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  • 1980-1984  (598)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1982  (598)
  • Chemical Engineering  (524)
  • pharmacokinetics
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of intravenous glibenclamide investigated by a high performance liquid Chromatographic assay (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; high performance liquid chromatography ; plasma insulin ; blood glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple high performance liquid Chromatographic assay for the determination of plasma glibenclamide concentrations is described. This resolved glibenclamide from normal plasma constituents. The calibration curve of the assay was linear over the range 10–500 μg/1 and the minimum level of detection was 2 μg/1. Within-assay coefficients of variation were 11.6% (20 μg/1); 5.3% (50 μg/1); 6.8% (100 μg/1); between-assay coefficients of variation were 8.4% (20 μg/1); 4.7% (50 μg/1) and 7.4% (100 μg/1). The assay was used to study the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg intravenous dose of glibenclamide in eight normal subjects. The mean half-life was found to be 1.47±0.42 h (SD) and no evidence for a non-linear β-phase or slowly equilibrating ‘deep’ compartment was found although this could not be rigorously excluded. The mean systemic drug clearance was 78±29 ml·h-1·kg-1 and the apparent volume of distribution in the β-phase was 155±44 ml/kg. The median time of maximum response of plasma immunoreactive insulin was 25 min and the median time of maximum blood glucose response was 53 min. No correlation could be found between the pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide and these responses in fasted normal individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257728
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of propranolol and sotalol in hyperthyroidism (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 373-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; sotalol ; thyrotoxicosis ; bioavailability ; serum tri-iodothyronine ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination and bioavailability of two beta-blocking agents, propranolol and sotalol, were studied in 10 thyrotoxic patients, both before and after treatment with iodine-131. Each subject received in random order propranolol 160 mg and sotalol 160mg as single oral doses both while hyperthyroid and after euthyroidism had been achieved. The pharmacokinetics of sotalol was not affected by hyperthyroidism, whereas serum propranolol concentrations were significantly lower during hyperthyroidism than in the euthyroid state. During hyperthyroidism, the bioavailability of propranolol was significantly reduced (p〈0.05) and its clearance was increased (p〈0.005), whereas there was no difference in its serum t1/2. This indicates that the bioavailability of propranolol in hyperthyroidism is reduced by a mechanism which may depend on increased first-pass metabolism in the liver, or on an increased distribution volume of the drug. Both propranolol and sotalol caused a slight decrease in serum tri-iodothyronine concentration. As the effects of beta-blocking agents on the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are correlated with the serum concentration of the drugs, sotalol, with its long half-life and unaltered elimination in hyperthyroidism, has certain advantages over propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542321
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the different metabolic pathways of antipyrine in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: antipyrine ; antipyrine metabolites ; drug metabolism ; route of administration ; healthy volunteers ; urinary excretion ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in plasma and saliva, and urinary excretion of its major metabolites, were studied following i.v. and oral administration of antipyrine 500 mg to 6 healthy volunteers. Data from both plasma and saliva showed that the oral bioavailability of antipyrine given as an aqueous solution was complete. The saliva/plasma concentration ratio was constant with time from about 3 h onwards, with a mean value of 0.87 after oral and 0.91 after i.v. administration. It is concluded that the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine can be satisfactorily established on the basis of salivary data, although the volume of distribution and clearance values are then slightly too high. After i.v. administration, 3.8±1.9% of the dose was excreted in urine as unchanged antipyrine in 48h, 24.9±6.3% as 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 16.5±3.2% as norantipyrine, 13.0±2.2% as 3-hydroxymethyl-antipyrine and 5.8±1.0% as 3-carboxy-antipyrine. No significant differences were observed following oral administration. The half-lives calculated from the linear part of the urinary excretion rate curves of the metabolites were about the same for oral and i.v. administration, and were of the same order of magnitude as the elimination half-life of parent drug in plasma and saliva. It is important for determination of the ultimate metabolite ratio that urine is collected for at least 36h, because there is a delay in the excretion of 3-hydroxymethyl-antipyrine in urine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542332
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic aspects of caffeine in premature infants with apnoea (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: apnoea ; caffeine ; premature infants ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of caffeine was examined in 13 premature infants (gestational age 25–34 weeks, birth weight 920–2060 g, postnatal age 1–42 days) who received the drug for treatment of opnoea. Caffeine (1% aqueous solution) was given i.v. in single doses; guided by the clinical response infants received between one and seven (mean 2.6) doses of 15 mg/kg. Mean (± SE; range) Clb was extremely slow − 8.5 ml/kg/h (±0.4; 5.8–12.2), t1/2 was prolonged − 65.0 h (±3.7; 48.2–87.5 h) and Vd was 0.781/kg (±0.04; 0.47–1.01). No significant correlation was found between Clb, t1/2 and postnatal age in the whole group or in individual infants. Effective plasma concentrations varied over a wide range (12–36 µg/ml) and overlapped with subtherapeutic concentrations (⩽24 µg/ml). Single doses of 15 mg/kg i.v. or p.o. prevented apnoea in most cases, if necessary followed by additional doses. Monitoring the blood level of caffeine in infants receiving frequent repeated doses is necessary to prevent toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606424
