques (9 cases) or on previously paraffin-embedded material (2 cases). While uniform immuno-histochemical patterns were observed, different features were shown by light microscopy: in only 3 cases were membranoproliferative or lobular patterns present, while in the others a varying degree of mesangial cell proliferation (moderate, mild or even very scanty with focal and segmental distribution) was detected. The generally accepted statement that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits represents a subgroup of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis therefore seems questionable. In addition to several clinical and serological data, these morphological features give further support to the hypothesis that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits is in all respects a peculiar and distinct form of glomerulonephritis.
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    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytology ; Pituitary ; Pituitary tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Among 343 surgically-removed pituitary adenomas, 56 tumors were unassociated clinically or biochemically with increased hormone secretion and contained no adenohypophysial hormones by the immunoperoxidase technique, except for 10 cases in which a few scattered cells showed positive immunostaining for β-TSH or β-FSH, β-EH, prolactin and/or α-subunit. These tumors were chromophobic adenomas with no PAS, lead hematoxylin or carmoisine positivity and electron microscopy failed to reveal their morphogenesis. The term null cell adenoma of the pituitary is proposed to designate this tumor type. This term recognizes the most obvious features of these tumors: the absence of markers which would permit the disclosure of their cellular origin. Null cells are also found in the nontumorous adeno-hypophysis, suggesting that null cell adenomas derive from preexisting nonneoplastic null cells. The question of whether pituitary null cells are hormonally inactive committed precursors, uncommitted stem cells or dedifferentiated cells remains to be elucidated.
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    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Amniotic epithelium ; Diabetes mellitus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of human amnion was examined under the light and electron microscopes. Morphologically, the amniotic epithelium in diabetes mellitus differs from that of a normal term specimen by the following characteristics: 1. An increase in the number of β-shaped glycogen granules and lipid droplets; 2. The presence of epithelial areas with dead cells; 3. Thickening of the basal membrane. Areas with dead cells could be identified in the amniotic epithelium of diabetic patients. These were not found in normal term pregnancies nor in other types of high-risk pregnancies, such as non-diabetic hydramnios, rhesus incompatibility, or pretoxaemia/toxaemia. These findings may indicate that the areas are specific to diabetes mellitus.
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    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreatitis ; Human pancreatitis ; Acute necrotizing pancreatitis ; Acinar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations in pancreatic acini from six patients operated for acute necrotizing pancreatitis are described. One of the patients suffered from biliary tract disease, the rest had excessive alcohol intake as the presumed aetiology. Areas of the pancreatic parenchyma showing oedematous inflammation in light microscopy were studied in the electron microscope. Findings in acinar cells included changes in zymogen granules and an increased autophagocytosis in addition to unspecific organelle alterations. Zymogen granules showed increase in size and number, loss or variation of electron-density and peripheral dissolution. Increased autophagic activity was indicated by several autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies. Acinar lumina were dilated showing effacement of microvilli and invaginations in the luminal plasma membrane of the acinar cells. In acinar lumina and in the interstitium fibrillar material was observed, with an increasing frequency in those areas showing severe cellular disintegration. These findings suggest: 1) an increased activity of zymogen granules, 2) an increased autophagocytosis, and 3) penetration of acinar luminal contents into the interstitium.
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    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial ischaemia ; Membrane permeability ; Horseradish peroxydase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sarcolemmal membrane permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase HRP (MW=40,000) was examined in 8 Wistar rats which had temporary ischaemia produced by left coronary artery ligation. HRP reaction product was identified following 6 min of circulation time by light and electron microscopy. Controls included 4 uninjected animals with coronary ligation, 2 uninjected animals without myocardial ischaemia and 2 injected non operated rats. In normal myocardium, the tracer permeated endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles, intercellular spaces and intracellular vesicles of the T-tubule system, but never permeated the cytoplasm of myocardium cells. As early as 15 min after coronary artery ligation followed by 6 min of reperfusion with circulation of the tracer, HRP product could be seen in the cytoplasm of muscle cells randomly distributed in the subendocardial area. The quantity of permeated cells increased when the ischaemic myocardium is reperfused during 10 min before injecting the tracer. These data indicate that sarcolemmal membrane alteration is an early event in myocardial ischaemic injury and precede the irreversible cellular degenerative changes.
