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  • 1985-1989  (305)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1890-1899
  • 1985  (305)
  • Rat  (203)
  • Ultrastructure  (112)
  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mercury ; Metallothionein ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the administered mass on the tissue and sub-cellular distribution of mercury (Hg) was investigated in rats, using 203Hg. The fraction of the dose deposited in liver increased threefold over the dose range 0.17–1.65 mg Hg · kg−1, while the retention in the kidney decreased by a factor of 2. The uptake in other organs, lung, spleen, brain, thymus, salivary glands showed no dose-dependent variation. Subcellular fractionation studies showed a dose-dependent increase in the Hg content of the liver cytosol, with corresponding decreases in the deposition in the lysosomal and nuclei-cell debris fractions. In contrast, no clear changes in the distribution of Hg amongst the subcellular organelles of the kidney were observed. The amount of Hg bound to metallothionein in the liver cytosol rose steeply with increasing dose. However, in the kidney cytosol the mass of Hg bound to metallothionein increased with dose up to 0.55 mg Hg · kg−1, thereafter remaining approximately constant. These observations suggest that the Hg-binding metallothionein in the kidney was saturated by administered doses greater than 0.55 mg Hg · kg−1, whereas in liver saturation levels of the metal were not reached even at the highest dose tested, 1.65 mg Hg · kg−1.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 252-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Selenium ; Liver ; Kidney ; Rat ; Metallothionein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In acute studies, approximately 70–90% of cytosolic cadmium in liver and kidney has been shown to be bound to metallothionein, a low-molecular weight protein. In this study, we report on the influence of dietary selenium on the distribution of cadmium in rat kidney and liver. Contrary to the findings of most acute studies, our results indicate that only a relatively small proportion of cadmium (approximately 14% in the kidney and 44% in the liver) is bound to metallothionein when cadmium is administered for 7 weeks in the diet and via osmotic minipumps to selenium-deficient rats. Feeding rats the same diet supplemented with 1.0 ppm selenium results in no detectable cadmium-metallothionein peak in the kidney, and only about 10% of the cytosolic cadmium elutes as cadmium bound to metallothionein in the liver. In animals fed the selenium-supplemented diet, the bulk of the cadmium is recovered in the low-molecular weight fraction. Dietary selenium did not significantly affect the distribution of zinc and copper in the kidney or liver.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 204-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy ; 2,5-hexanedione ; Conduction velocity ; Distal latency ; Vitamin B12 ; Vitamin B6 ; Therapeutic effects ; Rat ; Tail nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic effect of Vitamin B12 or Vitamin B6 on 2,5-hexanedione induced-neuropathy in animals was examined by using our electrodiagnostic technique in order to investigate the mechanism of the development of the neuropathy. Pyridoxal phosphate and two forms of Vitamin B12 were administered to rats intoxicated by the neurotoxin for a period of 18 weeks, and the sensory and motor fiber conduction velocity and the motor distal latency of the tail nerve were periodically determined. None of the groups treated with the therapeutic drugs exhibited a definite improvement in the nerve fiber conduction velocity and motor distal latency of the rat tail nerve, as compared with those of the 2,5-hexane-dione-treated controls.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Thiabendazole ; Adenosine triphosphate ; Teratogenesis ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ogata et al. (1984) reported that thiabendazole (TBZ) was teratogenic in mice when olive oil was used as a vehicle, but not teratogenic when administered in gum arabic. Results of investigations into the possible association between TBZ-induced teratogenicity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are reported here. ATP levels in the limb buds were measured at day 10 of gestation in controls and mice treated with 1300 mg/kg TBZ 24 h previously. The results showed that there was a correlation between the dosage of TBZ and the ATP levels of fore and hind limb buds (r=−0.827 and r=−0.799, respectively). ATP levels in mouse limbs were reduced to 22–31% of control values when TBZ was given in olive oil, but the ATP reduction was only 6–9% when TBZ was given in gum arabic. This suggests that there may be a relationship between the teratogenic and ATP-depressing action of TBZ on the limb buds of mouse embryos. Pregnant rats were also treated with TBZ. TBZ at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg was given orally on day 11 of gestation. After 24 h, ATP levels in fetal rat limbs were still 82% of control values. These results confirm the observations of Ogata et al. on the vehicle effect and the difference in response between mice and rats.
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  • 105
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    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 236-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; RNA synthesis ; Dorsal root ganglion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of methylmercury in vivo on the incorporation of 3H-uridine in vitro into RNA of dorsal root ganglia of the rat was examined. Modified methods for the incubation of the tissue and extraction of RNA were applied to adequately determine the rate of RNA synthesis. Methylmercury significantly decreased the RNA content and RNA synthetic activity only in the symptomatic period, while uptake of the precursor into the acid-soluble pool remained unchanged. These results indicate that the previously reported inhibition of protein synthesis in dorsal root ganglia at an early phase of methylmercury intoxication was not due to impairment RNA synthesis in this tissue.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Oral cadmium ; Placenta ; Foetal organs ; Zn, Cu, Fe content ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium chloride was administered in drinking water at a concentration of 50 ppm cadmium to female rats for 20 days of gestation. The foetuses were then removed from the uteri of the dams. Gestational exposure to oral cadmium resulted in decreased zinc, copper, iron, metallothionein, and thionein-bound zinc content in foetal liver as well as in reduced copper content in placenta and foetal intestine, brain and kidney. Subcellular fractionation of the foetal liver revealed decreased nuclear and cytoplasmic zinc content as well as decreased microsomal iron content. Pregnant rats exposed to oral cadmium revealed decreased serum zinc and iron concentration as well as reduced ceruloplasmin activity. The decreased zinc, copper, and iron content in foetal organs is suggested to be causally connected with the diminished availability of these metals in the maternal circulation.
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  • 107
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    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Hypothermia ; Rat ; Thermogenesis ; Tributyl phosphorotrithioate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tributyl S,S,S-phosphorotrithioate (DEF) produces profound hypothermia in rats, mice and guinea pigs by inhibition of thermogenesis. Its actions on heat conservation and motor control are, however, minimal. It is effective against both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis and completely blocks the increase in body temperature evoked by anterior hypothalamic stimulation. A number of other measures indicated that this is unlikely to be due to a lack of peripheral thermogenic capacity: thus plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies remained normal or rose after DEF, and in vitro noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was normal in the presence of DEF. The metabolic response to the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was unchanged by DEF, and the increase in temperature of brown fat evoked in vivo by nerve stimulation or noradrenaline was also unaffected. It is suggested that DEF (or more likely a DEF metabolite) acts selectively on a central thermogenic control process.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene ; Carcinogens ; 2,4-Dinitrotoluene ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is structurally related to the rat liver carcinogen 2,4-dinitrotoluene (technical grade), and both compounds are known to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro. TNT is therefore established as a potential rodent carcinogen; the present paper describes experiments designed to assess if this potential is likely to be expressed in appropriately exposed animals. TNT gave a negative response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay and in an in vivo/in vitro rat liver assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). In the latter assay animals are exposed to the test chemical in vivo and their hepatocytes subsequently evaluated for UDS in vitro. The negative response observed for TNT in the liver assay at dose-levels up to 1000 mg/kg was accompanied by a positive response for the hepatocarcinogen 2,4-dinitrotoluene at the lower dose-level of 200 mg/kg. In contrast, the dinitro compound gave a negative response in the micronucleus assay, as was also observed for TNT. It is concluded that the negative response observed for TNT in the liver assay indicates that it is unlikely to be a rat hepatocarcinogen. Nonetheless, high levels of methaemoglobin were observed in the TNT-treated rats and their urine was coloured red. These facts, together with the known toxicities of this agent suggest a possible carcinogenic hazard to the haemopoetic and urinary tissues of animals exposed chronically to it at toxic dose-levels.
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  • 109
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    Archives of toxicology 57 (1985), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Behavior ; Brain ; Catecholamines ; Serotonin ; Styrene ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male albino rats were administered styrene in groundnut oil, PO at doses of 100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 consecutive days. No neurological deficit was observed in any animal during the course of the experiment. Mean % avoidance response (learning) for each treated group, from day 1 to day 4 of conditioned avoidance response training, revealed a general increase. Styrene significantly increased the % avoidance response at both doses as compared to controls, although no definite dose-response relationship was evident. No significant difference was noted in the spontaneous locomotor activity and regional brain catecholamine levels, between controls and treated rats of either dose. Serotonin levels in hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mid-brain were significantly raised at the higher dose of styrene. Therefore, elevated serotonin levels in these brain regions may account for styrene-induced learning.
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  • 110
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    Archives of dermatological research 277 (1985), S. 220-224 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mycobacterium leprae ; Ultrastructure ; Fixation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The micromorphology of Mycobacterium leprae is described. After fixation with osmium tetroxide supplemented with calcium ions, the cell wall was seen to be composed of three layers; the cytoplasmic membrane exhibited the architecture of an elementary membrane. The mesosomes were best visualized after fixation with glutaraldehyde; they were sometimes in contact with the nuclear equivalent. Only one sort of phosphate body was found. The nucleoid was best visualized after fixation with osmium tetroxide.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Luminance detector ; Darkness detector ; Pupil ; Sympathectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to identify the pretectal nucleus which contains pupillomotor cells in the rat, cells were sought which were sensitive to changes in luminance level at the eye. Two types were found: Luminance detectors which showed a graded increase in firing with increase in luminance, and darkness detectors which showed a graded increase in firing rate with graded dimming of luminance intensity. All luminance detectors were located in the olivary pretectal nucleus, whereas darkness detectors were located in the posterior pretectal nucleus. Consensual pupil responses were recorded in conscious normal and sympathectomised rats using an infra-red sensitive T.V. pupillometer. Pupil diameter varied 2mm in an approximately linear fashion over six log units range in luminance intensity. Sympathectomy produced a general constriction of the pupil, but the overall response to light was unaffected. The changes in pupil size occurred over the same range of luminance that the firing rates of both luminance and darkness detectors changed. The olivary pretectal nucleus may therefore be involved in pupilloconstruction in the light, and the posterior pretectal nucleus, with pupillodilation in the dark.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis ; Reticulospinal ; Laminae I, II and IX
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have used the autoradiographic method to study the organization of spinal projections from the gigantocellular reticular nucleus in the rat. Of particular note was the evidence obtained for projections to laminae I, II and IX. Reticular projections to laminae I and II arise more rostrally in Gi than those to lamina IX. Projections to laminae III–VIII and X as well as to autonomic nuclei have also been documented. Our results suggest that the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the rat can be subdivided on connectional grounds.
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  • 113
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    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Olivocerebellar projection ; Axonal branching ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Axonal branching in the olivocerebellar projection was investigated using the retrograde fluorescent double-labelling method. Combinations of true blue and diamidino yellow injections (50 nl) were made in the cerebellar cortex of anaesthetized rats to investigate branching within single longitudinal zones and branching between such zones. The topographical arrangement of the projection was similar to that previously described, but additionally it was found that lateral parts of the inferior olive project more rostrally within a longitudinal zone and medial parts project more caudally in the same zone. Double-labelled olivary neurones, with axons branching rostrally and caudally within a single zone, were found to lie in an intermediate position between the two groups of single-labelled neurones. No such double-labelled neurones occurred when branching between zones was investigated. The correlation between these anatomical findings and earlier physiological work is discussed.
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  • 114
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Swallowing ; Medullary swallowing neurons ; Nucleus of the solitary tract ; Unit activity (extracellular microelectrodes) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to identify the central structures involved in the organization of the swallowing reflex in the rat. Using concentric bipolar electrodes, the medulla and pons were systematically explored in order to determine which central areas responded to stimulation by inducing swallowing. These areas, which were located in the dorsal medulla oblongata, were the solitary tract, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the adjacent reticular formation. Stimulation of the ventral ponto-medullary regions was ineffective with regard to the initiation of the swallowing reflex. The activity of medullary swallowing neurons was recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. These swallowing neurons responded with a burst of spikes (swallowing activity) which was closely linked to the swallowing reflex elicited by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Under SLN stimulation, the activity of some of the swallowing neurons furthermore showed an initial response consisting of 1 or 2 spikes after a brief latency. According to their location and the latency of their initial response, swallowing neurons were divided into two groups. Group I neurons were located in a dorsal area of the medulla oblongata corresponding to the NST and the adjacent reticular formation. All these neurons exhibited an initial response with a very short latency (1 to 4 ms), the swallowing activity of most of these neurons started before the onset of the swallowing motor sequence. Group II neurons were located either in a ventral area corresponding to the nucleus ambiguus and the surrounding reticular formation or in a dorsal and medial area corresponding to the hypoglossal nucleus and its vicinity. Some of these neurons also exhibited an initial response to SLN stimulation, but with a longer latency (7–12 ms). Motor paralysis of the animal (performed by curare injection) did not affect the swallowing activity of the neurons belonging to either group. Thus, the swallowing activity of the medullary neurons studied was a truly central activity. It is concluded that the swallowing neurons studied belonged to the medullary swallowing center; the group II neurons were motoneurons and interneurons forming the efferent stage of the swallowing center, and the group I neurons were the interneurons which largely belong to the center which programs the swallowing motor sequence.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; GAD ; GABA ; Inhibition ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was examined at the light- and electron-microscopic level after immunocytochemistry for GAD (the synthesizing enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA), to identify cells and processes with GAD-like immunoreactivity. GAD-positive perikarya were distributed throughout the A and C laminae, constituting a moderate proportion of cells in the LGN. Labeled cells were characterized by small size, scant cytoplasm, relatively large nuclei with common indentations, small mitochondria, few organelles and few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Unlabeled cells were of large, medium and small size. GAD-positive terminals were identified as F1 and F2 types (Guillery's nomenclature) on the basis of their synaptic relations and ultrastructure. Labeled F2 terminals were postsynaptic to retinal (RLP) boutons and presynaptic to unlabeled dendrites in synaptic glomeruli. Labeled F1 terminals made synapses on unlabeled somata and dendrites, and on labeled dendrites and F2 terminals. Presumably, most labeled F1 terminals originate from GABAergic perigeniculate axons. Retinal (RLP) and cortico-geniculate (RSD) boutons remained unlabeled in the reative zone. These terminals made synapses with labeled and unlabeled dendrites and with labeled F2 boutons. In conjunction with previous studies on GAD-positive cells in the perigeniculate nucleus, these results provide immunocytochemical and morphological evidence suggesting that the GABAergic intrinsic and extrinsic (perigeniculate) interneurons mediate the different inhibitory phenomena which occur in relay cells of the cat LGN. The ultrastructural features and synaptic relations of GABAergic cells and processes in the cat LGN are similar to those of equivalent neural elements in the LGN of rat and monkey, suggesting general principles of organization and morphology for GABAergic neurons in the thalamus of different mammals.