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does cantharides blister fluid provide access to the peripheral compartment? (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 327-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bendroflumethiazide ; cantharides plasters ; blister fluid ; plasma levels ; pharmacokinetics ; compartmental analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide (BFT) was investigated following the oral administration of 10 mg to 3 healthy volunteers. Each subject participated twice in the study. BFT was determined in plasma and cantharides blister fluid from 1/2 to 30 h post administration. Blister fluid was obtained from blisters 10–22 h old. Plasma levels were fitted to a tri-exponential equation and the concentration of the drug in the peripheral compartment was calculated from the microscopic rate constants. In 5 of 6 cases investigated, cantharides blister fluid levels paralleled the concentration of the drug in the peripheral compartment. The mean blister fluid levels exceeded the calculated concentration in Compartment 2 1.46 fold. In one case, the blister fluid level paralleled the plasma level. This subject clearly differed from the others as more than 10 h were required for blister formation in her. The results suggest that following the administration of BFT, cantharides blister fluid behaves as part of the peripheral compartment. The possible value of studying blister fluid levels in pharmacokinetic investigations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of free fatty acids on valproic acid plasma protein binding during fasting in normal humans (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: valproic acid ; fatty acids ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of physiologic variations of free fatty acid levels on in vivo valproic acid plasma protein binding was studied in 6 healthy adult subjects. 14 blood samples were taken during a 12-h dosing interval at steady state while in a fed condition and also during a 27 h fast. Free fraction and total valproate concentration were determined by equilibrium dialysis and GLC, respectively. Free fatty acid levels were determined from both fresh samples and samples incubated at 37°C for 12 h, the latter in order to simulate equilibrium dialysis conditions. Fasting resulted in increased serum free fatty acid levels in all subjects, ranging from 34–182% (p〈0.01). Incubation also caused free fatty acid levels to rise, more so in fed samples (50–87%,p〈0.01) than in fasting samples (10–50%,p〈0.01). Fasting resulted in a 9% increase in the mean free fraction for all subjects combined (p〈0.01). Regression analysis of 180 sets of values for free fraction, total valproate concentration and free fatty acid level suggested that valproate concentration accounts for 17% and free fatty acid level for 37% of the variation in free fraction. Mean clearance was unchanged by fasting despite an increased free fraction suggesting decreased intrinsic clearance (i.e. decreased metabolism) of valproate under these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613618
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of pancuronium in man: A linear system (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: neuromuscular blockade ; pancuronium ; non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancuronium in bolus doses of 40 to 350 µg/kg was administered to surgical patients in order to evaluate the linearity of its pharmacokinetics. The profile of the plasma decay curve and of its urinary elimination were compared with reference to the administered dose. It was possible to superimpose the dose-normalized plasma decay-curves. The parameters of the two compartment-open model used to describe the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium were not influenced by the dose. The elimination half-life was 89±20 min and the plasma clearance was 1.84±0.38 ml/min/kg. The profiles of cumulative urinary excretion were also dose-independent. After 6 and 24 h, 57% and 69% of the administered dose, respectively, had been excreted in the urine. The results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium is linear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613623
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overdosage of antidepressants: Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 513-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amitriptyline ; imipramine ; clomipramine ; antidepressant overdose ; clinical effects ; pharmacokinetics ; cardiotoxicity ; maprotiline ; doxepine ; nortriptyline ; opipramol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-nine cases of self-poisoning with antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, maprotiline, doxepine, nortriptyline, opipramol) were examined by frequent observation of CNS effects, heart rate, blood pressure and standard ECG, 24 h-ECG-monitoring, measurement of systolic time intervals, EEG recordings and frequent measurement of serum levels of antidepressants and primary metabolites. None of the patients died. Maximum total serum antidepressant level (parent compound + desmethyl metabolite) ranged from 20 to 2200 µg/l, with concentrations above 500 µg/l in 11 cases. The serum amitriptyline concentration remained high for 3–4 days in some of the severely intoxicated patients and the decay curves were compatible with partly saturated elimination. A degree of unconsciousness and the occurrence of excitation and hallucinations were generally seen in cases with total serum antidepressant levels above 500 µg/l. Grand mal seizures occurred more frequently at high antidepressant levels, but could not be predicted from the EEG recordings. Increased heart rate and prolonged QRS- and QTc-intervals were significantly correlated with the total serum antidpressant level. 24 h-ECG-monitoring revealed no serious arrhythmias or instances of heart block. Hypotension was only seen initially in few patients. Systolic time interval measurements showed changes suggesting impaired myocardial performance (elevated PEP/LVET ratio) at intermediate (60–500 µg/l) but not high (〉500 µg/l) total serum antidepressant levels. Measurement of serum concentration in antidepressant intoxication is important for identification of patients with high serum levels and the corresponding risk of developing toxic reactions, and to exclude patients with a low concentration who do not require intensive observation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637499
