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  • 1970-1974  (899)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1971  (899)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (788)
  • Engineering General  (62)
  • Rat  (49)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 269 (1971), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Colloidal Ferrihexacyanoferrate(II) ; Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal absorption, distribution, and excretion of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II), labeled by59Fe at the Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-atoms, respectively, was studied in rats. Following i.v. injection, the compound is separated at ∼60% into Fe3+ and [Fe(CN)6]4−, the residual fraction being retained by the reticuloendothelial system. [Fe(CN)6]4− is excreted rapidly and virtually completely by the kidneys. With oral administration the disintegration amounts to ∼7%, and ∼2% of [Fe(CN)6]4− is absorbed from the gut. No evidence was obtained for decomposition of [Fe(CN)6]4−. No toxic side-effects were observed after chronic administration of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 211-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Synthesis of Catecholamines ; Brain Catecholamines ; Release of Catecholamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Accumulation of labelled noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) and endogenous levels of NA and DA in brain and heart were measured after infusion of tyrosine-14C and dopa-3H in rats. After a single dose of 20 mg/kg i.p. of dl-amphetamine sulphate a 50–65% decrease in the NA accumulation in the brain and heart was observed. The accumulation of DA was not changed. In rats treated chronically with amphetamine sulphate, 16−32 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 4 weeks, both the brain and heart NA and brain DA levels were depleted by 40–70% at 20–24 h after amphetamine withdrawal. The accumulation of labelled NA and DA in these animals was not different from that of saline treated controls. When amphetamine sulphate, 20 mg/kg i.p., was given to chronically amphetamine treated rats there was a 45–60% decrease in the accumulation of labelled NA; labelled DA remained unchanged. It is concluded that the decrease in NA accumulation under acute and chronic amphetamine intoxication is most likely due to a preferential release of newly synthesized NA.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 22-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Polyalcohols ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with14C-labelled polyalcohols in buffered saline solutions at pH 7. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.8 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue diminished the disappearance and appearance rate of the substances and their possible metabolites. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The two transfer rates and their dependence on blood flow decreased with increasing molecular weight of the polyalcohols. 3. The appearance rate of glycerol showed a different dependence on blood flow in experiments with increasing and decreasing blood flow. This phenomenon can be explained by a decreasing permeability of the epithelium for glycerol with time. The cause for it is unknown. 4. By means of a three-compartment-model blood flow independent permeability coefficients of the polyalcohols are derived for the intestinal epithelium. They are consistent with an equivalent pore radius of 3.9±0.1 Å.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports details of the development of the external layer of the median eminence with special reference to the appearance of the nerve terminals, containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles, in the outermost layer of a palisade structure (2–3 μ thick). Observations were made on perinatal rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (16, 18, 20 day fetuses and rats 5 hours, one 4, and 8 days after birth). The palisade structure of the outermost layer of the median eminence was first clearly detectable 5 hours after birth. Concomitantly, there was a marked increase in the number of nerve terminals in this layer. The nerve terminals containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles were seen in 18 day fetuses in the outermost layer of the median eminence. These nerve terminals increased in number during development, especially from the 20th day of fetal life to the 4th day after birth. The size range of the majority of the electron lucent vesicles did not change during development, but that of the core vesicles increased from 600–800 Å from the 18th to 20th day of fetal life. The initiation of neurohemal control of the adenohypophysial function by the hypothalamus is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Ferro-dextran ; Blood brain barrier ; Circumventricular organs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit Myofer (Eisen III-Dextran) wurde die Aufnahme der Testsubstanz in den circumventriculären Organen von Rattengehirnen mit dem Licht-und Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß ein partieller Schrankeneffekt zwischen Gefäß und Gehirn auch in diesen Regionen besteht. Im allgemeinen ist der Schrankeneffekt die Folge hintereinandergeschalteter Barrieren, deren morphologisches Substrat 1. das Gefäßendothel und 2. die Gliagrenzschicht sind. Im Parenchym der verschiedenen Gehirnteile ist die Endothelzelle für diese gegebene Substanz undurchlässig. Dabei wird Myofer zwar in die Zelle aufgenommen, aber total zurückgehalten. In den circumventriculären Organen des Rattengehirns (Area postrema, Epiphyse, Subfornikalorgan, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, Neurohypophyse, Plexus chorioidei) ist die Endothelzelle durchlässig. Daher findet man Myoferpartikel im perivasculären Raum. Der. „Hemmeffekt” der zweiten Barriere ist abhängig 1. von der Konzentration des Myofers in dem perivasculären Raum und 2. von der Zeitdauer, während der die Gliagrenzschicht beeinflußt wird. Die perivasculären Gliafortsätze nehmen als einzige Zellelemente Myofer auf. Da der Anteil von Zellen mit Gliacharakter in den circumventriculären Organen wechselt, ist in den einzelen Regionen Myofer in unterschiedlicher Menge nachweisbar. Neuronale Elemente enthalten niemals Myofer.
    Notes: Summary After pretreatment of rats with Myofer (ferro-dextran complex) the uptake of this substance into circumventricular organs of the brain has been studied by means of light and electronmicroscopy. The results show that in these regions a partial barrier effect exists between blood and brain parenchyma. Generally the barrier effect is the result of impediments, which are connected in series. The morphological substratum of them is (1) the endothelium of the capillaries and (2) the limiting layer of the glial processes. In the parenchyma of the brain (cerebellum) the endothelial cell is sealed for this substance: the Myofer is taken up by the endothelium, but retained in the cells. In the circumventricular organs of the rat's brain (area postrema, epiphysis cerebri, subfornical organ, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, neurohypophysis, choroid plexus) the endothelial cells are leaky. Consequently one finds particles of Myofer inside the perivascular space. The inhibitory effect of the second barrier depends (1) on the concentration of Myofer in the perivascular space and (2) on the period, during which the limiting layer of the glial processes has been affected. The perivascular glial processes are the only cell elements which take up Myofer. Since the proportion of cells characterized as glial elements changes between the circumventricular organs, Myofer is detectable in different amounts within the various regions. Neuronal elements never contain Myofer.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Ascending reticular system ; Topo graphical arrangement ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A neuro-anatomical investigation into the thalamic reticular nucleus and its connections was made in the albino rat, using the method of retrograde degeneration and the Nauta-Gygax method. The results correspond to the description given by Scheibel and Scheibel and indicate connections of the neurons of the reticular which the principal thalamic nuclei and the rostral part of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. A topographical arrangement of the efferent connections of the reticular nucleus is demonstrated. The projection of the reticular nucleus upon the thalamus duplicates the cortico-thalamic connections.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 249-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Edema ; Stab Wound ; Neocortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal cortex of rats was examined by light and electron microscopy 1–120 min after a standardized stab wound (250×450×1800μm, constant stab velocity). The changes in the tissue are already visible qualitatively after 1 min. After about 4 min the expansion of tissue changes stops. 4 zones may be separated. Surrounding the stab canal concentrically they are relatively sharply defined. Zone I. Stab canal, haemorrhagical or “debris zone”, primary traumatic destroyed zone. The tissue units are here completely destroyed. Zone II. “Squashed” or “indirectly but irreversibly damaged” zone. It is ca. 80μm wide and contains apart from a protein-rich extracellular fluid almost exclusively swollen cells and cell fragments. Zone III. Swelling brain or “intracellular peritraumatic edema”. It is ca. 150μm wide and contains mainly dark neurones and swollen astroglia. Zone IV. Transitional zone of variable width. Here only the perivascular and perineural processes are swollen without changed neurone structure. In all swollen astrocytes mitochondria are altered typically (denser matrix, dilated cristae). Discussed are: The short latency period, Zone IV, causes of astroglial swelling, origin of extracellular fluid as well as mechanisms which limit the spread of extracellular fluid into Zone II.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Co-Radiation ; Spinal Cord ; Rat ; Cell Proliferation ; p-Bromophenylacetylurea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were irradiated with doses of 1 000–3 000 rads to the cervical spinal cord and subsequently given a paralytic dose of p-Bromophenylacetylurea. The nuclear populations in the degenerating dorsal columns were determined and it was found that a significant suppression of cell proliferation occurred after all three dose levels. The cell populations in the shielded parts of the tracts rostral to the irradiated zone were not affected.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Psychopharmacology 19 (1971), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Dependence ; Withdrawal Reaction ; Startle Threshold ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thresholds for startle responses to electric shock were measured in adult male Wistar strain rats given ethanol daily in doses rising from 3 to 7 g/kg over a 30-day period, and in controls receiving equicaloric doses of sucrose. Tests made 23, 36, or 47 h after ethanol (i.e., during partial or complete ethanol withdrawal) gave threshold values significantly lower than those obtained with sucrose-treated controls. The difference became greater after longer ethanol treatment and larger doses. However, when threshold measurements were made under the acute influence of ethanol in the experimental group, the mean values were virtually equal to those of the sucrose controls. This normalization, by ethanol, of a disturbance produced by absence of ethanol in a chronically treated animal is indicative of physical dependence. Following termination of ethanol treatment there was a gradual return of startle thresholds almost to control values over a relatively short period, indicating that the changes underlying the hyperexcitability are readily reversible.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 389-394 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Isolation ; Psycho pharmacology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The apomorphine-induced aggression response of isolated rats was examined. The development of aggressive behaviour in adult rats was enhanced after isolation in cages with wire-netting and especially in cages isolated in opacified Makrolon boxes compared with aggregated rats. Young rats kept isolated for 2 months immediately after weaning showed an enhancement only if isolated in wire-netting cages. Rats kept in groups for one month after their isolation still showed an enhancement of aggression, although it was somewhat reduced.
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  • 13
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    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 212-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Behaviour ; Rat ; Mouse ; Neuroleptics ; Thymoleptics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of mice after various doses of amphetamine or apomorphine which induce stereotypies is described in details. The induced stereotyped behaviour in mice appears more differentiated than that in rats. The amphetamine-syndrome in rats consists of an excitement phase followed by the stereotypy, whereas apomorphine elicits stereotyped behaviour directly after administration. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour is different from the apomorphine-induced stereotypy in several respects. Neuroleptics inhibit the amphetamine (12.5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine-(10 mg/kg s.c.) syndrome, while thymoleptics potentiate subeffective doses of amphetamine (5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.). This is demonstrated with some neuroleptics of the phenothiazine-type, haloperidol, reserpine, and a group of thymoleptics. The method opens the possibility of differentiating within several groups of neuroleptics and within several groups of thymoleptics.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; CAR ; Tetrahydrocannabinols ; Transfer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats trained in conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) after injections of either 7.5 mg/kg Δ 9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or 15 mg/kg Δ 8-THC, showed no transfer when tested in the non-drugged state. Furthermore, these doses of the isomeric tetrahydrocannabinols exerted a disruptive effect on previously established CAR in rats, trained under normal conditions. Only the Δ 9-THC-group showed an impairment of acquisition which was statistically significant compared to the control group.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alperenolol ; Amphetamine ; Brain Amines ; Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of alprenolol and amphetamine alone or combined on the content of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in seven discrete areas of the brain and on rat behaviour was studied. Animals were treated with drugs for 6 months. Alprenolol caused mainly a decrease of the estimated endogenous amines in different brain areas. Amphetamine caused a decrease of all three amines in some parts of the brain, and reversed some of the changes caused by alprenolol. Alprenolol had no effect on the locomotor activity of rats, but increased the activity of rats treated with amphetamine after the first week of treatment, and antagonized the excitatory effect caused by amphetamine during the following weeks of the experiment.
