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  • 1995-1999  (2,236)
  • 1997  (1,033)
  • 1996  (1,203)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,408)
  • Life Sciences  (426)
  • Children
  • Immunohistochemistry
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 1286-1293 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Perianal Bowen's disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; p53 protein ; Ki-67 antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Perianal Bowen's disease is an uncommon squamous-cell carcinoma in situ usually treated by surgical excision. There are controversies concerning surgical margin extent, because the disease is likely to recur in nonexcised skin areas of the anal and perianal skin. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the recurrence rate after different surgical treatments and 2) to determine if molecular markers might have a prognostic role in perianal Bowen's disease. METHOD: Retrospective chart review from 1972 to 1993 of 47 patients with perianal Bowen's disease was undertaken. Follow-up was obtained by office visits and/or phone questionnaire. Immunohistochemical analysis for p53 protein and Ki-67 nuclear antigen was conducted on fixed tissue specimens. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were treated by wide local excision with microscopic clearance of resection margins, 15 by local excision with only macroscopic clearance of resection margins, 5 by CO 2 laser vaporization, and 1 by abdominoperineal resection because of fecal incontinence. Median follow-up for the entire population was 104 (range, 16–273) months. The incidence of local recurrence was 23.1 percent (6/26) after wide local excision, 53.3 percent (8/15) after local excision, and 80 percent (4/5) after CO 2 -laser vaporization. Recurrence rate estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis is statistically different ( P =0.002) between radically treated patients (wide local excision/abdominoperineal resection;n =27) and patients undergoing conservative treatment (local excision/laser vaporization;n =20). Among patients with recurrence, the median time until recurrence was 38.5 (range, 3–89) months and 41.5 (range, 4–111) months after conservative and radical treatment, respectively. Nine of 20 (45 percent) patients in the conservative group and none of the 27 patients in the radical group had multiple episodes of recurrence ( P 〈0.001). In addition, 3 of 20 and 0 of 27 patients in the respective groups developed an invasive cancer ( P =0.034). Positive staining for p53 protein was observed in 12 (33.3 percent) of the 36 tissue specimens available for immunohistochemical analysis. Recurrence occurred in 9 of 24 (37.5 percent) patients negative for p53 and in 6 of 12 (50 percent) patients with positive p53 expression ( P =not significant). Ki-67 antigen-graded expression from 1+ to 4+ did not reveal any correlation with incidence of recurrence. Recurrence rate did not differ by p53 and Ki-67 results, either in the overall group of 36 patients or stratified by surgical treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Wide local excision for perianal Bowen's disease leads to a significantly lower recurrence rate than local excision or laser therapy. Follow-up longer than five years is recommended because of the risk of late recurrence. p53 protein and Ki-67 antigen immunohistologic expression may not have a prognostic role in perianal Bowen's disease.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal cancer ; Lymph node metastases ; Occult tumor cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; AE1/AE3 ; Ber-EP4 ; Alkaline phosphatase, antialkaline phosphatase technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Whereas lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma are an important prognostic factor, the prognostic relevance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes is not elucidated at present. Therefore, our study intended to assess the rate of patients with occult tumor cells in histopathologically negative lymph nodes. Furthermore, we tried to evaluate an eventual influence of these occult tumor cells on patients' prognoses. METHODS: For examination, we used paraffin blocks of lymph nodes, tumor-negative by conventional histopathology, from 49 patients with colorectal carcinoma (Stage I–III) after a curative (RO) tumor resection in 1987. After preparation of tissue blocks using the serial sectioning technique, the specimens were stained with the alkaline phosphatase, antialkaline phosphatase method and two monoclonal antibodies (AE1/AE3 and Ber-EP4). RESULTS: In 13 of 49 patients (26.5 percent), we disclosed tumor cells, mostly located in subcapsular sinuses as single cells or in groups. There was a good correlation between the detection rate and N category, tumor stage, and grading. Moreover, 33 percent of patients in Stage I/II with occult tumor cells (NO+) developed a local relapse and/or distant metastases in contrast to 12 percent of patients without tumor cells (NO−). With a median follow-up of 84 months, we found no difference in disease-free survival between the tumor cell negative and positive groups in Stage I/II patients. CONCLUSION: The results show that occult tumor cells might increase the risk for development of a local tumor relapse and/or distant metastases but do not influence patients' prognoses at all.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal cancer ; Liver metastasis ; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Pathology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The study contained herein was aimed at finding some possible pathologic factors that have significance for the prediction of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. METHOD: Resected specimens of colorectal cancer from 23 patients with liver metastasis and 30 patients without liver metastasis were subjected to pathologic study, including microscopic characteristics and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry assay. RESULTS: Strongly positive expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was present in 65.21 percent (15/23) of the liver metastasis group, whereas it was found in only 20 percent (6/30) of the group without liver metastasis ( P 〈0.005). Deeper invasion to the muscularis propria or serosa and less infiltration of lymphocytes surrounding the tumor were more frequently found in the liver metastasis group than in the other group ( P 〈0.025). CONCLUSION: Extent of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, depth of invasion, and reaction of lymphocyte infiltration of the primary tumor could have predictive significance of colorectal cancer in liver metastasis.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 1051-1055 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Constipation ; Encopresis ; Rectal manometry ; Rectal motility ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: We have investigated the use of anorectal manometry to distinguish encopretic-constipated children (n=88) from sibling controls (n=16) and nonsibling controls (n=11). METHODS: Study variables included manometrically determined resting and maximum voluntary anal sphincter pressure, depth and speed of rectoanal inhibitory reflex, minimum rectal volume sensation, critical distending volume for fecal urgency, rectal and anal pressure responses during attempted defecation, and ability to defecate a water-filled balloon. RESULTS: Change in anal sphincter pressure during attempted defecation (P=0.03), gradient between rectal and sphincter pressure during attempted defecation (P=0.02), critical distending volume for fecal urgency (P=0.02), and ability to defecate a water-filled balloon (P=0.05) distinguished encopretic-constipated from control children. The change in rectal pressure associated with the rectoanal inhibitory reflex just escaped significance at P=0.07. CONCLUSIONS: Anal sphincter spasm and megacolon are pathophysiologic abnormalities associated with pediatric constipation-encopresis.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Perianal Paget's disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; p53 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma with a significant rate of recurrence after treatment and high risk of progression to an invasive cancer. Patients and Methods: Fourteen patients with a mean follow-up longer than 5 years were studied to determine the outcome after surgical treatment. The immunohistochemical accumulation of p53 protein also was assessed in tissue specimens to evaluate its prognostic role in patients with PPD. Results: Four patients were excluded because of progression to invasive malignancy at the time of diagnosis. Two patients underwent local excision (LE) with macroscopic clearance of the surgical margins; the remaining eight patients underwent wide local excision (WLE), i.e., 〉1 cm microscopic clearance of the surgical margins. The actuarial 8-year recurrence rate for patients treated with LE and WLE was 100% and 50% (SE=17.7), respectively. Progression to invasive carcinoma occurred after a median time of 56 months (range 23–72) in two patients treated with LE and in one of eight patients treated with WLE. All four patients with recurrence after WLE were successfully treated (no further recurrence) with a second WLE. Actuarial 8-year survival was 0% in the LE group and 40% (SE=21.9) in the WLE group. There was no p53 protein accumulation in any of the ten patients with PPD. Conclusions: Survival of patients with PPD treated by WLE was higher than that for those treated with LE. Thus, wide local excision is recommended over limited local excision as a preferred treatment for PPD. Follow-up longer than 5 years seems to be indicated because of the risk of late progression to invasive cancer. When PPD does recur, a second WLE may be curative. The absence of accumulated p53 protein suggests that this marker may not have a prognostic role in PPD.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Proteinase inhibitors ; Fibronectin ; Lysozyme ; Immunohistochemistry ; Autolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The influence of postmortem damage of tissues on the immunohistochemical diagnosis of wound age has not as yet been clarified. We utilized antibodies against the proteinase inhibitors α-1-antichymotrypsin and α-2-macroglobulin, fibronectin and lysozyme to study samples of skin which had been intact intravitally, but were damaged postmortem either by autolysis or compression with a surgical clamp at the time of dissection. Even in the absence of autolysis, antibodies against the proteinase inhibitors and fibronectin exhibited staining of tissue margins. Autolysis caused an increase in false positive results. In contrast, antibodies against lysozyme did not give false positive staining. There were no antigens sensitive to postmortem clamping and false positive results were not observed. Antibodies against proteinase inhibitors are not useful for the diagnosis of wound age because of a high number of false positive reactions in marginal areas. Fibronectin also showed false positive band-shaped staining patterns at the tissue margin. In addition, autolytic processes increase the number of false positives. The antibody against lysozyme is much less sensitive to autolysis and no false positive reactions were observed in our series of tests.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Proteinase inhibitors ; Fibronectin ; Lysozyme ; Immunohistochemistry ; Autolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The influence of postmortem damage of tissues on the immunohistochemical diagnosis of wound age has not as yet been clarified. We utilized antibodies against the proteinase inhibitors α-1-antichymotrypsin and α-2-macroglobulin, fibronectin and lysozyme to study samples of skin which had been intact intravitally, but were damaged postmortem either by autolysis or compression with a surgical clamp at the time of dissection. Even in the absence of autolysis, antibodies against the proteinase inhibitors and fibronectin exhibited staining of tissue margins. Autolysis caused an increase in false positive results. In contrast, antibodies against lysozyme did not give false positive staining. There were no antigens sensitive to postmortem clamping and false positive results were not observed. Antibodies against proteinase inhibitors are not useful for the diagnosis of wound age because of a high number of false positive reactions in marginal areas. Fibronectin also showed false positive band-shaped staining patterns at the tissue margin. In addition, autolytic processes increase the number of false positives. The antibody against lysozyme is much less sensitive to autolysis and no false positive reactions were observed in our series of tests.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Sudden infant death ; Lymph nodes ; Thymus ; Histology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract In 50 cases of sudden infant death cervical, paratracheal and lung hilar lymph nodes, the thymus and the spleen were investigated by histology and immunohistochemistry (CD 20, 21, 45RO). The cases were divided into 3 groups based on autopsy findings including extensive histology: A – without pathological changes (N = 12), B – with minimal to intermediate inflammation (N = 23) and C – with severe inflammation (N = 15). In accordance with previous results the frequency of “pathological” lymph node changes, such as paracortical lymphoid hyperplasia and variegated hyperplasia of the pulp increased from group A to group C. The B-cell antigens reacted accordingly. A pronounced lymphodepletation of the thymus as a sign of a long lasting stimulation of the T-cell system was also observed increasingly from group A to C. In summary, in none of the cases results obtained were indicative of a defect of the T- or B-cell system. The results in group A seem to indicate that changes in the reaction pattern of the lymphoid tissues could be a more sensitive method of detection of early stages of inflammation than local histology.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words SIDS ; Endocrine pancreas ; Morphology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The pancreatic islets from 112 infants (66 males and 46 females) who died of SIDS during the years 1990– 1992 have been studied. The control group consisted of endocrine pancreas tissue from 19 infants who died of a clear cause of death (pneumonia, drowning, sepsis, etc.). The mean age of the SIDS group was 5.1 months. We found histologically normally developed organs in all the SIDS cases. By evaluating the relative endocrine cell area of the pancreas by immunohistochemical investigations, A-cells were found to make up 10–30%, B-cells 30–60%, D-cells 10–30% and pancreatic polypeptide cells less than 10% in the SIDS group and in the controls with a small increase in glucagon and insulin cells among SIDS cases. The morphometric evaluation revealed that cell enlargement and cytoplasm shrinking occurred slightly more often in the SIDS group than in the control group. The diameter of the islets was normal and the maximal volume was not enlarged. The results did not show significant differences so that a relationship between alterations of the endocrine pancreas and sudden infant death syndrome could not be demonstrated.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 240-243 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Cell death ; Apoptosis ; Wound age ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The time-dependent appearance of signs of cell death was investigated in human skin wounds using in situ end labeling of DNA fragments (ISEL). In the dermal layer an average of not more than 0.3 positively stained fibroblastic cells/0.01 cm × 0.01 cm was found up to a postinfliction interval of approximately 6 h. Average numbers exceeding 1 positive cell/0.01 cm × 0.01 cm were first detectable in a skin wound after 24 h. Therefore, average numbers greater than 1 labeled cell/ 0.01 cm × 0.01 cm indicate a postinfliction interval of approximately 1 day. An increase in the average number of positively stained cells occurred with increasing wound age. Values exceeding 3 cells/0.01 cm × 0.01 cm were first detectable 19 days after wound infliction. Accordingly, values of more than 3 labeled cells indicate a postinfliction interval of approximately 3 weeks or more. Since low numbers of labeled fibroblastic cells or even negative results were found in wounds of advanced age, only positive results provide information which can be useful for a forensic age estimation of human skin wounds.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Macrophage subtypes ; Lung compartments ; Drowning ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Three immunohistochemically different myelomonocytic subtypes, i. e. MRP8, MRP14 and 27E10 were quantitatively evaluated in the intraalveolar, alveolar-interstitial and alveolar-intracapillary lung compartments. Lung sections from 5 major groups with defined causes of death, i. e. drowning and death during immersion (DI), cerebral/intracranial haemorrhages (CH), sudden cardiac deaths (SCD), hanging and throttling (HT) and immediate trauma deaths (ITD) were stained and the positive cells counted. The results show clear differences of the cell numbers on average. Among the different compartments the intracapillary cell count exhibits the highest numbers. If the cell counts are compared to the different causes of death, DI shows the highest values and ITD the lowest. The individual values, however, show considerable variations in all compartments and especially in the low cell count range. Within the DI group two subgroups can be differentiated, one having low and the other one having high cell numbers. This can be due to the type of agony, i.e. drowning versus immersion/hydrocution, or to resuscitation attempts or to a combination of both factors.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words ICAM-1 ; CD 54 ; Wound age ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract To characterize the vitality and age of skin wounds by means of the ICAM-1 pattern, 157 intravital human skin wounds (time since injury ranging from 5 min to 730 days) were immunohistochemically investigated. ICAM-1 was detected in paraffin sections after autoclaving and using the ABC technique in 86% of the wounds investigated. The correlation between ICAM-1 expression and the degree of wound inflammation is weak. Strong positive staining was observed 1.5 h at the earliest and 3.5 days at the latest after the time of injury. ICAM-1 also appeared at low concentrations in samples of uninjured skin (n = 65), on keratinocytes and the endothelial cells of blood vessels. Moderate to strong ICAM-1 expression is a valuable indication of the vitality of the wound. However, at present the detection of ICAM-1 alone is not sufficient to fix the wound age with the accuracy which is required for forensics applications.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 4 (1997), S. 94-96 