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of slow-release indomethacin tablets in rheumatoid arthritis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 349-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethazine ; rheumatoid arthritis ; pharmacokinetics ; tolerance ; side effects ; slow-release tablets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerance of a new formulation of slow-release indomethacin tablet were compared with those of a conventional indomethacin capsule in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The slow-release tablet was absorbed more slowly than the capsule (tmax 3.7 h and 〈 2 h, respectively) and produced more even serum drug levels in 10 subjects. Side-effects, especially dizziness and diarrhoea, were less frequent after the slow-release tablet than during the capsule period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613619
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide in essential hypertensives (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolmesoxide is a new, direct-acting vasodilator drug for use in the management of both hypertension and cardiac failure. In 6 essential hypertensives inadequately controlled by combined β-blocker and diuretic therapy (average supine blood pressure 178/103 mm Hg) the addition of tolmesoxide (300–900 mg daily) was associated with a significant improvement in blood pressure control (average supine blood pressure 161/89 mmHg). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide have also been studied because, particularly at higher doses, the drug has been associated with upper gastrointestinal upset and it has been empirically recommended that it be taken with food. The blood pressure and heart rate responses were not significantly different when tolmesoxide was taken fasting or with food. Food resulted in a significant reduction in the peak plasma tolmesoxide concentration (2.14 µg/ml compared to 2.97 µg/ml) and a significant increase in the time to reach peak plasma concentration (1.67 h compared to 0.63 h). Although there was no impairment of its hypotensive effect, food significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tolmesoxide and may therefore be useful in reducing the gastrointestinal disturbance associated with its use. In the treatment of inadequately controlled hypertension, tolmesoxide has a limited role as an alternative vasodilator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637615
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of a high dose of piretanide in renal failure (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: piretanide ; renal failure ; high dose ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of piretanide was studied in patients with renal failure. After oral administration of a high dose of piretanide (96 mg), the pharmacokinetic parameters were: elimination rate constant 0.346±0.072 h−1, half life 2.00±0.35 h, and total plasma clearance 119.55±35.90 ml · min−1. Compared to the values obtained in adults with normal renal function, these results show a decrease in total plasma clearance, but conservation of the metabolic clearance which amounts to 45% of the total clearance in the healthy adult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637618
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and its sulphoxide metabolite during haemodialysis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; renal failure ; cimetidine sulphoxide ; pharmacokinetics ; haemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single intravenous dose of cimetidine 200mg was administered to 6 patients with severe chronic renal failure one hour prior to haemodialysis. The plasma concentrations of cimetidine and its sulphoxide metabolite at the start of haemodialysis were 2.74±0.12 and 0.76±0.08 µg/ml, and after dialysis for 4h 1.08±0.10 and 0.51±0.08 µg/ml, respectively (mean ± SE). The average haemodialysis clearance (ClHDa) of cimetidine during dialysis was 46–92ml/min at a dialysate flow rate of 320ml/min and blood flow rates in the 6 patients between 160–240ml/min. The mean ClHDa of the sulphoxide metabolite was 44% higher than that of cimetidine, and ranged between 49–148ml/min. During haemodialysis the mean plasma elimination half-life (t1/2) of cimetidine was 3.24h (range 2.08–5.08) and of the sulphoxide metabolite 9.49h (range 4.70–14.39). There was a significant relationship between the elimination rate constant (β) and ClHDa of the sulphoxide metabolite (p〈0.01), but no such relationship was found between β and ClHDa of cimetidine. However, there was a tendency to a relationship between β of cimetidine and the capacity to metabolise the drug, expressed as the ratio between the plasma concentrations of the sulphoxide metabolite and cimetidine after dialysis for 4h. These ratios ranged between 0.23–0.76, and the lowest ratio was seen in the patient with the lowest β value of cimetidine. Thus, the large variations in the plained by differences in their capacity to metabolise the drug. The mean total amount of cimetidine eliminated during dialysis was 27.3mg (range 17.9–31.8), which was 9.0–15.9% of the given dose. Between 12.2–21.2mg (mean 15.3) of the sulphoxide metabolite was eliminated in the dialysate. Major adjustment of the dose of cimetidine on days of dialysis is not necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637621
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of lithium elimination rates in a selected population of psychiatric patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: lithium ; plasma level decay curve ; elimination ; pharmacokinetics ; psychiatric patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronic treatment with conventional lithium carbonate was interrupted in a selected group of 40 psychiatric patients of mixed sex and race. All patients had normal renal function. Serum samples were taken 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the last dose and lithium was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Decay rates calculated for the 12–24 h and 36–48 h periods yielded different values. This was ascribed to the presence of an incomplete redistribution phase during the earlier period. The distribution of elimination rates determined during the later period gave a more symmetrical spread and approximated a normal distribution. The mode, median, mean and standard deviation of the lithium elimination half-lives were 12.5, 14, 18.2 and 7.3 h and 22.5, 24.5, 29.8 and 10.1 h for the two periods, respectively. The results contrast sharply with another report of the distribution spread of elimination half-lives in a much larger sample. The current values have implications for dosage prediction, serum level monitoring and dosage formulation, especially sustained-release preparations. The evidence was against the possibility that some individuals ‘retain’ lithium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637625