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  • 16
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    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Pilocarpine ; Lashley Jumping Stand ; Fixated Behavior ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of male albino rats were subjected to the Maier paradigm (insoluble problem followed by a soluble problem) using the Lashley jumping stand. Forty-two animals which failed the soluble problem by adopting a position stereotype were then randomly assigned to eight drug groups in a 2×2 design. Animals were guided to the correct window on odd days but received no guidance on even days. Animals received either pilocarpine nitrate (5.0 mg/kg) or scopolamine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) in one of three different sequences. These sequences included drug on both odd and even days (drug-drug), only on the odd day (drug-no drug), or only on the even day (no drug-drug). One other drug group received scopolamine methylbromide (1.0 mg/kg) in a drug-no drug sequence, while the control group received saline on both days. Results indicated that animals receiving pilocarpine in the drug-drug and no drug-drug sequence solved significantly faster than the controls, while all the drugno drug groups showed significantly poorer solution rates. It was concluded that pilocarpine may enable animals to inhibit punished behavior patterns and thus hasten the extinction of fixated responses, but that due to the inconclusive scopolamine data this pilocarpine effect may not be due to its cholinomimetic properties.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: NE ; Intraventricular ; Cholinergic Function ; Eating Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of centrally administered norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral ventricle on choline acetylase activity (ChAc), endogenous levels of NE, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) was studied in different regions of the rat brain. In normal rats, the highest activity of choline acetylase was found in the cerebral cortex, followed by the brain stem, the diencephalon, the hypothalamus and least in the cerebellum. Chronic administration of NE significantly increased the choline acetylase activity in all regions studied, whereas both the acute and the in vitro studies showed no significant change except in the brain stem. Serotonin level was increased in the cerebellum, but decreased in the diencephalon and the brain stem. There was no significant alteration in the level of NE in all areas studied except in the hypothalamus where there was an increase in the mean concentration. Tissue level of DA showed a significant increase in the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. Behaviourally, there was a significant increase in food intake on the first day of treatment with no significant change in water intake. The data suggests that NE may be involved in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis. The significance of interaction between different monoamines and acetylcholine may be important in the study of drug tolerance phenomena.
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  • 18
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    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 144-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance ; Chlorpromazine ; CS-US Interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of four rats learned to avoid electric shock (US) by turning a wheel in response to a buzzer stimulus (CS). The CS-US intervals for each group were 5, 10, and 20 sec, respectively. After each animal had learned the avoidance procedure and had achieved a stable level of performance, the effect of several doses of chlorpromazine on percent avoidance, on latency time from CS onset to termination by a response, and on response rate was determined as a function of CS-US interval length. No consistent relationship between increasing interval length and response rate was observed. Neither lengthening the CS-US interval nor the interaction of this lengthening with chlorpromazine dose was found to exert a statistically significant effect on percent avoidance. Furthermore, although a statistically significant increase in response latency was found to be associated with increasing CS-US interval length, the increases in latency noted were not of sufficient magnitude to corroborate the hypothesis that lengthening the CS-US interval contributes importantly to increased avoidance responding in animals tested with chlorpromazine. Further, the results of this study do not support induction of a locomotor deficit as the mechanism by which chlorpromazine suppresses the avoidance response.
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  • 19
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    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Phentolamine ; Noradrenaline ; Amphetamine ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phentolamine injected intraventricularly in unanaesthetized rats decreased their locomotor activity and antagonized the excitatory effect of intraventricularly injected noradrenaline, or amphetamine injected s.c. Phentolamine did not influence the level of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain. The mechanism of observed action of phentolamine is discussed.
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  • 20
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    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anorexic Effect ; Fenfluramine ; Activity Analysis ; Time Sampling Technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments are reported investigating the effects of acute administration of fenfluramine over 3 doses on activity, eating and drinking behaviour. A time sampling procedure of activity analysis was used, employing six behaviour categories. Fenfluramine produced a dose related decrease in rearing behaviours, with some evidence of an increase in walking categories at the lower dose levels. Eating and drinking behaviours showed clear dose related decreases. Sniffing categories showed a clear dose related increase. Attention is drawn to some of the difficulties of interpretation and assessment of anorexic effect.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: NaKATPase ; Intracellular Localisation ; Proximal Tubule ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With refinements of quantitative histochemistry, i.e. oilwell technique, enzymaticP ianalysis and NADP/NADPH cycling an enzymatic polarization of the tubular epithelial cell from the rat nephron to NaKATPase can be established. NaKATPase activity is limited to the basal area of the epithelial cell. Brush border fragments lack NaKATPase activity.
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  • 22
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 154 (1971), S. 339-340 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Blood sampling ; Rat ; Tail artery ; Blutentnahme ; Ratte ; Schwanzarterie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Punktion der Schwanzarterie der Ratte als Methode zur wiederholten Blutgewinnung bei diesem Versuchstier beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary The puncture of the tail artery in the rat is described as a method for repeated blood sampling in this animal.
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  • 23
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 155 (1971), S. 340-353 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Rat ; Nephron types ; Oxydoreductases ; Quantitative histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With oxidoreductases mediating several metabolic pathways, e.g. LDH (glycolysis), ICDH, MDH (tricarboxylic acid cycle), GLDH (aminoacid metabolism) and G-6-PDH (hexose monophosphate shunt) additional marked differences between the subcapsular (SCN) and juxtamedullary (JMN) nephron of rat kidney could be established using quantitative histochemical technique. The enzymatic differences between the two nephron types are mainly quantitative as could be shown within the logarithmic network. The intrarenal enzymatic heterogeneity seems to constitute a general concept.
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  • 24
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 314-316 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Rat ; Cardiopuncture ; Drawing of Blood ; Injektion ; Ratte ; Herzpunktion ; Blutentnahme ; Injektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiopunkture in anesthesia is a rapid and accurate method for withdrawal of blood and injection without as many complications as suspected if carried out correctly. In the animal placed on its back a syringe with a gauge-24 needle is inserted in the left 4th or 5th intercostal space close to the sternum. When the needle is slowly pushed forward toward the spine continuous suction is exerted with the plunger. After blood has been drawn the needle is removed with a quick jerk. Thus when rats were punctured 8 to 18 times only 1 animal died of a hemopericard in 275 punctures. No other complication could be observed.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory neurons ; Rat ; Nerve section ; Neurofilaments ; Neurofibrils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sensory neurons were examined in spinal ganglia of the rat 1 to 55 days after section of the plexus brachialis nerves. Only “light” neurons of the type A were investigated. Maximal reaction to axotomy was found 7 to 14 days after the operation. The majority of the axotomized perikarya developed central chromatolysis. In such neurons, Nissl bodies virtually disappeared from the central area of the neuron and formed a more or less continuous zone at the cell circumference. The cytocentrum became filled with large numbers of mitochondria, dense bodies and other organelles. Neurofilaments and microtubules were disarranged and ran at random among the accumulated particles. Microtubules were often more prominent in chromatolytic areas than neurofilaments. Both these organelles were rare in the peripheral areas filled with massed Nissl substance. Part of the neurons that did not show typical chromatolysis contained increased numbers of neurofilaments among Nissl bodies dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Neurofilaments were roughly arrayed in bundles up to several microns wide; they were linked by cross-bridges and separated by distances of about 500 Å. Microtubules were rarely found in the filamentous areas. However, they were numerous in the axon hillock and in the initial segment where they formed fascicles similar to those described in normal neurons of other types. During the period from 14 to 55 days after axotomy, many perikarya recovering from chromatolysis contained enlarged bundles of neurofilaments with occasional microtubules among the restored Nissl bodies. Mean diameters of sensory neurons, measured 7 to 55 days after axotomy, in no instance exceeded those of contralateral control neurons. It thus appears that sensory perikarya do not increase in size either during the chromatolytic process or during the period of recovery.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 378-383 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Rat ; Epithelium ; Proliferation activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 12 männlichen weißen Wistarratten unterschiedlichen Alters wurde autoradiographisch die Proliferation des Samenblasenepithels zur Zeit der Pubertät geprüft. Die Tiere waren 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 und 180 Tage alt und erhielten 1 Std vor der Tötung durch Dekapitation 2,5 μC 3H-Thymidin/g Körpergewicht i. p. appliziert. Ausgewertet wurden Autoradiogramme nach einer Expositionszeit von 18 Tagen; bestimmt wurde der Prozentsatz der markierten Zellkerne (3H-Index). Im Gegensatz zu dem bekannten exponentiellen Abfall des 3H-Indexes bei nicht-hormonabhängigen Leberepithelien jugendlicher Ratten kommt es beim Epithel der Samenblasen um den 40. Lebenstag zu einem erneuten, starken Proliferationsschub. Diese starke Wachstumszunahme ist wahrscheinlich der proliferationskinetische Ausdruck der nach Steinberger (1970) zur gleichen Zeit stattfindenden hormonellen Umschaltung in den Testes. Anschließend geht das Vermehrungswachstum des jugendlichen Tieres, durch das die Zellzahl erhöht wird, in das Erhaltungswachstum über; der 3H-Index des Samenblasenepithels erreicht den Wert des erwachsenen Tieres.
    Notes: Summary In 12 male white rats (Wistar) the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles was studied by autoradiography. The animals were 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 and 180 days old. Each animal was given 2.5 μC/g 3H-thymidine and was killed 1 hour thereafter. We analysed the autoradiograms recording the percentage of labelled nuclei (3H-index). While the 3H-index of the non hormone-dependent epithelial cells in the liver of young rats declines continously with growing age (Stocker et al., 1964), the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles of 40 days old rats show a remarkable rise in their proliferative activity. It is quite possible that this new peak in the proliferation is the morphological result of a preceeding switch in hormonal production of the testes as reported by Steinberger (1970). Thereafter the growth proliferation of the young rats declines into the steady state of the grown up.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 531-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Helical polyribosomes ; Skeletal muscle ; Polysomes ; Levator ani ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and configurations of ribosomes in mature white skeletal muscle fibers of the rat were investigated. Differential visualization of ribosomes and glycogen granules was obtained by fixation with glutaraldehyde only and staining of the sections with uranyl acetate. Ribosomes are then electron dense and glycogen granules electron transparent. Their identity was ascertained by selective extractions of ribonucleic acid and polysaccharide. The vast majority of the ribosomes is not membrane-bound. They are located intermyofibrillarly (predominantly at the level of the I-bands), beneath the sarcolemma, and in the paranuclear cones of sarcoplasm. Occasionally short stretches of granular reticulum occur, often as characteristic double walled vesicles with ribosomes on the inner membrane only. Three main types of polysomal configurations are observed: rosettes of 4 to 6 ribosomes, helical arrays, and whorls of up to about 25 probably membrane-bound ribosomes. The average number of ribosomes in the extended helical configurations is estimated to be about 60. It is argued that these helices represent the polysomes instrumental in the synthesis of the large subunits of myosin. It is emphasized that helical polyribosomes are by no means typical of striated muscle, but probably represent a common configuration of large free polysomes.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 157-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 30-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes occurring in rat adrenocortical cells (zona fasciculata) during an 8 day period of treatment with ACTH, were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The most important ultrastructural change consists in a conspicuous increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, that accounts for about 50% of the total increase of cellular volume. Also the mitochondrial fraction shows a significant increase, which is found to be due both to the increment in the number of mitochondria per cell and to the increase in the mean volume of organelles themselves. The quantitative autoradiographic data, indicating an increment in the incorporation of 3H-orotate and 3H-leucine into adrenocortical cells of the treated animals, allow us to conclude that the ACTH-induced ultrastructural changes are the morphological expression of a stimulation of the cellular protein synthesis. Since mitochondria are largely autonomous in the synthesis of their enzymes and structural proteins, it is possible to hypothesize that ACTH also intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars intermedia ; Corticotrophic cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nos observations démontrent l'existence de deux types de cellules glandulaires dans la pars intermedia de l'hypophyse du rat: des cellules propres, à M.S.H., dont les grains de sécrétion sont détruits par la fixation osmiée et relativement bien conservés par la fixation au glutaraldéhyde; des cellules à petits grains denses, osmio-résistants, qui s'apparentent morphologiquement aux éléments corticotropes de l'antéhypophyse. L'existence bien connue d'A.C.T.H. ou, plus précisément, d'un facteur ≪A.C.T.H.-like≫ dans le lobe neuro-intermédiaire nous fait considérer comme très vraisemblable la nature corticotrope de ce deuxième type cellulaire de la pars intermedia.