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Pneumatocele ; Trauma ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pneumatoceles are an infrequent manifestation of blunt chest trauma in children. They are important to present immediately after trauma and can be mistaken for more serious surgical conditions, such as diaphragmatic rupture. In this case report, we present one such case in which we present one such case in which posttraumatic pneumatoceles were mistaken for diaphragmatic injury with bowel herniation.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Acute appendicitis ; Right lower abdominal pain ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the value of ultrasound to establish alternative diagnoses in pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis. A total of 206 consecutive patients with right lower abdominal pain were evaluated by ultrasound. For each case, the sonographic findings documented on the report at the time of examination were compared with the final diagnosis. Our results demonstrated that ultrasound was 94% accurate in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Among all 42 of the 108 truenegative cases of appendicitis, there was a variety of sonographic findings other than appendiceal abnormality, comprising intestinal and/or mesenteric, gallbladder, and ovarian abnormalities. Sonographic findings were well correlated with clinical and/or surgical diagnoses. Only 3 of these 42 cases were treated by surgical intervention. Ultrasound of pediatric right lower abdominal pain is a reliable diagnostic tool not only for appendicitis but for alternative diagnoses mimicking appendicitis.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Preconditioning ; Rapid pacing ; Capsaicin ; Nitric oxide ; Electron-spin resonance ; Calcitonin ; gene-related peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among several mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were suggested to be involved in the mechanism of preconditioning. We examined the possible role of the cardiac capsaicin-sensitive sensory innervation in pacing-induced preconditioning, as well as in the cardiac NO and CGRP content. Wistar rats were treated subcutaneously with capsaicin or its solvent in the sequence of 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg increasing single daily doses for 3 days to deplete neurotransmitters of the sensory innervation. Isolated hearts from both groups were then subjected to either preconditioning induced by three consecutive periods of pacing at 600 beats per minute for 5 min with 5 min interpacing periods, or time-matched non-preconditioning perfusion, followed by a 10-min coronary occlusion. NO content of left ventricular tissue samples was assayed by electron-spin resonance, and CGRP release was determined by radioimmunoassay. CGRP immunohistochemistry was also performed. In the non-preconditioned, solvent-treated group, coronary occlusion decreased cardiac output (CO) from 68.1 to 32.1 mL/min, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 0.58 to 1.90 kPa, and resulted in 200 mU/min/g LDH release. Preconditioning significantly increased ischaemic CO to 42.9 mL/min (P 〈 0.05), decreased ischaemic LVEDP to 1.26 kPa (P 〈 0.05) and decreased LDH release to 47 mU/min/g (P 〈 0.05) in the solvent-treated group. Preconditioning did not confer protection in the capsaicin-pretreated group (ischaemic CO: 35.6 mL/min; LVEDP: 1.76 kPa; LDH 156 mU/min/g). Capsaicin-treatment markedly decreased cardiac NO content, CGRP release, and CGRP-immunoreactivity. Conclusions: (i) The presence of an intact local sensory innervation is a prerequisite to elicit pacing-induced preconditioning in the rat heart. (ii) A significant portion of cardiac basal NO content may be of neural origin. (iii) Release of NO and CGRP from capsaicin-sensitive nerves may be involved in the mechanism of pacing-induced preconditioning.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Mandibular condyle ; Cartilage ; Collagen ; Proteoglycan ; Extracellular matrix ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In order to analyse the regional and age-related variations of primate condyles, immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the localization of types I, II and III collagen and a variety of glycosaminoglycans in distinct anteroposterior regions of the mandibular condyle of two growing female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In the juvenile monkey staining for types I and III collagen was weak in the fibrous tissue layer, intense in the pre-cartilaginous tissue layer and faint in the cartilaginous tissue layer; staining was significantly more intense in the posterosuperior and posterior regions than in the anterior region. Similarly, staining for cartilage-characteristic extracellular matrices, including type II collagen and keratan sulfate, was intense in the cartilaginous tissue layer of the posterior condyle. In contrast, in the late-adolescent monkey staining for the extracellular matrices was more intense in the anterior half of the condyle (i.e. from the anterior to the posterosuperior region) than in the posterior region, and most intense in the posterosuperior region. The results demonstrate that marked regional differences exist in the phenotypic expression of the extracellular matrices in the mandibular condyles of growing monkeys and that these differences vary between different developmental stages. The variations probably reflect the predominance of competing growth and articulatory functions in the mandibular condyles.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words 2′ ; 5′-Oligoadenylate synthetase ; Interferon ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although the expression of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5AS) is induced by interferon (IFN), low constitutive levels can be detected in animals that have not been treated with IFN. In order to clarify which cells express 2-5AS in the mouse brain, the distribution of this enzyme in the brains of both normal healthy mice and mice treated with recombinant human IFN-α A/D was studied by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, using a specific monoclonal antibody. On the Western blots, the antibody to 42-kD 2–5AS reacted slightly with extracts from the telencephalon, cerebellum, diencephalon, and medulla oblongata of normal mouse brain. 42-kD 2–5AS was predominantly found in the ependymal cells and epithelium of the choroid plexus, and to a lesser degree in neurons and glial cells. Injection of recombinant human IFN-α A/D into the left lateral ventricle enhanced the activity of the enzyme in the telencephalon, cerebellum, diencephalon, and medulla oblongata, but did not change the immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme. Direct injection of the IFN into the cortex of the telencephalon enhanced the activity of 2–5AS in all parts of the brain and immunoreactivity was observed in the neurons and glial cells surrounding the injection site. These data indicate that 42-kD 2–5AS activity in the mouse brain is enhanced by the injection of recombinant human IFN-α A/D either into the left lateral ventricle or cortex of the telencephalon. Expression of 42-kD 2–5AS in ependymal cells and epithelium of the choroid plexus may prevent viral infections in the brain.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Malignant melanoma ; TNFα ; mRNA ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine, produced by lymphocytes and monocytes, with cytotoxic activity against some but not all tumor cell lines. Resistance to the cytolytic effects of TNFα has been reported in cell lines with autocrine TNFα production. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether human primary malignant melanoma and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes produce TNFα in vivo. Optimal conditions for in situ hybridization for TNFα mRNA in paraffin-embedded tissue were established. Analysis of 13 primary malignant melanomas and 3 metastatic lesions with different degrees of immunohistochemical TNFα positivity demonstrated that, in some tumors, both melanoma cells and leukocytes contained TNFα mRNA and protein. These findings demonstrate variable production of TNFα in primary and metastatic melanoma in vivo.The previously described resistance to TNFα cytolytic activity may, therefore, be clinically important.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; p53 ; Soft-tissue sarcoma ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most changes of tumor suppressor p53 and its pathway involve a protein with prolonged half-life that permits immunohistochemical detection. The goal of this study was to compare the prognostic relevance of five different p53 antibodies in primary soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) with known p53 mutation status, using a multivariate Cox regression model (adjusted to tumor grading, staging, localization, tumor type, and therapy). A group of 198 primary STS of six types were investigated for p53 overexpression, using p53 antibodies DO-1, DO-7, Pab1801, Pab240, and CM-1. A positive marker frequency between 36.2% and 62.6% was detected. Out of 65 patients whose primary tumor reacted positively to all five antibodies, 52 (80%) died within the study period. Only the N-terminal-binding monoclonal antibodies DO-1, DO-7 and Pab1801 showed a multivariate correlation with survival (P=0.0014, 0.0048 and 0.02). CM-1 and Pab240 had a univariate, but not a multivariate correlation, with a confounding effect of grading. The prognostic relevance for the five p53 antibodies was: DO-1〉Pab1801〉DO-7〉CM-1〉Pab240. This is the first study that investigates multivariately the prognostic relevance of p53 immunostaining in STS. If monoclonal antibodies with an epitope in the N-terminal region of the p53 protein (DO-1, Pab1801, DO-7) are applied, p53 immunohistochemistry provides an independent prognostic marker in STS.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 45 (1997), S. 927-932 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tinnitus ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Key words Tinnitus ; Children ; Adolescents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: The problem of tinnitus in adults is reviewed systematically in nearly all standard otolaryngology reference works, whereas textbooks and monographs that focus on pediatric otorhinolaryngology or audiology and hearing in children and adolescents provide only little information concerning the epidemiology, etiology and therapy of tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychosomatic aspects of chronic tinnitus in this younger age group. A rational diagnostic approach is discussed as to which diagnostic measures are necessary in the pediatric group for deciding which therapeutic option to chose. The therapeutic outcome of tinnitus counselling in non-severe cases and of parenteral lidocaine infusions in cases of a troublesome tinnitus is presented. Patients and methods: From January 1992 to December 1995, 31 children and adolescents in the age range from 6 to 17 years were treated for a chronic tinnitus without a measurable hearing loss. In 20 cases the tinnitus was bilateral; in 11 cases it was unilateral, without side preference. In 24 patients the case history gave no hint of a major annoyance by the tinnitus or significant psychological components. In these cases tinnitus counselling was carried out. In 7 cases – 3 girls and 4 boys in the age range from 10 to 17 years – the kind and grade of symptom satisfied the ICD-10 criteria of a depressive episode. These patients were hospitalized for 10 days and a lidocaine infusion therapy (2 mg/kg Xylocain Cor in 500 ml HAES 6%) was performed as treatment for the somatic component of the disorder. Data were analyzed catamnestically using the patients’ files. Results: In all cases normal hearing threshold and speech intelligibility were ascertained by pure-tone and speech audiometry. Auditory evoked brainstem potentials gave no further information. The measurement of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions gave no consistent results in either of the two groups. Tinnitus measurement and audiometric masking could only be carried out in patients older than 10 years and showed non-reproducible results. In all cases with no major symptoms tinnitus disappeared. During a follow-up of 12–44 months, 4 cases treated with lidocaine achieved complete remission; in 3 cases the tinnitus eased off to such an extent that it was no longer regarded as annoying. In one girl of the lidocaine group a somatisation disorder developed independently of the tinnitus and was treated by psychotherapy. No side-effects of the lidocaine occurred. Conclusions: All aspects of chronic tinnitus in children and adolescents can be covered best when regarding this symptom as a psychosomatic disorder. The diagnostic approach in this age group has to include a detailed case history embracing both organic and psychological and social aspects. It should also include pure-tone and speech audiometry. Only in cases with an uncertain hearing threshold auditory evoked brainstem potentials have to be measured. Otoacoustic emissions give no further information about the development and therapeutic outcome of the tinnitus. In this age group tinnitus measurement and masking is of no diagnostic value. In patients with no signs of a hearing loss and no other organic symptoms there is no need for further diagnostic measures such as imaging or serological investigations. In cases with severe annoyance, tinnitus counselling is sufficient therapy. In cases with severe symptoms, lidocaine infusion therapy may be a therapeutic option for the somatic component of the disorder. In adolescents with chronic tinnitus psychotherapy will be necessary only in rare cases. The overall prognosis of this disorder is good.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Chronischer Tinnitus tritt bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einem normalen Ton- und Sprachhörvermögen nur selten auf. Die nosologische Einordnung dieser Störung ist auch anhand der Kriterien des ICD-10 schwierig. Aktuelle epidemiologische Daten sowie allgemein anerkannte diagnostische und therapeutische Konzepte fehlen. In der Erwachsenenmedizin haben psychosomatische Aspekte des chronisch-komplexen Tinnitus einen hohen Stellenwert. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Frage, ob dies auf Kinder und Jugendliche übertragen werden kann. Es soll ein rationelles diagnostisches Vorgehen im Hinblick auf die in dieser Altersgruppe naturgemäß schwierige Indikationsstellung für eine invasive Therapie diskutiert werden. Die Ergebnisse nach parenteraler Lidocain-Gabe als organbezogener medikamentöser Therapie werden vorgestellt. Patienten und Methode: Im Zeitraum vom Januar 1992 bis zum Dezember 1995 wurden insgesamt 31 Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 6 und 17 Jahren ambulant und stationär wegen eines chronischen Tinnitus aurium bei normalem Ton- und Sprachhörvermögen behandelt. Der Tinnitus war in 2/3 der Fälle beidseitig lokalisiert. Bei 24 Kindern konnte anhand der systematischen Anamnese und Befundung eine in der Folge des Tinnitus aufgetretene psychische Störung ausgeschlossen werden. In diesen Fällen wurde als alleinige therapeutische Maßnahme ein Tinnitus-Counselling durchgeführt. In 7 Fällen, bei 3 Mädchen und 4 Jungen im Alter von 10–17 Jahren, lag eine Dekompensation der Beschwerden vor: Bei ihnen waren die diagnostischen Kriterien einer depressiven Episode nach ICD-10 erfüllt. In diesen Fällen erfolgte unter stationären Bedingungen für 10 Tage eine auf das organische Symptom bezogene Behandlung mit Lidocain-haltigen Infusionen in einer dem Körpergewicht angepaßten Dosierung. Die Patientendaten wurden retrospektiv-katamnestisch anhand der Krankengeschichten ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Bei normalem Ton- und Sprachhörvermögen konnten die transitorisch evozierten otoakustischen Emissionen im gesamten Krankheitsverlauf nur unregelmäßig nachgewiesen werden. Die Ableitung der auditorisch evozierten Hirnstammpotentiale ergab keine auffälligen Befunde. Die Tinnitusbestimmung und die audiometrische Prüfung der Tinnitusverdeckung gelang nur bei den älteren Jugendlichen. In allen Fällen ohne eine Dekompensation schwanden die Tinnitusbeschwerden. Im Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 12–44 Monaten konnte bei den mit Lidocain behandelten Patienten in 4 Fällen eine komplette Remission verzeichnet werden, in 3 Fällen eine Verminderung der Beschwerden und der Klagsamkeit bei adäquater Krankheitsbewältigung. Bei einer Patientin der Lidocain-Gruppe war wegen einer komplexeren Somatisierungsstörung die Einleitung einer Phsychotherapie erforderlich. Unerwünschte Wirkungen des Lidocains wurden nicht beobachtet. Schlußfolgerungen: Bei normalem Ton- und Sprachhörvermögen und fehlenden weiteren körperlichen Auffälligkeiten kann sich beim chronischen Tinnitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter die Organdiagnostik auf ein Basisprogramm beschränken. Die Primärdiagnostik sollte also ein Ton- und Sprachaudiogramm umfassen und nur bei einer unsicheren Hörschwelle auch die Ableitung der autitorisch evozierten Hirnstammpotentiale. Die Messung der otoakustischen Emissionen sowie die Tinnitusbestimmung und Maskierungsuntersuchungen haben nach den hier erhobenen Befunden in dieser Altersgruppe keine diagnostische oder prognostische Bedeutung. Bei fehlenden weiteren Symptomen sind weitergehende diagnostische Maßnahmen (Bildgebung, Serologie) nicht erforderlich. Die Einordnung des chronischen Tinnitus aurium als eine psychosomatische Störung bewährt sich auch im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Die diagnostischen Kriterien des ICD-10 psychischer Störungen sind eine wertvolle Strukturierungshilfe im Hinblick sowohl auf die nosologische Zuordnung wie auch insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Entscheidung zu einer invasiven Therapie, sofern nämlich die diagnostischen Kriterien einer depressiven Episode erfüllt sind. In diesen Fällen sollte eine Lidocain-Infusionsbehandlung versucht werden. In allen anderen Fällen ist ein Tinnitus-Counselling ausreichende Therapie.
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  • 21
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    Supportive care in cancer 6 (1997), S. 4-7 
    ISSN: 1433-7339
    Keywords: Key words Cancer ; Children ; Support ; Greece
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The various aspects of supportive care in children suffering from cancer, diagnosed at the Children's Hospital Aglaia Kyriakou, in Athens, are presented from the diagnosis to each step of therapy, and afterwards. It is stressed that cultural, religious and social parameters are crucial in defining the way to approach the family as a whole.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tränenwegschirurgie ; Kindesalter ; Key words Surgery of the lacrimal system ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Surgery on the lacrimal system in 296 children was performed at the Münster University Eye Hospital from 1987 to 1992. Patients and methods: The age of the patients, etiology of the obstruction and surgical strategy were analyzed retrospectively. A questionnaire was sent to the parents to allow evaluation of the results and subjective satisfaction. Results: A total of 181 questionnaires was sent back to our hospital (results of 210 operations, including 24 preoperations). Of the 124 children were up to 3 years old. 197 obstructions were congenital, 7 traumatic, 4 results of inflammation, and 2 iatrogenic. In 184 patients we performed intubation with silicon tubing. Seven patients had canalicular surgery, and 19 patients had dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). After intubation 87.5% of patients were practically without complaints, after canalicular surgery 85.7% and after DCR 78.9%. Five patients suffered from severe problems and had to be reoperated.
    Notes: Tränenwegsoperationen an der Universitäts-Augenklinik Münster von 296 Kindern aus den Jahren von 1987 – 1992 wurden untersucht. Patienten und Methode: Alter der Patienten, Ätiologie und die Operationsmethoden wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Um die Operationsergebnisse und die subjektive Zufriedenheit zu erfassen, wurden an die Eltern der Patienten Fragebögen verschickt. Ergebnisse: 181 Fragebögen (Ergebnisse von 210 Operationen, davon 24 Voroperationen) wurden zurückgeschickt. 124 Kinder waren bis zu 3 Jahre alt. 197 Stenosen wurden kongenital, 7 traumatisch, 4 entzündlich und 2 iatrogen bedingt. 184 Tränenwegsspülungen mit Intubationen (I) der Tränenwege, 7 Canaliculusrekonstruktionen und 19 Dakryozystorhinostomien (DCR) wurden durchgeführt. Praktisch beschwerdefrei waren 87,5% der Patienten mit Tränenwegsintubation, 85,7% nach Canaliculusrekonstruktion und 78,9% nach DCR. 5 Patienten mußten wegen anhaltender starker Beschwerden ein zweites Mal operiert werden.