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  • 71
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    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Medullary carcinoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of medullary carcinoma complying with strictly defined criteria have been examined by electron microscopy. These carcinomas are characterised by the presence of light and dark tumour cells which exhibit prominent organelles and well-developed Golgi complexes but lack secretory activity. The essential stromal cellular infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells contains macrophage-lymphocyte clusters suggesting the existence of an immune response. Also present in the stroma are blood vessels lined by high-endothelial cells of the type said to facilitate lymphocyte migration. It is suggested that light and dark tumour cells with well-developed organelles but absent secretory activity, macrophage-lymphocyte clusters and stromal high-endothelial venules represent specific ultrastructure features of typical medullary carcinoma associated with good prognosis.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Human left ventricle ; Mitral insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15 biopsies of dilated and hypertrophied human left ventricles in mitral insufficient hearts were morphometrically investigated. On light and electron microscopical level the results were compared with those received from normally loaded human left ventricles and from hypertrophied human left ventricles found in hearts with aortic valve disease. The results demonstrate alterations when compared with the results from normally loaded left ventricles. The differences between normally loaded and volume loaded left ventricles are smaller than those in pressure loaded left ventricles from aortic valve diseased hearts.
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  • 73
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    Psychopharmacology 67 (1980), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Catecholamine distribution ; Regional catecholamine levels ; Microwave irradiation ; Brain tissue structure ; Histological examination ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Tissue disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently we reported regional levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain following microwave irradiation. In our report, we also compared these levels with those of norepinephrine and dopamine following decapitation. Catecholamine levels following exposure to microwave irradiation significantly increased in several areas. However, whether these increases resulted from compound transfer associated with tissue disruption due to high intensity microwave irradiation was not determined. Sections of corpus striatum and locus coeruleus were examined with a light microscope and the interface of the striatum and the cortex showed no trace of tissue breakdown. Transformed cells, vacuolation, and indications of pyknotic degeneration in the nucleus were found in locus coeruleus after irradiation, but the shapes of these cells were well-defined. Electron microscopic photographs of synapses in the same are showed membrane damage after exposure for 5 s at 1.3 kW, but synaptic vesicles were clearly defined. It was concluded that the increased catecholamine levels were not the result of tissue disruption following rapid heating of the brain by irradiation.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rod-shaped bodies ; Crystalloid inclusions ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to the usual organelles, endothelial cells of ocular blood vessels and Scheemm's canal in adult and fetal Macaca mulatta, contain two types of inclusions: rod-shaped bodies and crystalloids. The rod-shaped bodies are similar to those first described in arterial endothelia of the rat. They are between 0.2 to 0.35 μm in diameter, up to 2.5 μm in length, and are membrane bounded. The crystalloid inclusions are up to 1.2 μm in diameter and are associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Their crystalline lattice consists of subunits, 28 nm in diameter, which are either arranged in rows separated by amorphous matrix or tightly packed in a honeycomb-like lattice. The rod-shaped bodies are much more numerous than the crystalloids; however, both kinds of inclusions are consistently found in both adult and fetal vessels. They represent normal components of ocular vascular endothelia which appear very early in the development of the eye.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Aging ; Cortical capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data concerning width and surface of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in three patients with Alzheimer's disease five age-matched controls, have been submitted to statistical analysis to ascertain the role of the aging process upon thickening of the basement membrane itself. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls (P〈0.01) as to both width and surface of the basement membrane, so suggesting that in these patients aging was not the only factor which thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries was related to.
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  • 76
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blastomyces dermatitides ; North American blastomycosis ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a cerebellar blastomycoma in a 48-year-old man was studied by electron microscopy. The fine structure of the fungi recapitulated that of the yeast forms described in cultures and culture implants. Mycelial forms were not encountered. The yeasts displayed lamellated cell walls and occasional multinucleation. Persistent broad-based budding with complex membranous profiles related to the cell membrane was prominent. The organisms were found within multinucleated giant cells and macrophages which exhibited subplasmalemmal linear densities and occasional desmosomal junctions.