    Notes: Summary Two types of glandular cells have been shown to occur in the intermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis: 1) M.S.H. producing cells whose secretory granules are destroyed by osmium fixation and relatively well preserved by glutaraldehyde fixation, 2) cells with small dense osmium resistant granules being morphologically similar to the corticotrophic cells of the anterior lobe. The well known occurrence of A.C.T.H. or, more precisely, of an “A.C.T.H.-like” factor in the neuro-intermediate lobe makes the corticotrophic nature of this second cell type very likely.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Innervation ; Receptors ; Rat ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the adrenal cortex of the rat and the pig is investigated with the electron microscope. Nerve fibers containing synaptic and two types of dense-cored vesicles come into contact with endocrine cells. There are no specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The synaptic cleft is about 200 Å wide. Generally the basement membrane between nerve and cell is absent. These observations are discussed on the base of more recent experimental findings. Small fibers having an average diameter of about 0.2 to 0.5 μ and containing only tubules and filaments are considered to represent parts of an afferent nervous system.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nematosomes ; Subsynaptic web ; Microfilamentous cytoplasmic network ; Neurosecretory cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope study of the rat supraoptic nucleus, substantia nigra, neostriatum and periventricular preoptic area demonstrates that nematosomes are present within the perikaryon of neurons located in these structures. The latter structure may be found in close association with the subsynaptic web of axosomatic synapses. Numerous micro-filaments fan out from the nematosome and link the latter organelle to the ribosomes, the cytoplasmic membranes and the plasma membrane thus establishing an interwoven filamentous cytoplasmic network. A possible close relationship between the nematosomes and the neurofilaments and neurotubules is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Epithelium ; Rat ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an frühere lichtmikroskopisch erhobene Befunde (Silberimprägnation; 1924, 1928) weist der Verfasser durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen nach, daß durch die Interzellularspalten des Epithels (Schnauze der weißen Ratte) Nervenfasern hindurchziehen. Diese Nervenfäserchen, ihre Varikositäten und ihre Endknöpfchen liegen in den Spalten zwischen den Epithelzellen. Die Ultrastruktur der nackten, d.h. von Schwannschen Zellen nicht umhüllten terminalen Nervenfasern und ihrer Endigungen im Epithel wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary In addition to former light microscopical observations the author demonstrates electronmicroscopically that nerve fibers pass through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium. The nerve fibers, their varicosities and terminal bulbs lie within the spaces between the epithelial cells. The ultrastructure of the terminal nerve fibers in the epithelium is described.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue Mast Cells ; Rat ; Regeneration ; Monocytes ; Peritoneal Exudates ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Regeneration von Gewebsmastzellen wurde durch Untersuchungen von Peritonealexsudat erwachsener Ratten verfolgt, die häufigen Spülungen der Bauchhöhle unterworfen wurden. Innerhalb von 4–6 Tagen kommt es zu einer starken Vermehrung unreifer Gewebszellen. Die Ausbildung von Alcianblau-positiven unreifen Granula in ungranulierten Vorstufen benötigt etwa 6 Std. Die Ausbildung von Safranin-positiven reifen Granula vollzieht sich in 48 Std. Die Ergebnisse der zytochemischen Untersuchungen unreifer Mastzellvorstufen sprechen für eine monozytogene Entstehung der Gewebsmastzellen.
    Notes: Summary In adult rats, the regeneration of tissue mast cells in peritoneal exudates was studied by repeated peritoneal lavages. After 4–6 days, tissue mast cells appeared in great numbers in peritoneal exudates. Alcian blue positive granules were first noted at 6 hrs in agranular mast cell precursors. Maturation with accumulation of safraninpositive granules was complete after 48 hrs. The cytochemical reactions of the earliest tissue mast cell precursors suggest a monocytogenic origin of tissue mast cells.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate narcosis ; Cell nucleus shrinkage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Ependym des Hypothalamus wurde das Verhalten der Zellkern-Membran nach ausgedehnter intraperitonealer Thiobarbiturat-Narkose untersucht. Die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Zellkern zeigt Zeichen von Schrumpfung. Diese Veränderung ist reversibel und wird nicht von der mit der Narkose verbundenen Entwässerung verursacht. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen einen normalen Stoffwechsel vermuten, Zeichen von Pyknose fehlen.
    Notes: Summary Effects on the nuclear membrane were investigated in hypothalamic ependymal cells of the rat during prolonged intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis. The nuclear membrane of the nucleus was folded and the nucleus showed signs of shrinkage. These alterations were reversible and did not depend on the dehydration which developed during the narcosis. Ultrastructural signs and the absence of pyknosis suggested that metabolism during nuclear shrinkage may be normal.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Rat ; Cytoplasmic bodies resembling nucleoli ; Paranucleolar and coiled bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A distinctive cytoplasmic inclusion, termed nucleolus-resembling body, was identified in the neurons, but not in the glial cells, of the medial vascular prechiasmatic gland, the preoptic recess and the anterior part of the suprachiasmatic area in the rat. This ultrastructure which lacks a limiting membrane is made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments, 60–70 Å in diameter. Each filament consists of smaller units, 15–20 Å thick. Usually, only one such ultrastructure is present in a cell, but at time two were identified. It is present in most neurosecretory cells. It is surrounded by polyribosomes in the perikaryon of the nerve cells. Furthermore, it is linked to peripherally located ribosomes by means of filaments, 70 Å in diameter. A possible function in protein synthesis of structural components, such as neurofilaments, is hypothesized. Two distinctive fibrillar areas were identified in the nucleolus according to the tightness with which fibrils were packed together. Their significance is discussed. Nucleolar extrusions were never observed in our studies. Paranucleolar and coiled bodies were identified in the nuclear sap. The mechanism of formation and the significance of these bodies are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Incorparation of 3H-Dopamine, 3H-Serotonin and 3H-Norepinephrine ; Axo-dendritic Synapses ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In autoradiographies of substantia nigra in rat, it has been observed that after intraventricular injections of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine respectively the silvergrains are accumulated in nigra neurons and their dendritic branches. The incorporation was more pronounced in the case of 3H-norepinephrine than 3H-dopamine. This seems to indicate that exogenous norepinephrine may have stronger affinity to nigra neurons and their dendrites than exogenous dopamine. In addition, some 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine labelled nerve terminals were observed in axo-dendritic synapses. In contrast to these data, 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT administration showed almost all silver grains accumulated in the neuropil when observed in light microscopic autoradiography. Electron micrographs further reveal that the incorporation of 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT was mostly within axo-dendritic boutons with more frequent dense core vesicles. These data again strongly suggest that substantia nigra receives a large number of serotoninergic fibres forming axo-dendritic synapses which may play an important role in modulation of substantia nigra function.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; TRF-synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural aspects of the paraventricular nucleus and its neuropil are described in the normal rat. Two types of neurons can be distinguished morphologically. The first type contains numerous dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 140 nm). The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum are arranged parallely at the periphery of the cell body. The second type of neuron contains a few dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 75 nm) and the endoplasmic reticulum is randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. In the neuropil, two types of dense-core vesicles are observed in separated axons. The histogram of the distribution of their mean diameter clearly indicates a double population of vesicles. The signification of the second type of neuron in the paraventricular nucleus is discussed and its possible relation to TRF synthesis is evoked.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 119-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Light microscopy ; Histometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 260 männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Daweley-Ratten vom 0. Lebenstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche wird die geschlechtsdifferente Entwicklung der Nebennierenrinde histologisch und histometrisch verfolgt. Von der 4. Lebenswoche an ist die weibliche Fasciculatazelle durch ein helles, fein-granuläres Cytoplasma ohne distinkt abgrenzbare Fettvakuolen ausgezeichnet, während beim Männchen in einem kompakten Cytoplasma zunehmend größere, deutlich begrenzte Vakuolen auftreten. Im Blindversuch gelingt aufgrund dieser Kriterien die Geschlechtsdiagnose mit großer Treffsicherheit. Nach histometrischen Untersuchungen sind die weiblichen Fasciculatakerne größer als die männlichen. Bei größerem Zellvolumen ist die Kernzahl/Flächeneinheit beim Weibchen von der Pubertät an kleiner. Die Glomerulosa und die inneren Rindenschichten zeigen keine Geschlechtsdifferenzen. Fermenthistochemisch ist eine Geschlechtsdifferenz nicht nachweisbar. Die relative Zellhypertrophie in der Fasciculata der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde ist das morphologische Äquivalent eines geschlechtsdifferenten Steroidmetabolismus bei der Ratte.