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of ergotamine in patients suffering from migraine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ergotamine ; migraine ; radioimmunoassay ; clinical effects ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The systemic availability of ergotamine after a single therapeutic oral or rectal dose was studied using a radioimmunoassay during the headachefree state in 24 patients suffering from migraine. Plasma concentrations of the drug were compared with anamnestic data about its clinical effects in the same patients. Among 12 patients with a good therapeutic response to medication, the mean plasma ergotamine levels stayed in the range 0.20 to 0.50 ng/ml for 6h. Their mean plasma levels at 30 min (0.33ng/ml) and 1h (0.40ng/ml) were significantly higher than those (0.06 and 0.08ng/ml, respectively) in 9 patients with only a moderate therapeutic response. In 9 patients with a moderate and 3 with a poor therapeutic response, the mean plasma level generally stayed below 0.10ng/ml. The mean peak concentrations in moderate (0.13 ng/ml) and poor (0.11ng/ml) responders appeared later (at 3h) than in good responders (at 1h). Side effects of the medication appeared to be associated with relatively low plasma levels of ergotamine and also with delayed maximum plasma concentrations of the drug. The present results suggest that the time of the maximum plasma drug level is an important determinant of the clinical effects of ergotamine, and that a good therapeutic response may be expected if a plasma ergotamine level of 0.20ng/ml or more is achieved within 1 hour after oral or rectal administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542326
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the new benzodiazepine, lormetazepam, in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 421-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benzodiazepine ; lormetazepam ; lormetazepam glucuronide ; transfer to milk ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of lormetazepam and its glucuronide in plasma and milk were determined during administration of 10 daily doses of lormetazepam 2 mg (2 tablets of NOCTAMID® - 1) to five mothers delivered by Caesarian section. Their babies were breast-fed throughout the study, and the plasma levels of lormetazepam and its glucuronide were determined three times in the babies. At 12 and 24h after administration, the plasma level of lormetazepam was about 3.5 ng/ml and 1.8 ng/ml in mothers, and below 0.09 ng/ml in the children. In milk the lormetazepam concentration was below 0.2 ng/ml. The plasma level of glucuronide varied between 24 ng/ml at 12h and 11 ng/ml 24h after administration. Almost no accumulation of unchanged lormetazepam was observed (factor: 1.3). The ratio of the levels of lormetazepam in milk and plasma was estimated to be below 0.06, and for the glucuronide the ratio was 0.04. The quantity of free and conjugated active ingredient transferred to the children via breast milk was calculated to be at most 100 ng/kg, corresponding to 0.35% of the maternal dose, which is regarded as tolerable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542330
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in malnourrished infants (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: gentamicin ; malnutrition ; pharmacokinetics ; infant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin was investigated in normal and malnourished infants aged 4–10 months. Neither mean “elimination” nor “distribution half life” show any difference, but the volume of distribution was higher in malnourished babies, probably due to their larger total body water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542045
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of pindolol in patients with renal failure (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; renal failure ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; 14C-pindolol ; blood metabolites ; urinary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Increased metabolism of pindolol in renal impairment has previously been suggested by pharmacokinetic calculations. The present study was a pharmacokinetic and metabolic investigation in 7 patients with severe renal impairment (endogeneous creatinine clearance below 5 ml/min). All the patients received pindolol 5 mg t.d.s. 5 days. On the sixth day, after an overnight fast, 14C-pindolol 5 mg was given orally as a solution to drink. Blood samples were taken for up to 72 h and urine was collected at intervals up to 96 h for measurement of unchanged pindolol by a fluorimetric method and total radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Metabolites in blood and urine were analysed after separation by HPLC. It was found that the plasma levels following a single dose of 14C-pindolol were similar to those observed in healthy volunteers, but the elimination half-life was slightly increased up to 11.5 h. The observed steady state plasma concentrations of pindolol were twice as high but they are still in the therapeutic range of 10 to 100 ng/ml. Therefore, the dose of pindolol could have been reduced by a factor 2, but the reduction was not essential. No active metabolite of pindolol was found in plasma or urine, but elimination of the metabolites was decreased. The elimination half-life following multiple doses was prolonged compared to normal and it was quite comparable to that found for the pharmacodynamic half-life in renal patients. The discrepancy between the present findings and the previous results for metabolism and pharmacodynamic half-life was probably due to the sensitivity of the fluorimetric assay of pindolol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542547