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  • 77
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Uremia ; Hemodialysis ; Kidney transplantation ; Electron microscopy ; Myopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from 19 patients with chronic renal failure were studied by electron microscopy. Thirteen of the biopsies contained pathological muscle fibers. Myopathic findings, such as autolysis and phagocytosis, were seen in eight. Neurogenic findings, such as small atrophic fibers, were observed in seven. Non-specific changes, such as myofibrillar degeneration, abnormal vacuoles, glycogen accumulation, and lipofuscin pigment were also frequent findings. The structural changes from normal were quantitatively more frequent and qualitatively more severe in the muscles of the hemodialysis patients in comparison with those seen in the other patient groups (diet, transplant).
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  • 78
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Toruloma ; Cryptococcus ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Epithelioid cells ; Macrophages ; Granulomatous disease ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a human cerebral toruloma was studied ultrastructurally. Numerous yeasts were found within extracellular space and within macrophages or epithelioid cells and demonstrated a prominent mucopolysaccharide capsule. Extensive vacuolization of yeast-bearing macrophages was demonstrated. Coating material lined these vacuoles as well as the surface of these cells where numerous coatacts with lymphocytes were observed. The macjophages further displayed prominent subplasmalemmal linear densities, structures common to epithelioid cells in granulomatous diseases as well as a variety of cells of presumed mesodermal origin.
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  • 79
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    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 85-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ; Muscle biopsy ; Nuclear inclusions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural examination of skeletal muscle biopsies of three typical cases of autosomal dominant inherited oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy showed collections of tubular filaments (8.5 nm in diameter) within muscle fibre nuclei. These filaments appear to be a characteristic morphological feature of oculopharyngeal dystrophy.
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  • 80
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    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rimmed vacuoles ; Lined vacuoles ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rimmed vacuoles (Dubowitz and Brooke 1973) have been found in 12 cases with various neuromuscular diseases and are considered to be autophagic in nature. They consisted of multilaminated membranous structures accompanied by glycogen granules, dense bodies, and amorphous, granular, and fibrillar material. The contents of the vacuoles were regarded as having partially dissolved out of the vacuoles in cryostat sections but some were plastered along the walls of the vacuoles and were depicted by the staining procedures for light microscopy. The “lined vacuoles” described by Carpenter et al. (1978) in inclusion body myositis closely agree with the rimmed vacuoles in respect of histochemical and ultrastructural features.
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  • 81
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    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Myelinated dendrites ; Frog ; Motoneuron ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myelinated dendrites — probably of motoneurons — were found in the spinal cord of the frog. It is assumed that the myelin sheath, by increasing the membrane resistance, improves the function of the dendrite as a cable.
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  • 82
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hyalinosis of the skin ; Glycosaminoglycan metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; Electron microscopy ; Tissue culture ; Hyalinose der Haut ; Glykosaminoglykan-Stoffwechsel ; Fibroblasten ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Gewebekultur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch biochemische Untersuchungen von hyalinisierten Hauttumoren der systematisierten Hyalinose (juvenile hyaline Fibromatose) zeigte sich eine gesteigerte Chondroitinsulfatsynthese von dermalen Fibroblasten, die sich in einem erweiterten rauhen endoplasmatischen Reticulum darstellt, sowie eine Steigerung des Chondroitinsulfat-Gehaltes im befallenen Hautbereich. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf, daß es sich bei der systematisierten Hyalinose um eine Bindegewebserkrankung handelt, die durch eine abnorme Glykosaminoglykan-Synthese der Fibroblasten charakterisiert ist.
    Notes: Summary Biochemical examinations of a hyalinized skin tumor of systemic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis) revealed an increase in chondroitin sulfate synthesis by skin fibroblasts with an enlarged, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum as well as an increase in chondroitin sulfate content. These results indicate that systemic hyalinosis is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal GAG synthesis of fibroblasts.