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  • 116
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 537-546 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substance P ; Facial nucleus ; Medullary reticular formation ; Axo-dendritic contacts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, origin and fine structure of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. SPI-terminals were concentrated in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei of the facial nucleus. Hemi-transection of the brainstem just rostral to the facial nucleus or at the most caudal level of the medulla oblongata did not cause any change of SPI-terminals in the facial nucleus. Electrical destruction of the various parts of the medulla oblongata clearly demonstrated that SPI-terminals in the intermediate subnucleus were supplied contralaterally from the SPI-neurons in the dorsomedial part of the medullary reticular formation. Most of the SPI-terminals (85%) in the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus were observed to make asymmetric synaptic contacts with large dendrites (mean diameter; 1.26 μm). It was supposed that the contact sites are located on proximal parts of the dendrite. A few SPI-terminals (6%) formed axo-somatic contacts with large perikarya filled with numerous cytoplasmic organelles.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus lesion ; Partial reinforcement ; Delay of reinforcement ; Inter-trial interval ; Inter-event interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two experimental procedures were employed to establish the reason why hippocampal lesions apparently block the development of tolerance for aversive events in partial reinforcement experiments, but do not do so in partial punishment experiments. Rats were trained to run in a straight alley following hippocampal lesions (HC), cortical control lesions (CC) or sham operations (SO), and resistance to extinction was assessed following differing acquisition conditions. In Experiment 1 a 4–8 min inter-trial interval (ITI) was used. Either every acquisition trial was rewarded immediately (Continuous Reinforcement, CR), or only a randomly selected half of the trials were immediately rewarded, the reward being delayed for thirty seconds on the other trials (Partial Delay, PD). This delay procedure produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. In Experiment 2 the ITI was reduced to a few seconds, and rats were trained either on a CR schedule, or on a schedule in which only half the trials were rewarded (Partial Reinforcement, PR). This form of partial reinforcement procedure also produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. It thus appears that hippocampal lesions only prevent the development of resistance to aversive events when the interval between aversive and subsequent appetitive events exceeds some minimum value.
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  • 118
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    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 559-569 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Superior colliculus ; Visual neglect ; Field defect ; Striate cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous work has been shown that rats with lesions of the superior colliculus fail to respond to distracting visual stimuli presented in the peripheral field while the animals are running towards a central stimulus. To assess how far this peripheral neglect is due to an attentional deficit, rats were trained before operation to obtain reward by running towards either peripheral or central lights that were presented when the animals' heads were stationary in a known position. Response to stimuli presented 120 deg from the midline was severely impaired after removal of the superior colliculus: the animals behaved as if they had difficulty in detecting the onset of the light. In contrast, response to stimuli 40 deg from midline was unaffected. Control lesions of striate cortex did not significantly impair performance at any position. The finding that collicular animals were impaired at responding to stimuli in the far periphery, that were not irrelevant distractors but instead predicted reward, suggests that one component of the visual neglect produced by damage to the superior colliculus in rats may be a sensory deficit in the far peripheral field. In addition, comparison with previous results indicates that training to attend to visual stimuli in more central regions does improve performance, as would be expected if the deficit were an attentional one. It is therefore argued that collicular neglect in rats should be regarded as a multicomponent impairment.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Granule cells ; Dendrites ; Golgi stain ; Dentate gyrus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dendritic morphology of Golgistained hippocampal dentate granule cells was evaluated by measuring the amount and location of dendrite, and the number of length of dendritic branches. Granule cells with somata in the superficial third of the granule cell layer had substantially more dendritic material than those with somata in the deep portions of the cell layer; this difference occurred throughout the extent of the molecular layer. Superficial cells also had different dendritic branching patterns and wider dendritic fields than did cells located in the deeper two-thirds of the granule cell layer. These results indicate that the position of neurons within the cell layer should be taken into account when quantifying the dendritic fields of dentate granule cells.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Antidromic activation ; Latency variation ; Axonal excitability ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Magnocellular neurosecretory cells were antidromically identified in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of urethane-anesthetized, ovariectomized female rats following electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis. Seventy-one cells with a tonic pattern of spontaneous discharge were distinguished and used to examine the relationships between the measures of antidromic spike latency, activation threshold and discharge rate. The discharge rate was artificially modulated by either microiontophoresis of glutamate or antidromic stimulation of the neurohypophysis. In all the PVN cells with tonic activity, the latency lengthened and the threshold increased as a function of the discharge rate. Activation of individual cells by microiontophoresis of glutamate was effective, as was simultaneous activation of many PVN cells by antidromic stimulus. Similar relationships between the discharge rate and the parameters of antidromic activation were seen in 3 cells, when their rates varied spontaneously over a wide range without manipulation. These data suggest that the excitability of axons of presumed oxytocinergic cells in the PVN-neurohypophyseal system are influenced by their prior activity, probably through metabolic changes in individual axons.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABAergic neurons ; Accessory optic nuclei ; Pretectal nuclei ; Gerbil ; Rat ; Visual system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been localized in sections of rodent brains (gerbil, rat) using conventional immunocytochemical techniques. Our findings demonstrate that large numbers of GAD-positive neurons and axon terminals (puncta) are present in the visual relay nuclei of the pretectum and the accessory optic system. The areas of highest density of these neurons are in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the pretectum, the dorsal and lateral terminal accessory optic nuclei (DTN, LTN), the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of the medial terminal accessory optic nucleus (MTNv, MTNd), and the interstitial nucleus of the posterior fibers of the superior fasciculus (inSFp). The findings indicate that 27% of the NOT neurons are GAD-positive and that these neurons are distributed over all of the NOT except the most superficial portion of the NOT caudally. The GAD-positive neurons of the NOT are statistically smaller (65.9 μm2) than the total population of neurons of the NOT (84.3 [j,m2) but are otherwise indistinguishable in shape from the total neuron population. The other visual relay nuclei that have been analyzed (DTN, LTN, MTNv, MTNd, inSFp) are similar in that from 21% to 31% of their neurons are GAD-positive; these neurons are smaller in diameter and are more spherical than the total populations of neurons. The data further show that a large proportion of the neurons in these visual relay nuclei are contacted by GAD-positive axon terminals. It is estimated that approximately one-half of the neurons of the NOT and the terminal accessory optic nuclei receive a strong GABAergic input and have been called “GAD-recipient neurons”. Further, the morphology of the GAD-positive neurons combined with their similar distribution to the GAD-recipient neurons suggest that many of these neurons are acting as GABAergic, local circuit neurons. On the other hand, the large number of GAD-positive neurons in the NOT and MTN (20–30%) in relation to estimates of projection neurons (75%) presents the possibility that some may in fact be projection neurons. The overall findings provide morphological evidence which supports the general conclusion that GABAergic neurons play a significant role in modulating the output of the visually related NOT and terminal accessory optic nuclei.
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  • 122
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 471-479 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Bursts ; Inhibition ; Receptive fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two-shock inhibition, a feature of 98 of 100 P cells recorded in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the normal rat, was not observed in 91 of 140 geniculate cells after an electrolytic lesion had been made in the adjacent visually responsive thalamic reticular nucleus. Nine geniculate cells recorded both before and after a reticular lesion had their initial inhibition abolished or substantially reduced after the lesion. The reticular lesion eliminated the bursts of spikes which normally terminate periods of inhibition following electrical or photic stimulation but caused no other changes in receptive field organization of geniculate cells. We conclude that the visually responsive region of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat is responsible for the profound two-shock inhibition and for the post-inhibitory bursts which are normal properties of relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
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  • 123
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    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: β-mannosidosis ; Axonal spheroids ; Myelin deficit ; Oligodendrocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in central nervous system (CNS) white matter of three goats affected withβ-mannosidosis were analyzed to further define characteristics and pathogenesis of axonal and myelin abnormalities. The variations in myelin association and contents of axonal spheroids were delineated. The occurrence of spheroids in a 96/150-day fetus documented the early development of these axonal lesions. In regions of severe myelin deficits, the presence of apparently normal axons and a reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes were confirmed. Many remaining cells in myelin-deficient regions were characterized by dark, vacuolated cytoplasm. The occurrence of internodes with myelin sheaths adjacent to internodes without myelin sheaths suggested that an axonal defect is not primarily responsible for the absence of myelin sheaths. A mild myelin deficit in the spinal cord was indicated by the presence of unmyelinated axons. Except for occasional mild cytoplasmic vacuolation, the spinal cord glial cells appeared relatively normal. The findings presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that an oligodendrocyte defect, expressed by regional differences, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of myelin deficiency inβ-mannosidosis.
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  • 124
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    Annals of hematology 51 (1985), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ultracytochemistry ; Basophils ; Small granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The small granules in the basophils obtained from humans and animals were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Cytochemically, there were no qualitative differences among the small granules in the species examined. The small granules in humans, guinea pigs and rabbits were approximately 0.16–0.22 μm, 0.15–0.17 μm, and 0.12–0.16 μm, in diameter, respectively. In all species small granules had a single unit membrane and contained some amorphous material. In immature cells many of the small granules were distributed near the Golgi apparatus, while in the mature cells many of them were found around the periphery of the cell. There were no morphological or cytochemical differences between the small granules of the immature cells and those of the mature cells. The negative reaction in the dialysed iron and high iron diamine methods showed that the small granules did not have acid mucopolysaccharides or sulfated glycoconjugates. The strong reaction of the small granules of all species to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) test, which was especially prominent in rabbit, showed that the small granules have many periodate-reactive neutral glycoconjugates but no acidic glycoconjugates. Enzyme cytochemistry revealed that the small granules are negative for peroxidase and catalase but positive for acid phosphatase.
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  • 125
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    Annals of hematology 50 (1985), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Sudanophilia ; Rat ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A significant proportion of large lymphocytes in laboratory rats is stained with Sudan black B. The increase in the counts of sudanophilic blood lymphocytes over control values indicated reliablely the recovery of lymphocytic function even when total lymphocyte, small or large lymphocyte counts were normal or reduced.
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  • 126
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    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), a neurotoxic compound known to induce swellings in the proximal internodes of sensory and motor axons in several parts of the central nervous system (CNS), was also found to cause hydrocephalus in rats and guinea pigs. In both species, ventricular dilatation was observed within 1 week following a single i.p. injection of IDPN. While in rats the severity of hydrocephalus correlated with dose and duration of IDPN exposure, in guinea pigs studies with high doses yielded inconclusive results, and no significant temporal correlation was noted. Parallel investigations with another peurotoxic agent, acrylamide, in rats, and with IDPN in cats failed to demonstrate any change in size and shape of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. No signs of spontaneously occurring hydrocephalus were found in control animals. In both rats and guinea pigs intoxicated with IDPN, macroscopic and microscopic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of communicating hydrocephalus. Treatment of hydrocephalic rats with acetazolamide (500 mg/kg) markedly attenuated ventricular distention, suggesting that an overproduction of CSF by the choroid plexus is responsible for the communicating hydrocephalus following IDPN intoxication.
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  • 127
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tail bud ; Tail gut ; Gut ; Organogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation of the tail portion of the primitive gut was investigated by light and electron microscopy in 10- and 11-day rat embryos. The observations permit the conclusion that the tail gut does not form as a posterior extension of the hindgut but originates from the tail bud mesenchyme by mechanism analogous to the secondary neurulation. It includes cell condensation, aquisition of apicobasal polarity and the radial, rosette-like arrangement around a central cavity. These cells bear the cytological characteristics of both the absorptive epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells at their apical (adluminal) and abluminal ends respectively.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Substance P ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behavior ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present experiments the behavioral response to substance P (SP) microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN), and sensorimotor cortex (CX) was investigated in detail. The experiments were carried out using an eight-hole box to measure exploratory behavior and a video monitor for the analysis of spontaneous motor behavior. When infused into the VTA, SP (0.125, 0.5, 3.0 μg) augmented the frequency and total duration of hole-pokes, and tended to diminish the mean duration of hole-pokes. The strategy and organization of responses, as measured by the order of hole-visits and hole-switching, were unchanged by SP and there was no indication of stereotypy, measured by the number of hole-pokes per hole-visit. The open-field analysis revealed a marked increase in locomotion and rearing, both in the periphery and center of the arena; grooming was decreased by SP. The behavioral profile following SN infusions of SP (3.0 μg) was similar to that elicited by VTA infusions, with the exception that center rearing was not enhanced. SP administration into cortex (3 μg) had no significant effect on any behavioral measures. It is hypothesized that SP infused into the ventral mesencephalon results in an enhancement of approach response tendencies, suggesting that endogenous SP in this region may regulate spontaneous behavior. The possibility of an interaction between SP and meso-telencephalic dopamine neurons is discussed.