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in patients following short-term intravenous infusion (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 417-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; aminophylline ; obstructive airways disease ; short-term i.v. infusion ; log-normal distribution ; pharmacokinetics ; serum concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum theophylline concentrations after intravenous administration of a new short-term infusion (Euphyllin® Kurzzeitinfusion) were measured in 50 out-patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD). An intravenous infusion of theophylline ethylenediamine 480 mg (corresponding to approximately 350 mg anhydrous theophylline) in 50 ml isotonic solution was given in 20 min. Blood samples were taken beforehand and 25 to 30 min and 1, 3 and 6 h after starting the infusion. 86% of the patients had a one-hour serum level in the therapeutic range of 8–20 mg/l, and 2 h later, this was true of 64% of the patients. The short-term infusion was well tolerated, even in cases with unknown high pre-infusion serum levels. Pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, such as total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and half-life of elimination. Geometric mean and 95%-confidence limits, derived from the log-normal distribution of these parameters, were: Cl=0.044 (0.018–0.109) l/h/kg ideal body weight, Vd=0.451 (0.258–0.789) l/kg ideal body weight, and t1/2(el)=7.1 (2.6–19.1) h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542546
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of ergotamine after intravenous and intramuscular administration to migraine sufferers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ergotamine ; pharmacokinetics ; migraine ; plasma drug levels ; i.v. administration ; i.m. administration ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of ergotamine has been investigated in migrainous patients using a new, specific, sensitive HPLC assay (detection limit 100 pg/ml plasma). 10 patients were given ergotamine tartrate 0.5 mg i.v. and 5 of them received the same dose i.m. 2–3 weeks later. Blood samples were collected for up to 54 h following administration and the plasma concentration were analysed. After intravenous administration the plasma ergotamine declined rapidly, with an initial distribution half-life of 3 min followed by a mean terminal half-life of 1.86 h (range 90–155 min). The mean total plasma clearance was 11.0 ml kg−1 min−1, and the volume of distribution (Vdβ ) was 1847.6 ml kg−1. Individual t1/2β showed a positive linear correlation with the individual Vdβ . The intramuscular absorption of ergotamine was rapid and maximum plasma levels were usually obtained 10 min following administration. The biological availability was incomplete and variable at 46.6% (range 28.3–60.8%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547560
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of bacmecillinam and pivmecillinam in volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mecillinam ; bacmecillinam ; pivmecillinam ; pharmacokinetics ; pro-drug ; healthy volunteers ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bacmecillinam and pivmecillinam were studied in healthy fasting volunteers given tablets in a cross-over, randomized order. The mean (±SD) peak levels of plasma mecillinam were 1.43±0.34, 2.73±0.43, and 4.62±1.41 mg/l after bacmecillinam 100, 200, and 400 mg and 2.38±0.65 mg/l after pivmecillinam 400 mg. The corresponding areas under plasma Vs time curves (AUC) were 2.21±0.19, 3.99±0.63, and 7.74±1.38 mg·h·l−1 for bacmecillinam and 5.35±0.93 mg·h·l−1 for pivmecillinam. The elimination half-lives were 0.8–1.1h for bacmecillinam and 0.7h for pivmecillinam. The 12 h urinary recovery of unchanged mecillinam after the 400 mg doses was 41% for bacmecillinam and 30% for pivmecillinam. The 400 mg dose of bacmecillinam gave a significantly higher plasma peak (p〈0.001), AUC (p〈0.001) and urinary recovery (p〈0.001) than did pivmecillinam 400 mg. The plasma peaks appeared earlier and the rate of absorption was higher after bacmecillinam than after pivmecillinam (p〈0.05). In conclusion, bacmecillinam had a better bioavailability than pivmecillinam in the tablet formulations studied. The AUC increased linearly with increasing doses of bacmecillinam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547563
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic studies of oral L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine in normal subjects and patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 463-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine ; familial amyloid polyneuropathy ; pharmacokinetics ; norepinephrine ; pressor response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of oralL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS) was studied in 7 normal subjects and 7 patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Each person swallowed a single 300 mg dose in the fasting state, andL-threo-DOPS in plasma and urine was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector after separation on a boric acid gel column.L-threo-DOPS was slowly absorbed by normal subjects; the maximum plasma concentration occurred 3 h after administration and 20% of the oral dose was recovered unchanged in the urine within 12 h. It induced a substantial elevation of plasma norepinephrine levels, the peak being attained at 5 h, but without any change in blood pressure. In the patients, the absorption and metabolism ofL-threo-DOPS were delayed, and a prolonged pressor response was observed, with a peak after 8 h. It was concluded that the effects on plasma norepinephrine and blood pressure of oralL-threo-DOPS were essentially equal to those of twice as large a dose ofDl-threo-DOPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605999
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cimetidine dosage regimen for patients with renal failure and for geriatric patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; uraemia ; dosing regimen ; prediction ; computer program ; old age ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a recently developed computer program based on a correlation between methods to predict the elimination half-life and apparent volume of distribution of cimetidine and actual data from patients, ideal dosage regimens were generated for patients with renal impairment and for geriatric patients, together with the corresponding maximum and minimum steady state concentrations. Using the ideal dosage regimens, practical regimens with feasible dosing intervals of 6, 8 and 12 h were computed, which should result in therapeutic concentrations of 0.4 to 1.3 µg/ml. For uraemic patients and geriatric patients above the age of 75 years it would be desirable to have an additional oral 100 mg dosage form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637496