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  • 23
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    Der Unfallchirurg 100 (1997), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kindliche Beckenfrakturen ; Komplextrauma ; Langzeitergebnisse ; Key words Complex pelvic trauma ; Children ; Long-term follow-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Between 1972 and 1994 21 children up to 14 years old sustained complex pelvic trauma treated at the Trauma Department of the Hannover Medical School. Sixteen of the 17 survivors were followed at an average of 8.9 years. In 8 patients operative treatment of the disrupted pelvic ring (external or internal fixation) was performed; in 8 patients the treatment was conservative. At follow-up 9 patients (56%) were pain-free; 4 reported slight, 2 moderate and one patient severe pain (at rest). There were no neurological deficits. Four patients had disturbed micturia, and 1 had bowel incontinence. Radiological evaluation showed anatomic reconstruction of the pelvic ring in 9 cases (56%). Residual maximum displacement of 12 mm was detected in 2 patients. In 3 cases osteoarthritis or ancylosis of the SI joint was present. In 3 cases a clinically not disturbing heterotopic ossification was found. Another 2 cases had ossifications of the pubic symphyses. A post-traumatic acetabular dysplasia was detected in 2 cases; a hypoplasia of the hemipelvis was seen in 3 patients. In a retrospective analysis of the primary radiographs, 13 pelvic lesions were not detected during the primary clinical course (sacral fracures, lesions of the triradiate cartilage). Despite this finding the pelvic outcome was rated good and excellent in 10 patients (63%), moderate in 1 patient (hypoplasia of the hemipelvis, and poor in 5 patients (31%) with severe pain or urogenital disturbancies. The maximum ratings in social reintegration was given to 9 patients, a medium rating to 7 patients. All patients were socially integrated.
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  • 24
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    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 145 (1997), S. 242-248 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Helicobacter pylori ; 13C-Harnstoff-Atemtest ; Kinder ; Modifikation ; Key words Helicobacter pylori ; 13C-urea breath test ; Children ; Modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Backgrounds: Aim of this study was to validate a modification of adults' 13C-urea breath test for children in diagnosis of an infection with Helicobacter pylori. Methods: In 30 asymptomatic children results of the breath test were compared with results of an ELISA test specific for Helicobacter pylori. In 10 symptomatic children the breath test result was compared with histological results of gastric mucosa. Cold orange juice was tested by ultrasonic assessment to be suitable as a test meal. Results: With the serological or histological result as reference method, the cut-off value for children (delta value = 5 ‰) has shown a sensitivity/specificity of 70 %/95 % or 100 %/100 % respectively. Cold orange juice meets the criteria of a test meal by inhibiting the gastric emptying for the duration of the breath test significantly. 30 minutes after 13C-urea ingestion has been the optimal point of time for the second breath sample collection. Conclusion: Our modification of the 13C-urea breath test for children is suitable to prove an Helicobacter pylori infection.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Das Ziel der Studie war die Validierung einer kindgerechten Modifikation des bei Erwachsenen angewandten 13C-Harnstoff-Atemtests zur Diagnose einer Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion. Methode: Bei 30 asymptomatischen Kindern wurden die Ergebnisse des Atemtests mit dem eines Helicobacter-pylori-ELISA-Tests verglichen. Bei 10 symptomatischen Kindern konnte das Atemtestergebnis mit einem histologischen Befund der Magenschleimhaut verglichen werden. Mittels Ultraschall wurde bei 7 Probanden untersucht, ob gekühlter Orangensaft als Testmahlzeit geeignet ist. Ergebnisse: Gegenüber dem serologischen bzw. histologischen Untersuchungsergebnis als Referenzmethode wies der für Kinder ermittelte Grenzwert ( δ -Wert = 5 ‰) eine Sensitivität bzw. Spezifität von 70 bzw. 95 % und 100 bzw. 100 % auf. Kalter Orangensaft war in der Lage, die Magenentleerung signifikant für die Dauer des Atemtests zu hemmen und erfüllt damit die Kriterien einer Testmahlzeit. 30 min nach 13C-Harnstoff-Einnahme war der optimale Zeitpunkt für den 2. Probesammelzeitpunkt. Schlußfolgerung: Auch in seiner kindgerechten Modifikation ist der 13C-Harnstoff-Atemtest zur Diagnose einer Infektion mit Helicobacter pylori geeignet.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Krieg ; Schrapnellverletzungen ; Gehirn ; Thermaler Effekt ; Kinder ; Key words War missile injuries ; Brain ; Thermal effect ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Während des Krieges in Kroatien (1991–1992) wurden auf der neurochirurgischen Abteilung der Klinik in Osijek 10 Kinder im Alter bis zu 16 Jahren mit Kriegsverletzungen des Gehirns behandelt. Sechs von ihnen erlitten Schrapnellverletzungen, vier von ihnen Verletzungen durch eine Gewehr- bzw. Pistolenkugel. Neun Kinder wurden kraniotomisch operativ behandelt. Das Ergebnis war folgendes: drei Kinder erholten sich gut, bei vier Kinder zeigten sich mittelschwere neurologische Defekte, drei Kinder mit Schrapnellverletzungen starben. Fünf Verletzte (vier Schrapnellverletzte und ein Knochenverletzter) hatten komplexe Verletzungen (Beinbrüche, Augenschäden, Amputation des rechten Beines), welche in Morbidität und, in einem Fall, in Mortalität resultierten. Alle von Schrapnellen verletzten Kinder entwickelten unmittelbar bei Krankenhausaufnahme Gehirnödeme. Unsere Erfahrungen zeigen uns, daß der thermale Effekt von der erhitzten Schrapnelloberfläche zusätzlich der Geschwindigkeit, Masse, Größe und Form des Schrapnells ein weiterer Faktor bei der Entwicklung eines schweren Gehirnödems sein könnte.
    Notes: During the war period 1991–1992 in Croatia, ten wounded children (16 years of age or younger) with war injuries to the brain were admitted to the Division of Neurosurgery, Osijek Clinical Hospital. Six of them had been wounded by shrapnel and four by pistol or rifle bullets. All but one were managed surgically (i.e. by craniotomy). The outcome was: as follows three children had a good recovery, four retained a moderate neurological deficit, and three died (injured by shrapnel). Five of the wounded (four injured by shrapnels and one by bullets) had associated injuries (fractures of the leg bones, eye lesion, amputation of the right leg) which influenced morbidity, and in one case mortality. Children wounded with shrapnel had brain edema on admission to hospital. Our experience indicates that the thermal effect from heated shrapnel, as well as velocity, mass, size and shape of the shrapnel, could be an additional factor for the development of severe brain edema.
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  • 26
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    HNO 45 (1997), S. 86-90 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörgeräteversorgung ; Kinder ; Anpassung ; Hörgeräteüberprüfung ; Qualitätssicherung ; Effektivität ; Key words Hearing aid ; Fitting ; Children ; Evaluation ; Quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Specific hearing aid selection and careful fitting are essential for successful rehabilitation of hearing-impaired children. For this reason the different hearing aid types prescribed, the type and frequency of hearing aid insufficiencies reported and the effectiveness and regularity of our followups were studied evaluating 253 followup exams in 39 children (71 ears) suffering of a sensorineural hearing loss, including all degrees, supplied with a behind-the-ear hearing aid. Most of the devices had been prescribed outside our department on an initial trial basis. After critical evaluation, the number of hearing aid types was reduced from 33 to 23 when corresponding devices failed to match well with the degrees and types of hearing losses present. A further decrease in hearing aid types could not be achieved as a consequence of many being already end-prescribed. Insufficiencies (n=222) were found in 60% of the hearing aid evaluations: 59% involved dynamic hearing aid adjustments requiring better amplification (37%), distorsion (18%) and dynamics (4%). Additionally, 16% affected hearing aid function and another 16% form (9%) and material (4%) of the otoplasty and the tube (3%). The last 9% of the deficiencies concerned the potentiometer cap: it hadn’t been fitted in about half of the cases and had been lost in the other half despite being needed. Routine followup evaluations of the hearing aids occurred regularly in 76% of the cases with an effectiveness of 73%. Our results confirm the importance and necessity for pedaudiologic qualitative hearing aid controls in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die erfolgreiche Rehabilitation hörgestörter Kinder hängt wesentlich von der Qualität der Hörgeräteversorgung mit einer gezielten Vorauswahl des Hörgeräts ab. Daher wurden insgesamt 253 Hörgeräteüberprüfungen bei 39 schwerhörigen Kindern mit 71 HdO- Gerät-versorgten Schallempfindungsschwerhörigkeiten aller Schwerhörigkeitsgrade ausgewertet. Wir untersuchten, wie viele Hörgerätetypen angepaßt worden sind, sowie welche Fehler in welcher Häufigkeit bei der Hörgeräteüberprüfung festgestellt wurden. Gleichzeitig wurde die Effektivität und Regelmäßigkeit der in der Göttinger Klinik durchgeführten Hörgerätekontrollen ausgewertet. Eine Reduktion der zunächst 33 – meist anderenorts verordneten – Hörgerätetypen auf 23 fand statt, nachdem die entsprechenden Geräte die Erfordernisse für Art und Grad der jeweiligen Schwerhörigkeit nicht zufriedenstellend erfüllten bzw. die Akzeptanz schlecht war. Eine weitere Reduzierung dieser nicht erforderlichen, unüberschaubaren Anzahl an nicht bestmöglich ausgewählten Hörgeräten war wegen der bereits erfolgten Endverordnungen nicht mehr durchführbar. Bei 60% aller Überprüfungen konnten insgesamt 222 Mängel nachgewiesen werden: Am häufigsten war mit 59% die dynamische Hörgerätanpassung [Verstärkung (37%), Verzerrung (18%) und Dynamik (4%)], seltener mit jeweils 16% die Hörgerätfunktion und die Otoplastik [Form (9%), Material (4%) und Schlauch (3%)] und am seltensten mit 9% die Potentiometerabdeckung betroffen, die etwa zu gleichen Anteilen beim Tragen verlorengegangen war bzw. primär nicht angebracht wurde. Die qualitative Hörgerätkontrolle erfolgte nicht nur in 76% der Fälle regelmäßig, sondern war in 73% auch erfreulich effektiv. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf die Wichtigkeit der pädaudiologischen Qualitätssicherung kindlicher Hörgerätversorgungen hin.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Cholesteatom ; Immunhistochemie ; Transforming growth factor-α ; Epidermal growth factor ; Epidermal growth factor-Rezeptor ; Interleukin-1 ; Ki-67 Antigen ; MIB 1 ; c-myc Protoonkogen ; Aktivierungsmarker 4F2 ; Mittelohrschleimhaut ; Key words Cholesteatoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Transforming growth factors ; Cytokines ; Pathogenesis ; Middle ear mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The development of a middle ear cholesteatoma is usually associated with chronic inflammation and displacement of the mucosa present by the invading squamous epithelium. To analyze the clinically different behaviors of both epithelia, we used immunohistochemical methods to study the distribution and expression of interleukin-1 (Il-1), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R), the proliferation marker MIB 1, c-myc proto-oncogene product and activation marker 4F2. Results stromal that keratinocytes in a cholesteatoma exhibited a much higher activation and proliferation rate when compared to middle ear mucosa cells. Middle ear epithelial cells showed no immunoreactivity for TGF-alpha, EGF-R, Il-1 and c-myc in contrast to the markedly positive immunoreactivity found in cholesteatoma matrix. The local release of cytokines and growth factors, such as TGF-alpha, EGF and Il-1 by inflammatory cells seems to be an important factor for the hyperproliferative behavior of cholesteatoma epithelium. Our findings could contribute to the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma and give a possible explanation for the sustained progression of its growth leading to displacement of the middle ear mucosa.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Cholesteatom ist durch das Einwachsen verhornenden Plattenepithels in das Mittelohr charakterisiert. Um das Verhalten beider Epithelien zu beschreiben, wurden 50 Cholesteatompräparate mit Mittelohrschleimhautanteilen immunhistochemisch auf die Expression und Lokalisation von Interleukin-1 (Il-1), „transforming growth factor-α” (TGF-α), „epidermal growth factor” (EGF), „epidermal growth factor-receptor” (EGF-R), des Proliferationsmarkers MIB 1, des Protoonkogenprodukts c-myc und des Aktivierungsmarkers 4F2 vergleichend untersucht. Die Keratinozyten des Cholesteatoms besaßen eine deutlich höhere Aktivierungs- und Proliferationsrate als die Mittelohrschleimhautzellen. Die Epithelzellen der Mittelohrmukosa zeigten immunhistochemisch keine Expression von TGF-α, EGF-R, Il-1 und c-myc, im Gegensatz zur deutlichen Immunreaktivität der Cholesteatommatrix. Die lokale Freisetzung von Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren, wie TGF-α, EGF und Il-1 aus Zellen des entzündlichen Infiltrats der Perimatrix, scheinen für das hyperproliferative Wachstumsverhalten der Cholesteatommatrix von besonderer Bedeutung zu sein. Die Ergebnisse können als Erklärungsansatz für das Fortschreiten des Cholesteatomwachstums unter Verdrängung der Mittelohrschleimhaut dienen.