    Notes: Summary In 260 male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats the sex dependent development of the adrenal cortex was studied histologically and by histometric procedures. Beginning in the 4th week of life the parenchymal cells in the fasciculata of the female animals are characterized by a light, finely granular cytoplasm without distinct lipid vacuoles. In the males, however, the cells show a dense, compact cytoplasm with clearly visible vacuoles increasing in size. In a blind test the sex diagnosis can be established with great accuracy. Histometrically the nuclei in the female fasciculata cells are larger than in the males. Furthermore, caused by a larger cell volume the number of nuclei per square unit is smaller in postpuberal females. The glomerulosa and the inner parts of the cortex do not show any sex differences, nor does enzyme histochemistry. The relative cellular hypertrophy in the fasciculata of the female adrenal cortex represents the morphologic equivalent of the sexual differences in the rats steroid metabolism.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic neurons ; “Short” and “long” systems ; Pre- and postnatal development ; Peripheral organs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation in the submaxillary gland, heart, kidney, small intestine, and accessory male genital organs and the development of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the sympathetic ganglia were studied in the rat from 15 days post coitum to 16 days post partum using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The postnatal development of the noradrenaline concentrations in the heart and vas deferens was followed by fluorometric determinations. At about 15 days post coitum, the anlagen of the sympathetic chains were well visible in the form of two dorsal segmented columns of small branching sympathicoblasts exhibiting an intense catecholamine fluorescence. In the midline, ventrally to these two anlagen, another column of sympathicoblasts developed; this seemed to give rise to the prevertebral ganglia and to the short adrenergic neurons supplying the internal genital organs. At the level of the adrenal anlagen, small intensely fluorescent chromaffin cells were collected in two bilateral groups which became enclosed by adreno-cortical cells. This enclosure was, however, not complete even at two weeks post partum. Bundles of growing sympathetic nerves were visible in the periphery of the various organs studied at 19–21 days post coitum. A terminal innervation of the organs suggestive of a functional transmitter mechanism did not start to establish until at or immediately after birth. The final pattern of innervation was usually reached at about one week post partum, and the following development proceeded largely in the form of a quantitative increase in the number of nerves participating in the innervation apparatus. The adult level of noradrenaline in the heart and vas deferens was reached three to five weeks after birth. The small intestine was an exception in that the final pattern of innervation in the wall was attained immediately after birth. There was no overt difference in the rate of development of the terminal sympathetic innervation in organs supplied by short adrenergic neurons (accessory male genital organs) compared to the innervation of the submaxillary gland, heart and kidney, which receive classical long adrenergic neurons.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Valve mechanism ; Rat ; Skin of the paw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der dorsalen Haut der Hinterpfoten von Ratten wurden Klappen am Abgang kleinerer Gefäße von großen Arterien beobachtet. Diese Arterien verlaufen in einer subkutanen, größere Gefäße und Nerven führenden Bindegewebsschichte über den Streckersehnen. Die kleineren Gefäße haben den Wandbau einer Vene und zweigen etwa im rechten Winkel von der Arterie ab. An ihrer Abgangsstelle ist neben den Klappen manchmal ein sphinkterartiger Muskelring ausgebildet. Diese Gefäßabschnitte werden für arterio-venöse Anastomosen gehalten und auf die Bedeutung solcher an dieser Stelle bisher nicht beschriebenen Verschlußeinrichtungen für die Regulation der Kurzschlüsse wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal skin of the hindpaws of rats valves were observed at those sites where smaller vessels branched from larger arteries. These arteries run in a subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, which lies above the extensor tendons and in which the larger vessels and nerves are found. These smaller vessels, the walls of which resemble those of veins, were seen branching off at approximate right angles to their artery of origin. Besides the valves a sphincterlike muscle ring was observed in some cases at the point of branching. These vascular segments are held to be arteriovenous anastomoses. Such “locking devices” at these points have not been described until now and seem to be important in the regulation of arteriovenous shunts.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 334-354 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat absorption ; Small intestine ; Rat ; Micropinocytosis ; Circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung will klären, welche Rolle die Mikropinocytose bei der Fettresorption spielt und ob die Fettresorption tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Zu diesem Zweck wurde Fett zu verschiedenen Tages- und Nachtzeiten in abgebundene Jejunumabschnitte von Ratten injiziert, das Darmgewebe in verschiedenen Abständen licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und die Zahl der mikropinocytotischen Invaginationen der Enterocyten bestimmt. Folgende Resultate wurden erzielt: Die Häufigkeit der Mikropinocytose (mikropinocytotische Invaginationen/100 Mikrovilli) beträgt bei Hungertieren 4,78, bei Normaltieren 5,06, 1 min nach Gabe von Mazolachymus 3,55, 1/16 m NaCl-Lösung 4,37, Butterschmalz 5,50, Rindertalg 7,16, Schweineschmalz 7,66 und Mazola 9,25; 2 1/2 min nach Mazolagabe 8,23, nach 5 min 7,67, nach 10 min 6,76. Zwischen 10 und 15 min wird der Ausgangswert erreicht. Aufgrund statistischer Auswertung der Befunde wird geschlossen, daß Fett vor allem in den Frühstadien der Fettresorption durch Mikropinocytose aufgenommen werden könnte. Ferner zeigt sich, daß die Mikropinocytosehäufigkeit entscheidend von der chemischen Zusammensetzung und dem physikalischchemischen Zustand der verabreichten Fette beeinflußt werden dürfte. — Lichtmikroskopisch wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Fettresorption charakteristische, tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Um 2.00 Uhr ist sie am stärksten, um 14.00 Uhr am geringsten. Es wird diskutiert, worauf die tagesrhythmischen Unterschiede zurückzuführen sind.
    Notes: Summary The present study attempts to elucidate (a) to what extent micropinocytosis is involved in the process of fat absorption and (b) whether fat absorption shows a circadian rhythm. For this purpose rats were given 0.1 to 0.15 ml of fat directly into the upper jejunum at various times of the day and night. 20 sec to 20 min after administration of fat small pieces of the jejunum were rapidly dissected out, the tissue examined by means of light- and electron microscopy, and the number of micropinocytotic pits occurring in the enterocytes during fat absorption was determined. The following results were obtained: The frequency of micropinocytosis (micropinocytotic pits/100 microvilli) is as follows: in starved rats 4.78, in normal rats 5.06, 1 min after administration of corn oil chyme 3.55, 1/16 m NaCl-solution 4.37, clarified butter 5.50, ox tallow 7.16, lard 7.66, corn oil 9.25; 2 1/2 min after administration of corn oil 8.23, after 5 min 7.67, and after 10 min 6.76. Between 10 and 15 min the number of micropinocytotic pits reverses to normal. From statistical analysis of the results it is concluded that micropinocytosis can play a significant role in the early stages of fat absorption. The experiments show in addition that micropinocytosis is greatly influenced by the chemical composition and the physico-chemical state of the administered fat.—Light microscopic studies indicate that fat absorption varies considerably during the 24 hr period. The highest absorption was found at 2 a.m., the lowest at 2 p.m.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 283-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Synthesis of hormones ; Acid phosphatase ; Osmium impregnation ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of the paraventricular neurones of the non-treated rat are presented comparing them with those of the supraoptic neurones. No striking differences are seen between the general electron microscopic characteristics of the paraventricular and supraoptic neurones. The importance of adequate fixation to obtain good preservation of the neurones is emphasized, since inadequate fixation can cause e.g. artefactual appearance of “dark neurones”. The previously presented classification of the neurosecretory neurones into two categories (e.g. “light and dark neurones”) on the basis of the number of ribosomes is not considered justifiable, since their number can vary to a very great extent even within a single cell. The synthesis of neurosecretory products in the paraventricular neurones obviously follows the general mode of the synthesis of secretory proteins: ribosomes—RER—Golgi complex—secretory vesicles. On the basis of the localization of heavy metal deposits after osmium impregnation and demonstration of acid phosphatase the Golgi complex of the paraventricular neurones is found to be polarized. The direction of the polarity is discussed. The substructures of the dense cores of the neurosecretory granules and of the contents of the lysosomal dense bodies are nearly identical. Therefore it is considered impossible to determine positively the nature of the dark condensed material within the Golgi complex. The characteristics of the immature neurosecretory granules and the possibility of releasing neurosecretory products into the cytoplasm already within the perikarya are speculated.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Two-filament system ; Small intestine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of glycerinated smooth muscle from small intestine of adult rat was investigated by electron microscopy. In the central parts of the tissue blocks a two-filament system was found, consisting of parallel thick and thin filaments with regularly spaced interconnections, closely resembling that of striated muscle. In the peripheral parts of the blocks only thin filaments were found. The thin filaments were identified as actin by the formation of arrowhead complexes after incubation with heavy meromyosin.
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Man ; Rat ; Spontaneous and experimental tumors ; Brain specific proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary tumors of the nervous system in rats induced by weekly administration of 6 mg/kg N-methylnitrosourea and spontaneous human brain tumors were investigated comparatively using immunoprecipitation technique. It is shown that two proteins antigenically identical with the specific glia proteins S100 and 14.3.2 are present in spontaneous as well as in experimental gliomas and schwannomas. These results demonstrate that the model of experimental tumors of the nervous system in rats is practicable for comparative morphological and biochemical studies of tumors of glial and schwann cell origin.
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  • 49
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    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 155 (1971), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Heterotransplantation ; Human prostate ; Rat ; Antilymphocytic serum ; Heterotransplantation ; Menschliche Prostata ; Ratte ; Antilymphocytenserum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziel, neue Voraussetzungen für experimentelle, histologische und biologische Untersuchungen der menschlichen Prostata zu schaffen, haben wir humanes Prostataadenomgewebe in die Oberschenkelmuskulatur neonataler Ratten verpflanzt. Die notwendige Immunsuppression wurde durch subcutane Injektion von Antilymphocytenserum erzielt. 3 Wochen nach der Heterotransplantation entsprach das histologische Bild eines Teils des implantierten Prostataadenomgewebes weitgehend dem Originalgewebe. Ebenso verhielten sich histochemischer Reaktionsausfall und Verteilungsmuster der sauren Phosphatase, der unspezifischen Esterase und der Succinodehydrogenase. Daneben wurden metaplastische Drüsenstrukturen angetroffen, die durch einen Aktivitätsabfall der untersuchten Enzyme gekennzeichnet waren.
    Notes: Summary Under the effect of antilymphocytic serum as an immunsuppressive regime it was possible to transplant human adenomatous prostatic grafts in neonatal rats. On the one hand the histological and histochemical examination of the grafts proved the maintenance of vitality and integrity of the prostatic tissue up to 3 weeks after heterologous transplantation. On the other hand metaplastic changes in the glandular epithelium accompanied with diminished enzymatic activity was also observed in a part of the grafted tissue.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde Äthylendiammonium-oxopentachloromolybdat(V), enH2 · [MoOCl5], in reiner Form (grün) dargestellt und durch Analyse, Oxydationsstufe, Magnetismus (μeff = 1,63 BM), IR- und Elektronenspektrum sowie durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen charakterisiert. Einige seiner Reaktionen in Lösung und festem Zustand wurden untersucht.
    Notes: Ethylene diammonium oxopentachloro molybdate(V) enH2 [MoOCl5] (where en = ethylene diammine) has been isolated in pure state and has been characterised by chemical analysis, oxidation state determination, magnetic measurement, spectroscopic investigations and conductivity measurements. Its reactions have been studied in solution and solid state.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 52
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten einer Serie von ternären intermetallischen Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung ThM2X2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu; X = Si, Ge) ermittelt (FARADAY-Methode, 100-570°K). Dabei wurde dasjenige magnetische Verhalten beobachtet, das kürzlich auf Grund der Abhängigkeit der Kristall-strukturparameter von der Atomnummer des jeweiligen Übergangsmetalls vorhergesagt wurde. Je nach der Atomnummer des Übergangsmetalls sind diese Verbindungen abwechselnd ferro- oder antiferromagnetisch.
    Notes: Magnetic susceptibilities of a series of ternary intermetallic compounds of the general composition ThM2X2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu; X = Si and Ge) were determined by means of FARADAY method in the temperature interval 100-570°K. The results confirm the previously proposed magnetic behaviour of these compounds, based on the observation of the basic crystallographic parameters as a function of the atomic number of the transition metal element. The compounds were found to be alternatively ferromagnetics and antiferromagnetics depending on the atomic number of the transition metal atom.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 128-136 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The IR- and RAMAN spectra are reported for the above mentionned compounds. All valence force-constants are calculated. The substitution of oxygen by sulfur causes a decrease of all force-constants. 18% for f P—OCH3 and f P—SCH3, 10% for f O=P and f S=P and 2% for f O—CH3 and f S—CH3.
    Notes: Es wurden die IR- und RAMAN-Spektren von folgenden Verbindungen aufgenommen und zugeordnet: OP(OCH3)3, OP(OCH3)2(SCH3), OP(OCH3)(SCH3)2, OP(SCH3)3, SP(OCH3)3, SP(OCH3)2(SCH3), SP(OCH3)(SCH3)2 und SP(SCH3)3. Mit Hilfe eines Näherungsverfahrens werden sämtliche Valenzkraftkonstauten berechnet. Ganz allgemein ergibt der Ersatz von Sauerstoff durch Schwefel eine Abnahme aller Kraftkonstanten, am stärksten für f P—OCH3 und f P—SCH3 (18%), bei f P=O und f S=P von 10% und bei f O—CH3 und f S—CH3 von 2%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The IR- and RAMAN-spectra are reported from OP(OCH3)2Cl, OP(OCH3)Cl2, SP(OCH3)Cl, SP(OCH3)Cl2. The assignement to the fundamental vibration is given and all Valence-force-constants are calculated. With increasing number of chlorine atoms decrease f P—OCH3 and f P—Cl. In the contrary, f O—P and f S—P increase. Here the influence of decreasing electro negativity is compensated by the change from an element of the first period of eight elements to an element of the second period.