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical pharmacokinetics of high dose mebendazole in patients treated for cystic hydatid disease (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mebendazole ; hydatid disease ; Echinococcus granulosus ; hepatic disease ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of mebendazole and its metabolites have been monitored in twelve patients after receiving a 10 mg/kg dose for cystic hydatid disease. The mebendazole plasma concentration-time profiles differed considerably between patients; elimination half-lives ranged from 2.8–9.0 h, time to peak plasma concentration after dosing ranged from 1.5–7.25 h and peak plasma concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 500 ng/ml. The mean peak plasma concentration of mebendazole after an initial dose (69.5 ng/ml) was lower than found in patients during chronic therapy (137.4 ng/ml). The plasma AUCTs for the major metabolites of mebendazole (methyl 5-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate and 2-amino-5 benzoylbenzimidazole) were about five times the plasma AUCT found for mebendazole in patients on chronic therapy. It is suggested that the slower clearance of these polar metabolites relative to mebendazole results from enterohepatic recycling. Since mebendazole is also highly plasma protein bound, caution should be observed in administering mebendazole to patients with liver disease. Concentrations of mebendazole found in the tissue and cyst material collected from two patients during surgery ranged from 59.5 to 206.6 ng/g wet weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542462
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of absorption ratios and their variation for orally administered drugs (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; variation of absorption ratios ; bioavailability ; dissection of variation due to absorption and intermediate processes ; oral drug application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differences in the plasma concentrations of drugs after oral administration are caused by two main factors: variation in absorption ratios and in the distribution processes in the body. A new method for the dissection of both types of factors is discussed. The method uses a reference regression of the AUC-values to the corresponding values after intravenous infusion of graded doses. The reference regression is estimated from an appropriate trial. Deviation of the determined AUC-values from the regression curve afford an estimate of the residual variance due to varying distribution volumes or similar random biological effects. For the estimation of absorption ratios after oral administration the drug is given orally to another sample of subjects and their AUC-values are calculated. The deviation of these AUC values due to the above mentioned random effects are simulated using the residual variance of the reference regression, and are subtracted from the observed AUC-values. Then, the differences in the corresponding absorbed doses are transformed by inverting the reference regression. From these doses the empirical distribution function and statistical parameters (e.g. quantiles) are determined. The method has the advantage that no restrictive assumptions are required, such as first order processes, dose linearity, homogeneity of variance or normal distribution of absorption ratios. Its applicability to substances with qualitative differences in their pharmacokinetics is demonstrated by appropriate examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545226
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Should erythromycin dose be altered in haemodialysis patients? (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: erythromycin ; haemodialysis ; dosage adjustment ; pharmacokinetics ; protein-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Erythromycin kinetics were studied in 17 patients with end stage renal failure treated with maintenance haemodialysis and 9 normal volunteers to discover if dialysis patients needed a modified dose. The elimination half life in dialysis patients (on dialysis days) was similar to that reported in normal subjects. Only small amounts of drug appeared in the dialysate, no patient loosing more than 9 mg in one dialysis. Both patients and volunteers had similar plasma concentrations 8 h after the end of a 5-day course. Protein-binding did not change significantly during dialysis and was similar to that reported in normal subjects. We conclude that dialysis patients requiring 1.5 g of erythromycin stearate daily or less can be given normal doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605994
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of furosemide in children with chronic renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 303-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; renal failure ; haemodialysis ; pharmacokinetics ; children ; dosage schedule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Furosemide was measured by gas-liquid chromatography in blood and dialysis fluid from 7 children with chronic renal failure, undergoing regular haemodialysis. It was administered chronically, in two or three daily doses (4.2–9.4 mg/kg). Two children received 1 mg/kg intravenously for determination of the pharmacokinetics. The half-life was longer than in adults and in anephric patients on haemodialysis. Systemic and renal clearance were also much lower. Plasma protein binding in 2 out of 6 cases was reduced as campared to normal adults. The data do not suggest any need to modify the present dosage schedule despite the 4–5 fold increase in the half-life of furosemide. The contribution of haemodialysis to drug clearance was minimal, and accounted for less than 10% of the total clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637617