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  • 28
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    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 145 (1997), S. 822-828 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Pyridinium-Crosslinks- Ausscheidung im Urin ; Kinder ; Störungen des Kalziumphosphatstoffwechsels ; Key words Excretion of pyridinium cross-links ; Children ; Disorders of calcium and bone metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: Pyridinoline (PYD) und deoxypyridinoline (DPD) urine levels are known to reflect bone turnover in adults. However few data exist for PYD und DPD excretion in children. Patients and methods: We determined the PYD- and DPD-creatinine ratio (PYD/Cr, DPD/Cr) in 102 healthy children and 50 children with bone related diseases (vitamin D-deficiency rickets; X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets; pseudohypoparathyroidism). PYD/Cr and DPD/Cr were determined in the fasting morning urine using two competitive enzymimmunoassays together with the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio. Results: In healthy children significant correlations were found for: PYD/Cr and DPD/Cr (r=0.59; p≤0.001), PYD/Cr and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (r=0.72; p≤0.001) and DPD/Cr and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (r=0.42; p≤0.001). All values were age dependent with high levels in infancy and early childhood declining towards puberty. In the patients PYD/Cr and DPD/Cr correlated significantly with the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (vitamin D-deficiency rickets: r=0.54, p≤0.05 and r=0.72, p≤0.01; X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets: r=0.36, p≤0.05 and r=0.60, p≤0.001; pseudohypoparathyroidism: r=0.67, p≤0.01 and r=0.84, p≤0.001 respectively). In some patients with vitamin D-deficiency rickets, X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets and pseudohypoparathyroidism marked elevations were found for PYD/Cr (vitamin D-deficiency rickets: n=6, X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets: n=14, pseudohypoparathyroidism: n=4), DPD/Cr (vitamin D-deficiency rickets: n=7, X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets: n=14, pseudohypoparathyroidism: n=4) and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (vitamin D-deficiency rickets: n=8, X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets: n=17, pseudohypoparathyroidism: n=5). Conclusion: Our data show, that bone turnover can be assessed by PYD/Cr, DPD/Cr or hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio determination. However, the measurement of DPD/Cr alone may be sufficient, faster and easier to perform than hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio determination and could prove a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing bone turnover in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Ist die Bestimmung der kreatininbezogenen Ausscheidung von Deoxypyridinolin (DPD/Cr) und Pyridinolin (PYD/Cr) bei Kindern mit Störungen des Kalziumphosphatstoffwechsels sinnvoll? Patienten/Methoden: DPD/Cr und PYD/Cr wurden mittels 2er kompetitiver Enzymimmunoassays im Morgenurin bei 102 gesunden Kindern und 50 Patienten mit Knochenstoffwechselerkrankungen (Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachitis; Phosphatdiabetes; Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus) zusammen mit der kreatininbezogenen Hydroxyprolinausscheidung untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei Gesunden korrelierten PYD/Cr und DPD/Cr (r=0,59; p≤0,001), PYD/Cr und kretatininbezogene Hydroxyprolinausscheidung (r=0,72; p≤0,001) sowie DPD/Cr und kreatininbezogene Hydroxyprolinausscheidung (r=0,42; p≤0,001). PYD/Cr und DPD/Cr waren altersabhängig mit hohen Werten bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern, die bis zur Pubertät abfielen. Bei allen 3 Krankheitsbildern waren PYD/Cr und DPD/Cr mit der kreatininbezogenen Hydroxyprolinausscheidung korreliert (Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachtitis: r=0,54, p≤0,05 bzw. r=0,72 p≤0,01; Phosphatdiabetes: r=0,36, p≤0.05 bzw. r=0,60, p≤0,001; Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus: r=0,67, p≤0,01 bzw. r=0,84, p≤0,001). Bei einigen Patienten mit Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachitis, Phosphatdiabetes und Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus konnten z.T. erheblich erhöhte Werte für PYD/Cr (Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachitis: n=6, Phosphatdiabetes: n=14, Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus: n=4), DPD/Cr (Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachitis: n=7, Phosphatdiabetes: n=14, Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus: n=4) und die kreatininbezogene Hydroxyprolinausscheidung (Vitamin-D-Mangel-Rachitis: n=8, Phosphatdiabetes: n=17, Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus: n=5) gefunden werden. Schlußfolgerung: Bei Kindern kann der Knochenumsatz durch die Bestimmung von PYD/Cr, DPD/Cr und der kreatininbezogenen Hydroxyprolinausscheidung bestimmt werden. Die alleinige Messung von DPD/Cr ist jedoch sehr viel einfacher, spezifischer und sensitiver als die Bestimmung der kreatininbezogenen Hydroxyprolinausscheidung und könnte in Zukunft ein wertvolles diagnostisches Werkzeug für Kinder mit Kalziumphosphatstoffwechselstörungen werden.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Blutdrucklangzeitmessung ; Diabetes mellitus Typ I ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Hypertonie ; Key words Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ; Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; Children ; Adolescents ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aim: Early recognition of hypertension was attempted during clinical management of young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using ambulatory 24-hour-blood pressure monitoring. Methods: In this study 24-hour-blood-pressure measurements were recorded in 48 children with diabetes (24 girls and 24 boys, range from 9 to 18 years). A reference group of 48 sex-, age-, height- and weight matched healthy children was studied in parallel. Results: None of the children with diabetes was hypertensive by standard criteria. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values exceeded the values of the reference group by 4 and 6 mm Hg respectively (method of moving interval averages). Using more conventional statistical methods (mean of day or night time blood pressure values) similar results were obtained (p 〈 0.001, unpaired t test). Children who had bad metabolic control (HbA1c 〉 7 %, median) had higher diastolic blood pressure profiles. Conclusion: We conclude that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring must be performed in longitudinal, multicenter studies. Whether or not ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can provide clues for the early detection of patients at risk for developing hypertension is still unclear.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Mittels ambulanter 24-h-Blutdruckmessung soll bei jungen Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus frühzeitig eine arterielle Hypertonie erkannt werden. Methode: Es wurden bei 48 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus (24 Mädchen, 24 Knaben) im Alter von 9–18 Jahren ambulante 24-h-Blutdruckmessungen durchgeführt. Langzeitmessungen wurden ebenso bei einer Kontrollgruppe von 48 gesunden Kindern und Jugendlichen durchgeführt, die nach Geschlecht, Alter, Größe und Gewicht den Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus zugeordnet wurden (Matched-pairs-Technik). Ergebnisse: Keines der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus hatte eine arterielle Hypertonie. Überraschenderweise lagen jedoch sowohl der systolische als auch der diastolische Blutdruck um 4 bzw. 6 mm Hg über den Werten der gesunden Kontrollgruppe (Methode der gleitenden Mittelwerte). Mittels konventioneller Auswertung (Bildung des arithmetischen Mittels) wurden diese Ergebnisse bestätigt (p 〈 0,001, t-Test für unverbundene Stichproben). Bezüglich der Stoffwechseleinstellung fanden wir bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit HbA1c-Werten 〉 7 % (Median) um 5 mm Hg höhere diastolische Blutdruckwerte. Im Gegensatz zur Literatur zeigte sich in dieser Studie, daß bereits Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes mellitus trotz Normotonie höhere Blutdruckwerte im Vergleich zur gesunden Kontrollgruppe haben. Schlußfolgerungen: Langzeitmessungen müssen in multizentrischen, longitudinal angelegten Studien durchgeführt werden, um Aufschlüsse über pathogenetisch bedeutsame Zusammenhänge bei der Entwicklung einer arteriellen Hypertonie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus zu erhalten.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie ; Kinder ; Heparin ; Heparinoid ; Hirudin ; Key words Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ; Children ; Heparin ; Heparinoid ; Hirudin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) type II is a life-threatening complication of heparin therapy with venous thrombosis and occlusion of arteries (“white clot syndrome”). So far, in children only a few cases of HIT have been reported. The report on a 12-year-old boy who suffered from venous thrombosis of unknown origin. Thrombolytic therapy included streptokinase, urokinase and unfractionated heparin. He developed thrombocytopenia, thromboembolism of the femoral artery and thrombosis of the vena cava inferior. HIT-antibodies against platelet-factor 4 complex could be demonstrated by ELISA and heparin-induced platelet activation assay. After cessation of heparin anticoagulation was provided with a heparinoid and recombinant hirudin. Thereafter he recovered from venous thrombosis, but amputation of the distal foot at the Chopart line could not be avoided. This case report demonstrates that HIT is not restricted to adults. Furthermore, it strongly suggests that even in paediatric patients regular control of platelet counts are necessary during heparin application.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie (HIT) Typ II ist ein lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild, bei der es unter Heparintherapie zu venösen Thrombosen und arteriellen Gefäßverschlüssen kommen kann. Bei Kindern wurde eine HIT Typ II sehr selten beschrieben. Wir berichten über einen 12jährigen Patienten, der aus völliger Gesundheit an einer tiefen Bein- und Beckenvenenthrombose ungeklärter Genese erkrankte. Er entwickelte im Rahmen einer thrombolytischen Therapie mit Streptokinase und Urokinase sowie einer begleitenden Behandlung mit unfraktioniertem Heparin eine Thrombozytopenie, multiple Embolien der linken A. femoralis und eine Thrombose der V. cava inferior. HIT-Antikörper wurden durch ELISA gegen Plättchenfaktor-4-(PF4)-Heparin-Komplexe und den Heparin-induced-platelet-activation-(HIPA)-Assay nachgewiesen. Nach sofortiger Beendigung der Heparinzufuhr wurde die Antikoagulation zunächst kurzzeitig mit einem Heparinoid und dann mit rekombinantem Hirudin fortgeführt. Danach kam es zu einer weitgehenden Besserung der Symptomatik, allerdings ließ sich eine Vorfußamputation nach Chopart nicht vermeiden. Unser Fallbericht zeigt, daß eine HIT Typ II nicht auf das Erwachsenenalter beschränkt ist. Auch bei pädiatrischen Patienten sollte bei jeder Heparinapplikation eine regelmäßige Kontrolle der Thrombozytenzahl erfolgen und bei entsprechendem Verdacht geeignete Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akute Immunthrombozytopenie ; ITP ; Kinder ; Behandlung ; Immunglobuline ; Key words Acute immune thrombozytopenia ; Immune thrombocytopenia ; Children ; Treatment ; Immunoglobulins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a retrospective study we analyzed 27 children with acute immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who met the following criteria: signs of bleeding, platelet count 〈 20 × 109/l at diagnosis and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). IVIG was given at a dose of 0.4 g/kg body weight. Within 24 h after a single dose of IVIG, 19 of 27 patients (70 %) reached platelet counts 〉 20 × 109/l. For 12 of the 19 children treatment was stopped after one dose of IVIG. Their rise in platelet counts during the following days did not differ from those observed in 7 children in whom IVIG was continued for 2–4 days. Children who did not reach a platelet count of more than 20 × 109/l within 24 h after the initial dose of IVIG had a significantly more protracted course despite further IVIG therapy. We suggest single-dose therapy of 0.4 g/kg IVIG may be sufficient for most children with ITP, bleeding signs, and low platelet counts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der retrospektiven Studie untersuchten wir 27 Kinder mit akuter Immunthrombozytopenie (ITP), die bei Diagnosestellung Blutungszeichen und Thrombozytenwerte von 〈 20 000/μl aufwiesen. Die Behandlung erfolgte mit i. v. gegebenen Immunglobulinen (IVIG) in einer Dosis von 0,4 g/kgKG. 24 h nach einer Einzeldosis IVIG hatten 19 von 27 Kindern (70 %) Thrombozytenwerte von 〉 20 000/μl erreicht. Bei 12 der 19 Kinder wurde daraufhin die Behandlung beendet und bei 7 Kindern über 2–4 Tage fortgeführt. Der Thrombozytenverlauf der 12 Kinder mit nur einer Einzeldosis IVIG unterschied sich nicht von dem der 7 Kinder, die länger behandelt wurden. Patienten, deren Thrombozyten nach der ersten IVIG-Gabe nicht innerhalb von 24 h über 20 000/μl anstiegen, zeigten trotz weiterer Therapie einen protrahierteren Krankheitsverlauf. Eine Einzeldosistherapie mit 0,4 g/kgKG IVIG erscheint uns ausreichend für die meisten Kinder mit akuter ITP, Blutungszeichen und niedrigen Thrombozytenwerten.
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 215-216 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Ovary ; Torsion ; Calcification ; Children ; Laparoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of a mobile, calcified, intrapelvic mass representing an autoamputated ovary in an asymptomatic girl is presented. There was no previous history of acute abdominal pain indicating possible torsion of the adnexa. The diagnosis should be suspected when radiological investigations show a freely mobile, calcified intraperitoneal mass incidentally in young females with absent adnexa. The diagnostic and therapeutic role of laparoscopy in this case is emphasised.
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  • 33
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Fungal infections ; Urinary tract infections ; Children ; Fluconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two children with fungal urinary tract infections (UTI) were treated with fluconazole. One had bilateral megaureters, an almost non-functioning right kidney, and a moderately functioning left kidney because of severe vesicoureteric reflux. He underwent a ureteric reimplantation procedure but developed a fungal UTI postoperatively. The other child had bilateral refluxing megaureters, one of which appeared to open ectopically into the urethra. He acquired a fungal infection during intensive and prolonged antibiotic therapy for a bacterial UTI and septicaemia in the neonatal period. Both fungal infections were cured successfully. We recommend fluconazole as a safe and effective antifungal agent that may be used as a drug of choice for this difficult problem.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Minimally invasive surgery ; Laparoscopy ; Thoracoscopy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our initial experience over the last 3 years with laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery in children and adolescents is reported. Between September 1992 and August 1995, a total of 215 laparoscopic and thoracoscopic procedures were performed: 32 appendectomies for acute appendicitis, 10 cholecystectomies for symptomatic gallstones, 11 procedures for adnexal pathology, 6 laparoscopies in children with nonpalpable testes, 3 diagnostic laparoscopies, and 153 thoracoscopic sympathectomies in children suffering from primary palmar hyperhidrosis. The post-operative course was uneventful in all cases. In 2 children with acute appendicitis we converted to the open technique due to technical difficulties. We are encouraged by the results of our initial experience. There is no doubt that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic surgery of adnexal pathology, and thoracoscopic sympathectomy, because of their numerous benefits - shorter operative time, hospitalization, and convalescence as well as less postoperative pain and improved cosmetic results - are replacing the open techniques. We are not convinced as yet of the advantages of laparoscopic appendectomy in children; we are presently performing both laparoscopic and conventional techniques and studying the various parameters in order to reach a more definite conclusion. Various other endoscopic surgical procedures will be carefully considered in the near future.
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  • 35
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 142-144 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Hirschsprung’s disease ; Children ; Anastomosis ; Surgical treatment ; Intraluminal stapling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Twenty patients aged 5 months – 4 years (mean 14 months) with Hirschsprung’s disease were operated upon. In all cases a pull-through resection and stapled circular coloanal anastomosis was performed, in 11 with a single-stapling technique and in 9 with double-stapling. Isopaque rectography 4 – 10 days postoperatively showed an intact anastomosis in all 20 patients, i. e., there were no clinical or subclinical leaks. On palpation 4 – 6 weeks postoperatively, there were signs of stenosis in 4 patients. However, no. 9 – 11 Hegar dilators passed easily and there was no residual stenosis at follow-up 3 months after surgery. The technique can be recommended in children over 6 months of age.
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  • 36
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 264-265 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Gastric erosions ; Drug intake ; Children ; Acute gastrointestinal bleeding ; Endoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors evaluated the relationship between drug intake and upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The endoscopic files of the previous 2 years were reviewed and the incidence and age and sex distribution recorded. GI bleeding is indication for a high percentage of lower endoscopies and a low percentage of upper endoscopies. On the other hand, although rarer upper GI bleeding is more severe and frequently related to drug ingestion. About 50% of cases showed gastric erosions secondary to drug intake. A relation between gastric bleeding and paracetamol is considered, as is the possibility of preventing secondary severe bleeding by pharmacologic gastric protection in children with risk factors such as chronic use of other drugs or portal hypertension.
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  • 37
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 587-590 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Cholelithiasis ; Children ; Sickle-cell disease ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ; Open cholecystectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC) were compared with 29 consecutive open cholecystectomies (OC). Sickle-cell disease (SCD) was the most common reason for cholecystectomy in both groups. The average length of operative time for LC was significantly longer than that of OC (P=0.0149). In 1 patient there was conversion from LC to OC due to severe adhesions. Common bile duct (CBD) stones were diagnosed in 8 (27.6%) of the OC group; in 4 of them the diagnosis was made preoperatively by ultrasound, in 4 by intraoperative cholangiogram. All 8 patients required CBD exploration, and 2 had additional transduodenal sphincteroplasties. In the LC group 5 patients (23.8%) had CBD stones. All had (ERCP) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sphincterotomy, and stone extraction followed by LC. ERCP is a necessary adjunct to treatment if LC is to be contemplated. Six patients in the OC group developed complications, while only 4 patients in the LC group developed minor complications. The length of hospitalization after LC was significantly shorter than after OC (P=0.0150). LC is the procedure of choice in the management of cholelithiasis in children, especially those with SCD.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 587-590 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Cholelithiasis ; Children ; Sickle-cell disease ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ; Open cholecystectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC) were compared with 29 consecutive open cholecystectomies (OC). Sickle-cell disease (SCD) was the most common reason for cholecystectomy in both groups. The average length of operative time for LC was significantly longer than that of OC (P = 0.0149). In 1 patient there was conversion from LC to OC due to severe adhesions. Common bile duct (CBD) stones were diagnosed in 8 (27.6%) of the OC group; in 4 of them the diagnosis was made preoperatively by ultrasound, in 4 by intraoperative cholangiogram. All 8 patients required CBD exploration, and 2 had additional transduodenal sphincteroplasties. In the LC group 5 patients (23.8%) had CBD stones. All had (FRCP) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sphincterotomy, and stone extraction followed by LC. FRCP is a necessary adjunct to treatment if LC is to be contemplated. Six patients in the OC group developed complications, while only 4 patients in the LC group developed minor complications. The length of hospitalization after LC was significantly shorter than after OC (P = 0.0150). LC is the procedure of choice in the management of cholelithiasis in children, especially those with SCD.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Laparoscopy ; Splenectomy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hospital records of patients who underwent splenectomy during the last 2 years were reviewed to compare the advantages of the laparoscopic approach with traditional open splenectomy (OS). Between March 1994 and March 1996, 16 children underwent splenectomy, in 8 using an open approach and 8 by a laparoscopic procedure. Of the patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy (LS), 2 had a concomitant cholecystectomy. Ages ranged between 4 and 11 years (mean 6.4 years); there were 9 girls and 7 boys. The indications for splenectomy were: hereditary spherocytosis (7 cases); idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (4); sickle-cell disease (3); and β-thalassemia (2). The average operating time for OS was 100 min (range, 50–155), for LS 170 min (range 125–240). The hospital stay for patients who had OS ranged from 3 to 9 days (mean 4.7), for those who had LS from 2 to 5 days (mean 3). One OS patient developed a wound infection. In 3 of the LS patients, the spleen was removed via a 7-cm Pfannenstiel minilaparotomy in the suprapubic region; in 5 cases the spleen was captured into an extraction bag, crushed, and removed through the umbilical orifice. The authors believe that LS must be performed only when it is possible to use the extraction bag to remove the spleen from the umbilical orifice (spleens weighing less than 700 g) and when a concomitant procedure such as cholecystectomy is indicated; in other cases OS is preferable.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 215-216 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Ovary ; Torsion ; Calcification ; Children ; Laparoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of a mobile, calcified, intrapelvic mass representing an autoamputated ovary in an asymptomatic girl is presented. There was no previous history of acute abdominal pain indicating possible torsion of the adnexa. The diagnosis should be suspected when radiological investigations show a freely mobile, calcified intraperitoneal mass incidentally in young females with absent adnexa. The diagnostic and therapeutic role of laparoscopy in this case is emphasised.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Fungal infections ; Urinary tract infections ; Children ; Fluconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two children with fungal urinary tract infections (UTI) were treated with fluconazole. One had bilateral megaureters, an almost non-functioning right kidney, and a moderately functioning left kidney because of severe vesicoureteric reflux. He underwent a ureteric reimplantation procedure but developed a fungal UTI postoperatively. The other child had bilateral refluxing megaureters, one of which appeared to open ectopically into the urethra. He acquired a fungal infection during intensive and prolonged antibiotic therapy for a bacterial UTI and septicaemia in the neonatal period. Both fungal infections were cured successfully. We recommend fluconazole as a safe and effective antifungal agent that may be used as a drug of choice for this difficult problem.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Laparoscopy ; Splenectomy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hospital records of patients who underwent splenectomy during the last 2 years were reviewed to compare the advantages of the laparoscopic approach with traditional open splenectomy (OS). Between March 1994 and March 1996, 16 children underwent splenectomy, in 8 using an open approach and 8 by a laparoscopic procedure. Of the patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy (LS), 2 had a concomitant cholecystectomy. Ages ranged between 4 and 11 years (mean 6.4 years); there were 9 girls and 7 boys. The indications for splenectomy were: hereditary spherocytosis (7 cases); idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (4); sickle-cell disease (3); and β-thalassemia (2). The average operating time for OS was 100 min (range, 50–155), for LS 170 min (range 125–240). The hospital stay for patients who had OS ranged from 3 to 9 days (mean 4.7), for those who had LS from 2 to 5 days (mean 3). One OS patient developed a wound infection. In 3 of the LS patients, the spleen was removed via a 7-cm Pfannenstiel minilaparotomy in the suprapubic region; in 5 cases the spleen was captured into an extraction bag, crushed, and removed through the umbilical orifice. The authors believe that LS must be performed only when it is possible to use the extraction bag to remove the spleen from the umbilical orifice (spleens weighing less than 700 g) and when a concomitant procedure such as cholecystectomy is indicated; in other cases OS is preferable.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Minimally invasive surgery ; Laparoscopy ; Thoracoscopy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our initial experience over the last 3 years with laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery in children and adolescents is reported. Between September 1992 and August 1995, a total of 215 laparoscopic and thoracoscopic procedures were performed: 32 appendectomies for acute appendicitis, 10 cholecystectomies for symptomatic gallstones, 11 procedures for adnexal pathology, 6 laparoscopies in children with nonpalpable testes, 3 diagnostic laparoscopies, and 153 thoracoscopic sympathectomies in children suffering from primary palmar hyperhidrosis. The post-operative course was uneventful in all cases. In 2 children with acute appendicitis we converted to the open technique due to technical difficulties. We are encouraged by the results of our initial experience. There is no doubt that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic surgery of adnexal pathology, and thoracoscopic sympathectomy, because of their numerous benefits – shorter operative time, hospitalization, and convalescence as well as less postoperative pain and improved cosmetic results – are replacing the open techniques. We are not convinced as yet of the advantages of laparoscopic appendectomy in children; we are presently performing both laparoscopic and conventional techniques and studying the various parameters in order to reach a more definite conclusion. Various other endoscopic surgical procedures will be carefully considered in the near future.