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  • 129
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    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 80-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned suppression ; Drug stimuli ; Stimulus control ; Overshadowing ; Classical conditioning ; Operant behavior ; Drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to press a lever under a variable-interval (VI) schedule of water reinforcement. After stable responding had developed, a 4.5-KHz tone (CS) was conditioned classically to a 2.5-mA electric shock (US) in groups of animals which had been given various psychoactive drugs or saline. Twenty-four hours later, a stimulus generalization test was conducted in the absence of drug; during this session, tones that varied in frequency around 4.5 KHz were presented while the animals were responding under the VI schedule. In animals conditioned under saline, all tones (non-differentially) suppressed responding which, however, recovered gradually over time. This suppressive effect was eliminated by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.2 and 0.32 mg/kg), cocaine (20 mg/kg), diazepam (2.5 mg/kg), lisuride (0.08 mg/kg), mescaline (20 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4 mg/kg), and was attenuated by amphetamine (4 mg/kg), pentobarbital (15 mg/kg) and morphine (4 mg/kg). Atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), clonazepam (0.5 mg/kg), and chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) did not alter the suppressive effect of the tone. The serotonin antagonist BC-105 (6 mg/kg) reversed the effect of 0.2 mg/kg of LSD. These results suggest (1) that drug-induced stimuli may “overshadow” other (e.g., external) stimuli during classical conditioning and, (2) that drugs might affect behavior by altering processes (stimulus control or others) that do not simultaneously involve response or motor control.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Sedation ; Activity ; RHA/iop and RLA/iop ; Strains ; Adrenoceptors ; Stress ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An hypothesis that repeated stress results in central changes in α2-adrenoceptor sensitivity was investigated using a behavioural test. Stressed (immobilisation for 2 h/day for 7 days) and unstressed rats from the RHA/iop and RLA/iop strains were tested for the sedative effects of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine on Y-maze behaviour. The measures used were number of lines crossed, arm entries and rearing. The stressed animals showed higher scores for line crossings and rearing; but the only significant difference between the strains was for rearing, which was higher for RHA/iop. Clonidine significantly depressed all the measures of activity. However, there was no evidence of an interaction of the drug with stress for any of the measures. It is concluded that neither repeated stress nor genetic differences in the ability to cope with stress influence the behavioural effects of clonidine. This suggests that stress responses are not related to the central α2-adrenoceptor system.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Response rate ; Reinforcement efficacy ; Response topography ; Matching law ; Rate-dependency ; Variable-interval schedule ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model was used to describe the effects of amphetamine on the rate of a reinforced response in the rat. The model provides measures of reinforcement efficacy and response topography for behavior maintained by variable-interval reinforcement schedules. In this study the measured behavior was a lever press, the reinforcer was water, and the variable-interval schedules provided five different rates of reinforcement, ranging from about 20 to 660/h. In each session the rats were exposed to each of the five schedules, and as reinforcement rate increased, the rate of lever pressing increased in a negatively accelerated manner that was closely approximated by the equation for a rectangular hyperbola. Amphetamine changed responser rate and the parameters of the best-fitting hyperbolas. The 0.25–1.0-mg/kg doses increased response rate, and the parameter changes supported the interpretation that the increases were due primarily to an increase in reinforcement efficacy. The 2.0- and 3.0-mg/kg doses decreased response rates maintained by low reinforcement rates and increased response rates maintained by high reinforcement rates, and the parameter changes supported the interpretation that at higher doses amphetamine produced counteracting changes in reinforcement efficacy and response topography: reinforcement efficacy decreased, whereas response topography changed so as to increase response rates.
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  • 132
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    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 178-183 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ9-THC stimulus ; Δ9(11)·THC ; THC receptor ; Drug response ; Blockage of drug discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a water maze to discriminate between IP injections of 3 mg/kg Δ9- (Δ9(11)-THC) and its vehicle. Both Δ8- and Δ9(11) were generalized to the training drug. In contrast to our observations in rhesus monkeys, where Δ9-THC is at least 100 times less potent than Δ9-THC, Δ9(11) was found to be only seven times less potent in the rat. Relative potencies, expressed as the dosage at which 50% of the animals gave drug responses (ED50) were 1.8 mg/kg and 12.2 mg/kg for Δ9-THC and Δ9(11) respectively. Twenty-four hours after receiving 7×ED50=12 mg/kg Δ9 the tests showed intermediate results when conducted with the training dosage; 4×ED50=50 mg/kg Δ9-THC 48 h prior to the training dosage of 3 mg/kg Δ9-THC completely blocked drug-appropriate responses. Coinjection of ED50 dosages of Δ9- and Δ9(11)-THC led to 90% drug responses, demonstrating the additivity of the cannabis-like effect of both cannabinoids. Differences in the individual sensitivity of the rats to the tested cannabinoids were observed. Findings are interpreted in terms of the receptor mechanism for cannabis-like activity.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behaviour ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments examined in detail the behavioral response to microinfusions of neurotensin (NT) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus (HPC). The behavioral apparatus consisted of an eight-hole box in which investigatory and spontaneous motor behavior were recorded. Three doses (0.175, 0.5, 4.0 μg) of NT were injected into the VTA. The main effect of NT was a strong augmentation of rearing (frequency and duration) both in the periphery and center of the arena, accompanied by a small increase in locomotion and decreased grooming. NT had no effect on the strategy, organization, or duration of exploration but did augment frequency of hole visits towards the end of the session. NT injected into the SN and HPC had no effect on investigatory and spontaneous behavior with the exception of an increase in peripheral locomotion after HPC-NT injections. The results are discussed in terms of a modulatory role of endogenous NT on mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Rantidine ; Imidazole ; (±) NPA ; Penile erections ; Stretching and yawning ; Stereotyped behaviour ; DA receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cimetidine injected IP 15 min before (±) N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) antagonized in dose-dependent fashion the penile erections (PE) and stretching and yawning (SY) induced by this typical dopaminergic agonist in male rats. Ranitidine, which acts on H2 histamine receptors in much the same way as cimetidine despite its lack of an imidazole ring, failed to produce the same effect. On the other hand, imidazole itself was similar to cimetidine in antagonizing PE and SY induced by (±) NPA, whether injected IP or ICV. Neither imidazole nor cimetidine antagonized the stereotyped behaviour (SB) induced by (±) NPA. Indeed, imidazole reduced the latency of this response. A mechanism which may underly these effects is discussed, as well as the possible preclinical use of this test in animals.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Intravenous self-administration ; Methyl naloxonium chloride ; Opiates ; Reward ; Nucleus accumbens ; Ventral tegmental area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A quaternary derivative of naloxone, methyl naloxonium chloride (MN), was administered intracerebrally to rats trained to self-administer heroin intravenously. Increases in intravenous (IV) heroin self-administration rates were found following injections of low doses of MN into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), but not following injections of low doses of MN into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These results were interpreted to suggest that the rewarding properties of IV heroin were decreased following N.Acc opiate receptor blockade. The relative insensitivity of the VTA to MN treatment was taken to suggest that VTA opiate receptors are either not essential or play a secondary role in mediating IV heroin self-administration. The present data support the notion that post-synaptic N.Acc opiate receptors play a crucial role in maintaining IV heroin self-administration.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase ; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ; Soman ; Schedule-controlled behavior ; Fixed interval ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Brain ; Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, soman (10–40 μg/kg), suppressed in a dose-related manner response rates in rats maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 50-s fixed-ratio 25 schedule of food delivery. Chronic administration of soman at weekly intervals resulted in tolerance to the response. When soman administration was separated by 2–5 weeks in individual rats, the suppressive effects of the agent again became apparent. Analysis of acetylcholinesterase activity revealed that enzyme inhibition was limited to gastrointestinal areas near the site of injection. There was no significant effect on brain acetylcholinesterase even following IP injection of doses which completely suppressed responding. The IP route may be useful for studying tolerance and other chronic effects of soman without producing generalized toxicity.
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH) ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were trained to lever press for food reward on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). Ten more were trained on a new schedule of punishment, designed to be comparable to DRL 20 — differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH 20). Under this schedule, responses with a latency of 20 s or more earned food rewards, while those of less than 20 s were followed by food reward and brief electric footshock. After 42 sessions, rats on each schedule showed temporal discrimination in the distribution of inter-response times. The effects on these baselines of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 1 mg/kg IP) and the beta-blocker propranolol (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg IP) were investigated. Both drugs reduced numbers of responses reaching criterion (criterion resonses) in DPH, CDP increasing total responses. CDP acted similarly under DRL, but propranolol only affected performance at the highest doese, which reduced criterion responses, probably because of changes in total responding. Each drug increased response bursts. It is concluded that propranolol can exert a disinhibitory action in these schedules, although with some differences from that of the benzodiazepine CDP.
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned taste aversion ; Vasopressin ; Vasopressin analogs ; Vasopressin antagonist ; Hypertension ; Apomorphine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats injected SC with arginine vasopressin (AVP) following consumption of a milk solution developed a marked aversion to the taste of this solution. An analog of vasopressin devoid of pressor activity, dDAVP, was unable to induce conditioned taste aversion. The aversive stimulus properties of AVP were blocked by the vasopressor antagonist dPTyr(Me)AVP. This antagonist did not block apomorphine-mediated conditioned taste aversion. These results demonstrate that AVP induces conditioned taste aversion by interacting with vasopressor-like receptors.
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  • 139
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Place conditioning ; Diazepam ; Meprobamate ; CGS 8216 ; Picrotoxin ; Sodium valproate ; Naloxone ; Reward ; Aversion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The place conditioning paradigm was used to examine the reinforcing properties of diazepam. Rats were injeccted with diazepam (0.5–5.0 mg/kg, IP) and 30 min later were confined for 30 min to one side of a shuttle box, in which each of the two compartments had distinctive features. On alternate (control) days they received vehicle injections and were confined for 30 min to the opposite side. At almost all doses tested, diazepam produced place preference for the distinctive compartment that had been previously associated with the drug. Preference for the drug side developed regardless of whether diazepam was paired or unpaired with the least-preferred side, and regardless of whether testing was carried out in the undrugged or in the drugged state. The rats preferred the drug side over a novel compartment, but they did not change their initial preference for the side when diazepam was given after removal from the training box. Animals injected with meprobamate (70 mg/kg, PO), a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, also developed conditioned preference for the drug side, comparable to that seen following cocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, IP). The diazepam (2.5 mg/kg)-induced place preference was antagonized by CGS 8216 (3 mg/kg, IP), picrotoxin (2 mg/kg, IP) and naloxone (0.8 mg/kg, SC), injected 3 min before and 15 and 20 min after diazepam respectively. Sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, IP) did not influence diazepam (1 mg/kg)-induced place preference. Sodium valproate by itself had marginal effects on place conditioning. Picrotoxin and naloxone, but not CGS 8816, produced place aversion which, in the case of picrotoxin, was due to state dependent learning. The results provide a clear indication that the place preference paradigm is valid as a test for evaluating appetitive properties of minor tranquilizers. They suggest that the rewarding effects of diazepam are mediated through central benzodiazepine receptors. Wheter GABA and/or endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the reinforcing properties of diazepam remains an open question.