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in patients with active rheumatoid disease (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diclofenac sodium ; rheumatoid disease ; healthy subjects ; serum albumin ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pharmacokinetic data for diclofenac sodium has been well established in healthy volunteers, whereas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis very little information is available in the literature. A single oral dose of enteric-coated diclofenac sodium was given to 10 patients with active rheumatoid disease, adopting the same procedures used for a group of 10 healthy volunteers in whom pharmacokinetic data was already available. Plasma specimens were collected over a period of 8h following administration and concentrations of diclofenac determined by GLC. Resulting plasma concentration curves were similar to those obtained in the healthy subjects in that areas under curves and terminal half-lives were comparable. However, peak concentrations of diclofenac were significantly reduced in the rheumatoid patients. The lower peak concentrations were correlated with the lower serum albumin levels in the patients which are associated with active rheumatoid disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637622
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difference between single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of orphenadrine hydrochloride in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 343-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: orphenadrine ; single dose ; multiple doses ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; N-demethylorphenadrine ; metabolism ; dog ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of orphenadrine were measured by a specific gaschromatographic method in 5 healthy male volunteers after a single oral dose of orphenadrine hydrochloride 100mg. The single dose pharmacokinetic profile of orphenadrine was evaluated from these data. The elimination half-life ranged from 13.2–20.1 h after the commercial tablet formulation. Plasma concentrations, determined in volunteers and patients under different conditions of repeated oral administration of the same formulation of orphenadrine hydrochloride exceeded the theoretical values, predicted from the single dose pharmacokinetics, by a factor 2 to 3. The elimination half-lives after discontinuation of treatment showed a 2 to 3-fold increase over the single dose values. This demonstrates a clear discrepancy between the multiple and single dose pharmacokinetics of orphenadrine. Experiments in dogs suggested competition for biotransformation between orphenadrine and its metabolite N-demethylorphenadrine. Product inhibition of this type could explain the observed discrepancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637624
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of allopurinol after single intravenous and oral doses (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: allopurinol ; oxipurinol ; benzbromarone ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was used to measure allopurinol and oxipurinol in plasma and urine in 6 healthy volunteers after a single intravenous or oral dose of allopurinol. The influence of coadministrated benzbromarone and hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxipurinol was also investigated. After intravenous injection of allopurinol 300 mg the plasma disappearance was biexponential, with a mean distribution half-life of 2.32±1.08 min $$(\bar x \pm SD)$$ and an elimination half-life of 47.8±10.6 min. The total clearance of allopurinol was 11.37±2.70 ml/min/kg, whereas its renal clearance was only 1.73±0.79 ml/min/kg. Oxipurinol disappeared monoexponentially from plasma ith a mean half-life of 12.2±2.6 h. Its renal clearance was 0.42±0.091 ml/min/kg. After oral administration of allopurinol 300 mg the peak plasma concentration of 2.1±0.6 µg/ml (1.5×10−5 M) was reached within 30 to 120 min. The peak level of oxipurinol of 5.8±1.5 µg/ml (3.8×10−5 M) was found within 2 to 5 h after intravenous and oral allopurinol. The bioavailability of oral allopurinol computed from plasma data was 90.4±8.7%. The total recovery from urine was 77% (allopurinol 8%, oxipurinol 69%) after oral and 88% after i.v. administration. It was concluded that about 10% of the oral dose was not absorbed and that 12% was eliminated by an unknown mechanism, presumably as riboside. The pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxipurinol were not significantly influenced by coadministration of benzbromarone or hydrochlorothiazide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606429
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of tienilic acid in healthy volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tienilic acid ; uricosuria ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; uric acid ; diuretic ; plasma level assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple and reliable HPLC method for the determination of tienilic acid ((TA) Selacryn®, Selcryn®, Diflurex®, Ticrynafen®) and its alcoholic metabolite in plasma and urine has been developed. In 8 healthy adult volunteers the plasma and urinary levels of tienilic acid and its alcoholic metabolite, and plasma and urinary levels of sodium, creatinine and uric acid were measured after oral administration of tienilic acid 250 mg. The pharmacokinetic parameters found differed only slightly from those reported in the literature, as there was faster absorption and a shorter half-life. TA is probably excreted by a saturable renal tubular transport mechanism. The pharmacodynamic effects of tienilic acid developed quickly, the uricosuric effect being very impressive and the natriuretic effect moderate. These effects disappeared in about 8 h. An inverse relationship was found between the starting plasma uric acid level in an individual and the maximal uric acid clearance — the higher the plasma uric acid level, the lower was the maximum effect. Plasma tienilic acid level and natriuretic effect were correlative within individuals and intra-individually (p〈0.05). Urinary tienilic acid level and natriuretic effect were correlated, too (p〈0.05 top〈0.001), but only intraindividually. No correlation between drug level and uricosuric effect was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609624