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  • 44
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    Pediatric surgery international 13 (1997), S. 14-16 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Sickle cell disease ; Cholelithiasis ; Biliary sludge ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prevalence of cholelithiasis was studied prospectively by abdominal ultrasound (US) examination in 305 children with sickle cell disease aged 1–18 years (mean 10.45). Gallstones were present in 60 children (19.7%); an additional 50 had biliary sludge only (16.4%). On follow-up of 35 of the 50 children with sludge, 23 (65.7%) had developed gallstones and 5 had already had a cholecystectomy. Five continued to have sludge on follow-up while 7 were reported to have no sludge. Children with US evidence of sludge should be followed up regularly by US, and those who develop gallstones should undergo elective cholecystectomy. For those with biliary sludge only, we recommend elective cholecystectomy if there are hepatobiliary symptoms.
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  • 45
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    Pediatric surgery international 13 (1997), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Laparoscopic appendectomy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 6 months, 48 children who underwent conventional appendectomy (CA) were compared to 34 children who had laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) for acute and recurrent subacute appendicitis. Their ages ranged from 4 to 12 years (mean 8). LA took significantly longer, 76 min, versus 50 min for CA. Less than 2 days' hospitalization was required in 95% of LA cases and 45% of CA cases. Time to return to normal activity averaged 7 days for LA and 12 days for CA (P 〈 0.001). Wound complications were fewer and the cosmetic appearance was most satisfactory in LA patients. LA is a safe operation that has the advantage of being exploratory, with shorter hospitalization time, early ambulation, and superior cosmetic results.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Healing ; Myocardial injury ; Macrophage ; Myofibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the relation between macrophage and myofibroblast involvement in various myocardial diseases, the authors investigated the kinetics of these cells in the healing (scar tissue formation) following isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. Alphasmooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressing myofibroblasts were seen at the border of the affected area and appeared in the greatest numbers on days 3–7 post-injection, followed by a gradual decrease by day 35. The peak on day 3 was consistent with the timing of the highest proliferative activity of myofibroblasts. The number of ED1-positive macrophages began to increase as early as day 1, reaching a peak on day 3 within the injured myocardium. The expansion of EDI-positive macrophages preceded an increased number of α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts suggesting that myofibroblast proliferation and activation may be mediated by factors released by ED1-positive mcrophages in response to myocardial injury. The number of ED2-positive tissue-fixed, resident macrophages gradually increased from day 3 post-injection, and peaked on day 14, but the number of ED2-positive macrophages was consistently fewer than that of ED1-positive macrophages during the 35 day-observation period after the injection. The labelling index of the ED2-positive cells was maximal on day 14, indicative of local proliferation of resident macrophages. In the healing process after myocardial injury, EDI-positive macrophages increase markedly in the early stages; ED2-positive macrophages appear later.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Acidic fibroblast growth factor ; Gastrointestinal endocrine tumours ; Carcinoid tumours ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a member of the structurally related heparin-binding growth factor family. The best studied members of this family are aFGF and basic FGF (bFGF), which are potent mitogens and differentiation factors for mesodermderived cells, including fibroblasts. This study was designed to verify the immunohistochemical expression of aFGF in normal human endocrine cells of the gut and in related endocrine tumours. We examined normal gastrointestinal mucosa from seven different subjects and 41 gut endocrine tumours from different sites, including stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine, using an aFGF polyclonal antibody with no cross-reactivity for bFGF. We localized aFGF in a fraction of serotonin-producing enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the normal gut, while it was absent in gastrin (G), CCK, secretin (S), somatostatin (D) and glicentin (L) cells. aFGF immunoreactivity was also expressed in serotonin producing EC cell tumours, but not in other functional types of gut endocrine neoplasms investigated, including gastric ECL cell, duodenal somatostatin and gastrin cell, and rectal L cell tumours. A positive correlation was found between expression of aFGF and the amount of tumour fibrous stroma, suggesting that aFGF may be involved in proliferation and activity of stromal fibroblasts.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure Phalanx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma in one phalanx of the hand is reported. A 78-year-old man noticed swelling in the little finger of his right hand approximately 7 years before referral. Imaging disclosed a tumour with a “ground glass appearance and irregular mottled calcification occupying almost all of the phalanx marrow and suggested slight invasion into the soft tissue. Open biopsy suggested a diagnosis of well-differentiated fibroblastic osteosarcoma. The finger and its metacarpal bone were amputated and a tumour measuring 3.5x2.2x2.0 cm and with an indistinct soft tissue margin was found in the bone marrow. Histologically, the tumour was composed of fibroblastic cells with few mitoses, and neoplastic bone formation was apparent. Although the tumour appeared to be a fibrous dysplasia, the presence of nuclear atypia, hypercellularity, and the absence of a typical woven bone pattern in addition to the soft tissue invasion indicated otherwise. Ultrastructural examination showed focal myofibroblastic differentiation, and immunohistochemistry revealed smooth muscle actin, vimentin, osteocalcin, osteonectin and MIB1 in the tumour cells. This ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study is believed to be the first detailed report of an intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma of phalangeal bone.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pseudoinvasion ; Colon carcinoma ; Stromelysin 3 ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomas is often difficult to distinguish from invasive carcinoma. Previous studies have indicated that expression of stromelysin-3 (ST 3), one of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes, may be useful for the identification of early invasive carcinoma. The goal of our study was to detect ST-3 expression in colorectal adenomatous polyps to see if it could be helpful for the differential diagnosis of pseudoinvasion vs. true invasion. We studied 25 polypectomy specimens which were divided histologically into 2 groups; the first consisted of 15 adenomas with invasive carcinoma, 8 of these carcinomas were more diffusely infiltrative (pT1), and 7 tended to be expansively invasive. The second group was composed of 10 adenomas with pseudoinvasion. A 35S labelled cDNA probe was used for in situ hybridization (ISH) and a monoclonal antibody (5ST4A9) for immunohistochemistry (IHC). The distribution of ST-3 expression as detected by IHC and ISH was identical. All diffusely infiltrative carcinoma cases showed ST-3 expression, but only focally in 2 cases with marked lymphocytic infiltration. None of the expansive carcinoma or pseudoinvasion cases showed ST-3 expression. ST-3 expression seems to be an indicator of invasion, but a negative reaction for ST-3 does not rule out an expansive invasive neoplasm or a diffusely infiltrative invasive tumour with a dense lymphocytic reaction.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cathepsins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human soft tissue sarcomas ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lysosomal proteases are known to enhance the spread of epithelial tumour cells, but little is known of the possible role of proteases in the growth of soft tissue sarcomas (STS). We investigated the expression of cathepsins D, B, S, H, L and procathepsin L in frozen sections of 34 STS from 34 patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cathepsins D, B and H were relatively highly expressed in STS (77–91%). The expression rate of cathepsins S and L and of procathepsin L was lower (40–66%). Cathepsin S and L expression showed a moderate (P = 0.078 andP = 0.019) and procathepsin L a strong (P = 0.00001) correlation with the survival rate of STS patients. Cathepsin S expression is also correlated with the local recurrence rate (P 〈 0.01). Lysosomal proteases may play a role in STS progression, and cathepsin expression may also have, significance as a prognostic factor in STS.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Colon cancer ; Colon-specific sulfomucin ; Sialosyl-Tn ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Histochemical reports claim that sulfomucins decrease and sialylated mucins increase during colon carcinogenesis. We examined the expression of colon-specific sulfomucins and sialosyl Tn antigen (STN) in normal small intestine, normal colorectal mucosa and colorectal tumours at different stages of progression immunohistochemically, using MAb 91.9H specific for colonic sulfomucins and MAb TKH-2 for STN. No expression of sulfomucins recognized by MAb 91.9H was found in normal small intestine, whereas STN staining was pronounced. The converse was the case in normal colorectal mucosa. Sulfomucins were still found in adenomas, but the amounts decreased with depth of invasion in cancers (P〈0.001). In contrast, no STN could be detected in benign lesions, but staining became increasingly evident with invasion (P〈0.001). This reciprocal control of expression of colon-specific sulfomucins and STN evident in tumour progression indicates that the mucous phenotype shifts from the colonic to the small intestinal type.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast carcinomas ; p53 ; TP53 gene ; E-cadherin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Genomic instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In breast carcinomas the TP53 gene is altered in 10–30% of cases. Alteration of the gene may lead to a general genomic instability, detected as deletions and/or amplifications at the gene level, and as altered expression at the mRNA and protein level. We have demonstrated a strong association between down-regulation of E-cadherin protein expression and alterations of the p53 protein, detected as TP53 gene mutation and/or protein accumulation in tumour samples from 210 patients with breast carcinomas (P 〈0.001). Investigation of allelic imbalance using microsatellite markers located near the E-cadherin locus was also performed. A higher frequency of loss of heterozygosity in the microsatellite marker closest to the E-cadherin locus was observed in samples with down-regulation of E-cadherin protein expression. A higher frequency of down-regulation of the E-cadherin protein expression was found in invasive lobular carcinomas than in invasive ductal carcinomas, although this difference was of borderline significant (P=0.084). Cases in the present series were also immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein overexpression. A significant association between p53 protein accumulation and cerbB-2 protein overexpression was seen (P=0.036). The results of the present study indicate that p53 protein may play a role in regulation of E-cadherin protein expression.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words p53 ; Metallothionein ; Duct carcinoma of breast ; DCIS ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunocytochemically detectable MT and p53 have been found more commonly in comedo DCIS of the breast with high-grade cytology. The aim of this study is to confirm these findings and to investigate the relationship between MT and p53 in a single large series of cases of DCIS of the breast. To this end, 127 cases of DCIS were classified histologically according to architecture, cytonuclear differentiation (grade), presence and extent of intraduct necrosis, and using the Van Nuys system. Sections were immunostained for p53 and MT (E9) using established techniques, and the extent and intensity of staining were assessed semi-quantitively. The results confirmed that there was generally more MT and p53 positivity in poorly differentiated (grade 3) DCIS with extensive necrosis and that MT expression was greater in grade 2 lesions than p53 expression. However, overall there was no statistically significant correlation between p53 and MT staining. The results indicate that MT and p53 overexpression may arise from independent mechanisms in early breast neoplasia.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pancreatic digestive enzymes ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; RT-PCR ; Enzyme assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pancreatic digestive enzymes have rarely been reported in human nonpancreatic organs. We examined their expression in the epithelial cells of the nonpancreatic gastrointestinal organs, looking for pancreatic α-amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pancreatic lipase. Western blotting, enzyme assay and pancreatic α-amylase mRNA were also used in selected specimens. In normal tissues, immunoreactivity of one or more of these enzymes was frequently noted in cells of the salivary glands, stomach, duodenum, large pancreatic ducts, extrahepatic bile ducts and gall bladder. The epithelium of the normal oesophagus, small intestine and colon were consistently negative for these enzymes. In pathologic tissues, immunoreactivity for one or more enzymes was present in epithelial cells of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, cholecystitis, adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct, and colon adenoma and adenocarcinoma. Western blotting showed a specific band of each enzyme in some specimens of normal stomach. In situ hybridization for pancreatic α-amylase mRNA showed specific signals in the normal stomach, but not in the normal colon. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for pancreatic α-amylase mRNA revealed specific signals in the normal stomach. Enzyme assay revealed that the stomach and gall bladder showed these activities. The data suggest that pancreatic digestive enzymes are produced by several epithelial cell types of the nonpancreatic gastrointestinal organs, that the organs positive for pancreatic enzyme have a common cell lineage, and that neoplasms continue to express or neoexpress these enzymes after neoplastic transformation.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Tracheopathia osteochodroplastica ; Bone morphogenetic protein-2 ; Transforming growth factor beta-1 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is an unusual condition characterized by cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules in the tracheobronchial tree. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) are potent inducers for new bone formation. We studied the precise localization of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in two autopsied cases of TO, using immunohistochemical methods. Positive BMP-2 immunoreactivity was detected in numerous mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts lining the nodules in the tracheal submucosa. BMP-2 was not found in mature lamellar bony nodules. TGF-β1 was not seen in mesenchymal cells, though it did appear in chondrocytes and osteocytes in the nodules. These results suggest that BMP-2 plays an important role in nodule formation and acts synergistically with TGF-β1 to promote the nodules inductive cascade in the tracheal submucosa.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words: Protein p53 ; Breast cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; p53 mutation ; Temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Mutations of the p53 gene appear to be one of the most common abnormalities in human cancer. Although many studies have been published about p53 alterations in breast cancer, data on molecular biological detection of p53 mutations in in situ lesions are still rare, and the implications for breast cancerogenesis are unclear. Tissue samples from 83 patients with different stages of breast cancer and from 13 patients with benign breast lesions were screened for p53 gene mutations by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). p53 protein accumulation was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were gained from fresh-frozen tissue, scrapings, or paraffin embedded tissue. Additionally, 23 pairs of primary tumours and corresponding lymph nodes were examined. p53 gene aberrations were found in 55.7% of the infiltrating carcinomas, in 31.5% of the ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) and in one atypical ductal hyperplasia. A positive correlation was seen with high-grade tumours and with comedo. There was no statistically significant relationship with respect to age, menopausal status, tumour size, hormone receptor status or lymphatic invasion. Concordance between TGGE and IHC was seen in only 63% of the cases analysed. However, with regard to p53 mutation screening by TGGE, a high significance (P = 0.0008) was seen between standard tissue extraction and our scrape preparation technique. Among 8 pairs of primary tumours and their corresponding lymph node metastases, only 3 harbored identical p53 mutations in the same exon, while in 5 cases with mutant p53 in the primaries, no mutation was seen in the lymph node. Our data indicate that p53 mutations are frequent in breast tumours associated with unfavorable prognosis, including high-grade or the comedo histotype. There is evidence that p53 gene alterations occur early in breast cancerogenesis, as mutations were detected not only in in situ carcinomas but also in atypical ductal hyperplasia.