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  • 140
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Active avoidance ; Nociception ; Spinal serotonin ; p-Chloroamphetamine ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of selective lesions of the descending serotonergic (5-HT) pathways on analgesia and avoidance deficit induced by the 5-HT releasing compound p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 2.5 mg/kg) were investigated in male rats. Intrathecal injection of 5,6-DHT (20 μg/rat) reduced the uptake of labelled 5-HT into spinal synaptosomes by approximately 85% but did not significantly affect the uptake of noradrenaline. The lesions produced a significant hyperalgesia and strongly attenuated the analgesic effect of PCA in the hot-plate test. In the flinch-jump test 5,6-DHT lesioned rats receiving PCA did not differ from the saline control group. Spinal lesioning did not, however, affect one-way active avoidance performance and did not prevent the marked impairment of avoidance performance induced by PCA. Thus, the avoidance deficit caused by PCA is independent of the descending serotonergic pathways and of the analgesia induced by PCA. These results support the view of a differential involvement of the ascending and descending serotonergic projections in behavioural processes controlled by aversive stimuli.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Exploration ; Locomotor activity ; Sedation ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Benzodiazepine ; CL 218,872 ; Benzodiazepine antagonists ; Ro 15-1788 ; CGS 8216 ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of CL 218,872, initially classified as a non-sedative anxiolytic, were investigated and compared with those of chlordiazepoxide in the holeboard. The ability of two drugs that antagonise the effects of benzodiazepines, CGS 8216 and Ro 15-1788, to reverse the effects of CL 218,872 and chlordiazepoxide were also investigated, to see whether their effects might be mediated via benzodiazepine receptors. CL 218,872 (10 mg/kg) was found to be significantly sedative in both mice and rats (i.e., both locomotor activity and head-dipping were significantly decreased). In mice, the effects of CL 218,872 and of chlordiazepoxide were very similar over a range of doses, except that the stimulatory effect seen with low doses of chlordiazepoxide on head-dipping just failed to reach significance with CL 218,872. This study is in agreement with recently published results from different tests showing that sedative effects can be obtained with doses of CL 218,872 that are low and not much higher than those leading to anxiolysis. The sedative effects of both CL 218,872 (10 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg) were significantly reversed by RO 15-1788 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and CGS 8216 (10 mg/kg), suggesting that their effects are mediated via benzodiazepine receptors. The increase in head-dipping seen with chlordiazepoxide (2.5 mg/kg) was also reversed by RO 15-1788 and CGS 8216.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DA D-1 receptors ; DA D-2 receptors ; Circling behaviour ; Dopamine agonists ; Dopamine antagonists ; 6-OHDA lesions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antagonistic effect of dopamine (DA) D-1 and D-2 antagonists against circling behaviour induced by various DA agonists in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats has been investigated. DA D-1/D-2 selectivity of agonists in vitro was measured by the stimulatory effect on DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat striatal homogenates (D-1), the inhibitory effect on electrically-induced release of 3H-DA in rabbit striatal slices (D-2) and the affinity to 3H-piflutixol (D-1) and 3H-spiroperidol (D-2) binding sites in rat striatal membranes. The contralateral circling behaviour induced by the DA D-1 agonist SK & F 38393 was blocked by the DA D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390, and by the mixed DA D-1/D-2 antagonist cis(Z)-flupentixol, but was not influenced by the DA D-2 antagonists spiroperidol and clebopride. In contrast, circling behaviour induced by the preferential DA D-2 agonists pergolide and LY 171555 was blocked by clebopride, spiroperidol, and cis(Z)-flupentixol, but weakly or not influenced by SCH 23390. Apomorphine-induced circling behaviour was blocked by cis(Z)-flupentixol, partially antagonized by SCH 23390 and clebopride but not inhibited by spiroperidol, although the time-course of circling was changed. Combinations of SCH 23390 with spiroperidol or clebopride in low doses completely blocked the effect of apomorphine. These results indicate that DA D-1 and D-2 receptors mediate circling behaviour through separate mechanisms which can be independently manipulated with respective agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, the results indicate that both DA D-1 and D-2 receptors are involved in the effect of apomorphine, since selective antagonists induced maximally 50% inhibition. Complete blockade was only found in combination experiments and by the mixed D-1/D-2 antagonists cis(Z)-flupentixol, cis(Z)-clopenthixol, and clozapine.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: GABAergic hypothesis of anxiolytic action ; Muscimol ; Baclofen ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; Spontaneous alternation ; Response to stimulus change ; Exploration ; Novelty ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two methods were used to test rats' responses to novelty in the T-maze: (1) a test of spontaneous alternation allowing separate measurement of place and body turn alternation; and (2) a test of entry into an arm of changed brightness (“response to stimulus change”). Chlordiazepoxide reduced spontaneous alternation by specifically weakening body turn alternation and eliminated the response to stimulus change. These findings are similar to those previously reported for the barbiturate sodium amylobarbitone. The same pattern of change in the two tests was seen after a low dose of the GABAA agonist muscimol (0.00125 mg/kg); when the dose of muscimol was raised (0.01 and 0.25 mg/kg), place alternation was also reduced. Picrotoxin but not bicuculline (both GABAA blockers) reversed the effects of muscimol and partially those of chlordiazepoxide on the response to stimulus change; in the spontaneous alternation test picrotoxin only marginally affected the response to 0.25 mg/kg muscimol and actually enhanced the effect of 0.000125 mg/kg. The GABAB agonist baclofen (1 mg/kg) acted in the test of response to stimulus change like chlordiazepoxide and muscimol; however, when baclofen was combined with muscimol, the two drugs tended to show mutual blocking. These results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that GABAergic mechanisms play a role in anxiolytic behavioural activity, but many details are difficult to explain.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delayed alternation ; Spatial memory ; Cortex ; Dopamine ; Noradrenaline ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to eight to nine correct responses on a delayed spatial alternation test performed on alternate days in a T-maze. Locomotor activity in an observation box was scored on 2 consecutive days. The animals were killed 2 weeks after the end of behavioural testing and dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), the DA metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and the 5HT metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) determined in cortex, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus. Cortical concentrations of both DA and NA correlated negatively and significantly with the number of errors made in learning the alternation task, though the latter correlation was less striking and became negligible after the correlation between DA and NA was partialled out. Concentrations of DA and NA in the other regions did not correlate significantly with errors. None of the other neurochemical variables correlated significantly with either errors or locomotor activity, except for hypothalamic HVA concentration which showed a marginally significant correlation with locomotor activity. The above results, together with effects of brain lesions reported by other authors, strongly indicate that cortical catecholamines facilitate learning in the normal non-drug-treated rat.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) ; GABA and GABA agonists ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Amylobarbitone ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; β-Carbolines ; Muscimol ; Baclofen ; Punished barpressing ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to press a bar for sucrose reward on a random-interval (RI) schedule and footshock punishment was then introduced for 3-min intrusion periods (signalled by a tone) on an independent RI schedule. Shock intensity was individually adjusted to produce stable intermediate levels of response suppression during the tone for each animal. Groups of animals were then allocated to a number of separate experiments in which they were systemically injected with anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide HCl or sodium amylobarbitone), GABA antagonists (picrotoxin or bicuculline), the GABAA agonist muscimol, the GABAB agonist baclofen, an antagonist (RO 15-1788) at the benzodiazepine receptor and, an inverse agonist (FG 7142) at this receptor. The results showed that the alleviation of punishment-induced suppression of barpressing produced by chlordiazepoxide was blocked or partially blocked by RO 15-1788, picrotoxin and bicuculline but not by FG 7142; that picrotoxin (but not FG 7142) increased the suppression of responding by punishment; that neither muscimol nor baclofen affected responding on their own, but their combination weakly but reliably released punished responding from suppression; and that the anti-punishment effect of amylobarbitone was unaffected by either picrotoxin or bicuculline, though the barbiturate reversed the punishment-enhancing effect of picrotoxin. These results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that anxiolytic behavioural effects are due to increased GABAergic inhibition.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5-HT antagonist ; LSD antagonist ; Drug discrimination ; Anxiety ; 5-HTP ; Head twitch ; Conflict behavior ; Hypothermia ; Ritanserin ; Pirenperone ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The newly synthesized compound and putative 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin, but not the structurally related compound R 56413, resembles pirenperone in that it acts as a pure antagonist in an LSD-saline drug discrimination assay in the rat. Ritanserin exceeded pirenperone in terms of behavioral specificity; the lowest effective dose of ritanserin in antagonizing LSD was one order of magnitude higher than that of pirenperone, but the compound depressed rate of operant responding only at doses that were about 1000-fold higher than those at which pirenperone was effective. Ritanserin exerted effects in an open field test which were reminiscent of anxiolytic drug activity in the rat; its effects were greater than those of pirenperone, R 56413 and the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. The results of experiments on antagonism of 5-HT-induced hypothermia and of the 5-HTP-induced headtwitch response fail to support the possibility that the putative anxiolytic effects of ritanserin in the rat can be ascribed simply to a pharmacologically defined action at 5-HT receptors.
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  • 147
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    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Carboline ; Benzodiazepines ; Anxiety ; Food intake ; Aggression ; FG 7142 ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Caffeine ; Lactation ; Maternal behaviour ; Sex hormones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mother rats nursing large litters are hyperphagic, aggressive towards conspecifics, and show less freezing behaviour than non-maternal animals. These naturally occurring adaptations resemble those elicited by benzodiazepine treatment in virgin rats, indicating a common neurochemical change in the brains of mother rats and benzodiazepine-treated virgins. In line with this hypothesis, it was found that three functional benzodiazepine antagonists (FG 7142, pentylenetetrazol, caffeine) decreased food intake, lowered aggression and strengthened freezing in lactating mother rats. These psychopharmacological observations support the idea that GABA neurotransmission is enhanced during motherhood in the rat.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: CGS 8216 ; DMCM ; FG 7142 ; Food intake ; Midazolam ; Palatability ; Ro15-1788 ; Satiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Non-deprived rats were familiarised with a highly palatable diet until baseline consumption in a 60-min daily access period had stabilised. The benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam (1.25–10.0 mg/kg, IP) produced a large, dose-related increase in food consumption during the first 30 min of access. It also produced significant, short-term hyperphagia in animals which had been partially pre-satiated on the diet before drug administration, an effect which was reversible by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro15-1788. Administered alone, Ro15-1788 (1.25–10.0 mg/kg, IP) had no intrinsic activity in the food consumption test. In contrast, CGS 8216 (2.5–40.0 mg/kg, IP) produced a marked dose-related suppression of food intake. This anorectic effect was shared by two benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists, FG 7142 and DMCM, which also produced dose-dependent reductions in consumption. The effects on feeding produced by FG 7142 (20 mg/kg, IP) and DMCM (1.25 mg/kg, IP) were reversed by either Ro15-1788 (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or midazolam (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg). A matched anorectic effect produced by CGS 8216 (40 mg/kg) was not, however, reversed by either Ro15-1788 or midazolam. This suggests that at a high dose CGS 8216 may act by a mechanism different from that of the two inverse agonists. The feeding test described in the report proved sensitive to both hyperphagic and anorectic effects of drugs active at benzodiazepine receptors, pointing to a possible bi-directional control of palatable food consumption.
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  • 149
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    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 868-876 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Distal nephrons ; Cellular heterogeneity ; Electrolyte excretion ; Furosemide ; Rat ; Kidney morphology ; Distale Nephrone ; Zelluläre Heterogenität ; Elektrolytausscheidung ; Furosemid ; Ratte ; Nierenmorphologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die distalen Tubuli in der Nierenrinde gliedern sich nach der Macula densa in drei morphologisch verschieden gebaute Abschnitte: in die pars convoluta des distalen Tubulus (DCT), den Verbindungstubulus (CNT) und das corticale Sammelrohr (CCD). In den drei Segmenten sind insgesamt vier Zelltypen vorhanden: die DCT-Zelle, die CNT-Zelle, die Haupt-Zelle (P-Zelle) und die Schaltzelle (I-Zelle), die sich unter anderem an Hand der Ausbildung ihrer Zellmembranfläche unterscheiden lassen. In der DCT-, CNT- und P-Zelle ist in verschiedenem Ausmaß jeweils die basolaterale Membranfläche vergrößert, in der die Na-K-ATPase lokalisiert ist. In der I-Zelle ist die luminale Zellmembran vergrößert, in der wahrscheinlich eine H+-ATPase vorhanden ist. Bei längerdauernden Änderungen im Elektrolythaushalt treten in den Zellen strukturelle Anpassungserscheinungen auf, die vor allem das Ausmaß der aktiv transportierenden Membranflächen betreffen (basolaterale Membranflächen in DCT-, CNT- und P-Zellen; luminale Membran in I-Zellen). Die Veränderungen der basolateralen Membranfläche verhalten sich proportional zu den Änderungen der Na-K-ATPase-Aktivität und zeigen daher eine entsprechende Änderung der transzellulären Transportkapazität an. Morphologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß jeder Zelltyp nur auf für ihn spezifische Veränderungen im Elektrolythaushalt reagiert und erlauben daher gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die spezifische Rolle der einzelnen Zelltypen bei der Regulierung des Elektrolytausscheidung. Aus dem Muster der strukturellen Veränderungen läßt sich ableiten, daß bei bestimmten Zelltypen außer Hormonen offenbar auch die Elektrolytzusammensetzung der Tubulusflüssigkeit den transzellulären Transport beeinflußt. Daher müssen Veränderungen des Elektrolyttransports, die in einem Abschnitt spezifisch induziert werden (z.B. durch Furosemid), sich auch in nachgeschalteten Abschnitten auf den transzellulären Transport auswirken. Die zelluläre Heterogenität der distalen Abschnitte scheint eine differenzierte Regulierung der Elektrolytausscheidung unter unterschiedlichsten Bedingungen zu garantieren.