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  • 83
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Nerve cell injury ; Electron microscopy ; Rat cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Severe hypoglycemia was induced in rats by insulin. The brain was fixed in situ by perfusion after the spontaneous EEG had disappeared for 30 or 60 min or after recovery had been induced for 30 or 180 min by glucose injection. Samples from the cerebral cortex from the area corresponding to the previous metabolic studies were processed for electron microscopy. The light-microscopic finding of two different types of nerve cell injury, reported in a preceding communication (Agardh et al. 1980), was also verified at the ultrastructural level. The type I injury was characterized by cellular shrinkage, condensation of the cell sap and nuclei, and perineuronal astrocytic swelling. No swelling of mitochondria occurred. The slightly swollen type II injured neurons showed contraction of mitochondria, disintegration of ribosomes, loss of RER, and appearance of membrane whorls, while their nuclear chromatin remained evenly distributed. No transition from one type to the other was observed. Neither type of nerve cell injury in hypoglycemia was like that commonly seen in anoxic-ischemic insults indicating a different pathogenesis in these states despite the common final pathway of energy failure. The loss of endoplasmic membranes and disintegration of ribosomes suggests that these structures might be sacrificed for energy production in the absence of normal substrates. During recovery, though, the number of type I injured neurons decreased while some of the remaining ones appeared even more severely affected, suggesting irreversible damage. Type II injured neurons were no longer seen indicating reversibility of these changes.
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  • 84
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    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral infarction ; Cerebral ischemia ; Collateral sprouting ; Electron microscopy ; Mongolian gerbil ; Terminal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct morphological changes were demonstrated in the contralateral hemisphere in the brains of Mongolian gerbils that were subjected to transient unilateral cerebral ischemia. The alterations were most obvious in a narrow region of the contralateral dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), where commissural inputs to the dentate gyrus are known to form synapses with the dentate granule cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed that these changes were caused by degenerative processes which took place in presynaptic terminals of the commissural inputs. An interesting fact was that the degenerated terminals were detected by light microscopy without the aid of special silver impregnation methods. After 1 week, these alterations almost disappeared, and after 3 months the dentate gyrus was undistinguishable from normal. These results strongly suggest that the changes were closely related to axonal degeneration and subsequent repair mechanisms of the brain. The present study indicates the importance of such anatomo-pathological study to delineate the effect of focal ischemia upon distant areas of the brain.
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  • 85
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    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 41-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Kinky hair syndrome ; Brindled mouse ; Purkinje cell ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronological morphological alterations of the cerebellum, with particular attention to the Purkinje cells, were investigated in the brindled mottled MObr mouse, a neurological mutant mouse with close clinical similarity to Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans. Seven days post-natally, slight irregularity in the morphology of mitochondria of the Purkinje cell perikarya was the only significant difference between hemizygous MObr mice and litter mate controls. With advancing age the mitochondrial change became more pronounced gradually in the former, not only in the perikarya but also in the dendrites. However, by day 31 or later the mitochondrial change subsided gradually and by day 91, the mitochondria in the majority of Purkinje cells became indistinguishable from those of littermate controls. Despite the extensive mitochondrial alteration, degeneration and necrosis of Purkinje cells were rather mild. Degeneration of white matter was quite conspicuous in the mutant mouse older than 31 days. These morphological changes of the cerebellum are compared with those of other neurological mutant mice, Nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration, and with KHS in humans.
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  • 86
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    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Axonal alterations ; Spinal gray matter ; Normal cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In our recent ultrastructural studies on synapses of the nucleus dorsalis, central cervical nucleus, and anterior horn of the spinal cord of the normal cat we happened to find spheroids and several types of axonal alterations. These spheroids were up to 39 μm in diameter. They were found in myelinated and unmyelinated terminal axons and at the node of Ranvier and showed two different types of internal structure. One type was large and composed of spirally arranged neurofilaments and mitochondria in increased quantity, although the mean population density of mitochondria was not high being 1.4/μm2 as compared to the normal value 2.0/μm2. Another type was smaller and consisted of small mitochondria and dense bodies which were increased in number: their mean population densities were 4.5/μm2 and 1.9/μm2, respectively. At present, the rare occurrence of spheroids and atypical axonal alterations makes it difficult to determine the origin of affected axons, although some of them presumably arise from primary afferents.
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  • 87
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    Archives of dermatological research 269 (1980), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mouse skin ; UV-light ; Experimental elastosis ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Mäusehaut ; ultraviolettes Licht ; experimentelle Elastose ; Lichtmikroskopie ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß chronischer UV-Lichteinwirkung auf das dermale Bindegewebe der Nacktmaus (Ng/-) wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht (25 Tiere; Dauer der Bestrahlung 8,5 Monate; tägliche Strahlendosis 40±2 J/cm2). Die induzierten Bindegewebsveränderungen entsprechen weitgehend dem Bild, wie es bei der menschlichen aktinischen Elastose angetroffen wird.