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  • 57
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    Virchows Archiv 431 (1997), S. 407-413 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Keratins ; Thyroid ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies indicate that keratins 7, 8 and 18 are present in all thyroid papillary and follicular lesions, but the distribution of other keratins has been incompletely characterized. The profile of individual keratin (K) polypeptides was evaluated immunohistochemically in over 200 non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid papillary and follicular lesions. Monoclonal antibodies to K19, K17, K16, K5/6 and K10 were applied in paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed tissue. K19 was present variably, often only focally in goitres, and was present only sporadically in papillary hyperplasia. However, K19 was strongly and uniformly expressed in virtually all papillary carcinomas, indicating differential diagnostic usefulness in differentiating papillary hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma. About half of the follicular carcinomas (defined as tumours strictly excluding the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma) were also strongly K19-positive, suggesting that K19 patterns are not reliable in differentiating papillary and follicular carcinoma. K17 and K5/6 were present in cysts and squamous metaplasia of goitres, and focally in papillary but only exceptionally in follicular carcinoma in areas of squamous differentiation and tumour cells in desmoplastic stroma. K16 in turn was present only focally in well-developed squamous metaplasia in goitres but was not found in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. K10, a high-molecular-weight keratin typical of epidermal differentiation, was identified neither in non-neoplastic nor in neoplastic differentiated thyroid lesions, including squamous metaplasia. These results indicate that papillary carcinomas differ from other differentiated thyroid tumours in their varying, usually focal, expression of stratified epithelial keratins that are partly but not exclusively related to squamous differentiation in such lesions. However, papillary carcinomas do not express truly epidermally restricted keratins; their previously described reactivity with polyclonal ”epidermal keratin” antibodies most probably results from the reactivity of such antibodies with K19.
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  • 58
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    Virchows Archiv 430 (1997), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lung adenoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Case report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alveolar adenomas of the lung may be a rare cause of solitary coin lesions on chest radiographs. We report a case of this neoplasm, describe its morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics and give further evidence that alveolar adenomas of the lung represent a benign proliferation of both the alveolar epithelium and the septal mesenchyme.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Papillary carcinoma ; Follicular carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytokeratin filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of simple and stratified epithelial-type cytokeratin (CK) intermediate filaments was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a series of 41 papillary carcinomas, 10 follicular carcinomas, 2 poorly differentiated carcinomas and 34 specimens of normal thyroid parenchyma and lymphocytic thyroiditis. The aim of the study was to establish the CK profile of normal thyroid and thyroid carcinomas in order to clarify the putative application of CK immunostaining in diagnostic surgical pathology, and to evaluate whether the process of neoplastic transformation and tumour progression in the thyroid may be associated with any particular change in CK expression. Normal thyroid strongly expressed simple epithelial-type CKs 7 and 18 and, to a lesser degree, CKs 8 and 19, but did not express stratified epithelial-type CKs. The same pattern was found in lymphocytic thyroiditis, though the CK 19 immunoreactivity was stronger in these lesions than in the normal thyroid. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas shared the expression of simple epithelial-type CKs 7, 8, 18 and 19. Immunoreactivity for CK 19 was frequently stronger and more widely distributed within each particular tumour in papillary than in follicular carcinomas, but it could also be detected, at least focally, in every follicular carcinoma. Strong expression of CK 19 highlighted small foci of papillary carcinoma not easily identifiable by conventional histological examination. Stratified epithelial-type CKs 5/6 and 13 were detected in a high percentage of papillary carcinomas, in contrast to their absence in follicular carcinomas and normal thyroid. The CK pattern was similar in primary and metastatic papillary carcinomas. We conclude that papillary carcinoma of the thyroid presents a distinct CK profile that may be used for diagnostic purposes.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ; Gastric cancer ; HLA antigen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we examined the distribution of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in gastric adenomas and carcinomas immunohistochemically at the light and electron microscopic levels. ICAM-1 was expressed on tumour cells in 12 of 28 gastric carcinomas and in 3 of 11 adenomas but not on most normal gastric epithelial cells. ICAM-1 was localized on luminal sites of neoplastic glands in adenomas and in intestinal-type carcinomas, and rarely on the surface of tumour cells of diffuse carcinomas. Expression of ICAM-1 on the tumour cells was more frequent in intestinal-type than diffuse carcinomas (P〈0.005). At the ultrastructural level, ICAM-1 was present prominently on the apical membrane and weakly on the lateral surface of the tumour cells of the intestinal-type carcinoma and also localized on the perinuclear membrane and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum of cancer cells. There was no significant association between. ICAM-1 expression and HLA antigen expression or the number of infiltrating lymphocyte subsets. These results may implicate the synthesis of ICAM-1 by gastric cancer cells, but the expression is infrequent and may not be sufficient for host immune surveillance of the tumour cell.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: src homology 2 ; Protein-tyrosine phosphatase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Vascular smooth muscle cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is known to transduce positive signals from activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinases such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) β and insulin receptor. Here, we demonstrate the physiological expression of SHP2 in rats. In northern and western blot analyses, SHP2 expressions were recognized in all tissues, but their expression levels varied significantly among tissues; it is lowest in the liver and kidney. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization showed SHP2 was expressed ubiquitously but predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). During the development of granulations, SHP2 was expressed predominantly in vascular SMC and also highly expressed in capillary cells. The functional associations of SHP2 with PDGFRβ, which transduces major growth signals in vascular SMC, identify a crucial function of SHP2 in blood vessels in consert with PDGFRβ.
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  • 62
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    Virchows Archiv 431 (1997), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Inflammatory pseudotumour ; Bile duct ; Clonal analysis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Inflammatory pseudotumour of the common bile duct (CBD) is extremely rare. A 58-year-old Japanese female without choledocolithiasis underwent pancreatico-duodenectomy for constriction of the middle lower region of the CBD. A submucosal tumour protruding into the CBD, was histologically inflammatory consisting of fibroblastic cells, collagen fibres and myxoid stroma with chronic inflammatory cells. This lesion was surrounded by an irregular fibrosclerosing lesion with obliterative phlebitis which involved the neighbouring pancreas and lymph nodes. Clonal analysis of the tumour by polymerase chain reaction analysis of X chromosome inactivation patterns, confirmed the polyclonal nature of the lesion. Immunohistochemically, the fibroblastic cells in both lesions had the same phenotype [vimentin (+), desmin (−), muscle-specific actin (−) and CD34 (+)] suggesting that these lesions with different histological features represent zonation of the same inflammatory process. The outer lesion extended irregularly into adjacent pancreatic tissue and lymph nodes. This fact made it difficult to differentiate this from a malignant lesion, even if frozen sections contained no atypical cells.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Membranous nephropathy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Renal biopsy specimens from patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) were studied using immunohistochemical labelling to clarify the aetiological significance of Helicobacter pylori antigen in this disease. Sixteen specimens were examined, from 7 male and 9 female MN patients. Renal specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy and IgA nephropathy, and from autopsied patients without renal diseases were obtained as controls. Immunohistochemical labelling was performed using one polyclonal antibody and three monoclonal antibodies against H. pylori. Specimens from 11 of the MN patients revealed granular deposits along the glomerular capillary walls, which reacted positively with polyclonal antibody after trypsin pretreatment. None of the control specimens revealed positive labelling. The MN specimens showed no positive reaction with the primary antibody, which had been treated for immunoabsorption testing using sonicated H. pylori.We also determined H. pylori status in these MN patients histologically and/or serologically. Of the 11 patients whose glomeruli were positive for anti-H. pylori antibody, 7 were suitable for analysis, and all were regarded as positive for H. pylori infection. These results suggest that the presence of a specific antigen in the glomeruli of patients with MN and H. pylori infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of MN.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: TGF-β receptors ; Prostate cancer ; Competitive polymerase chain reaction ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the normal prostate, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) inhibits epithelial cell growth and is associated with apoptosis. The role of TGF-β1 in prostate cancer remains, however, unclear. In this work, the expression of TGF-β receptor type I and II (TGFβ-RI and TGFβ-RII) in the Dunning R3327 PAP adenocarcinoma was studied, after castration and oestrogen treatment. Since castration induces apoptosis in the rat ventral prostate (VP) [21], but not in the Dunning R3327 PAP tumour [46], the TGF-β receptor levels in the tumour were compared to the receptor levels in the VP. Methods used were competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. In the VP, TGFβ-RI and TGFβ-RII expressions were increased after castration, indicating a negative regulation of TGFβ receptors by androgens. In the Dunning tumour, TGFβ-RI and TGFβ-RII levels were elevated and only TGFβ-RI showed a clear-cut increase after castration. The receptors were located in epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the VP and mainly in epithelial cells in the Dunning tumour. In conclusion, the elevated TGFβ receptor levels and the diminished androgen regulation of TGFβ-RII in the tumour distinguish the Dunning R3327 PAP tumour from the normal prostate and need to be further elucidated.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; Urothelium ; CD44V2 ; Alternative splicing ; Immunohistochemistry ; Diagnostic marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Variant forms of the receptor, produced by alternative splicing, have been found to be associated with tumor progression in a variety of cancers. Based on investigations at the RNA level, it has recently been proposed that expression of CD44 variant V2 was present in urothelial cancer but not in normal urothelium. Since a distinctive marker for urothelial cancer would be extremely useful, frozen sections of normal urothelium and urothelial cancer were examined for expression of standard CD44 and CD44V2. Frozen sections of specimens of 35 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, 16 specimens of normal bladder and 5 ureters were examined. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a polyclonal antibody to CD44V2 (PAB CD44V2), a monoclonal antibody to CD44V2 (MAB CD44V2) and a monoclonal antibody to CD44S (MAB CD44S). CD44V2 and CD44S were also measured in lysates of urine sediments from 21 patients by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). All investigated transitional cell carcinomas expressed CD44V2. There was no differentiation between invasive and noninvasive carcinoma. CD44V2 was also expressed in normal urothelium. Standard CD44 was expressed by the transitional cell carcinoma, normal urothelium, musculature and interstitial tissue. The amount of CD44V2 and CD44S in lysates of urine sediments is not correlated to diagnosis. In contrast to investigations at the RNA level, CD44V2 on the protein level seems not to be a distinctive marker for urothelial cancer. Therefore, CD44V2 will not be a useful diagnostic marker for detection of transitional cell carcinoma.
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  • 66
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    Urological research 25 (1997), S. S31 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder tumour ; Carcinogenesis ; p53 tumour-suppressor ; gene Disease progression ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Overexpression of p53, as determined by immunohistochemical staining with the murine monoclonal antibody DO7, was determined in specimens of 46 primary superficial transitional cell bladder tumours (14 TaG2, 10 T1G2, 22 T1G3). A colon cancer specimen served as a positive control and normal mesenchymal cells in the specimens served as an internal negative control. An exceptionally high proportion 36/46 (78%) of the specimens were found to stain positively for p53 in over 20% of the cell nuclei. After a median follow-up of 7 years, ten patients developed progressive disease. Of these ten patients nine demonstrated p53 positivity, resulting in a sensitivity of 90%. However, 27 of the overall 36 patients (75%) with p53-positive tumours did not progress to a higher stage or metastatic disease. These findings suggest that p53 overexpression is not of predictive prognostic value in superficial transitional cell carcinoma. With 7 of 14 specimens (50%) of Ta tumours overexpressing p53, the results were suggestive of p53 mutation being an early event in carcinogenesis. When the threshold was set at 50% of the cell nuclei overexpressing p53, 16/46 (35%) classified as p53 positive. Of the 16 tumours staining positively for p53, 7 (46%) progressed and 9 (56%) did not. None of the Ta and 16 (50%) of the T1 tumours classified as positive. This more stringent definition of positivity still does not identify p53 positivity as a single prognostic factor. With 50% of T1 tumours classifying as positive, we still find that p53 mutation may be an early event in carcinogenesis of bladder cancer.