    Notes: Summary The distal segments beyond the macula densa — distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct — display cellular heterogeneity. The four different cell types, namely the DCT cell, CNT cell, the principal cell and intercalated cell differ mainly by the pattern of membrane amplification and they reveal also qualitative differences as to some cytoplasmic proteins. Each of the four cell types adapts to chronic changes in electrolyte metabolism with structural alteration, concerning essentially the membrane area over which the active transport step of the cell proceeds, in DCT-, CNT- and P-cells the basolateral cell membrane with the Na-K-ATPase, in intercalated cells the luminal cell membrane with a H+ ATPase. Since each cell type responds only to specific conditions with changes in membrane area and associated transcellular transport activity, morphological studies can help to determine the specific role of each cell type in the regulation of renal electrolyte excretion. Such investigations demonstrated that besides mineralocorticoid hormones the transport capacity of certain cells should depend on the solute composition of tubular fluid. Thus, changes in the transport pattern specifically induced in only one segment alters also the transport patterns of segments downstream. Cellular heterogeneity seems to guarantee the optimal regulation of renal electrolyte excretion.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Tangier disease ; Polyneuropathy ; Ultrastructure ; Biopsy findings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyneuropathy in Tangier disease can be divided into three clinical types. The most severe form (type III) with a syringomyelia-like syndrome has been described in three cases only. Here, a fourth case of this type is presented. Because of unusual trophic disturbances even leprosy was suspected. Electrodiagnostic findings, including evoked cerebral potentials in this case, were suggestive of a generalized neuropathy with some degree of primary or secondary demyelination and implied possible impairment of central structures. Sural nerve biopsy, including electron microscopy and quantitative analysis, revealed a predominant reduction of smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. The main morphological feature was the abundance of abnormal non-membrane-bound vacuoles in Schwann cells, mostly of the unmyelinated type, and in some endoneurial fibroblasts, macrophages and perineurial cells. There was no inverse relationship between lipid vacuoles and axons in Schwann cell complexes as supected by others. An excess of endoneurial collagen as well as an increased fascicular area were obvious. In five skin biopsy specimens of different regions typical vacuoles were noted in Schwann cells, histiocytes, nevus cells, and rarely in perineurial cells.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Soybean ; Rapeseed ; Wheat ; Protein fractions ; Protein efficiency ratio ; Digestibility ; Vegetable protein blends ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Blends of vegetable proteins were prepared to improve the nutritive value of these proteins. Soybean flour, rapeseed protein concentrate, whole wheat flour, soybean 2S+11S extract, wheat albumin-globulin + glutenin (AG+G) functions, and some of their blends were compared to casein for protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). Autoclaving (1 h) soybean proteins was also studied. Casein and rapeseed protein concentrate gave the highest weight gains and PER. Other protein sources gave lower values for both PER (P〈0.05) and weight gain. The digestibility of all vegetable proteins was lower (P〈0.05) than that of casein. PER of soybean 2S+11S extract was significantly lower (P〈0.05) than that of soybean flour. Autoclaving significantly (P〈0.05) improved the PER of both soybean flour and 2S+11S extract. The ADC of autoclaved 2S+11S extract was similar (P〈0.05) to that of autoclaved soybean flour and significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that of 2S+11S extract. Soybean flour had the lowest (P〈0.05) ADC. Heat treatment destroyed antinutritional factors, probably trypsin inhibitors and/or haemagglutinins of soybean. This was accompanied by improvement in the nutritional value of protein. The four blends were chosen on the basis of amino acid composition, chromatography of proteolyzates and nutritive value of each fraction. The PER of wheat albumin-globulin and glutenin (AG+G) blend was similar (P〈0.05) to that of wheat flour and lower (P〈0.05) than that of all other blends used. Wheat AG+G+rapeseed protein concentrate and wheat AG+G+soybean flour blends gave the highest (P〈0.05) PER. Wheat AG+G improved the PER of 2S+11S extract and of soybean flour but decreased the PER of rapeseed protein concentrate. Wheat AG+G and wheat AG+G+rapeseed protein concentrate blends gave an ADC significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that of wheat AG+G blend containing soybean flour of 2S+11S extract. However, blending wheat AG+G with either 2S+11S extract of soybean flour improved ADC.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Experimental glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral edema, a major complication of tumors in the brain, is the result of an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (B-BB). The vascular ultrastructural changes that underlie edema formation have been described in a variety of tumors. Interendothelial junction abnormalities, fenestrations, and large numbers of tubulo-vesicular profiles in the tumor vascular endothelium have been presumed to represent permeability routes that permit the escape of serum constituents into the tumor, from where they flow into the surrounding brain. Descriptive studies do not provide information on the relative frequency of these presumptive permeability routes. In the study reported here we have quantified ultrastructural features associated with the B-BB in the vessels of an experimental glioma in rat. We found that approximately 60% of the tumor vessel profiles have junctional abnormalities and 30% have one or more fenestrations. The density of tubulo-vesicular profiles, however, was not increased. In addition, tumor vessel walls were thicker than normal vessels of the same caliber and the mitochondrial density was in the range of that for non-barrier vessels. Vessels in peritumoral regions were not altered in any of the parameters measured.
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  • 153
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Rat ; Parietal cortex ; Nuclear inclusions ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar rats with an average initial body weight of 180 g received a 15% (v/v) ethanol-water solution over a period of 6 months. Neurons of the parietal cortex (area 3) showed a significant increase of nuclear inclusions which consisted of parallel filaments and tubular systems. Furthermore, we observed and augmentation of lipid droplets, nemetosomes, and straight filaments. The latter could not be identified in control animals. It is discussed whether the occurrence of these structures might be enhanced by an altered cellular metabolic activity during the chronic ethanol administration.
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  • 154
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 6-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellar hemangioblastoma ; Ultrastructure ; Stromal cells ; Cytoplasmic process ; Adjacent brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of hemangioblastoma were studied by electron microscopy with particular attention to the stromal cells and their surrounding structures. Most of the stromal cells of the tumor had abundant clear cytoplasm containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, scattered fibrils, and large lipid inclusions. They were usually aggregated without intervening cells. In the perivascular areas, their sufaces facing the perivascular collagen were surrounded by basal lamina. Their apposed cell membranes had occasional adhesive devices. Occasional, long, apparently cylindrical processes of the stromal cell cytoplasm were observed in some cases. These processes contained intermediate filaments of undetermined nature and microtubules. In the border zone between the tumor and the surrounding brain, the stromal cells were occasionally surrounded by narrow sheets of dark cell processes containing fibrils and glycogen granules, consistent with astrocytic processes. Altered neuronal elements were also observed inthis area.
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  • 155
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Cerebral cortex ; Nerve cell injury ; Dark neurons ; Acidophilic neurons ; Mitochondria ; Golgi apparatus ; Cell necrosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the course of a study on the pathogenesis of neuronal necrosis in severe hypoglycemia, the morphological characteristics reflecting reversible and irreversible neuronal lesions were examined as a function of time following normalization of blood glucose. To that end, closely spaced time intervals were studied in the rat cerebral cortex before, during, and up to 1 year after standardized pure hypoglycemic insults of 30 and 60 min of cerebral isoelectricity. Both the superficial and deep layers of the cerebral cortex showed dark and light neurons during and several hours after the insult. By electron microscopy (EM) the dark neurons were characterized by marked condensation of both karyoplasma and cytoplasm, with discernible, tightly packed cytoplasmic organelles. The light neurons displayed clustering of normal organelles around the nucleus with clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm. Some cells, both dark neurons and neurons of normal electron density, contained swollen mitochondrial with fractured cristae. Light neurons disappeared from the cerebral cortex by 4 h of recovery. Some dark neurons in the superficial cortex and almost all in the deep cortex evolved through transitional forms into normal neurons by 6 h recovery. Another portion of the dark neurons in the superficial cortex became acidophilic between 4 and 12 h, and by EM they demonstrated karyorrhexis with stippled electron-dense chromatin. The plasma membrane was disrupted, the cytoplasm was composed of amorphous granular debris, and the mitochondria contained flocculent densities. These definitive indices of irreversible neuronal damage were seen as early as 4–8 h recovery. Subsequently, the acidophilic neurons were removed from the tissue, and gliosis ensued. Thus, even markedly hyperchromatic “dark” neurons are compatible with survival of the cell, as are neurons with conspicuous mitochondrial swelling. Definite nerve cell death is verified as the appearance of acidophilic neurons at which stage extensive damage to mitochondria is already seen in the form of flocculent densities, and cell membranes are ruptured. Our previous results have shown that hypoglycemic neocortical damage affects the superficial laminae, chiefly layer 2. The present results demonstrate that, following the primary insult, this damage evolves relatively rapidly within the first 4–12 h. We have obtained no evidence that additional necrotic neurons are recruited after longer recovery periods.
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  • 156
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 37-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Cerebral damage ; Dark neurons ; Neuronal necrosis ; Caudate ; Putamen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudate nucleus and putamen belong to the selectively vulnerable brain regions which incur neuronal damage in clinical and experimental settings of both hypoglycemia and ischemia. We have previously documented the density and distribution of the hypoglycemic damage in rat caudoputamen, but the evolution of the injury, i.e., the sequence of structural changes, has not been assessed. Therefore, in the present study we analyze the light and electron microscopic alterations in the caudoputamen of rats exposed to standardized, pure insults of severe hypoglycemia with isoelectric EEG for 10–60 min, or in rats which, following insults of 30 or 60 min, were allowed to recover for periods from 5 min to 6 months. The hypoglycemic insult produced severe nerve cell injury in the dorsolateral caudoputamen. Immediately after the insult abnormal light neurons with clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm were present. These cells disappeared early in the receovery period, as they do in the cerebral cortex. Dark neurons were also present, but unlike those in the cerebral cortex they did not appear until recovery was instituted. Their number increased for a couple of hours and they became acidophilic within 4–6 h. At this stage, electron microscopy revealed severe clumping of the nuclear chromatin and cytoplasm as well as incipient fragmentation of cell membranes, all these changes indicating an irreversible injury. Within 24 h flocculent densities appeared in the mitochondria and by day 2–3 of recovery the great majority of the medium-sized neurons had undergone karyorrhexis and cytorrhexis, their remnants being subsequently removed by macrophages. After some weeks only large and a few medium-sized neurons remained amidst reactive astrocytes and numerous macrophages. The delay in the appearance of dark, lethally injured medium-sized neurons until the recovery was instituted suggests an effect that does not become apparent until the substrate supply and energy production are restored. Furthermore, it pointt out again the selectivity of the hypoglycemic nerve cell injury with respect to the type (metabolic characteristics?) and topographic location of the neurons.
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  • 157
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 242-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Optic tectum ; Blood vessels ; Ultrastructure ; Hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The maturation process of blood vessels has been ultrastructurally investigated in the optic tectum of chick embryos kept in a condition of aerogenic hypoxia and of chickens born from fertilized eggs incubated under hypoxia but kept in the open air after hatching. By comparing the fine structure of the intratectal vessels of chick embryos exposed to hypoxia to that of embryos developed under normal conditions, the conclusion has been drawn that O2 deprivation does not prevent the temporal sequence of appearance and/or differentiation of the various vascular wall components (endothelium, endothelial basement lamina, pericytes, perivascular glia), but it produces, at least in a part of the latter, modifications, the type and degree of which apparently depend upon hypoxia duration.
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  • 158
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gliosarcoma ; GFAP ; Factor VIII/RAg ; Ulex europaeus I agglutinin ; Ultrastructure ; Weibel-Palade bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-nine cases of gliosarcomas, two initiating as fibrosarcomas, 25 as mixed gliomas and sarcomas, and 12 as anaplastic gliomas with secondary sarcomas, were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, using GFAP, factor VIII/RAg, andUlex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA I), electron microscopy and tissue culture. GFAP was found variably positive in the glial areas; F VIII/RAg and UEA I, markers of both normal and neoplastic endothelial cells and their derivatives, were found in vessels of both gliomatous and sarcomatous parts of GS, less intensive in hyperplastic glomeruloid structures and, with decreasing intensity, in adjacent fibrosarcomatous areas, while UEA I, giving stronger reaction than F VIII/RAg, was occasionally demonstrated in sarcomatous cells. In vitro studies confirmed previous data of a separate growth of glial and mesenchymal cells with a divergent migratory speed. Electron microscopy demonstrated the frequent close admixture of glial and mesenchymal tumor cells, which showed the feature of either fibrosarcoma or angiosarcoma. The frequent resemblance of the latter with endothelial cells was supported by the occasional demonstration of Weibel-Palade-like bodies in both vascular endothelial and adjacent sarcomatous cells. These observations confirm the hypothesis that at least part of the sarcomatous components in many GS originate from vascular endothelial proliferation and obviously represent the final stage of a process starting with the endothelial hyperplasia in anaplastic gliomas.
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  • 159
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dalmatian dogs ; Lipopigments ; Retina ; Retinopathy ; Ultrastructure ; Ceroidlipofuscinosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the retinae in two NCL-affected Dalmatian dogs revealed ubiquitous accumulation of lipopigments in numerous cell types of the retina, the fine structure of which closely resembled that seen in NCL-affected English setters. Photoreceptors and other retinal cell types were largely intact. These findings show that the retinal involvement in NCL of our Dalmatian dogs is identical to that of NCL-affected English setters. It also shows that in canine NCL a severe retinopathy, regularly encountered in human childhood NCL, does not develop. Thus, the NCL of Dalmatian dogs —and English setters — represents a reliable model to study human NCL, but for human retinopathia pigmentosa perhaps only at its earliest stage.
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  • 160
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    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Lamellar ichthyosis ; Autosomal-dominant inheritance ; Ultrastructure ; Transforming cells ; Genetic counselling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recently, autosomal-dominant lamellar ichthyosis (ADLI) has been shown to be a new genetic trait with clinical and histologic features similar to those of autosomal-recessive lamellar ichthyosis. In two patients affected with ADLI, the malpighian keratinocytes showed ultrastructural signs of increased cellular metabolism. The tonofilaments and keratohyaline granules were regular in structure and number. However, as a distinctive ultrastructural feature, a prominent transforming zone was found between the granular and horny layers. Moreover, a normal keratin pattern and only a limited number of lipid inclusions were observed in the stratum corneum. Thus, ADLI can be distinguished from the autosomal-recessive forms of lamellar ichthyosis, permitting a correct diagnosis when genetic counselling has to be given in sporadic cases.
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  • 161
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    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Congenital nevocytic nevi ; Nevus cells ; Blood vessels ; Lymphatics ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As congenital nevocytic nevi have an increased risk of malignant degeneration, nevus-cell involvement in blood vessels and lymphatics is of particular interest. The present histological and ultrastructural studies revealed nevus-cell nests in the walls of venules in 1 out of 11 patients with medium-sized nevi, and in subcutaneous veins in 3 out of 8 patients with garment nevi. In all cases, the nests histologically consisted of benign-appearing subendothelial B-type cells. Ultrastructurally, the features of these nevocytes essentially corresponded to those of nevocytes in the surrounding area. In 1 patient with a garment nevus, in whom affected vessels of the lumbar area as well as of the neck were examined, the nevus-cell nests were exclusively situated between the endothelium and its basal lamina. These nevocytes appeared to be more electron dense, but had no unequivocally atypical features. In the region of these nests, the endothelium was often discontinuous; thus, the nevus-cells were in direct contact with the lumen. Some of these cells exhibited slight degenerative changes. The lymphatics were affected in 6 of the 18 cases of garment nevi and in 2 of the 11 cases of medium-sized nevi. The morphological findings were comparable to those for blood vessels. It is concluded that, in garment nevi, morphologically benign nevocytes may be carried off hematogenously as well as lymphogenously.