    Notes: Es werden IR- und RAMAN-Spektren mitgeteilt von OP(OCH3)2Cl, OP(OCH3)Cl2, SP(OCH3)2Cl und SP(OCH3)Cl2 und den Grundschwingungen zugeordnet. Für alle Glieder der beiden Reihen werden nach einem Näherungsverfahren sämtliche Valenzkraftkonstanten berechnet und untereinander verglichen. Für f P—OCH3 und f P—Cl ergeben sich mit steigender Zahl der Chloratome erniedrigte Werte. Für f O—P und f S—P ergibt sich eine leichte Steigerung. Demnach wird bei diesen Bindungen der Einfluß der fallenden Elektronegativität durch den Einfluß der Elemente höherer Perioden überkompensiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 146-159 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tc2O7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 13.756, b = 7.439, c = 5.617 Å, Z = 4. The single crystal structure analysis shows the crystals to contain isolated centrosymmetric Tc2O7 molecules with a linear central Tc—O—Tc bridge and with, tetrahedral coordination of the Tc atoms. Tc—O bond lengths: 1.840 (bridge), 1.658, 1.684 and 1.706 Å. The structure is more closely related to CrO3, RuO4 and OsO4 than to Re2O7.Structural properties of the d° transition metal oxides are briefly discussed.
    Notes: Tc2O7 kristallisiert orthorhombisch mit a = 13,756, b = 7,439, c = 5,617 Å, Z = 4 in der Raumgruppe Pbca. Die vollständige Röntgenstrukturanalyse zeigt, daß im Kristall zentrosymmetrische Tc2O7-Molekeln mit tetraedrischer Koordination des Metalls und linearer Tc—O—Te-Brücke vorliegen. Tc—O-Bindungsabstände: 1,840 (Brücke), 1,658, 1,684 und 1,706 Å.Damit sind Struktur und Koordinationsverhältnisse der Kettenstruktur des CrO3 und den Molekülstrukturen von RuO4 und OsO4 ähnlicher als der polymeren Schichtstruktur des Re2O7.Struktureigensehaften von d°-Übergangsmetalloxiden werden kurz im Zusammenhang diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 13 new complex salts of the [Cr(NCS)4(p-anisidine)2]- have been synthesized and the solvation kinetics of this anion has been studied in ethanol-water mixtures. The first two NCS- ions are exchanged for water molecules. In acid solutions the rate of this reaction is not influenced by the solvent composition.In parallel with this reaction, p-anisidine molecules are substituted, too, by ethanol molecules. (Acceleration by hydrogen ions.) In the resulting complex ion the first two NCS- ions are substituted, too, by water molecules. The rate constants of this reaction are rather close to those of the reaction which leads to the exchange of the first two NCS- ions in the initial complex. The third and fourth NCS- ions are substituted only in neutral solutions by water molecules. Kinetic parameters have been derived for the substitution of the first two NCS- ions and for the substitution of the p-anisidine molecules.
    Notes: Es wurden 13 neue Komplexsalze mit den Anion [Cr(NCS)4(p-Anisidin)2]- dargestellt und die Solvatationskinetik dieses Anions in Äthanol-Wasser-Mischungen untersucht. Danach kann man die folgende Reaktionsschemata annehmen. Die ersten zwei NCS--Ionen werden gegen Wassermolekeln ausgetauscht. In sauren Lösungen wird die Geschwindigkeit dieser Reaktion nicht von der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung beeinflußt. Parallel zu dieser Reaktion werden die p-Anisidinmolekln gegen Äthanol ausgetauscht. Diese Reaktion wird durch Wasserstoffionen beschleunigt. In den entstehenden Komplexionen sind die ersten zwei NCS--Ionen ebenfalls gegen Wasser ausgetauscht. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten dieser Reaktion sind von der gleichen Größenordnung wie die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion, die zum Austausch der ersten zwei NCS--Ionen aus dem ursprünglichen Komplexion führt. Die dritten und vierten NCS--Ionen werden nur in neutralen Lösungen gegen Wasser ausgetauscht. Kinetische Parameter für den Austausch der ersten zwei NCS--Ionen und der p-Anisidinmolekeln wurden ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: In the solid state complexes of the type MiL2X2 (L = N-substituted β-aminoethyl-pyridine; X = Cl, Br, J) have a cis-octahedral (X = Cl, Br) or a distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure (X = J). In solutions in acetone a partial dissociation occurs with the formation of NiLX2, L, NiL2X+, and X-. Using a spectrophotometric method stability constants K2S of the complexes NiL2X2 are determined. A correlation exists between log K2s and the pK- values of the quarternary ammonium ions derived from the ligands L. Sterical factors cause the exeptional position of the chelates of β-methylaminoethylpyridine-(2).
    Notes: Komplexe des Typs NiL2X2 (L = N-substituiertes Aminoäthylpyridin; X = Cl, Br, J) besitzen im kristallinen Zustand eine cis-oktaedrische (Chloride und Bromide) bzw. verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidale Struktur (Jodide). In Acetonlösung erfolgt eine partielle Dissoziation unter Bildung von NiLX2, L, NiL3Y+ und X-. Auf spektralphotometrischem Wege werden Stabilitätskonstanten K2s für die 1,2-Komplexe ermittelt. Zwischen log K2S für die Verbindungen NiL2Cl2 und NiL2J2 und den Säureexponenten der von den Liganden L abgeleiteten quarternären Ammoniumionen besteht Korrelation. Die Sonderstellung der Chelate des β-Methylaminoäthylpyridins-(2) wird auf sterische Faktoren zurückgeführt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The relative acidity of substituted triphenyl silanols [X - C6H4-]3Si -OH is measured by means of potentiometric titration. The substituent effect is well defined by σ0-constants(3).
    Notes: Durch potentiometrische Titration in nichtwäßrigen Lösungen wird die relative Acidität von substituierten Triphenyl-silanolen [X - C6H4 -]3Si - OH gemessen. Der Substituenteneinfluß kann durch die σ0-Konstante3 gut wiedergegeben werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tbe RAMAN and IR spectra (400-4000 cm-1, partly also 200-400 cm-1) of (NH2)2-, K2-, Rb2- and Cs2[CH3SiF5] were recorded and the bands were assigned. A normal coordinate calculation of the [CH3SiF5]2- ion has been made. By means of IR spectroscopy the stability of the methylpentafluorosilicates were examined.
    Notes: Von (NH4)2-, K2-, Rb2- und Cs2[CH3SiF5] wurden die RAMAN -und IR-Spektren (400-4000 cm-1, z. T. auch. 200-400 cm-1) gemessen und die in den Spektren auftretenden Linien bzw. Banden weitgehend zugeordnet. Ferner wurde eine Normalkoordinatenanalyse des [CH3SiF5]2--Ions durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe der IR-Spektroskopie wurde ferner die Beständigkeit der Methylpentafluorosilicate untersucht.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 314-321 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic sulphurylphosphazochloride (I: formula see „Inhaltsübersicht“) reacts with ammonia or methylamine forming the. tetramide(II) and (III), respectively, and with aniline or dimethylamine forming the diamide (IV) resp. (V). The synthesis of the diphenyl derivative (VI) is achieved starting from C6H5—PCl4. (II) gives with PCl5 the ionic compound (VII).
    Notes: Cyclisches Sulfurylphosphazochlorid (I) reagiert mit Ammoniak oder Methylamin zu den Tetramiden (II) und (III) und mit Anilin oder Dimethylamin zu don Diamiden (IV) und (V). Die Synthese eines Diphenylderivates (VI) gelingt ausgehend von C6H5—PCl4. (II) reagiert mit PCl5 zu der ionischen Verbindung (VII) .
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 303-313 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The decomposition of formic- acid vapour has been studied on annealed nickel-copper alloy films. The activity pattern of short-time annealed alloys reveals two maxima and in the range of 50% Ni a minimum. The maxima disappear, when the films are annealed for a longer time. One gets nearly the same variations of the curves of short-and long-time annealed films, when plotting the initial change of electric resistance of the films during reaction against the composition.It is concluded that depending on annealing conditions the surface of the alloys is more or less covered by a copper-rich alloy phase. This is supported by X-ray analysis, confirming the formation of two alloy phases.
    Notes: An Nickel-Kupfer-Legierungsfilmen mit verschiedener Temperzeit wurde die Ameisensäuredampfzersetzung untersucht. Die katalytische Aktivität der kurz getemperten Legierungen zeigte in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung zwei Maxima und bei 50% Ni ein Minimum. Bei Verlängerung der Temperzeit bei 220°C verschwanden die beiden Maxima, und es wurde eine annähernd konstante niedrige Aktivität über einen weiten Bereich gefunden. Der elektrische Widerstand der Filme zu Beginn der Reaktion zeigte ebenfalls typische Veränderungen durch das Tempern, Es wird daraus der Schluß gezogen, daß sich durch das Terapern bei 200°C an der Oberfläche der Legierungen Kupfer anreichert. Das geschieht am leichtesten bei etwa 50% Ni. Diese Annahme wird gestützt durch Ergebnisse der Röntgenstrukturanalyse, die das Vorhandensein von zwei Legierungsphasen anzeigte.
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 381 (1971), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The following oxyfluorides, of tetravalent vanadium A3VOF5 (A = Na), A2VOF4 (A = K, Rb), A3V2O2F7 (A = Cs) and A2A'VOF5 (A = K, Rb, Cs; A' = Li, Na, K, Rb), prepared from solution or by solid state reaction, were investigated by x-rays. Na3VOF5 crystallizes in the monoclinic cryolite type. The compounds K2VOF4 and Rb2VOF4 show orthorhombic, Cs3V2O2F7 hexagonal symmetry. The oxyfluorides A2A'VOF5 belongs to the elpasolite type. Reflectance spectra (6666-40000 cm-1) and magnetic properties of these compounds were measured. The magnetic susceptibilities obey the CURIEWEISS law.
    Notes: Die folgenden Oxidfluoride des 4-wertigen Vanadiums A3VOF5(A = Na), A2VOF4 (A = K, Rb), A3V2O2F7 (A = Cs) und A2A'VOF5 (A = K, Rb, Cs; A' = Li, Na, K, Rb) wurden teils aus Lösung, teils durch Festkörperreaktion hergestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Na3VOF5 kristallisiert im monoklinen Kryolithtyp, K2VOF4 und Rb2VOF4 sind rhombisch und Cs3V2O2F7 ist hexagonal. Die hergestellten Oxidfluoride A2A'VOF5 gehören zum Elpasolithtyp. Die Reflexionsspektren (6666 bis 40 000 cm-1) und der Magnetismus dieser Verbindungen wurden gemessen. Die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten befolgen das CURIE-WEISS'sche Gesetz mit θ-Werten zwischen -8 und -22°.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 381 (1971), S. 168-175 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Decamethylcyclotetrasilazane (I) was prepared starting with 1,3-dichloropentamethyldisilazane (II), 1.3-dichlorotetramethyldisilazane (III) and 1,3-bis-(methylamino)tetramethyldisilazane (IV). respectively, according to scheme 1, equ. (1), (2) and (3) in the text. (I) does not form, as given in the literature (equ. 4)5, by thermal transformation of bis(methylaminodimethylsilyl)-tetramethylcyclodisilazane (V); in this case exclusively - in equ. (2) and (3) only in side steps - the reaction products are a mixture of N-methylcyclotrisilazanes (scheme 2, VI-IX).
    Notes: Dekamethylcyclotetrasilazan (I) läßt sich aus 1,3-Dichlorpentamethyldisilazan (II), 1,3-Dichlortetramethyldisilazan (III) wie auch aus 1,3-Bis(methylamino)-tetramethyldisilazan (IV) gemäß Schema 1, Rkk. (1) bis (3), nicht jedoch durch die in der Literatur5 beschriebene thermische Umlagerung von Bis(methylaminodimethylsilyl)-tetramethylcyclodisilazan (V) (vgl. Rk. 4) darstellen. Hierbei entsteht ausschließlich, - in den Rkk. (2) und (3) nur auf Nebenwegen -, ein Gemisch von N-Methylcyclotrisilazanen (Schema 2, VI-IX).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 382 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 65
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 381 (1971), S. 321-321 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 382 (1971), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Products of the reaction between CH3N(PCl3)(BCl3) and AsF3 are BF3, AsCl3 and N,N′-dimethyldiazafluorophosphetidine IV. [(CH3)2NPCl3][BCl4] reacts with AsF3 to give dimethylaminotetrafluorophosphorane VI. Preparation and NMR data of IV and VI are given.