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  • 67
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    Reading and writing 9 (1997), S. 339-361 
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Spelling ; Analogy ; Rime ; Children ; Nonword
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate developmental changes in children's use of rime-level units of sound-to-spelling correspondence when spelling nonwords under varying task demands. In Experiment 1, nonwords were presented in isolation. Older children spelled more of the nonwords by analogy than younger children. Experiment 2 adopted versions of the clue word technique employed by Goswami (1988a) and found that significantly more analogous, rime-based responses were given to the same stimuli in both younger and older children. However, fewer analogous responses were given when the salience of the clue word was reduced by presentation of multiple target nonwords. The results suggest that while children in the early stages of development possess the ability to use rime-based units in spelling, they do not always make spontaneous use of this analogy strategy. However, when the potential to use rime-based units is highlighted by task demands, as is the case in Experiment 2 when a clue word is provided, even young children make considerable use of analogy in spelling.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cytokine ; HIV-associated cognitive/motor complex ; Prospective study ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pathogenesis of HIV-associated cognitive changes is poorly understood. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been postulated to contribute to the mechanism of the neurological complications of HIV infection. One of the effects of TNF-α is to induce astrocyte proliferation in vitro. The purpose of this study was to look for a correlation between the expression of TNF-α, astrogliosis and the degree of cognitive impairment in 12 prospectively assessed AIDS cases without focal brain lesion, 8 of whom were demented. They were compared with 6 control patients without neurological disease. Neuropathological examination showed myelin pallor in 5 of the 8 demented patients. TNF-α expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in the midfrontal cortex, subcortical and deep white matter, and basal ganglia. Not only perivascular macrophages but also some microglial and endothelial cells were labeled. Most TNF-α-positive cells were in close contact with glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. They were more numerous than gp41-positive cells. Their density increased with increasing cognitive impairment and in parallel to the astrogliosis in the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and deep white matter. These findings further support the hypotheses that lesions of the deep white matter, driven by TNF-α, are associated with cognitive alteration, and that indirect effects of HIV infection in the brain participate in the development of HIV-associated dementia through a diffuse immune activation, mediated by cytokines.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ischemia ; Glial fibrillary ; acidic protein ; Neurofilament ; Albumin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized the evolving morphological changes in the adult rat spinal cord following photochemically induced spinal cord ischemia. In cresyl violet-stained sections, disintegration of the tissue at the epicenter was evident at 6 h. This was preceded at 1 h post ischemia by an albumin immunoreactivity. The albumin immunoreactivity was increased at 6 and even more so at 24 h post ischemia. At 72 h post ischemia the albumin immunoreactivity was decreased. The size of the lesion was established by 3 days after the onset of ischemia. During the 1st week post ischemia, neurofilament (NF) immunohistochemistry showed swollen axons adjacent to the injured tissue. From 2 weeks post ischemia an increasing number of regrowing NF-immunoreactive axons could be seen in the center of the necrotic cavity. At 3 weeks after ischemia, a developing gliosis was observed around and rostral to the lesion cavity, as evidenced by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. The gliosis became more pronounced until 6 weeks post ischemia, at which time enlarged GFAP-immunoreactive cells could be seen in the remaining viable tissue bordering the necrotic areas. In this study we show that several traits in the development of a spinal cord lesion after photochemically induced ischemia are similar to those described previously after traumatic spinal cord lesions.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words p21 ; p53 ; Astrocytoma ; Single-strand ; conformation polymorphism ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Approximately one quarter of human astrocytomas show immunohistochemical positivity for p53 protein but lack p53 gene mutations, which could reflect either an accumulation of wild-type p53 protein or an inadequate sensitivity of mutation detection. Since wild-type p53 up-regulates p21 expression, increased p21 expression in those astrocytomas with p53 accumulation in the absence of mutations would argue that the protein was wild type in these tumors. We therefore compared p21 expression with p53 gene and protein status in 48 primary human astrocytomas. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of the p53 gene showed mutations in 11 tumors (22.9%), while immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining in 19 cases (39.6%). Those tumors with p53 immunopositivity in the absence of p53 mutation had significantly increased p21 expression when compared to either mutant p53 or p53-immunonegative cases. Neither p53 nor p21 status correlated with proliferation indices, as assessed by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. These results support the hypotheses that functionally wild-type p53 accumulates in some astrocytomas, and that alternative cell cycle checkpoints (such as the p16 pathway) may be more important than p21 in regulating proliferation in astrocytomas.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Dystrophin ; Exercise intolerance ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exercise intolerance associated with myalgias, muscle cramps or myoglobinuria may be associated with a dystrophinopathy. A search for abnormal dystrophin expression (using immunohistochemistry, immunoblot and DNA analysis) was carried out in a series of 15 patients. They were selected because they presented exercise intolerance, negative biochemical tests (lipid, glycogen and mitochondrial metabolism) and abnormal immunohistochemistry with at least one anti-dystrophin antibody (anti-Dys 1, rod domain; anti-Dys 2, C terminus; anti-Dys 3, N terminus). Lack of anti-Dys 1 immunoreactivity was seen in three patients and abnormal immunoreactivity with all three anti-dystrophin antibodies in two. Immunoblot confirmed the dystrophinopathy in these five patients only, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction DNA analysis revealed a deletion in the dystrophin gene in two of these patients, affecting the proximal part of the rod domain in one and the distal part of this domain in the other. The clinical, biological and histopathological features of the five patients reported here, together with the previous cases reported in the literature, are described and reveal that exercise intolerance associated with dystrophinopathy displays characteristic clinical, biological and immunohistochemical features and defines a new dystrophinopathy phenotype. The absence of staining in the rod domain provides a secure diagnosis of this syndrome. Dystrophinopathy is one etiology of idiopathic myoglobinuria, requiring genetic counseling.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Metallothioneins ; Gliomas ; Meningiomas ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metallothioneins (MTs) are metal binding proteins overexpressed in various human neoplasms which are associated with resistance to cytotoxic drugs. A series of 156 archival human brain tumours were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of MTs; these included 10 low-grade gliomas, 44 high-grade gliomas, 98 meningeal tumours (19 classical, 30 atypical, 38 anaplastic meningiomas, and 11 haemangiopericytomas or papillary meningiomas), and 4 other tumours. Low-grade gliomas showed heterogeneous MT expression; 32 high-grade gliomas (72.7%) showed MT expression of more than 25% of tumour cells without statistically significant differences between first operations and recurrent tumours. In 2 glioblastomas, the presence of MT was confirmed by Western blotting. The extent of MT immunoexpression showed a statistically significant inverse relationship to the degree of p53 immunoreactivity. In meningiomas, a tendency to a higher percentage of MT-expressing cells was observed from classical over atypical to anaplastic meningiomas, but these differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, MT expression is present in a significant portion of, especially malignant, brain tumours and might be involved in their poor response to antineoplastic drugs.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Microcephaly ; Methylazoxymethanol ; acetate ; Serotonin fibers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The postnatal development of serotonin (5HT)-immunoreactive axons was studied in the visual cortex of the cerebrum in both normal and microcephalic rats during early postnatal and young adult stages. Severe microcephaly in rat offspring was induced by prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), an anti-mitotic agent, on day 15 of gestation. From postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 5, fine and short 5HT fibers were irregularly dispersed throughout the occipital cortex in both the control and MAM-treated rats (MAM-rats). A conspicuous aggregation of dot-like 5HT terminals was found in controls, but not in MAM-rats, in a shallow layer of the dorsomedial region of the occipital cortical plate. On PND 7, such an aggregation of 5HT terminals was found in both groups. The density of the aggregation increased up to PND 9, but then decreased gradually, finally becoming unrecognizable at around PND 15 in both groups. MAM-rats, however, always showed hyperaggregation of 5HT terminals when compared with controls on the same PND. The density of 5HT fibers gradually increased, and finally made up a network-like formation at PND 28 in both groups, its pattern was essentially identical to the abnormal distribution of 5HT fibers during the later stage. As a result, the network-like formation of 5HT fibers in the MAM-rats at PND 28 was markedly twisted and somewhat hyperdense. In Nissl-stained preparations from PND 9 to 15, the 5HT terminal aggregation in the control rats was precisely confined to the newly forming layer IV of the visual cortex. In the MAM-rats, on the other hand, the aggregation of 5HT terminals was not associated with a specific cortical layer because of a disarranged cytoarchitecture of the microcephaly.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Apolipoprotein E ; Pick’s disease ; Pick body ; Limbic system ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We carried out immunohistochemical examination of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in brains from two patients with Pick’s disease. In these cases 1 and 2, the APOE genotypes were ɛ3/4 and ɛ3/3, respectively. In both cases, numerous argyrophilic globular intraneuronal inclusions, Pick bodies (PBs), were distributed widely throughout the brain, and immunohistochemically were occasionally positive for apoE. Interestingly, such apoE-immunoreactive PBs were virtually restricted to neurons in the limbic system; in the dentate gyrus, the proportion of apoE-immunoreactive PBs relative to the total number of argyrophilic PBs was 5.0% in case 1 and 2.7% in case 2, whereas in the frontal and temporal neocortices it was less than 0.1% in both cases. Diffuse cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for apoE was found in only a few limbic system neurons without PBs in both cases. In conclusion, it is considered that apoE may not be positively involved in the process of PB formation and that the preferential distribution of apoE-immunoreactive PBs in the limbic system may reflect the presence of certain regional factors associated with the synthesis or metabolism of apoE in this particular system.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words C-erb-B2 ; C-fos ; p53 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human embryos and fetuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Oncoproteins and tumour-suppressor proteins are thought to possess an antagonistic function in the regulation of growth and differentiation processes during embryonic and fetal development. In contrast, in the adult, tumour growth is associated with the overexpression of oncoproteins or the malfunction of tumour-suppressor proteins. We examined the occurrence of the tumour proteins c-erb-B2 and c-fos and the tumour-suppressor protein p53 in 17 human embryos and fetuses with the help of immunohistochemistry. C-erb-B2 was detected mainly in embryonic tissue that are not known for c-erb-B2-overexpression in tumours in the adult. In contrast, c-fos was almost always located in fetal tissues corresponding to its location in adult tumours. Staining for p53 was found in a wide variety of embryonic and fetal tissues. C-erb-B2 and p53 were localized in the same tissue structures of the developing skin, heart and muscle. In other tissues, e.g. muscle and bone, c-fos was found together with p53, suggesting an antagonistic action of these proliferative and antiproliferative factors. Furthermore, c-erb-B2, c-fos and p53 appear to be important for growth and differentiation processes in human development as the occurrence of these proteins was not only restricted to specific tissues but also to specific stages of development of these tissues.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Neurotrophin receptors ; Mouse retina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Retinal degeneration ; Homozygous rd/rd mice (C57BL/6J)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurotrophins and their receptors (p75 and Trk family of receptors) play an important role in the survival of different populations of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Expression of p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC was examined in mouse retinas by means immunohistochemistry in the postnatal development of normal and rd/rd mice (C57BL/6J). The rd/rd mice suffer a degeneration that causes a massive lost of photoreceptor cells. Results showed immunoreactivity to all three Trk proteins in both normal and rd/rd mice during the first 21 postnatal days, but some variations in intensity and localization were found. p75 immunoreaction was only present in rd/rd mice at the end of the degeneration process. These results could indicate a role of neurotrophins and their receptors in both the postnatal development of mouse retina and the degeneration process of rd/rd mice.
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  • 77
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    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Chondrocytes ; Apoptosis ; Degeneration ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The process of Meckel’s cartilage development was examined with regard to expression of p53, a tumor suppressor gene product and hsp70, a stress protein (heat-shock protein), in association with the occurrence of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Balb C mice embryos from embryonic days E13, E14, E15, E16, E17, E18 and 1- and 3-day-old pups were used. P53-positive cells were detected first at E15, and were found in the perichondrium of the distal part of Meckel’s cartilage. During the degeneration process chondrocytes also became p53-positive. In contrast to p53, the expression of hsp70 was high and widespread in the early stages of development (E13–E15); however, it decreased with age, except for Meckel’s cartilage, where hsp70 was found in the cytoplasm or nuclei of the hypertrophic cells. Apoptosis was first detected at E14–E15 in the perichondrium of the distal parts of Meckel’s cartilage. The number of apoptotic bodies increased with age and the ongoing resorption of Meckel’s cartilage. From the present study it can be concluded that expression of p53 and hsp70 varied during the development of Meckel’s cartilage and that both proteins showed nuclear location in hypertrophic cells. No direct spatial or temporal correlation was observed between the expression of p53 and hsp70 and the occurrence of apoptotic bodies.
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  • 78
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    Anatomy and embryology 195 (1997), S. 531-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Metatarsal bone ; Radiographs ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ossification ; Cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It has long been known that bone is innervated. In recent years it has been suggested that the local nerves may influence the growth and metabolism of bone by way of neuropeptides. The transient local presence of nerve-containing cartilage canals just before formation of secondary ossification centres in rat knee epiphyses seems to support that view. The purpose of the present study was to see if denervation affects the developmental growth of metatarsal bones in the rat hindfoot. We made sciatic and femoral neurectomies in 7- day-old rat pups and examined the hindfeet at various times after surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that denervation was complete. Radiographic examination revealed that the metatarsal bones were significantly shorter in denervated hindfeet 30 days after denervation (average relative shortening 9.9±2.3%). Measurements of total foot length showed that denervated feet were subnormally sized already five days postoperatively, before the onset of secondary ossification. The timing of the latter was not affected by denervation. Control rats subjected to tenotomies exhibited normal metatarsal bone lengths. On the basis of these results we suggest that the local nerves may influence the growth of immature bones but do not affect secondary ossification.
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  • 79
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    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 335-341 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Stress protein ; Western blotting ; Mouse embryo ; Cardiovascular system ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs), which belong to the highly conserved family of stress proteins, are resident to the endoplasmic reticulum and function as molecular chaperones. Heat shock proteins have been shown to be developmentally regulated, but little work has been done to investigate the expression of GRPs during embryogenesis. Therefore, this study examined the distribution of GRP94 within mouse embryos during the period of organogenesis and characterized levels of GRP94 within the developing heart during organogenesis and late fetal stages. Our results demonstrate that the GRP94 protein is constitutively expressed within mouse embryos during early stages of organogenesis and is localized particularly within the developing heart, neuroepithelium, and surface ectoderm tissues. Positive staining for GRP94 remains within developing heart tissues throughout organogenesis and is found primarily within the atrial and ventricular myocardial cells. Western blot analysis of GRP94 expression demonstrates a significantly higher level of GRP94 in embryonic hearts during early stages of organogenesis than in later stages of organogenesis or the fetal period. These results demonstrate that the stress protein GRP94 is constitutively expressed within specific tissues during post-implantation mouse development and suggest that GRPs may play an important role in the process of myocardial cell differentiation and heart development.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Bergmann glia ; Cerebellar dysplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutant rat ; Walker’s lissencephaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hereditary cerebellar vermis defect (CVD) rats, a new neurological mutant, developed both cerebellar vermis defect and cerebellar dysplasia. Developmental alterations in the cerebellum of the CVD rats were studied chronologically and immunohistochemically. The earliest architectural abnormality was a maldevelopment of the inferior cerebellar peduncle from embryonic day 17 (E17), leading to an indistinct separation between the cerebellum and the pons. From E19, the CVD rats lacked vermis development and, therefore, the cerebellar hemispheres were fused. After birth, Purkinje cells and external granule cells (EGCs) penetrated into the pontine tissue, but retained their normal position until postnatal day 10. Cerebellar lamination began to be disturbed due to abnormal perivascular aggregations of the EGCs, resulting in convoluted and occasionally perivascular lamination. There were no Bergmann glia in the heterotopic cerebellum of the pons, and abnormally arranged Bergmann glia were observed in the mildly disorganized cerebellar hemispheres. Immunohistochemistry for calbindin revealed that abnormal orientation of the Purkinje cells might be related to the perivascular EGCs. Parvalbumin-immunopositive microneurons were seen only in the disarranged molecular layers, and synaptophysin-immunopositive cerebellar glomeruli were present in the afflicted internal granular layers. These findings suggest that perivascular EGCs may play an important role in cerebellar dysplasia and the developmental plasticity in the altered cerebellogenesis.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Stress protein ; Chondrocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; TUNEL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be increased in response to stresses. Our immunohistochemical investigations revealed the strong expression of a wide range of HSPs in the chondrocytes of the tibial growth plate cartilage from young rats. HSP28 and HSP70 are expressed in the upper part of the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate cartilage. HSP110 are found from the proliferating zone to the hypertrophic zone. On the other hand, application of the TUNEL method has already shown apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the lower part of the proliferating zone. From then one, HSP expression in the chondrocytes may be correlated with apoptosis, but its possible relation with the different events occurring during the calcification process cannot be excluded.
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  • 82
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    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 471-476 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words CA19-9 ; Pituitary adenoma ; Rathke’s cleft ; cyst ; Transitional cell tumor ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrated immunohistochemically that follicular lining cells of anterior pituitary display carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) at their luminal surfaces. CA19-9 was also demonstrated in the tubular structures of the intermediate lobe. Until now this antigen of exocrine ducts, such as pancreatic and salivary ducts, has not been demonstrated in endocrine tissue. Some CA19-9-positive follicular cells also showed endocrine markers such as chromogranin, synaptophysin and pituitary hormones. In pituitary adenomas, frequently-seen follicular structures showed immunohistochemical features similar to non-neoplastic follicles. Expression of CA19-9 in the adenohypophysis may be related to its origin from an anlage, the stomodeum shared with the parotid gland. The lining cells and mucin of Rathke’s cleft cysts also revealed CA19-9. Accordingly, these cysts could have arisen from follicular cells with an exocrine ductal phenotype. The transitional cell tumor of Kepes also showed CA19-9 at the luminal surfaces of cells and in the mucin of large cysts. Given that smaller mucin-laden cysts appeared fairly frequently in adenomas, the transitional cell tumor may be a kind of pituitary adenoma with follicles in which many cells produce excessive mucin.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hamartoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumor suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied immunohistochemically the expression of tuberin, the protein product of the TSC2 gene, in cerebral, renal and cardiac tissues obtained from patients with tuberous sclerosis and from control patients. Tuberin immunoreactivity was moderate to strong in neurons and reactive astrocytes of control brains, but was reduced in brains with tuberous sclerosis. Staining intensity of abnormal giant cells varied from negative to moderate in cortical tubers, subependymal nodules and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. In control kidneys, uriniferous and collecting tubules showed positive immunoreactivity, whereas a focal decrease in their staining intensity was noted in kidneys with tuberous sclerosis. Renal angiomyolipomas were negative for tuberin. In the heart, cardiac muscles in both control and tuberous sclerosis patients were strongly immunoreactive. Cardiac rhabdomyomas in the latter were stained less intensely. These results provide histological evidence for the loss of tuberin in tuberous sclerosis tissues, which is associated with the development of hamartomas in an organ-specific manner.