    Notes: Summary The effect of long-term ultraviolet irradiation on the connective tissue of the skin was investigated in 25 naked (Ng/-) mice which received a total daily radiant dose of 40±2 J/cm2 for a period of 8.5 months. The produced alterations were very similar to those found in actinic elastosis of humans, as assessed by histologic and electron-microscopic criteria.
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  • 88
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    Archives of dermatological research 268 (1980), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hypermelanosis ; Café au lait spot ; Ataxia-telangiectasia ; Electron microscopy ; Hypermelanose ; Café au lait-Flecken ; Ataxia teleangiectasia ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Café au lait-Flecken scheinen eine der Hautzeichen der Ataxia teleangiectasia zu sein. Sie sind durch eine epidermale Hypermelanosis mit einer normalen Melanocytenzahl charakterisiert. Vom subcellulären Gesichtspunkt wurden zwei wesentliche Abnormalitäten beobachtet. 1. Eine Erhöhung der Synthese von Melanosomen 2. eine Modifikation ihrer Verteilung innerhalb der epidermalen Keratinocyten. Zahlreiche Melanocyten sind in der oberen Epidermis aufzufinden. Auch veränderte Melanocyten sind zu beobachten. Diese zeigen Erweiterung der Mitochondrien, Entwicklung melanosomaler autophagischer Vacuolen, wie auch Fett-Tropfen. Diese Abnormalitäten wurden nicht in der umgebenden normalen Haut aufgefunden. Die Signifikanz dieser Beobachtungen wird diskutiert. Es wird auf die Schweirigkeiten hingewiesen, die aufgrund der histoenzymologischen und ultrastrukturellen Gegebenheiten eine Differentialdiagnose der Café au lait-Flecken ermöglichen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Café au lait spots appear to represent one of the cutaneous features of Ataxia-telangiectasia (A.T.). At the cellular level, they are characterized by an epidermal hypermelanosis with a normal number of melanocytes. At the subcellular level, two basic abnormalities are observed: (1) an increase in the synthesis of melanosome; (2) a modification of their distribution within the epidermal keratinocytes. Numerous pendulous melanocytes project into the upper dermis. Altered melanocytes are also observed. These show mitochondrial dilatation, melanosomal autophagic vacuoles, as well as lipid droplets. These abnormalities are not observed in the normal surrounding skin. The significance of these observations is discussed and stress is placed on the difficulty in establishing a differential diagnosis of café au lait spots, based on their histoenzymological and ultrastructural features.
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Retinoids ; Keratinocytes ; Keratinization disorders ; Electron microscopy ; Retinoide ; Keratinocyten ; Verhornungsstörungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkung hoher peroraler Dosen des aromatischen Retinoids Ro 10-9359 (25 mg/kg/Tag) auf Meerschweinchenepidermis wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die morphologischen Alterationen ließen sich in zwei Stadien einteilen: (a) Daserste Stadium umfaßt entzündliche Gewebsveränderungen, die nach 1wöchiger Applikation einsetzten. Charakteristisch waren das Fehlen der Hornschicht und die vacuoläre cytoplasmatische Disintegration des Stratum Malpighii mit intracellulärem Ödem und stellenweise Ansammlung PAS-positiver Substanzen. Tonofilamente und Desmosomen waren zahlenmäßig vermindert, während Keratinosomen vermehrt auftraten. (b) Imzweiten Regenerationsstadium waren nach 3wöchiger Applikation Ödem und Vacuolisierung rückläufig, eine Hornschicht mit fokaler Parakeratose trat auf und eine mäßige Akanthose war nachweisbar. Elektronenmikroskopisch fand sich eine Hypergranulose, zum Teil mit ungewöhnlichen spongiformen Keratohyalingranula. Die Zahl der Tonofilamente, Desmosomen und Keratinosomen ließ eine deutliche Tendenz zur Normalisierung erkennen. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß die systemische Anwendung von hochdosiertem aromatischen Retinoid zu einem zytotoxischen, keratolytischen und mukoplastischen Effekt an der normalen Epidermis des Meerschweinchens führt; doch die betroffenen Zellen entwickeln offenbar Adaptationsmechanismen, so daß trotz weiterer Verabreichung des Medikamentes es zu einer Restaurierung dieser Veränderungen und zu einer Stimulierung der epidermalen Proliferation mit Akanthose kommt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of oral aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 in a high dosage (25 mg/kg/day) on guinea pig epidermis was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The induced morphological alterations showed two different stages: (a) In theinjury stage, seen after one week of retinoid administration, the epidermis was mainly characterized by lack of the horny layer and vacuolar cytoplasmic disintegration of the malpighian