    Notes: Als Reaktionsprodukt der Umsetzung von CH3N(PCl3)(BCl3) mit AsF3 entsteht neben BF3 und AsCl3 N,N′-Dimethyldiazafluorophosphetidin IV. [(CH3)2NPCl3][BCl4] setzt sich mit AsF3 zu Dimethylaminofluorophosphoran VI um. Darstellung und NMR-Daten von IV und VI sind beschrieben.
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 144-150 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tungsten hexachloride reacts with dimethyl zinc or diphenyl zinc forming green methyl or phenyl tungsten pentachloride. However, tungsten hexachloride is reduced to tungsten tetrachloride on addition of zinc dialkyls with longer alkyl groups. Furthermore, alkyl tungsten pentachlorides can be prepared from tungsten hexachloride and tin tetraalkyls or boron trialkyls.
    Notes: Wolfram(VI)-chlorid reagiert mit Zinkdimethyl bzw. -diphenyl zu grünem Methylwolframpentachlorid bzw. Phenylwolframpentachlorid. Bei Einwirkung längerkettiger Zinkdialkyle wird dagegen das Wolfram(VI)-chlorid zu Wolfram(IV)-chlorid reduziert. - Nach einer allgemein anwendbaren Methode lassen sich Alkylwolframpentachloride aus Wolfram(VI)-chlorid und Zinntetraalkylen oder Bortrialkylen darstellen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 68
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrolysis of 1-chloro-arsolane, C4H8AsCl, and 1-chloro-arsenane, C5H10AsCl, leads to oxides C8H10As2O and C10H20As2O, respectively. On direct alkylation of arsenic trioxide with 1.4-butane- and 1.5-pentane-bis-magnesium bromide these oxides are formed only in trifling amounts. Better results are gained by alkylation of N,N-dimethylaminodichloroarsane into amino-arsolane and amino-arsenane, which are also transformed into these oxides by hydrolysis. By hydrolysis of 1.4-dichloro-diarsenane only a small amount of 1.4-epoxo-arsenane is formed, whereas mainly a dimer of this oxide results. Solvolysis of 2.6-dichloro-diarsa-[3.3.0]-bicyclooctane with water, hydrogen sulphide or methylamine leads to 7-oxa-, 7-thia- and 7-methylaza-2.5-diarsa-noradamantane, respectively.
    Notes: Hydrolyse von 1-Chlor-arsolan, C4H8AsCl, und 1-Chlorarsenan, C5H10AsCl, führt zu Oxiden der Zusammensetzung C8H16As2O bzw. C10H20As2O. Die direkte Alkylierung von Arsentrioxid mit 1.4-Butan- und 1.5-Pentan-bis-magnesiumbromid liefert diese Oxide nur in geringen Ausbeuten. Günstiger verläuft die Alkylierung von N,N-Dimethylamino-dichlor-arsan zum Aminoarsolan und Amino-arsenan, die durch Hydrolyse ebenfalls in die Oxide überführt werden. Bei Hydrolyse von 1.4-Dichlor-diarsenan bildet sich wenig 1.4-Epoxo-arsenan, während in der Hauptsache ein Dimeres dieses Oxids entsteht. Solvolyse von 2.6-Dichlor-diarsa-[3.3.0]-bicyclooctan mit Wasser, Schwefelwasserstoff oder Methylamin führt zu 7-Oxa-, 7-Thia- und 7-Methylaza-2.5-diarsa-noradamantan.
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  • 69
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 234-241 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The hitherto unknown compounds Ca2CuO3 and SrCuO2 were prepared and the structure determined by investigations of single crystal X-ray data. Results see „Inhaltsübersicht“.
    Notes: Ca2CuO3 und SrCuO2 wurden erstmals dargestellt und an Einkristalldaten die Kristallstruktur bestimmt. Ca2CuO3 ist isotyp mit Sr2CuO3; Raumgruppe D2h25-Immm; a = 12,239, b = 3,779, c = 3,259 Å. SrCuO2 ist isotyp mit einer Ni-haltigen Verbindung der Zusammensetzung SrCu0,75Ni0,25O2; Raumgruppe D2h17 - Cmcm; a = 3,565; b = 16,326; c = 3,921 Å.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 242-254 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2SnO3 crystallises monoclinic, C2h6, with a = 5.295, b = 9.184, c = 10.032 Å and β = 100.13°; Z = 8. The positions of Sn were obtained from PATTERSON maps and the positions of O and Li by FOURIER difference method. Parameters were refined by least squares-method [1462 reflexes (h 01)-(h 71); R = 10.5%]. The average distances of Li—O are 2.07 Å, and 2.20 Å for Sn—O. The Li2SnO3 structure can be derived from the NaCl type: in a cubic closest packing of oxygen 2/3 of the octahedral holes are occupied by lithium and 1/3 by tin.
    Notes: Li2SnO3 kristallisiert monoklin, C2h6, mit a = 5,295, b = 9,184, c = 10,032 Å und β = 100,13°; Z = 8. Die Punktlagen von Sn konnten aus PATTERSON-Synthesen und die von O und Li aus Differenz-FOURIER-Synthesen bestimmt werden. Die Parameter wurden mittels der „Least-squares-Methode“ [1462 Reflexe (h 01)-(h 71)] verfeinert; der R-Wert beträgt 10,5%. Die mittleren Abstände betragen Sn—O 2,20 Å und Li—O 2,07 Å. Die Li2SnO3-Struktur läßt sich vom NaCl-Typ ableiten: die Oktaederlücken der kubisch-dichtesten Sauerstoffpackung sind geordnet zu 2/3 mit Li und zu 1/3 mit Sn besetzt.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 71
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 262-272 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molybdenum dioxiddibromide and -dichloride have been prepared from MoO2, Br2, und Cl2, respectively, and their chemical and thermochemival behaviour was studied. Their enthalpies of formation, ΔH°, have been determined from the solution enthalpies of MoO2Br2, and MOo2Cl2, in aqueous NaOH (data see „Inhaltsübersicht“). From their sublimation pressures, p, the enthalpies, ΔH° (subl.), and entropies, ΔS° (subl.), of sublimation have been evaluated (data see above).
    Notes: Molybdändioxiddibromid und Molybdändioxiddichlorid wurden aus MoO2, und Br2, bzw. C12, dargestellt und ihr chemisches und thermochemisches Verhalten untersucht. Die Bildungsenthalpien \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}^ \circ ({\rm MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2},{\rm f, 298}){\rm = - 153,2 (} \pm {\rm 1) kcal/Mol} $$\end{document} und \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}^ \circ ({\rm MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2},{\rm f, 298}){\rm = - 173,8 (} \pm {\rm 1) kcal/Mol} $$\end{document} wurden aus den Lösungsenthalpien von MoO2 Br2 und MoO2Cl2 in Natronlauge ermittelt. Die Sublimationsdrucke ergeben sich für \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2} {\rm zu lg p (MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2} {\rm, mm}){\rm = - 13,473 -}\frac{{{\rm 5377}}}{{\rm T}} $$\end{document} und für \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2} {\rm zu lg p (MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Cl}_{\rm 2} {\rm, mm}){\rm = - 13,971 -}\frac{{{\rm 4767}}}{{\rm T}}, $$\end{document} woraus sich die Sublimationsenthalpien und -entropien \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} \Delta {\rm H}^ \circ ({\rm subl}{\rm ., MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2},{\rm 458}){\rm = 24,6 (} \pm 0,5{\rm ) kcal/Mol,} \\ \Delta {\rm H}^ \circ ({\rm subl}{\rm ., MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Cl}_{\rm 2},{\rm 380}){\rm = 21,8 (} \pm 0,5{\rm ) kcal/Mol,} \\ \Delta {\rm S}^ \circ ({\rm subl}{\rm ., MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Br}_{\rm 2},{\rm 458}){\rm = 48,4 (} \pm 0,3{\rm ) cl,} \\ \Delta {\rm S}^ \circ ({\rm subl}{\rm ., MoO}_{\rm 2} {\rm Cl}_{\rm 2},{\rm 380}){\rm = 50,7 (} \pm 0,3{\rm ) cl,} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} ergeben.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 286-292 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The preparation of uncharged complexes with metal amide bonds of type [MeN4]±0 (Me = Zn2+, Cr2+ is reported. These compounds are obtained by the interaction between Zn(C6H5)2 or Cr(C6H5)3 · 3 THF and 2-[β-(phenyl-amino)-ethyl]-pyridine (I). The same complexes are formed by the reaction between ZnCl2 · 2 THF, CrBr2 · 2 THF, or CrCl3 · 3 THF and the lithium amide (II), which is prepared from (I) and phenyl lithium. The structure of the chromium(II) complex is discussed on the basis of magnetic and visible absorption measurements.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung von Neutralkomplexen mit Metallamidbindungen vom Koordinationstyp [MeN4]±0 der Zentralatome Zn2+ und Cr2+ berichtet. Sie entstehen aus Zn(C6H5)2 bzw. Cr(C6H5)3 · 3 THF durch Umsetzung mit 2-[β-Phenylamino)-äthyl]-pyridin (I) oder aus der mittels Lithiumphenyl aus (I) darstellbaren Lithiumamidverbindung und den Metallhalogenidtetrahydrofuranaten ZnCl2 · 2THF, CrBr2 · 2 THF oder CrCl3 · 3 THF. Der Einsatz von Chrom(III)-Verbindungen führt in jedem Falle zum Chrom(II)-Komplex, dessen Struktur auf der Basis des magnetischen Momentes und des sichtbaren Spektrums diskutiert wird.
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  • 73
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 300-311 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The polymerisation of S2O gives solid polysulfur oxides in which the atomic ratio S : O lies between 2.4 : 1 and 3.7 : 1. Solutions of polysulfur oxides produced by dissolving S2O in suitable cold solvents are stable for several days below -50°C, but for only a few hours at -20°C. Soluble polysulfur oxide obtained in chloroform at -60°C with concentrations from 0.01-0.07 mole/1 has the formula S5O. With pure HJ it can be reduced quantitatively to S8.
    Notes: Bei der Polymerisation des S2O entstehen feste Polyschwefeloxide, in denen das S : O-Atomverhältnis zwischen den Werten 2,4 : 1 und 3,7 : 1 liegt. Leitet man S2O in geeignete kalte Lösungsmittel ein, so entstehen Polyschwefeloxidlösungen, die bei -50°C tagelang, bei -20°C nur wenige Stunden beständig sind. Das in Chloroform bei -60°C in 0,01-0,07 molarer Konzentration gelöste Polyschwefeloxid besitzt die Formel S5O. Es läßt sich mit wasserfreiem Jodwasserstoff quantitativ zu S8 reduzieren.
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  • 74
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 320-321 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: X-ray amorphous iron(III) hydroxide is formed on treating FeCO3 with H2O2. However, oxidation of freshly precipitated FeCO3 by means of air yields  -  in the absence of foreign cations  -  γ-FeOOH and α-FeOOH. The latter is obtainable in the pure state provided that FeCO3 is air-oxidised in alkaline medium (excess of Na2CO3).