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  • 162
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    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial terminal accessory optic nucleus ; Rat ; Rabbit and cat ; Neuron morphology ; Dendritic architecture ; Golgi impregnation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurons of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system (AOS) have been studied in the rat, rabbit and cat in Golgi-Cox and Golgi-Kopsch impregnated brain sections. The present anatomical findings permit a division of the MTN of these species into dorsal and ventral components (MTNd, MTNv), in agreement with other investigations. The MTNd contains predominantly linear-bipolar and linear-multipolar shaped neurons with cell bodies that measure in the range of 25–50 μm. These neurons have 2 to 4 primary dendrites which, along with their smaller dendritic branches, are oriented in the plane of the long axis of the MTN (i.e. from ventromedial to dorsolateral). These linear-bipolar and linear-multipolar cells represent 70–80% of the neurons of the MTNd as seen in the Golgi impregnated sections. The remaining 20–30% of the MTNd neurons are nearly all multipolar in shape with somata measuring in the range of 15–25 μm. An occasional multipolar neuron is larger, has a soma that measures around 30–60 μm and has dendrites which extend outward from the cell body to cover large areas of the MTNd. There was considerable extension of the dendrites of MTNd neurons into the MTNv; however, the dendrites of MTNd neurons were not observed extending into the adjacent substantia nigra (SN) or ventral tegmental area (VTA) of Tsai (1925). Conversely, the dendrites of neurons in the neighboring SN and VTA course along the borders of the MTN but only occasionally extend into the MTN. The neuron population of the MTNv consists almost entirely of small-multipolar shaped cells with somata measuring from 15–25 μm and dendritic trees resembling those described for multipolar cells of the MTNd. A small number of neurons of the ventral division are medium-multipolar in shape with cell bodies that measure approximately 30–60 μm. Typically, these cells have several dendrites which extend ventrally within the MTNv and one or more dendrites that extend either across the MTNv or dorsally into the MTNd. Only a few linear-bipolar and linear-multipolar neurons were observed in the MTNv. The present findings are discussed in relation to anatomical, physiological, and histochemical studies on the MTN.
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  • 163
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    Experimental brain research 60 (1985), S. 564-575 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Lateroposterior thalamic nucleus ; Superior colliculus ; Microphthalmia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tecto-thalamic projections in the hereditary bilaterally microphthalmic rat were studied by means of WGA-HRP injection into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the lateroposterior thalamic nucleus (LP). Histological study in the mutant rats showed that whereas LGNd and superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) suffered from a remarkable reduction in size, LP had no histological changes as compared to the normal animals. Unilateral injection of the tracer into the microphthalmic LGNd showed that WGA-HRP positive neurons were present mostly in the ipsilateral str. griseum superficiale (SGS) of the SC. However, the number of labeled SGS neurons of the microphthalmic animals was about 3% of the normal. Although cell bodies of the normal tecto-LGNd neurons in the SGS were spindle-form in shape and issued one or two proximal dendrites from each pole, the microphthalmic tecto-LGNd neurons showed an irregular contour and their dendrites were not so intensively labeled. Unilateral injections of WGA-HRP into the LP revealed that the tecto-LP neurons were mainly distributed in the ipsilateral str. opticum of the colliculus. (SO) in both normal and microphthalmic animals. However, the number of labeled SO cells in the microphthalmic rat was about one-half of the normal. Furthermore, the size of labeled tecto-LP neurons was smaller than that of the normal ones, and they showed irregular round to oval cell bodies with equivocally labeled dendrites, in contrast to the normal tecto-LP neurons with polygonal cell bodies extending three or more dendrites in a radial fashion. These results indicate that there exist the tecto-LGNd and -LP projection neurons in the microphthalmic rat and that their laminally segregated projection is fundamentally preserved. However, the number of the tecto-thalamic projection neurons, especially of the tecto-LGNd cells, was markedly diminished in the mutant tectum compared to normals.
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  • 164
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 366 (1985), S. 715-715 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Technique ; Transplantation ; Pankreas ; Ratte ; Techniken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Dauer endokriner Funktion allogener Pankreastransplantate mit unterschiedlicher Inselzellmenge and verschiedener Behandlung der exokrinen Sekretion wurde bei jeweils gleicher immunogenetischer Differenz untersucht. Die Dauer der „Abstoßungsreaktion”, besonders nach kurzfrisfger Immunsuppression mit Cyclosporin A, ist von beiden technischen Parametem abhängig. Bei gleicher Inselzellmasse funktionieren sekretdrainierte Transplantate hanger als gangligierte, bei gleicher Behandlung der exokrinen Sekretion verlängert vergrößerte Inselzellmasse die Funktion.
    Notes: Summary The duration of endocrine function of allogeneic pancreatic grafts, with varying amounts of islets and different management of exocrine secretion, was investigated under constant immunological conditions. The duration of the “rejection”, in particular after short-term immunsuppression with cyclosporin, is dependant on both technical variables. With the same mass of islets, secretion-drained grafts function longer than duct-(gated grafts. If the management of exocrine secretion is the same, the duration of endocrine function is prolonged by an increase in the mass of islets.
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  • 165
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    Research in experimental medicine 185 (1985), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Small bowel resection ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Intestinal adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate in terms of quantitative measurements whether the well-known histomorphological and functional adaptive changes in the intestinal mucosa after small bowel resection are accompanied by alterations on the ultrastructural level. Therefore, samples of the ileal remnants after a 60% proximal resection were processed for ultrastructural evaluation and analyzed employing point counting planimetry and direct measurements. Microvillus surface area increased from the bottom of the crypts to the villus tips in both resected and sham-operated animals. This increase in microvillus surface area from the crypt to the villus was significantly less pronounced after proximal resection, while there were no changes in the crypt compartment. No significant differences of the relative areas of the nuclei, mitochondria, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed when comparing the different positions along the villus crypt axis in normal and hyperplastic mucosa. In agreement with functional and enzyme histochemical results, these ultrastructural findings provide further evidence for an altered pattern of enterocyte maturation after proximal resection, which is most probably due to an increase in the migration rate of the enterocytes.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: PUVA ; Kidney transplantation ; Rat ; UV irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of the kidney donor with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ex vivo longwave ultraviolet irradiation (UVA) of the kidney prolonged the subsequent survival on allogeneic recipients. The efficacy of this treatment seems to be dependent on the time and dose of UVA irradiation rather than on the dose of 8-MOP. In conclusion, PUVA treatment is effective in reducing the immunogenicity of the rat kidney allograft, although the mechanism remains unclear. These experimental findings are new and preliminary results in clinical human kidney transplantation are favourable.
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  • 167
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    Research in experimental medicine 185 (1985), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Biliary sepsis ; 125I-labeledE. coli ; Retrograde intrabiliary injection ; Biliary obstruction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 125I-labeledE. coli was injected into the biliary tree of normal rats and rats with 3 weeks' obstruction of the common bile duct to investigate the liver clearance capacity for bacteria. Bile was collected during 15 min, immediately, 1h, 4h, or 24h after the injection. Tissue specimens from the liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys, and blood and urine specimens were collected simultaneously. In normal rats, 40% of the bacteria was recovered in the bile immediately after the injection, whereas 30% was already trapped in the liver. Incubation of the bacteria in the bile duct for 1h, 4h, and 24h resulted in liver retentions of 43%, 15%, and 4%, respectively. The recovery in the bile was 13% after 1-h incubation, and further prolongation of the incubation did not result in a significant decrease. In contrast to these findings, 70% of the injected bacteria was retained in the biliary tree in rats with chronic biliary obstruction (P 〈 0.05 as compared to normal rats) and only 1% was trapped in the liver (P 〈 0.005) 15 min after injection. One-hour incubation of bacteria in the bile duct decreased the retention in the bile to 30%, but the retention in the liver increased only slightly in these animals. Four and 24h after injection less than 30% of the bacteria was retained in the hepato-biliary system. Most of these animals showed almost no radioactivity exceeding the background count in the blood, urine, spleen, lungs, and kidneys 15 min after injection. It was concluded that the impaired clearance capacity of the liver in chronic biliary obstruction might contribute to the susceptibility of such animals for bacteria introduced in the bile.
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  • 168
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    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 204-211 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biogenesis ; Cytochemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein bodies ; Ribosomes ; Timmiella barbuloides (Musci) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vegetative cells of the gametophyte phase of the mossTimmiella barbuloides (Pottiales) are characterized by large cytoplasmic bodies of spherical shape (SBs) whose ribonucleoprotein composition is cytochemically demonstrated. SBs seem to be derived from massive aggregation of cytoplasmic ribosomes, with possible participation by rough endoplasmic reticulum elements. SBs have been found in stereids, parenchymatous cells and young hydroids of the gametophyte stem, and in euricysts of the leaf nerve. The SBs develop early in the course of cell differentiation and, once formed, persist until advanced stages of cell senescence.
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  • 169
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    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 230-240 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondria ; Petunia hybrida ; Tapetum ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther development of isogenic male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile types ofPetunia hybrida cv. Blue Bedder is studied by electron microscopy. First deviation in sporogenesis of the sterile type, is observed during leptotene stage of the meiocytes. Initial aberration is represented by the presence of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. These vacuoles reveal the first aspects of degeneration; no other ultrastructural differences are observed. Vacuolation is accompanied by the condensation of cytoplasmic organelles. The tapetal cells become distorted and ultrastructural aberrations in mitochondria do occur. The mitochondria elongate and contain several tubular cristae. Substantial evidence suggests, that cytoplasmic male sterility in petunia is encoded by the mitochondrial genome (Boeshore el al. 1983). However, before degeneration becomes manifest, no consistent ultrastructural differences in mitochondrial organization are observed. Abortion of the tapetum and the sporogenous tissue in cytoplasmic male sterile plants, generally follows a corresponding pattern. Ultimately, the cells are highly distorted, the nucleus is disrupted and the cytoplasm disorganized. Mitochondria and plastids degenerate and many lipid droplets are present.
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    Protoplasma 128 (1985), S. 224-226 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; Myoendothelial junctions ; Teleosts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Close contacts between endothelial and smooth muscle cells in teleost (Prochilodus scrofa) blood vessels are described for the first time in the present study. More frequently are seen finger-like, club-shaped or foot-like endothelial processes that come into close contact with the plasma membrane of a smooth muscle cell. Rarely, some myoendothelial contacts occur between the finger-like protrusions that arise from both the endothelial and from the smooth muscle cells. The functional significance of the myoendothelial connection is discussed.
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  • 171
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    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 24-29 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Diaphragm ; Capillary supply ; Fiber type composition ; Growth ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of growth on the capillarity and fiber type composition of the diaphragm, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats weighing between 55 and 330 g have been studied. Muscle samples obtained from the anesthetized rat were rapidly frozen and sliced transversely in a cryostat. The sections were stained histochemically by the SDH method and the myosin ATPase method after preincubation at pH 4.3 to typify fibers (FG, FOG and SO fibers). To visualize capillaries, the myosin ATPase method after preincubation at pH 4.0 was used. The percentage of FOG fibers decreased in all muscles with growth. While the FG and SO fibers increased in the diaphragm, SO fibers increased in the soleus, and FG fibers increased in the EDL. The capillary density showed a hyperbolic decrease with growth in all muscles, while the number of capillaries around each fiber increased in all muscles with growth. It is concluded that growth causes the changing properties of the motoneurons and the new capillary formation in the diaphragm muscle, as well as the soleus and EDL muscles.
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  • 172
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    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 432-435 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: The diaphragm muscle ; The intercostal muscles ; Resistance breathing ; Glycogen ; Triglycerides ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of increased respiratory resistance (stenosis of the trachea) on glycogen and triglyceride levels in the diaphragm (D) and intercostal (external-IE, internal-II) muscles was studied in the rat. Tracheal stenosis resulted in a reduction of glycogen level in the muscles. For the fed rats the reductions were: D-45 and 79%, IE-14 and 30%, II-14 and 35%, 0.5 and 3 h after stenosis, respectively. For rats fasted for 24 h the reductions were: D-64 and 86%, IE-33 and 71%, II-40 and 82%, after 0.5 and 3 h respectively. The level of triglycerides in the muscles was stable during stenosis in the fed group, whereas in the fasted group it were reduced in the diaphragm by 50% after 0.5 h, and by 52% after 3 h. It is concluded that both endogenous and blood-born energy fuels are utilized by the respiratory muscles during increased resistance breathing.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium localization ; Coccolithophorids ; Emiliania huxleyi ; Pyroantimonate ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Emiliania huxleyi is a coccolithophorid with a life cycle including a stage characterized by the occurrence of a scale-bearing cell type. The scales are composed of organic material and are produced in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The present report deals with the ultrastructural calcium localization in scale-bearing cells using cation-precipitating agents. Cations were precipitated either with potassium pyroantimonate alone or according to a combined procedure in which cells are treated first with potassium oxalate, or potassium carbonate, or potassium phosphate, and then with potassium pyroantimonate. The distribution of electron-opaque deposits was the same when visualized by all four techniques. The most extensive deposits occurred in the Golgi apparatus, the “peripheral space” (a cellular compartment totally encompassing the protoplast), the multivesicular bodies, and the cell vacuole. X-ray microanalysis revealed that calcium was a constituent of the electron-opaque deposits. The uptake and transport of calcium, as universal functions of the Golgi apparatus, are discussed.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: First pollen mitosis ; Gasteria verrucosa ; Male plastid inheritance ; Pollen development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the development of pollen grains ofGasteria verrucosa from the late microspore to the mature two-cellular pollen grain. Ultrastructural changes and the distribution of plastids as a result of the first pollen mitosis have been investigated using light and electron microscopy. The microspores as well as the generative and the vegetative cell contain mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles during all of the observed developmental stages. In contrast, the generative cell and the vegetative cell show a different plastid content. Plastids are randomly distributed within the microspores before pollen mitosis. During the prophase of the first pollen mitosis the plastids become clustered at the proximal pole of the microspore. The dividing nucleus of the microspore is located at the distal pole of the microspore. Therefore, the plastids are not equally distributed into both the generative and the vegetative cell. The possible reasons for the polarization of plastids within the microspore are briefly discussed. The lack of plastids in the generative cell causes a maternal inheritance of plastids inGasteria verrucosa.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acacia terminalis ; Extrafloral nectary ; Histochemistry ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The extrafloral nectary ofAcacia terminalis is of the flat type and is located on the adaxial surface of the petiole of the bipinnate leaf. The secretory area is restricted to the base of the trough and no gaps or pores were detected by staining with vital dyes. Between the vascular bundles beneath the nectary and the surface cuticle there were three cell types. The cells of the flanking zone adjacent to the vascular bundles did not appear to be producing secretion whereas the cells of the glandular and secretory zones were secreting. The cells of the glandular zone were elongated whereas those of the surface secretory zone were spherical. Both had endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies with secretory vesicles which were observed in close association with the plasmalemma. Secretion accumulated in the intercellular spaces of the glandular zone cells and forced the cells of the secretory zone apart. Symplastic contact was maintained in all cell types by plasmodesmata which were often associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Secretion accumulated beneath the cuticle which was distended but remained intact on the surface of the secretion.