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  • 84
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    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Type II lissencephaly ; Extracellular matrix ; Basement membrane ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Type II lissencephaly is a complex cortical malformation in which mesenchymal and central nervous components are intermingled. It is generally believed that the histological pattern is created by migration of heterotopic neuroblasts into the leptomeninges through defects in the superficial basement membrane. Defects of the extracellular matrix have been suggested to be the primary cause of type II lissencephaly. To elucidate the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, we immunostained extracellular matrix and basement membrane components of the cerebral cortex from six fetal and two infantile brains. We found that the pattern of collagen subtypes I, III and VI was not altered in type II lissencephaly brains when compared to normal controls. As to the pathogenesis of type II lissencephaly, a polymicrogyria-like pattern is created, which results in considerable cortical enlargement. The microgyri do not fuse but remain separated from each other by gliovascular tissue, i.e., leptomeninges which contain astrocytes. At the interface between the enlarged brain surface and the gliovascular tissue, neuronal migration takes place through gaps in the external basement membrane. Thus, the cortical dysplasia encountered in type II lissencephaly is only due to a limited amount to neuronal heterotopia in the leptomeninges.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Glutamine synthetase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Meningitis ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry and neuronal apoptotic cell death were evaluated in a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis. Meningitis caused an increase of GS immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex, but not in the hippocampal formation. GFAP immunoreactivity remained unchanged. This may represent a protective mechanism for cortical neurons. The inability of hippocampal GS to counteract the detrimental effects of glutamate may be the cause of neuronal apoptosis observed in the dentate gyrus during meningitis.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Arteriolosclerosis ; Binswanger’s ; encephalopathy ; Dementia ; Extracellular matrix ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A pronounced obliterative microangiopathy of the deep cerebral white matter is one of the cardinal features in classical cases of Binswanger’s encephalopathy. We have characterised the alterations taking place in the intima, media and adventitia of obliterated arterial vessels in seven autopsy cases of this encephalopathy. The adventitia of fibrosed vessels showed immunoreactive material indicating a marked deposition of normally occurring collagen types, i.e. I, III and V. Similar deposits occurred in degenerated parts of the media. Two of the cases had, in addition, signs of collagen type VI-immunoreactive material in the adventitia and media. The elastica of arteries was often split and formed multiple layers. The inner part of the blood vessel walls contained immunoreactivity to collagen type IV and laminin, indicating increased amounts of basal lamina components. Using actin immunostaining the fibrosed arterial vessels showed a severe reduction of smooth muscle cells of the media. However, many terminal arterioles presented a marked actin immunostaining, possibly indicating hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells. The endothelial cell layer did not show any changes with regard to expression of glucose transporter 1, factor VIII, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I and CD34. Degeneration of the media associated with depositions of collagens type I, III, IV, V and possibly type VI, as well as other components of extracellular matrix, will jeopardise the regulatory functions of the afflicted vessels. The maintenance of the endothelial lining of the obliterated vessels probably counteracts thrombosis in the vessels.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis 2 ; Merlin ; Brain ; tumors ; Immunofluorescence ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene-encoded protein, named merlin, may function as a molecular linkage connecting cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. Merlin is thought to play a crucial role as a tumor suppressor not only in hereditary NF2-related tumors, but also in sporadic tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas and gliomas. Using a merlin-expression vector system, we raised specific antiserum against merlin. We observed the intracellular distribution of merlin in cultured glioma cells, and further investigated merlin expression in 116 human brain tumors. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that merlin was localized beneath the cell membrane and concentrated at cell-to-cell adhesion sites, where actin filaments are densely associated with plasma membrane. By immunohistochemistry, none of the schwannomas from either NF2 patients or sporadic cases showed any immunoreactivity, while normal Schwann cells of cranial nerves were immunopositive. In meningiomas, merlin expression was frequently seen in the meningothelial subtype (8/10, 80%), but no expression could be detected in either the fibrous or the transitional variant. Most normal astrocytes were negative; however, reactive astrocytes often expressed merlin. Glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas were found to be strongly positive, and focal positive staining was observed in fibrillary and pilocytic astrocytomas. Thus, the loss of merlin appears to be integral to schwannoma formation and the differential pathogenesis of meningioma subtypes. However, merlin alterations do not appear to play a critical role in either the tumorigenesis or malignant transformation of neoplastic astrocytes.
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  • 88
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    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Meningioma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Ultrastructure ; Intercellular lumina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a recurrent meningioma located in the right frontal lobe. The tumor showed high cellularity and the cells had plump, hyalinous cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, almost all the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, and unexpectedly, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Ultrastructural investigation revealed abundant 8- to 10-nm filaments in the cytoplasm. Conspicuous interdigitations with numerous desmosomes were present. Frequently, intracellular and intercellular lumina lined by microvilli were also found. We considered the present case to be an unusual variant of meningioma with GFAP expression. A few cases of meningioma with triple expression of GFAP, vimentin and cytokeratin have been reported previously. However, the present case showed obvious pathological differences from these, and had no immunoreactivity for cytokeratin.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Afferent nerve fibres ; Joint innervation ; Inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The knee joint of the cat has been used extensively to study the morphology and function of primary afferents in a deep somatic tissue. A proportion of these neurones synthesizes various neuropeptides, with calcitonin gene-related peptide being the most prominent. In the present study we examined the distribution and density of nerve fibres immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide within the medial articular capsule. The fibres were predominantly located in the superficial layer of the capsule. They formed a dense innervation pattern, mainly accompanying blood vessels. Electron microscopy showed that most fibres were in close proximity to small arteries. The highest innervation density was found in parts of the capsule that were located over the epicondyle of the femur with 21±12 fibres per mm2 (mean±SD). In the tissue over the joint cleft this density was lower, with 11±6 fibres per mm2. In conclusion, the high innervation density of the knee joint capsule by nerve fibres containing calcitonin gene-related peptide supports the hypothesis of an important regulatory function of this peptide in normal tissue.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Brain ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was made on the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in cerebral microvessels after cortical contusion trauma of the rat brain. The trauma was produced by a free-falling weight on the exposed dura of one fronto-parietal lobe. Immunohistochemistry was done on cryostat sections using a monoclonal antibody and the reaction product was visualized using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Control and sham-operated rats showed immunostaining of some penetrating arteries of the cerebral cortex, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and occasional microvessels of the brain parenchyma. The same pattern of immunostaining was seen in rats that were subjected to trauma and killed after 30 min. All rats with contusion trauma that were allowed to survive for 6–72 h showed a substantial increase in the number of immunostained capillaries throughout the site of the lesion. The ipsilateral hippocampus showed a mild to moderate increase in the number of immunostained microvascular profiles. This phenomenon was also present in the lateral thalamus of some rats. The staining was seen as an uninterrupted line at the position of the endothelial cells, indicating an up-regulation of this adhesion molecule after brain trauma. Up-regulation of ICAM-1 is a well-known phenomenon in inflammatory and ischemic lesions of the brain but has not previously been described in detail in traumatic brain injury. ICAM-1 may be involved in the production of several post-traumatic events such as leukocyte adhesion, microcirculatory disturbances and edema formation.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Rabies ; Long incubation periods ; Skunk ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is a host of rabies in large areas of Canada and the United States. In each of two experiments, equal numbers of skunks in two groups were inoculated intramuscularly with low doses of a field strain of rabies virus (street rabies virus). In each experiment, skunks in one group surviving to 2 months were killed at this time and selected tissues were used for examination by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method or by immunohistochemistry for rabies antigen. Results of detailed examinations using PCR technology (experiment 1) indicated that muscle at the inoculation site contained viral RNA at 2 months postinoculation, when other relevant tissues on the route of viral migration and early entrance into the central nervous system were negative. The cellular location of virus/antigen, as determined immunohistochemically in experiment 2, was striated muscle fibers and fibrocytes. Our results indicate a major role of muscle (tissue) infection at the inoculation site in the long incubation period of rabies in skunks. These and related findings will be useful in rabies control and, if applicable to other species, will be relevant in postexposure treatment.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Blood-brain barrier ; Binswanger’s disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; White matter lesions ; Lacunar infarcts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Binswanger’s disease is pathologically characterized by a combination of diffuse cerebrovascular white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia and white matter. Although a blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these white matter (WM) lesions, few authors have addressed this problem. In the present study, we describe BBB dysfunction and its regional differences in the brains of Binswanger’s disease patients. Twelve brains from Binswanger’s disease patients (group III) were examined and compared with those from five patients with non-neurological disease (group I) and five cortical infarct patients without significant WM lesions (group II). Immunohistochemistry was performed for glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin as astroglial cell markers, and for immunoglobulins, complements and fibrinogen as extravasated serum protein markers. The grading scores for IgG extravasation were significantly higher in group III as compared to group I, in both the periventricular WM and the subcortical WM (P 〈 0.01). In group III, the scores in the periventricular WM and subcortical WM were significantly higher than in the subcortical U fibers and cerebral cortex (P 〈 0.01 for the periventricular WM; P 〈 0.001 for the subcortical WM), respectively. Clasmatodendritic astroglia, which had swollen cell bodies and large cytoplasmic vacuoles with disintegrated processes, incorporated the serum components IgG, IgM, C3d, C1q and fibrinogen, both in the periventricular WM and subcortical WM in 5 out of 12 (42%) Binswanger’s disease brains. These results indicate that WM lesions in Binswanger’s disease are accompanied by BBB dysfunction, although it remains uncertain whether BBB dysfunction is secondary to either chronic cerebral ischemia or arterial hypertension.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Extracellular matrix ; Osteocalcin ; Collagen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bone formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chondroid bone is a unique calcified tissue intermediate between bone and cartilage. To clarify its characteristics, we examined the distributions of the ECMs associated with chondrogenic differentiation and matrix calcification in the chondroid bone of the rat glenoid fossa, and compared them to those in two typical bone tissues, alveolar bone of the maxilla (intramembranous bone) and the growth plate of long bone (endochrondral bone), using immunofluorescence techniques. Morphologically, the glenoid fossa consisted of the fibrous, progenitor and cartilaginous cell layers and the cartilaginous cell layer was further divided into the superficial non-hypertrophic layers (secondary cartilage) and the deep hypertrophic cell layers (chondroid bone). The co-distribution of type I and type II collagens was observed in secondary cartilage and chondroid bone, whereas type X collagen was restricted to the pericellular matrix of hypertrophied cells (chondroid bone). Osteocalcin, which was absent from the calcified cartilage of endochondral bone formation, was also present in the ECM of the chondroid bone, but not in cells. These results demonstrate that chondroid bone of rats, which is adjacent to secondary-type cartilage in the glenoid fossa, has phenotypic expressions associated with both hypertrophied chondrocytes and osteocytes.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Collagen lattice ; De-epidermized dermis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To develop a model for the study of oral epithelial differentiation, we reconstructed artificial buccal mucosa equivalents using keratinocytes and fibroblasts or de-epidermized dermis derived from noncornifying buccal mucosa. The buccal mucosa equivalents reconstructed in this way showed a morphology closely mimicking that of their in vivo counterparts. There was no formation of horny layers and granular layers. The expression of various differentiation markers such as K13, involucrin and loricrin was consistent with that of the in vivo state, and indicative of the hyperproliferative state. We also demonstrated that the differentiation of oral epithelial cells was influenced by the de-epidermized dermis and subepithelial fibroblasts. The epidermis of buccal mucosa equivalents seemed to be less sensitive to retinoic acid than that of the skin. The effects of calcipotriol on the buccal mucosa equivalent and the skin epidermis were different. These results suggest that the pharmacological effects of retinoic acid and calcipotriol on the buccal mucosa are different from those on the skin. A useful model system for studies of oral keratinocyte differentiation and pharmacological research could be based on these artificial buccal mucosa equivalents.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Enkephalins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Preproenkephalin ; Mononuclear cells ; Psoriasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Opioid peptides are synthesized in neurons, endocrine cells, monocytes/macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. They interact with opioid receptors located on immune cells and nociceptive nerve terminals. Because opioid peptides might be of importance in inflammatory skin diseases, for example psoriasis, sections of skin from psoriatic patients were immunohistochemically stained with antisera against methionine and leucine enkephalin, CD68 (KP1, PG-M1), calprotectin (M747), M130 (Ber-MAC3), CD1a and CD3. Enkephalin-like activity was detected selectively in dermal CD68-positive macrophages/monocytes. The activity showed no association with the activation markers M747 and Ber-MAC3. There was a statistically significant increase in enkephalin-positive cells in involved psoriatic skin compared with uninvolved and normal skin. These results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay which showed elevated levels in extracts from involved psoriatic skin compared with uninvolved skin (81%) and normal skin (204%). Furthermore, preproenkephalin mRNA of an expected size was detected in involved psoriatic skin. If the increased levels of enkephalins present in monocytes/macrophages in psoriatic skin lesions reach the threshold for biological activity, they may play a role in the regulation of the inflammatory processes seen in this skin disease.
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  • 96
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    Archives of dermatological research 289 (1997), S. 440-443 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words IL-8 receptor ; Psoriasis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of IL-8 in psoriasis has been clearly shown with the use of immunocytochemical, RT-PCR and in situ hybridization methods. The presence of its ligand, the IL-8 receptor, has been demonstrated by the RT-PCR technique. We report here a study of the expression of both IL-8 type A and B receptors by immunohistochemical techniques, using one polyclonal and four monoclonal antibodies. By this technique, we found that the neutrophilic granulocytes express the IL-8 type A receptor, whereas the IL-8 type B receptor was present on the keratinocytes. The type B receptor on the keratinocytes was localized in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Following therapy, the expression of the IL-8 type B receptor on the keratinocytes was reduced. This could suggest that IL-8 in psoriasis is involved in the disturbed differentiation rather than in proliferation, probably via an autocrine loop.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Pharmacokinetics ; Children ; Solid tumors ; PIXY321
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A hemopoietin with the ability to accelerate both platelet and granulocyte recovery after intensive chemotherapy would have great clinical utility. The recombinant fusion protein composed of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 (PIXY321), showed some promise in early adult trials. However, studies for pediatric patients are limited, and there are no systematic data on the pharmacokinetics of PIXY321 given over prolonged periods at current dosage levels. Purpose: To determine the safety, clinical effects and plasma concentrations of increasing doses of PIXY321 in children treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 39 children with relapsed or high-risk solid tumors were enrolled in this phase I/II study. PIXY321 was administered once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection in total doses of 500 to 1000 μg/m2 per day for 14 days after each course of chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on day 1 of the first course in 33 patients and repeated on day 14 in 13 patients (once-daily schedule only). Results: Although mild local skin reactions and fever were frequent, no dose-limiting toxicity was identified at the maximum dose studied (1000 μg/m2 per day). There were no statistically significant differences in chemotherapy-induced hematologic toxicity with increasing doses of PIXY321 or with twice-daily vs once-daily dosing. On day 1, the median PIXY321 clearance was 657 ml/min per m2 (range 77–1804 ml/min per m2) and the median half-life was 3.7 h (range 2.1–20.8 h). On day 14, clearance increased in all patients studied (median increase 63%), with a corresponding decrease in the median 12-h concentration (from 1.2 to 0.25 ng/ml). Maximum concentrations were 〈1 ng/ml in 81% of patients, and only two patients had maximum plasma concentrations equivalent to those required for consistent activity in vitro. Conclusions: The recombinant fusion protein PIXY321 proved safe in children treated with myelosuppressive ICE chemotherapy but had no demonstrable clinical benefits. The pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the observed lack of hematologic benefit may be explained by low plasma concentrations resulting from increased clearance with prolonged administration. Moreover, the significant increase in PIXY321 systemic clearance in the absence of increased circulating myeloid cells suggests that the upregulation of either extravascular compartment hematopoietic progenitor cells or nonhematopoietic cells may play an important role in controlling circulating concentrations of this unique cytokine. These findings highlight the importance of a thorough assessment of the systemic disposition of cytokines when determining the dose and schedule necessary to achieve clinical activity in patients.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Syncope ; Head-upright tilt ; Sertraline ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the efficacy of a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, sertraline hydrochloride, in preventing recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope, we studied 15 patients (10 female; mean age 12.9 ± 2 years) with positive head-upright tilt test and resistant to standard pharmacotherapy, atenolol or disopyramide. The patients were given 50 mg oral sertraline hydrochloride daily for 6 weeks. Intolerance to the drug was seen in 3 patients and 2 had syncopal episodes during the therapy. A head-upright tilt table test was then repeated in 10 patients. Six were tilt negative and asymptomatic over a mean follow up period of 7 ± 3 months while four remained tilt positive: two experienced marked hypotension and bradycardia, characterized as mixed type syncope, and two had cardiac asystole, lasting 〉10 s, during tilting, thereby exhibiting a cardio-inhibitory response. Conclusion Sertraline hydrochloride may be useful in preventing recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope resistant to standard pharmacotherapy but careful clinical studies are essential before such a treatment strategy can be recommended since serious asystole could develop.
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  • 99
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    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 565-567 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Serum lipids ; Epilepsy ; Children ; Valproate ; Carbamazepine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, apolipoproteins A1 and B levels were studied in 57 healthy children and in 39 children with epilepsy who had been receiving carbamazepine (CBZ) (23 children) for 1.58 ± 1.10 years or valproic acid (VPA) (16 children) for 1.34 ± 1.11 years. In patients receiving CBZ, mean TC level, mean LDL-C level, mean TC/HDL-C ratio and mean LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were significantly higher than controls. None of the mean levels of serum lipids evaluated in patients receiving VPA was significantly different from the corresponding control group mean. Changes in serum lipids correlated with neither duration of therapy or plasma antiepileptic levels nor age or gender. Conclusion Our results suggested that CBZ, a hepatic-enzyme-inducing drug, affects serum lipid status. Long-term prospective studies are necessary to determine whether chronic CBZ therapy is a risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Intramucosal pH ; Gastric tonometry ; Tissue oxygenation ; Children ; Shock ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the efficacy of gastric intramucosal pH for the evaluation of tissue perfusion and prediction of hemodynamic complications in critically ill children. Design: Open prospective study without controls
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