    Notes: Während bei Behandlung von FeCO3 mit H2O2 röntgenamorphes Eisen(III)-hydroxid entsteht, bilden sich bei der Luftoxydation des gefällten FeCO3, sofern nicht Fremdkationen anwesend sind, γ-FeOOH und α-FeOOH. Letzteres ist aber nur dann faßbar, wenn FeCO3 mit einem Na2CO3-Überschuß gefällt und im alkalischen Reaktionsgemisch mit Luft oxydiert wird.
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  • 75
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 322-328 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zwei neue Komplexe, [Cu(OP-gld)]2 und [Cu(OP-alad)]2 (s. Abb.2) mit einem anomal kleinen magnetischen Moment wurden dargestellt und durch Analyse, magnetische Messungen, IR- und Elektronenspektra und durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen charakterisiert.
    Notes: Two new complexes, [Cu(OP-gld)]2 and [Cu(OP-alad)]2 (shown in Fig. 2) with a subnormal magnetic moment have been synthesized and characterized by means of analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR-, and electronic spectra, and conductivity measurement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 337-337 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 77
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 332-336 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden die Reaktionen zwischen Rubidiumcarbonat und Vanadinpentoxid bei verschieden hoher Temperatur untersucht. Vier Reaktionsprodukte der Zusammensetzungen: I. Rb2O · V2O5; II. 2 Rb2O · V2O5; III. 3 Rb2O · V2O5 and IV. Rb2O · 4 V2O5 wurden erhalten. Auf Grund der Bestimmung des Rubidiums und der Röntgenpulveraufnahmen der Produkte wurde die Existenz von Rubidiummetavanadat (RbVO3) und Rubidiumpyrovanadat (Rb4V2O7) nachgewiesen. Die Herstellung eines definierten Rubidiumorthovanadates (Rb3VO4) und -tetravanadates (Rb2O · 4 V2O5) gelang dagegen nicht. Das Debyeogramm von Rb2O · V2O5 ließ sich hexagonal indizieren mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 7,347 und c = 13,608 Å.
    Notes: The reactions between rubidium carbonate and vanadium pentoxide were performed at different high temperatures. Four reaction products of the compositions: I. Rb2O · V2O5; II. 2 Rb2O · V2O5; III. 3 Rb2O · V2O5; and IV. Rb2O · 4 V2O5 were obtained. According to the determination of Rb and the X-ray powder photographs of the products the existence of rubidium metavanadate (RbVO3) and rubidium pyrovanadate (Rb4V2O7) was confirmed. On the other hand, the preparation of a pure rubidium orthovanadate (Rb3VO4) and rubidium tetravanadate (Rb2O · 4 V2O5) was not successful. The diffraction pattern of Rb2O · V2O5 obeys hexagonal indexing with lattice dimensions a = 7.347 and c = 13.608 Å.
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  • 78
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and properties of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) chelates of the bidentate ligand trans-2-ethylthio-cyclohexyl-phenylphosphine (ÄMCPP) are described.Three types of nickel(II) complexes have been obtained from ÄMCPP: the four-coordinated, square planar [Ni(ÄMCPP)2]X2 (X = J, Br, ClO4); five-coordinated [Ni(ÄMCPP)2X]X (X = Cl, NCS), [Ni(ÄMCPP)2X]BPh4 (X = Cl, NCS) and the octahedral [Ni(ÄMCPP)2Cl2]. Cobalt(II) forms tetrahedral 1.1-[Co(ÄMCPP)X2] (X = Br, Cl) and 1.2-Co(ÄMCPP)2X2(X = Br, Cl, NCS) complexes.All compounds were characterized by electronic reflectance and absorption spectra, conductivity and magnetic measurements.
    Notes: Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Chelatkomplexen des trans-2-Äthylmercapto-cyclohexyl-phenylphosphins (ÄMCPP) werden beschrieben. Nickel(II)-Salze bilden mit ÄMCPP 1.2-Komplexe der Koordinationszahlen 4, 5 und 6: [Ni(ÄMCPP)2]X2 (X = J, Br, ClO4); [Ni(ÄMCPP)2X]X (X = Cl, NCS); [Ni(ÄMCPP)2X]BPh4, (X = Cl, NCS) und [Ni(ÄMCPP)2Cl2]. Im Falle von Kobalt(II)-Salzen hingegen werden 1,1- und 1,2-Komplexe der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung [Co(ÄMCPP)X2] (X = Br, Cl) und Co(ÄMCPP)2X2(X = Br, Cl, NCS) erhalten.Aus Reflexions- bzw. Absorptionsspektren, Leitfähigkeitsmessungen und magnetischen Untersuchungen resultiert für die Nickel(II) -Verbindungen eine planquadratische, quadratisch-pyramidale bzw. oktaedrische Struktur, während die Kobalt(II)-Komplexe tetraedrisch konfiguriert sind.
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  • 79
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The preparation and properties of cis-[Co(CN)3(NH3)3] are described. The vibrational, ultraviolet and visible spectra have been measured. The structure of the compound has been determined by X-ray methods. By thermal decomposition of the compound, Co2(CN)5NH2 and Co2(CN)5 have been obtained. Supercomplexes are formed with Ag+ and Hg2+ ions.
    Notes: Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Spektren von cis-[Co(CN)3(NH3)3] werden beschrieben. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse beweist die cis-Konfiguration. Bei der thermischen Zersetzung entstehen Co2(CN)5NH2 und Co2(CN)5. Mit Ag+ und Hg2+ werden Überkomplexe gebildet.
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  • 80
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 81
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 382 (1971), S. 188-194 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The behaviour of Fe ions in partly exchanged samples of zeolite M (mordenite) after heating in air was investigated by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Results are deduced concerning the site and dynamics of the ions in the zeolitic lattice and concerning the growth of small α-Fe2O3 crystallites by diffusion to the outer surface.
    Notes: Das Verhalten von Fe-Ionen in teilweise ausgetauschten Proben von Zeolith M (Mordenit) nach Temperung an Luft wurde anhand von Mössbauer-Spektren untersucht. Es ergeben sich Aussagen zum Einbau und zur Dynamik der Ionen im Zeolithgitter und zum Wachstum von kleinen α-Fe2O3-Kristalliten durch Diffusion an die äußere Oberfläche.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 382 (1971), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stoichiometric powder mixtures CaO/WO3 and SrO/WO3 react tribochemically on grinding in a vibrating mill to CaWO4 and SrWO4, respectively.IR spectra, X-raydiffraction, DTA and solubilities indicate at least 70-80% CaWO4 are formed after periods of drinding of 50 hours, and 100% SrWO4 after periods of 15 hours.Observations on the behaviour of the ground samples on subsequent annealing contribute to the general solid-state reaction MO + WO3 → MWO4.
    Notes: Die stöchiometrischen Pulvergemische CaO/WO3 und SrO/WO3 reagieren tribochemisch durch Schwingmahlung zu CaWO4 bzw. SrWO4IR-Spektren, Röntgen-Goniometer-Aufnahmen, DTA-Aufnahmen und Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen zeigen, daß nach einer Schwingmahldauer von 50 h mindestens 70-80% Calciumwolframat und nach einer Schwingmahldauer von 15 h annähernd 100% Strontiumwolframat durch tribochemische Reaktion entstehen.Die Beobachtungen des Verhaltens der Mahlproben beim Tempern geben einen Beitrag zur Festkörperreaktion im System MO + WO3 → MWO4.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 382 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NaHC2O4 · H2O crystallizes in space group P 1 with a0 = 6,51, b0 = 6,66, c0 = 5,70 Å, α0 = 95,0°, β0 = 109,8°, γ0 = 74,9° and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods. The refinement was carried out with 679 reflections to R1 = 7,7%. The angle between the O—C—O planes is 12,6°.
    Notes: NaHC2O4 · H2O kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P 1 mit a0 = 6,51; b0 = 6,66; c0 = 5,70 Å, α0 = 95,0°, β0 = 109,8°, γ0 = 74,9° und Z = 2. Die Struktur konnte mit direkten Methoden aufgeklärt werden. Die Parameterverfeinerung mit 679 Intensitäten ergab einen R1-Wert von 7,7%. Die beiden O—C—O-Ebenen der Oxalatgruppe bilden einen Winkel von 12,6°.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Using single crystal data [96 h0l, MoKα; R = R′ = 0.104] the parameter z0 = 0.267 of NaInO2 was determined (hexagonal cell), leading to In—O = 2.155 Å (6×). Na2SnO3 = Na(Na1/3Sn2/3)O2 forms with NaInO2 mixed crystals whose range of miscibility were roughly determined at two temperatures of preparation (700, 1000°C).
    Notes: Anhand von Einkristalldaten [96 h0l, MoKα; R = R′ = 0,104] wurde bei NaInO2 z0 0,267 (hexagonale Aufstellung) bestimmt, entsprechend In—O = 2.155 Å (6×). NaInO2 bildet mit Na2SnO3 = Na(Na1/3Sn2/3)O2 Mischkristalle, deren Existenzbereich bei 2 Darstellungstemperaturen [700°, 1000°C] annähernd bestimmt wurde.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 328-337 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird über eine neue kubisch-flächenzentrierte Phase der Zusammensetzung Bi3RO6 (R=Y, Gd) berichtet. Weiterhin werden Einzelheiten des Phasendiagramms Bi2O3-R2O3 (R=Y, Gd) diskutiert. Ähnliche Verbindungen mit R=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er werden untersucht.
    Notes: A new face centered cubic phase of composition Bi3RO6 (R=Y, Gd) is reported, and details of the Bi2O3-R2O3 (R=Y, Gd) phase diagrams are discussed. Similar compositions with R=Tb, Dy, Hc, Er are examined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde eine neue Klasse von Koordinationsverbindungen des dreiwertigen Kobalts mit Aminosäuren, die Trinitro(aminoacidato)amminkobaltat(III)-Komplexe synthetisiert. Die Synthese wurde durch Reaktion von Glykokoll, Alanin, α-Amino-buttersäure, bzw. Norvalin mit Erdmannschem Salz, bzw. 1,2,6-Trinitrotriamminkobalt(III) ausgeführt. Die gleichen Koordinationsverbindungen entstehen auch durch Oxydation von Co(II) zu Co(III) mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Anwesenheit von entsprechenden Ligandionen. Die Konfiguration der synthetisierten Koordinationsverbindungen wurde mittels chemischer und physikalischer Methoden (Vis- und Kernresonanzspektren) untersucht. Die Trinitro(aminoacidato)amminkobaltat(III)-Komplexe sind die intermediären Produkte bei der Synthese der Dinitrobis(aminoacidato)kobaltat(III)-Komplexe aus dem Erdmannschem Salz. bzw. 1,2,6-Trinitrotriamminkobalt(III)-Komplex und Aminosäuren.