layer with intracellular edema and accumulation of some PAS-positive material. Tonofilaments and desmosomes were markedly reduced, keratinosomes were increased in number. (b) In therecovery stage, seen after 3 weeks of administration, the horny layer had reappeared, the edematous and vacuolar changes were diminished and the epidermis became slightly acanthotic. Hypergranulosis with numerous spongiform keratohyalin granules was a prominent feature. The number of tonofilaments, desmosomes, and keratinosomes showed a clear tendency to normalization. In conclusion, high systemic doses of aromatic retinoid initially exert a cytotoxic, keratolytic, and mucoplastic effect on the normal guinea pig epidermis. Nevertheless, the affected keratinocytes adapt themselves, despite the further administration of the drug, showing a gradual restoration of these changes and a stimulation of epidermal proliferation, leading to acanthosis.
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  • 90
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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    Experimental brain research 40 (1980), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rana esculenta ; Spinal cord ; Granular vesicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of large granular vesicles have been demonstrated in the spinal cord of the frog Rana esculenta. Each type is contained in different fibres located in the neuropil of the ventral horn. The two types of vesicles differ in their diameter and quantity, in the smoothness of their limiting membrane and the electron density of their core. The possibility that they contain peptides is discussed.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Polybrominated biphenyl ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic study of livers from mice fed 167 ppm polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) revealed mitochondrial abnormalities which consisted of both alterations in size and the formation of crystalline-like inclusions within the mitochondrial matrix. These inclusions appeared as parallel arrays of rods and were found in elongated mitochondria which contained few cristae. The findings are briefly described and the possible significance of such inclusions in relation to mitochondrial aberrations are discussed.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 667-680 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amyloidose ; Glomerulus ; Proteinurie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Amyloidogenese ; Amyloidosis ; Glomerulus ; Proteinuria ; Electron microscopy ; Amyloidogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations were carried out on kidney biopsies in renal amyloidosis cases. Particular attention was paid to the relationships between glomerular amyloidosis and proteinuria. On the basis of a grading of the amyloidotic glomeruli (grade G 1: only mesangium affected; G 2: mesangium affected with involvement of less than 50% of the loops; G 3: mesangium affected with involvement of more than 50% of the loops; G 4: amyloidotic obliteration), the individual cases were graded according to the predominance of the G grade into four grades (CI to CIV). It was shown that the majority of the cases investigated belong to grade CII and III. However, four cases of grade C I (predominant involvement of the mesangium only, i.e. the capillary loops were free of amyloid) with proteinuria up to 12 g/24 h were also observed. All four groups (C I to C IV) showed comparable mean values for proteinuria despite extreme differences in the degree of amyloidosis. In the pooled evaluation of the electron micrographs of capillary loops including the mesangium of all cases investigated (C I to C III), there was the following result: 1. 94% of the sectioned mesangia contained fibrillar amyloid. 2. Amyloid-containing mesangia can be associated either with amyloid-containing loops (type a=34%), with borderline loops (type b=35%) or with loops of normal structure (type n=31%). Under the simplifying assumption that the section picture is representative for the entire loop, this means that in biopsies of renal amyloidosis grades C I to C III (proteinuria between 2.5 and 20 g/24 h) on average more than half of the glomerular capillary loops were found to be free of amyloid. 