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  • 176
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    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ligule ; Lolium temulentum L. ; Poaceae ; Polysaccharide cytochemistry ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using phosphotungstic acid and periodic acid/thiocarbohydrazide/silver proteinate (Thiéry test) aspects of polysaccharide ultracytochemistry were studied in the membranous ligule ofLolium temulentum L. Staining results are presented for all three tissues-abaxial and adaxial epidermes and mesophyll-but discussed only for the epidermes. PTA- and PATAg-staining of the adaxial epidermis suggested synthesis of a conjugated polysaccharide material in this tissue, its accumulation in the periplasmic space and its subsequent secretion to the outside of the ligule via gaps in the cuticle. The ligule of this grass is considered to be a secretory organ.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Azolla ; Anabaena ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trichome ; Transfer cell ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Gland ; Metabolite exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anabaena azollae is associated with two types of multicellular epidermal trichomes inAzolla leaf cavities, the simple and branched hairs. The observation of transfer cell ultrastructure in some hair cells led to speculation that the cavity hairs might participate in metabolite exchange between the symbionts. The developmental ontogeny of cavity trichomes is described here, using transmission electron microscopy, with a goal of improving our understanding of possible functions of these structures in the symbiosis. The observations have established that all cells of simple and branched hairs develop the structural characteristics of transfer cells, but not simultaneously. Rather, there is an acropetal succession of transfer cell ultrastructure beginning in terminal cells, moving to body cells where present, and ending in stalk cells. The transfer cell stage is followed immediately by senescence in all hair cells. The timing of transfer cell differentiation, considered together with information from other studies, suggests that branched hairs may be involved in exchange of fixed nitrogen between the symbionts, while simple hairs may participate in exchange of fixed carbon fromAzolla toAnabaena.
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  • 178
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    Protoplasma 125 (1985), S. 94-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biogenesis ; Plasma membrane ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Paramecium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fragments ofParamecium caudatum cells obtained by merotomy were fixed in 1% OsO4 within 5 seconds after cutting. The ultrastructure of the damaged area of the fragment was studied in oriented ultrathin sections and by scanning electron microscopy. The cytoplasm exposed by merotomy was covered during a few seconds with a new membrane. This was a typical trilaminar membrane continuous with the plasma membrane covering the undamaged surface of the cell. The surface over the wound was wrinkled into irregular grooves and ridges. The cytoplasm, mitochondria and trichocysts in the injured region were electron translucent. The cytoplasm under the new membrane contained an unusually high amount of small membrane vesicles, 20–90 nm in diameter. These were probably the remnants of subpellicular alveoli and the plasma membrane destroyed by microsectioning. The possibility that the exposed cytoplasm would be covered by mere shifting of the existing plasma membrane can be excluded. The complex structure of the cortex with its subpellicular alveoli and regularly distributed cilia provide a strong argument against this notion. It seems probable that the new membrane was built up from the available molecular material,e.g., phospholipids and proteins present in the cytoplasm. Fragments of the membrane and alveolar membranes in the form of small vesicles may have also been included into the new membrane.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GnRH receptors ; Gonadotropes ; Coated pits ; Internalization ; High-resolution autoradiography ; LHRH, Gonadoliberin ; Pituitary gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localization of GnRH receptors in rat pituitary gonadotropes was studied by use of 125I-[azidobenzoyl-D-Lys6]GnRH which, upon photolysis, is covalently bound to the receptor molecule. Using high resolution autoradiography, it was found that, after a 90-min incubation of the analog with pituitary cells at 4° C, 93% of the silver grains were associated with the plasma membrane of the gonadotropes. After 45-min incubation of the cells at 37° C, clustering and internalization of the receptor-bound GnRH analog were evident. Silver grains were associated with coated pits, intracellular vesicles, Golgi complexes, lysosome-like structures and secretory granules. The data indicate that receptor-bound GnRH agonist is internalized, at least in part, via coated pits and is subsequently routed to lysosomes where degradation of the hormone-receptor complex may occur. The presence of a considerable amount of silver grains associated with secretory granules may suggest that some of the internalized receptor molecules can escape degradation and be recycled to the cell membrane.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillary permeability ; Lanthanum ; Peripheral nerves ; Tooth pulp ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to compare the permeability of capillaries supplying the endoneurial environment, which is invested by perineurium, with vascular permeability in the pulp where perineurium is absent. Anaesthetised rats were perfused through the aorta with physiological solutions containing lanthanum nitrate at 37° C. Pieces of inferior alveolar nerve and segments of mandibular incisors were immersion-fixed and transverse sections were examined electron microscopically for the distribution of lanthanum. In the pulp the nerve fibres pass between lanthanum-impermeable arterioles and venules en route to the incisal end. In the peripheral pulp a few capillaries were permeable but the most permeable capillaries lay between the odontoblasts. Pulpal capillary permeability was attributed to the fenestrated endothelium and contrasted with the unfenestrated endoneurial capillaries which were impermeable to lanthanum. Whereas the tight junctions of endoneurial capillaries are known to prevent certain blood-borne substances from entering the endoneurium, it was not clear whether the permeability of the pulpal capillaries, which are distant from the nerve fibres, could affect the nerve fibre environment. No extravasated lanthanum reached the pulpal nerve fibres suggesting that they are not affected. Technically it was not possible to examine the incisal third of the tooth where the situation could be different because the volume of the pulp decreases and capillaries lie closer to the nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fenestrations ; Basal lamina ; Intestine, small ; Immune system ; SEM ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fenestrations of the basal lamina of rat intestinal villi were revealed by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the overlying epithelial cells by osmic acid maceration. These fenestrations are circular to oval in shape and are 0.5 μm to 5 μm in diameter. They are richly distributed at a density of 1–2x104/mm2 in the upper two thirds of the villi, except at the very tips. Roughly 500 fenestrations are found on each side of an average sized tongue-shaped villus. Transmission electron-microscopic observations showed that these fenestrations were passages for migrating cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. Protrusions from the basal parts of epithelial cells were also observed passing through these fenestrations. These findings are discussed with respect to their immunological implications and to the passage of nutrients.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Leydig cell ; FSH ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of FSH on the testicular interstitial tissue of immature hypophysectomized rats were studied by comparing morphological changes in Leydig cells with quantitative changes in interstitial tissue histology using morphometric analysis. Three groups of rats received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 ml saline vehicle or 10 μg rFSH or 20 ng oLH (equivalent to the amount of LH known to contaminate the FSH), twice daily for 7 days. Administration of FSH significantly increased testis weight and stimulated more advanced spermatogenesis compared to saline or LH. Morphometric analysis of testes of LH-treated rats showed a small but significant increase in total interstitial cell volume compared to saline treatment. FSH caused much greater increases in the total volume of interstitial tissue and interstitial cells than either saline or LH and significantly increased the total volume of interstitial fluid by comparison with the other groups. FSH but not saline or LH treatment resulted in a striking hypertrophy of Leydig cells, to produce cells ultrastructurally identical to Leydig cells from adults. Since the target tissue of FSH is the seminiferous epithelium, the observed effects on Leydig cells by FSH treatment suggest that the secretion of factors by the seminiferous tubules may mediate the maturation of Leydig cells.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Sea urchin ; Hyaline layer ; Granular layer ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Employing electron-microscopic methods that help retain polyanionic materials, we describe the extracellular coverings of a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) throughout ontogeny. The surface of the embryo is covered by a two-layered cuticle (commonly called the hyaline layer), which in turn is covered by a granular layer. The granular layer is retained after addition of alcian blue to the fixative solutions, and has not been previously described for any sea urchin. After hatching, the granular layer disappears, but the hyaline layer continues to cover most of the larval surface until settlement and metamorphosis. A few days before metamorphosis, the hyaline layer lining the vestibular invagination of the competent pluteus larva is replaced by a three-layered cuticle resembling that of the adult sea urchin. The hyaline layer covering the rest of the larva is evidently lost at metamorphosis during the involution of the general epidermis.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Synapses ; Intestinal nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Helix pomatia ; Horseradish peroxidase technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of nerve cells and the finestructural organization of synaptic contacts have been investigated in the intestinal nerve in the snail Helix pomatia. Three types of nerve cells, occurring singly or in groups, can be distinguished on the basis of the ultrastructure of their perikaryon and content of granules. The peripheral output of these nerve cells has been verified by retrograde CoCl2 and NiCl2 staining. Both axosomatic and axo-axonic specialized synaptic contacts occur in the intestinal nerve. Presynaptic elements of these synaptic contacts contain 100–120 nm granular vesicles or 120–200 nm neurosecretory-like granules. Following intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling of identified central neurons responsible for peripheral regulatory processes, several labelled axons running toward the periphery can be followed throughout the branches of the intestinal nerve. These labelled axon processes (either primary axon or small collaterals) form specialized synaptic contacts, inside the intestinal nerve, and are always in a postsynaptic position. The occurrence of peripheral axo-somatic and axo-axonic synapses provides a morphological basis for integrative processes taking place in the intestinal nerve (peripheral nervous system) of Helix pomatia.
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  • 185
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 651-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junctions ; cAMP ; Liver ; Freeze-fracturing ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since cAMP has recently been reported to be a possible physiological modulator of cell-to-cell communication, we performed a quantitative freeze-fracture investigation on the hepatocyte gap junctions after administration of a membrane-permeant derivative of this cyclic nucleotide. For this purpose, male rats received two intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg dibutyryl cAMP/kg body weight with a time interval of 2.5 h. Litter mates were injected with saline only. Five hours after the start of the treatment, tissue blocks of the left lateral liver lobe were fixed by immersion and processed for freeze-fracture. By point counting on negatives projected on a square double-lattice test system the relative gap junctional area on contiguous hepatocyte membranes was determined. As compared to control animals, the proportion of the membrane area occupied by gap junctions in dibutyryl cAMP-treated liver parenchyma significantly increased from 4.9% to 6.1%. Within the gap junctions no changes in shape, particle density or packing pattern were observed. Possibly, the enlarged gap junctional area provides structural pathways for the integration of the response of hepatocytes to messages mediated by cAMP.
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  • 186
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tendon organs, rat ; Neonatal de-efferentation ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The number, size and structure of tendon organs were examined in leg muscles of the rat 3–19 weeks after de-efferentation performed in newborn animals by removal of the lumbosacral spinal cord. After this operation, tendon organs differentiated and grew in disused muscles and were innervated by primary sensory neurons, the dorsal roots of which had been disrupted. Three weeks after de-efferentation extensor digitorum longus muscles contained 14.1±1.0 (mean±standard error) and soleus muscles had 14.2±1.6 tendon organs, which corresponds to the mean number of tendon organs in the respective control muscles. The mean size of tendon organs was, however, changed. Tendon organs became on the average by 53% longer and by 35% thinner in de-efferented extensor digitorum longus muscles that were prolonged due to immobilization, as compared with shorter and wider tendon organs in de-efferented soleus muscle that remained in the shortened position. The ultrastructural differentiation of tendon organs was completed after the operation as under normal conditions. Thus it can be concluded that elimination of muscle function during the period of postnatal development indirectly affects the mean size of these receptors, but does not otherwise interfere with their morphogenesis.