    Notes: Synthesis of a new class of coordination compounds of cobalt(III) with amino acids (glycine, alanine, α-amino-butyric acid and norvaline), i.e., trinitro(aminoacidato)-amminecobaltate(III) salts, M[CoNH3Am(NO2)3], is described. The synthesis consists in the action of amino acid alkali salts on the Erdmann salt or peripheral isomer of trinitrotriamminecobalt(III). The same compounds were also obtained by direct synthesis, i.e., by hydrogen peroxide oxidation of cobalt(II) to cobalt(III) in the presence of the corresponding ligands. The peripheral configuration of the complexes obtained was determined by chemical and physical methods (electronic and PMR spectroscopy). The compounds are intermediates formed in obtaining of dinitrobis(aminoacidato)cobaltate(III) salts by the reaction of amino acids with the Erdmann salt or peripheral isomer of trinitrotriamminecobalt(III).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: By reaction of Li3N and LiCl at elevated temperatures the phases Li11N3Cl2 and Li9N2Cl3 were observed in the system Li3N/LiCI. Li9N2Cl3 has the anti-fluorite structure. The non-metal sites are completely occupied by nitrogen and chlorine ions in an random distribution, the metal sites incompletely by lithium corresponding to the composition of the phase. The structure of the Li11N3CI2 phase has not been determined due to the complexity of its X ray diagram.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Li3N mit LiCl bei höheren Temperaturen wurden in dem System Li3N/LiCl die Phasen Li11N3Cl2 und Li9N2Cl3 festgestellt.Li9N2Cl3 kristallisiert im Anti-CaF2-Typ, wobei die Nichtmetallagen vollständig mit Stickstoff- und Chlorionen in statistischer Verteilung, die Metallagen entsprechend der Zusammensetzung der Phase unvollständig mit Lithiumionen besetzt sind. Die Struktur der Li11N3Cl2-Phase konnte infolge der Kompliziertheit ihres Röntgendiagramms nicht aufgeklärt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Stabilitätskonstanten der Komplexe von Mn++, Fe++, Co++, Ni++, Cu++, Zn++, Cd++ und UO++2 mit 5, 7-Dichlor-, 5, 7-Dibrom- und 5, 7-Dinitro-8-hydroxychinolin und der entsprechenden N-Oxide sind in Dioxan/Wasser-Gemischen (75/25) bei 35°C in Gegenwart von 0,20 m Natriumperchlorat durch Titration nach Irving und Rossotti bestimmt worden. Eine mögliche Erklärung für die beobachtete Abhängigkeit der Stabilitätskonstanten der Komplexe bei Variation des Liganden und andererseits bei Variation des Metalls wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: The stability constants of complexes of Mn++, Fe++, Co++, Ni++, Cu++, Zn++, Cd++ and UO++2 with 5,7-dichloro-, 5,7-dibromo- and 5,7-dinitro-8-hydroxyquinoline and their corresponding N-oxides have been determined in 75 + 25 v/v dioxan + water medium at 35°C in presence of 0.20 M sodium perchlorate by pH-titration technique as given by IRVING and Rossotti. A possible explanation for the observed orders of the stability constants of the metal complex with the different ligands, and of the complexes of a particular ligand with different metal ions is also proposed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 379 (1971), S. 329-331 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung und IR-Spektren von SnIV-Komplexen mit Acridin und Piperazin werden beschrieben und ihre Strukturen vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Preparation and I.R. spectra of tin(IV) chloride complexes with acridine and piperazine have been described and their structures have been suggested.
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  • 91
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The cathodic reduction of cobalt salts in presence of butadiene gives linear oligomers. The oligomerisation is probably independent of the nature of the reducing agent. The presence of phosphines and phosphites in electrolysis of cobalt-tris-acetylacetonate/butadiene mixtures mostly prevent linear dimerisation of butadiene.
    Notes: Die kathodische Reduktion von Kobaltsalzen in Gegenwart von Butadien führt zu linearen Dimeren. Der Oligomerisierungsverlauf ist offensichtlich unabhängig von der Natur des Reduktionsmittels. Die Anwesenheit von Phosphinen und Phosphiten bei der Elektrolyse von Kobalt-tris-acetylacetonat in Butadiengemischen führt weitgehend zur Unterdrückung der linearen Dimerisierung von Butadien.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cadmium bromide reacts in anhydrous acetic acid solutions with acetyl bromide to form bromocadmates which can be precipitated as ammonium salts. By conductometric control and X-ray diffraction the phases (NH4)(CdBr3), (NH4)2 (CdBr4) and (NH4)4(CdBr6) have been found which decompose on heating as ordinary double salts to ammonium bromide and cadmium bromide.
    Notes: Cadmiumbromid reagiert in wasserfreier Essigsäurelösung mit Acetylbromid zu Bromocadmaten, die als Ammoniumsalze ausgefällt werden können. Durch konduktometrische Kontrolle und Röntgenbeugungsversuche sind die Phasen (NH4)(CdBr3), (NH4)2 · (CdBr4) und (NH4)4(CdBr6) aufgefunden worden, die sich in der Hitze als einfache Doppelsalze zu Ammoniumbromid und Cadmiumbromid zersetzen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 380 (1971), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrazinium monochloride disproportionates on interaction with diphenyl-trichlorophosphorane, giving N2 and [(C6H5)2P(Cl)—N—PCl(C6H5)2]Cl. The phosphinazine dihydrochloride [(C6H5)2PCl—NH—NH—PCl(C6H5)2]Cl2 is obtained according to equation (4). The preparation of the P—N five-ring compound X, formulated in „Inhaltsübersicht“, is described.
    Notes: Beim Umsatz von Diphenyltrichlorphosphoran mit Hydraziniumhydrochlorid disproportioniert dieses, es wird [(C6H5)2PCl—N—PCl(C6H5)2]Cl (III) und N2 gebildet. Zum Phosphinazindihydrochlorid [(C6H5)2PCl—NH—NH—PCl(C6H5)2]Cl2 gelangt man auf dem durch (4) beschriebenen Weg. Die Darstellung des P und N enthaltenden Fünfrings X wird beschrieben.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,5-Bis(alkylamino)octamethyltrisildiazanes react after metallation with element dichlorides according to reaction 3a and 3b respectivcly by forming ring compounds. In this way 1,2,8-organylsubstituted permethylated cyclotetrasilazanes (I, II) and inorganic eightmembered ringsystems BSi3N4. PSi3N4 and GeSi3N4, were prepared for the first time.
    Notes: 1,5-Bis(alkylamino)oktamethyltrisildiazane reagieren nach Metallierung mit Elementdichloriden über Rk. 3a oder 3 b unter Ringschluß. Neben 1,2,8-organylsubstituierten, permethylierten Cyclotetrasilazancn (I, II) ließen sich so erstmalig anorganische Achtringsysteme BSi3N4. PSi3N4 und GeSi3N4 darstellen.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 96
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 272-278 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkyl zirconium trihalides can be prepared from zirconium tetrachloride or tetrabromide and zinc dialkyls in toluene as a solvent. Using pyridine, dialkyl zirconium dihalides are formed. Some of these new organozirconium compounds are isolated and characterised in form of complexes with bipyridyl.
    Notes: Zirkoniumtetrachlorid und -bromid lassen sich in Toluol als Lösungsmittel durch Zinkdialkyle in Alkylzirkoniumtrihalogenide überführen. In Pyridin als Reaktionsmedium entstehen dagegen Dialkylzirkoniumdihalogenide, von denen einige als definierte Dipyridylkomplexe isoliert und charakterisiert werden konnten.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: In mixtures of 7 vol. acetonitrile and 3 vol. acetic acid, solutions or suspensions of copper(II) acetate can be reduced with hydrazine hydrate to solutions of copper(I) acetate. In this way, purely white copper(I) acetate can be isolated.Other copper(I) carboxylates can be prepared by reduction of copper(II) carboxylates or by reaction of solid carboxylic acids with copper(I) acetate.By adding acetyl chloride to solutions of copper(I) acetate in acetonitrile/acetic acid mixtures, solutions of chlorocuprates(I) are formed. From these, highly pure copper(I) chloride can be obtained.By adding alkali acetate or tetramethyl ammonium chloride to solutions of chlorocuprates(I), the pure compounds Cs3[Cu2Cl5], Rb2[CuCl3] and NMe4[Cu2Cl3] were obtained.
    Notes: In Mischungen von 7 Vol. Acetonitril und 3 Vol. Essigsäure lassen sich Lösungen oder Suspensionen von Kupfer(II)-acetat mit Hydrazinhydrat zu Kupfer(I)-acetat-Lösungen reduzieren. Daraus kann rein weißes Kupfer(I)-acetat isoliert werden. Weitere Kupfer(I)-carboxylate können analog durch Reduktion der Kupfer(II)-carboxylate oder durch doppelte Umsetzung einer festen Carbonsäure mit Kupfer(I)-acetat dargestellt werden. Bei Zugabe von Acetylchlorid zu Lösungen von Kupfer(I)-acetat in Acetonitril/Essigsäure-Mischungen entstehen Lösungen von Chlorocupraten(I). Daraus kann reinstes Kupfer(I)-chlorid gewonnen werden.Bei Zugabe von Alkaliacetat bzw. Tetramethylammoniumchlorid zu Chlorocuprat(I)-Lösungen werden Chlorocuprate(I) der Zusammensetzung Cs3[Cu2Cl5, Rb2[CuCl3] und NMe4[Cu2Cl3] in reiner Form erhalten.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 383 (1971), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for analyzing the data measured with a differential heat flow calorimeter is presented. For first order reactions, the enthalpies of reaction and the rate constants can be determined in a simple way using the continuously recorded temperature-time diagram of the calorimeter. In general, this method of analysis is especially suitable to investigate reactions with a slow rate of heat generation.
    Notes: Es wird über ein Auswertungsverfahren für Messungen mit einem Differential-Wärmeflußcalorimeter berichtet. Aus den kontinuierlich registrierten Temperatur-Zeit-Kurven des Calorimeters lassen sich bei Reaktionen 1. Ordnung in einfacher Weise Reaktionsenthalpien und Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bestimmen. Allgemein ist das Verfahren besonders zur Untersuchung von Reaktionen mit zeitlich kleiner Wärmeproduktion geeignet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 384 (1971), S. 124-130 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dimethyl-diphenyl and dimethyl-dibenzyl-silane react in liqu. NH3 in the presence of KKH2 giving rise to the formation of H2N—Si(Me2)—NH—Si(Me3)—NHK (III); exclusively C6H5 and C6H5CH2 are split off and substituted by NH2. Reaction of the potassium compound III with the equivalent amount of NH4Cl brings about a mixture of octamethylcyclotetrasilazane and hexamethylcyclotrisilazane.
    Notes: Dimethyl-diphenyl- und Dimethyl-dibenzyl-silan reagieren in flüss. NH3 in Gegenwart von KNH2 (Molverhältnis 1:0,55) unter Bildung von H2N—Si(Me2)—NH—Si(Me2)-NHK(III). Hierbei werden ausschließlich C6H5 als C6H6 und C6H5CH2 als Toluol abgespalten. Wird die Kaliumverbindung III mit der äquivalenten Menge NH4Cl in flüss. NH3 umgesetzt, so wird ein Gemisch von Octamethylcyclotetrasilazan und Hexamethylcyclotrisilazan erhalten.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 384 (1971), S. 136-146 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: This study is concerned with the base component of some biological important macrocycles, with pyrrole and its coordination behaviour towards chromium. In etheral solutions, after treatment with alkali- (Li, Na, K) or GRIGNARD-pyrrolyl reagent, the halides of Cr(II) and Cr(III) gave pyrrolylchromium compounds with a metal-to-nitrogen bond. This is confirmed by the chemical and physical properties of binary and coordination compounds and Cp-derivatives. Apart of this N-pyrrolyl bonding, some examples of C-pyrrolychromium compounds were prepared from 1-methyl-2-lithiumpyrrolyl. To prevent hydrolysis and oxidation, working under an inert atmosphere was necessary.
    Notes: In Diäthyläther oder Tetrahydrofuran reagieren Alkali (Li Na, K)- und GRIGNARD-Pyrrolyle mit den Halogeniden des zwei- und dreiwertigen Chroms. Es werden Darstellung und Eigenschaften einer Anzahl von Komplexverbindungen beschrieben, die sich durch eine kovalente Bindung zwischen Chrom und dem Stickstoffatom des Fünfring-Heterocyclus auszeichnen. Neben diesen N-Pyrrolylverbindungen sind C-Pyrrolyl-Verbindungen synthetisiert worden aus den Chromchloriden und 1-Methyl-2-lithium-pyrrolyl. Die Substanzen sind empfindlich gegenüber Luft und Feuchtigkeit.
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