3. In relation to the individual case groups, the percentage of amyloid-containing loops is shown to differ. Indeed, in the group with the lowest degree of amyloidosis (C I) an average of 92% of the capillary loops proved to be free of amyloid despite proteinuria of up to 12 g/24 h (type b and n). It is inferred from these and other data that the elevation in permeability of the glomerular filter must in principle be independent of the presence of morphologically demonstrable fibrillar amyloid in the capillary loop. On the other hand, the essential importance for the filter defect is accorded to the process of “amyloidogenesis”, which interferes with the physicochemical characteristics of the gel filter and which is followed by “manifestation of amyloid”. The morphological findings and a few apparently contradictory clinical observations can be explained on this basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Nierenbiopsien bei Nierenamyloidose wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ausgeführt, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen Amyloidose des Glomerulus und Proteinurie. Auf der Grundlage einer Graduierung der amyloidotischen Glomeruli (Grad G1: rein mesangialer Befall; G 2: mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen weniger als 50%; CIII mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen mehr als 50%; G 4: amyloidotische Verödung) wurden die einzelnen Fälle je nach Vorherrschen des G-Grades graduiert (CI bis C IV). Es zeigte sich, daß die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Fälle den Graden C II und C III angehören. Es wurden aber auch 4 Fälle des Grades C I (ganz überwiegend rein mesangialer Befall, d.h. amyloidfreie Kapillarschlingen) mit Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h beobachtet. Alle vier Gruppen (CI bis CIV) zeigten trotz extremer Unterschiede im Amyloidbefall vergleichbare Mittelwerte für die Proteinurie. Bei der gemeinsamen (gepoolten) Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von Kapillarschlingen inclusive Mesangium aller untersuchten Fälle (C I bis C III) ergab sich folgendes: 1. 90% der getroffenen Mesangien enthielten fibrilläres Amyloid. 2. Amyloidhaltige Mesangien können in Verbindung stehen entweder mit amyloidhaltigen Schlingen (Typ a=34%) oder mit Borderline-Schlingen (Typ b=35%) oder mit normal strukturierten Schlingen (Typ n=31%). Unter der vereinfachenden Voraussetzung, daß das Schnittbild für die gesamte Schlinge repräsentativ ist, bedeutet das, daß bei Nierenamyloidosen mit erheblicher Proteinurie im Mittel weit mehr als die Hälfte der glomerulären Kapillarschlingen amyloidfrei gefunden wird. In der Gruppe mit dem geringsten Amyloidbefall (C I) erweisen sich trotz Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h im Mittel sogar 92% der Kapillarschlingen als amyloidfrei (Typ b und n). Aus diesen und anderen Daten wird abgeleitet, daß die Permeabilitätserhöhung des glomerulären Filters unabhängig sein muß von der Anwesenheit morphologisch nachweisbaren fibrillären Anyloids an der Schlinge. Die wesentliche Bedeutung für den Filterdefekt wird vielmehr dem Vorgang der „Amyloidogenese“ zugesprochen, der als solcher in die physikochemische Beschaffenheit des Gelfilters eingreift und der von der „Amyloidmanifestation“ gefolgt ist. Auf dieser Grundlage lassen sich die erhobenen morphologischen Befunde und einige scheinbar widersprüchliche klinische Beobachtungen erklären.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunoferritin labeling ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane vesicles ; Nitrate reductase ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Klebsiella aerogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect immunoferritin labeling method was used to localize the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase in membrane vesicles and protoplasts or spheroplasts of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. For a comparison of the labeling of the various vesicle preparations, which differed not only in size but also in the percentage of inside-out orientation, a quantification of the results was needed to circumvent the problem of non-specifically bound ferritin. From the results the sidedness of the nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of the abovementioned bacteria was determined as being cytoplasmic in B. licheniformis and as transmembranous in K. aerogenes.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ascodichaena ; Beech bark ; Electron microscopy ; Host-fungus relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascodichaena rugosa Butin is a corkinhabiting fungus, found frequently on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. The hyphae of the fungus are distributed solely in the phellem cells, stopping their growth in the last-formed cork cell layer. The cell to cell invasion is effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall. Electron microscopical observations revealed fine structural details of the fruit bodies and of the intracellular hyphae. Of special interest were the finger-like hyaline hyphae in the last-formed layer of cork cells, which are interpreted as haustoria on the basis of the fine structure both of hyphae and host cells. This situation is considered as reflecting a parasitic relationship of Ascodichaena to beech bark. The activity of the fungus led also to the increased production of cork cells, perhaps related to the nutrient supply of the fungus.
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