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  • 187
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Supramarginal cells ; Ventricular system ; Hypophysis ; Supraependymal cells ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unusual cells lying above the marginal cellular layer of the rat pituitary cleft were studied by SEM and TEM. These cells — from their location termed supramarginal cells — have a characteristically irregular cell body from which arise a number of long and thin branched processes ending among the microvilli and cilia of the marginal cells delimiting the anterior and posterior walls of the cleft. Some supramarginal cells are star-shaped elements with thin extensions, others have a triangular or spindle-shaped body from which emerge long ameboid processes with fibril-like projections. Miniblebs, miniruffles, occasional veils and short microvilli extend over the surface of these elements. Supramarginal cells are very similar to the “Kolmer epiplexus cells” originally found on the choroid plexus or other areas of the third ventricular wall where they are known as “supraependymal cells”. Present evidence suggests that supramarginal cells of pituitary cleft might have phagocytic properties and an hematogenous origin as monocytes and, as such, closely resemble Kolmer epiplexus cells of brain ventricles. Others might arise from “folliculo-stellate cells” or closely related marginal cells once they become free into the pituitary cleft. Supramarginal cells are recognized as motile phagocytes acting as scavengers and possibly regulating the extracellular environment of the cleft and associated adenohypophy-sial tissues. In considering the area where they are located supramarginal cells might assume a specific role in relation to the integrated neuroendocrine function of the hypothalamus-ventricle-hypophysial complex. To this complex the pituitary cleft is closely associated embryologically and anatomically.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocytosis ; Endothelium ; Albumin ; Liver ; Bone marrow ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of endogenous albumin in the endothelia of the sinuses of bone marrow and liver of rats was studied by means of rabbit antirat albumin Fab fragment conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) visualized by 3,3′ diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB)-osmic acid. Albumin reaction product was present in the bristlecoated pits, bristlecoated vesicles, transfer tubules, and in larger vesicles of the endosomelysosome system. The presence of endogenous albumin in the components of the vacuolar apparatus suggests that these endothelia may be active in the catabolism of endogenous albumin. Because of the ability of albumin to bind to a large variety of chemically different substances, the possible role of endogenous albumin in the internalization of certain substances by the bristle coated pits and bristle coated vesicles of these sinus endothelia needs to be considered.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Storage granule ; Hypercalcemia ; Immunocytochemistry ; Acid phosphatase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short-term effects of CaCl2-treatment on parathyroid cells of the rat, especially on their storage granules, were studied at the ultrastructural level. After an injection of 4% CaCl2, serum calcium levels (SCL) rapidly increased from 9.1 mg/dl (controls) to a maximum of 14.9 mg/dl at 20 min. At 5 min after the injection, the number of type-I storage granules (large core) [NSG-I] and that of type-II storage granules (small core) [NSG-II] remained unchanged, in spite of elevated SCL (12.4 mg/dl). As soon as SCL rose to 13.2 mg/dl at 7.5 min, NSG-I gradually decreased to a minimum at 30 min; in contrast, NSG-II gradually increased to a maximum at 30 min. Vacuolar bodies also increased together with the augmentation of type-II storage granules. The average diameter of the core of the storage granules decreased significantly after the injection. Protein A-gold method for immunocytochemistry showed that the cores of these granules contain parathormone. Acid-phosphatase activity was occasionally found in storage granules of both types, especially in those of type II. It is concluded (i) that type-I storage granules may be transformed into vacuolar bodies via type-II granules as a result of hydrolysis, and (ii) that these processes may be accelerated during hypercalcemia.
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  • 190
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    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myocardium ; Isolated myocyte ; Plasma membrane ; Intramembrane particle analysis ; Freeze-fracture ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using morphometric analysis of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, the ultrastructure of isolated rat myocytes prepared by collagenase digestion (Powell et al. 1980) was compared with that of myocytes fixed by perfusion of intact myocardium. The volumes of myofibrils, mitochondria, nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets in the isolated myocytes did not differ from those of their counterparts in the intact heart, but the volume occupied by transverse tubules was apparently reduced. The isolated cells had significantly shorter sarcomeres than did cells in the intact tissue, and this was associated with an altered topography of plasma membrane surface folds at the level of the Z-lines. Plasma membrane intramembrane particles were randomly distributed and showed the same numerical density on the E-faces of both isolated and intactheart myocytes. However, P-face particle density was slightly reduced in the isolated cells. It is concluded that the few differences detected in the isolated cells do not reflect any fundamental derangement of their properties.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tarsal glands ; Ultrastructure ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tarsal glands are located in the 6th tarsomere of adult honeybee queens, workers and drones. Their structural features are not cast or sex specific. The glandular epithelium is lined by a thin endocuticular layer. A cuticular pocket is formed from a postimaginal delamination of the cuticle secreted by the glandular epithelium. The apical plasma membrane of the glandular cells shows numerous cristae and microvilli lining large crypts that communicate with the subcuticular space. Pinocytotic vesicles, multivesicular bodies and residual dense bodies are present in the apical part of the glandular cells. The RER is well developed in perinuclear and basal parts of the glandular cells, but the Golgi apparatus is a discrete organelle without secretory granules. No exocytotic secretory structures were observed. To reach the glandular pocket, the non-proteinaceous secretory product must pass across the subcuticular space, the cuticular intima, the space between the intima and the cuticular wall, and the cuticular wall of the glandular pocket.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretory granules ; Salivary glands ; Secretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the isolation of two populations of secretory granules from rat parotid glands utilizing differences in their sedimentation characteristics. The granule preparations were analyzed for homogeneity by electron microscopy and chemical analyses. The soluble contents of both types of granules were obtained by hypotonic lysis, and the proteins compared by SDS-PAGE and ion exchange-gel filtration chromatography. Both populations of secretory granules appear to have the same protein composition as that of the parotid saliva. The secretory granules with the smaller apparent buoyant density became labelled with radioactive leucine earlier than the heavier granules when a pulse of this amino acid was supplied to a gland slice system. The lighter granules appear to represent an earlier stage in maturation.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kupffer cells ; Liver endothelial cells ; Cultures ; Surface receptors ; Percoll ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper presents a study on the structure and function of Kupffer cells (KC) and liver endothelial cells (LEC) isolated by a simple and rapid technique involving 1) perfusion of the liver with collagenase; 2) cell separation by means of density centrifugation in Percoll; and 3) cell culture, taking advantage of the fact that KC and LEC differ in their preferences for growth substrate. The KC, which attach and spread under serum-free conditions on surfaces of glass or plastic during the first 15 min in culture exhibit a typical macrophage-like morphology including membrane ruffling and a heterogenous content of vacuoles. Moreover, these cells express (a) Fc receptors (FcR) for binding and phagocytosis of erythrocytes covered with immune globulin G (E-IgG), and (b) complement receptors (CR) for binding and serum dependent phagocytosis of erythrocytes covered with either human C3b or mouse inactivated C3b (iC3b). The cells also bind fluid phase fluoresceinated C3b. Approximately 30% of the KC express immune response-associated (Ia)-antigens. The LEC attach and spread on fibronectin coated surfaces, but not on glass or plastic surfaces, during the first two hours in culture with or without serum, and are morphologically distinct from KC. Cultured LEC are well spread out with no membrane ruffling and with numerous large vesicles surrounding the regularly shaped nucleus. These cells bind, but do not ingest E-IgG via the FcR, but no binding of fluid phase C3b or particle fixed C3b or iC3b can be observed. Incubation of LEC with fluorescein amine conjugates of ovalbumin or formaldehyde treated serum albumin, but not with fluoresceinated native serum albumin, results in accumulation of fluorescence specifically localized in the large perinuclear vesicles. Neither KC nor any other cell types tested have the ability to accumulate fluorescence upon incubation with these compounds. Iaantigens are not present on the LEC. Cytochemical demonstration of unspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase reveals different patterns and intensities of staining in KC as compared to LEC.
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  • 194
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 657-662 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Differentiation ; Organ culture ; Castration ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Cell types ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation capacity of the rat epididymis after depletion of androgen was studied in organ culture and in castrated rats. The differentiation of ‘narrow cells’ in 5- and 10-day-old explants and in 10-day-old castrated rats suggests that: (i) the testicular androgens are not essential for their differentiation, (ii) a differential androgen dependence exists among the epididymal cell types, (iii) the undifferentiated epithelial cells are the precursors of the narrow cells.
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  • 195
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 671-675 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagenase ; Osteoclast ; Bone resorption ; Osteoblast ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cell-free endocranial surface of young adult rat parietal bones was used as a substrate for bone cell-derived mammalian collagenase. Incubation of parietal bones in a concentration of enzyme comparable to that secreted by osteoblastic cells in vitro caused destruction of surface osteoid, and resulted in exposure of mineral onto the bone surface. Bones so pre-treated were considerably more susceptible to osteoclastic resorption than bones preincubated in the absence of collagenase. These results are consistent with the view that the osteoid layer which covers bone surfaces acts as a barrier to osteoclastic contact with underlying, resorption — stimulating bone mineral; and that cells of the osteoblastic lineage induce osteoclastic resorption through collagenase secretion which, by digestion of the surface osteoid, exposes bone mineral to osteoclastic contact.
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  • 196
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Deep-etching ; Glomerular basement membrane ; Epithelial slit diaphragm ; Ultrasonic waves ; Trypsin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the glomerular basement membrane was re-evaluated by using a deep-etch replica method. The structure of the laminae rarae interna and externa of the rat glomerular basement membrane was basically identical in that 6 to 8 nm fibrils were interconnected to form a three-dimensional, polygonal network. The size of the mesh was quite variable but most often ranged from 20 to 25 nm in width. In addition, a zipper-like substructure of the epithelial slit diaphragm was observed. By contrast, the lamina densa was composed of closely packed particles. After exposure of the bovine glomerular basement membrane to ultrasonic waves or trypsin, the particles of the lamina densa were effectively removed. The underlying structure showed the fibrillar network closely resembled that seen in the laminae rarae of the rat glomerular basement membrane. The glomerular basement membrane thus revealed was as principally composed of a fibrillar network, which might be regularly arranged units of type-IV collagen. Numerous fine particles, most likely proper components of the glomerular basement membrane, were attached onto this basic fibrillar structure, giving rise to a morphologic appearance different from that of the laminae rarae.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein (CaBP) ; Horizontal cells ; Retina ; Vitamin D ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horizontal cells of rat retina were labeled intensely by a specific antibody to cerebellar calcium-binding protein. The amacrine cells stained very weakly. The presence of calcium-binding protein in horizontal cells could be of interest for the understanding of the feedback action of these cells on photoreceptors.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophage activation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; X-ray microanalysis ; Elemental analysis ; Electrolytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) of freeze-dried ultrathin sections provides the capability of measuring intracellular elemental content. This methodology was used to investigate the stimulus-permeability coupling responses associated with phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) of rats. PAMs were challenged with P. aeruginosa suspended in Gey's buffer at a bacteria to PAM ratio of 50∶1 for 1 h at 37° C. A 1-mm3 pellet of the unchallenged control PAMs, challenged PAMs and P. aeruginosa alone was quench-frozen in nitrogen-cooled, liquid propane, and 0.1-μm cryosections were cut at -100° C. X-ray spectra were collected for nucleus and cytoplasm of 39 control PAMs, 36 challenged PAMs and 40 P. aeruginosa. Concentrations (mmole/kg dry weight) were obtained for Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, S for each cell. In the control PAMs, the content was similar to other mammalian cells. Moreover, there were no differences in elemental content between nucleus and cytoplasm. In the challenged PAMs, Na concentration was 4 times that of control PAMs (p〈0.001) whereas Cl was double (p〈0.001), K was 29% lower (p〈0.001), and Ca was 4 times higher (p〈0.05). The elemental concentration profile in the P. aeruginosa was distinctly different from that of the PAMs: higher Na, Ca, Mg, but lower Cl and K values. These results demonstrate elemental content changes in cultured PAMs challenged with P. aeruginosa that indicate a stimulus-permeability response by membranes associated with the phagocytic process.
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  • 199
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 391-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Lymph nodes ; Non-lymphoid cells ; Lymphocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the various cell populations in the rat popliteal lymph node was investigated applying enzyme-histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. From birth, T-lymphocytes and interdigitating cells were demonstrable. During the development of the young lymph node, T-lymphocytes of the helper phenotype outnumbered the T-cells with a suppressor phenotype; they account for approximately 70% and 30% of all T-lymphocytes, respectively. At the very first day of postnatal life, post-capillary venules were already present. B-lymphocytes occurred later than T-cells during ontogeny; they were found on the second day after birth, most of them being IgM- or IgG-bearing lymphocytes. The first primary follicles occurred at day 18 and contained principally membrane-stained IgM cells and, to a lesser extent, membrane-stained IgG cells. The appearance of follicular dendritic cells correlated with the formation of primary follicles. With respect to the macrophages, it appeared that the ED1- and ED3-positive subpopulations were present with a similar distributional pattern as seen in adults, but in considerably lower numbers. The expression of ED2, however, showed a sudden increase in the third week of life. Findings of the present study are discussed in relation to those obtained in other investigations dealing with the ontogenetic development of lymphoid organs.
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  • 200
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 505-510 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hyaluronic acid uptake ; Liver ; Liver endothelial cells ; Kupffer cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of [3H]acetyl-labelled hyaluronic acid (HA) Abbreviations used in this paper: HA hyaluronic acid; i.v. intravenous was examined in the liver, spleen and kidney of the rat after i.v. injection. 3H-activity was located by light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography after measurement by scintillation counting of tissue digests. In the liver, approximately 90% of the radioactivity was located in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, with autoradiographic grains distributed throughout the cytoplasm; 50% of the grains overlay vacuoles 0.3 to 1.2 μm in diameter. A few grains (4%) were located in Disse's space or nearby in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. No grains were found in Kupffer cells. The remainder were randomly scattered across the sections in a pattern indicating nonspecific background activity. These observations are in accordance with the selective uptake of HA exhibited by dissociated liver cells in vitro. HA concentrations in the spleen and kidney were too low for detection by autoradiography. Splenic concentrations were much lower than in rabbits or mice; in this respect the uptake of circulating HA in the rat resembles that reported for chondroitin 4-sulphate.
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