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmakokinetic properties of noscapine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: noscapine ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption ; bioavailability ; intravenous application ; oral application ; ion exchange resin tablet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Noscapine was administred to five healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover design, as an intravenous infusion of 66 mg, and as an oral 150 mg dose of either rapidly dissolving tablets or a tablet containing ion exchange resin-bound noscapine. After i.v. administration, the disposition of noscapine was bi-exponential with an elimination half-life of 2.6 h; the total plasma clearance was 22 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution (Vdarea) was 4.7 l/kg. The absolute oral bioavailability was 30%, with a 3.6-fold interindividual variation. There was no pharmacokinetic evidence to support a prolonged action of the ion exchange resin tablet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609627
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification in the pharmacokinetics of amikacin during development (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amikacin ; pharmacokinetics ; development ; neonate ; infant ; child
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition kinetics of a single i.v. dose of amikacin was studied in 6 neonates (6–25 days old), 10 infants (4–18 months) and 8 young children (3–11 years). There was a progressive change in the distribution and elimination kinetics during development. The distribution coefficient of the antibiotic averaged of 0.429, 0.320 and 0.210 l/kg in the newborns, infants and young children, respectively and serum half-life (t1/2 β) in these three groups averaged 2.812, 1.803 and 1.196 h, respectively. Significant differences in certain pharmacokinetic parameters were found between the values in paediatric patients and in adults receiving the same dose. A linear relationship was established between the distribution volume of the antibiotic and the weight of the patients, as defined by the following equation: $${\text{Vd}}_{{\text{ss}}} \left( 1 \right) = 0.976 + 1.140 \cdot {\text{TBW}}\left( {{\text{kg}}} \right);r = 0.954$$ The results suggest that a regimen of very frequent administrations should be employed in infants and young children in order to maintain a therapeutic level throughout treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545971
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of terodiline in human volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: terodiline ; human volunteers ; pharmacokinetics ; serum clearance ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of terodiline HCl was studied in nine healthy volunteers given 12.5 mg i.v. and p.o. or 20 mg i.v. and 25 mg p.o. on two different occasions. The serum concentrations were measured by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry, using deuterated terodiline HCl as the internal standard. After i.v. administration the kinetics could be described by a two-compartment model with a mean distribution half life of 0.3 h and a mean elimination half life of 63 h. The serum clearance and apparent volume of distribution varied about 4-fold with mean values of 4.8 l/h and 417 l, respectively. After oral administration, the mean half life of absorption was 0.7 h and that of elimination 65 h. The absolute bioavailability varied between 64% and 105% with a mean of 92%. The long serum half life of terodiline should permit its once daily administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547566
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of acetylator phenotype on the pharmacokinetics of a new vasodilator antihypertensive, endralazine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: endralazine ; acetylator phenotype ; hydralazine ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five and 10 mg single oral doses of a new vasodilator antihypertensive, endralazine (E) were given on separate occasions to 17 normal male volunteers (8 slow, 7 heterozygous fast and 2 homozygous fast acetylators). The homozygous fast acetylators were excluded from statistical comparisons. Only small differences were observed in the pharmacokinetics of E between the phenotypes and there was no evidence of non-linearity at the 2 dose levels studied. Terminal half-lives ranged from 2.59 to 7.14 h with a mean of 4.30±1.08 h for the 5 mg dose and 4.25±1.09 h for the 10 mg dose. There was no significant difference in half-lives between slow and heterozygous fast acetylators. The mean area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC 0 ∞ ) was 18.2% lower (p〈0.05) in the heterozygous fast acetylators than in the slow acetylators following the 5 mg dose and 11.0% lower (p〉0.05) following the 10 mg dose. Extremely rapid absorption of the drug precluded accurate estimation of absorption rates. The AUC 0 ∞ of the acetylation metabolite (methyltriazoloendralazine) was small compared to that of E although higher in the heterozygous fast acetylators than in the slow acetylators (p〈0.01).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637500
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of3H-phenylephrine in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenylephrine ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; first-pass metabolism ; phenolic conjugates ; m-hydroxymandelic acid ; intravenous ; oral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 7-3H-phenylephrine was given to 15 volunteers by a short-infusionn=4) or p.o. (10 volunteers, 1 patient with porto-caval anastomosis). Analysis of serum for free3H-phenylephrine and fractionation of urinary radioactivity was performed by ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography. As almost the same3H-activity was excreted in urine after i.v. and p.o. administration, 86% and 80% of the dose respectively, complete enteral absorption can be assumed. A considerable difference was seen in the fraction of free phenylephrine, i.v. 16% of the dose versus p.o. 2.6%, which suggested reduced bioavailability. This was confirmed by comparison of the areas under the serum curve, which showed a bioavailability factor of 0.38. The result for the patient with porto-caval anastomosis was comparable to that in the normal volunteers. The biological half-life of 2 to 3h was comparable to that of structurally related amines, as were the total clearance of 2 1/h, and the volume of distribution of 340l. Metabolism to phenolic conjugates mainly after oral ingestion, and tom-hydroxymandelic acid after i.v. injection, again demonstrated thatm-hydroxylated amines are predominantly conjugated during the “first-pass” metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637623
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of urinary pH on the disposition of methadone in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: methadone ; pharmacokinetics ; urinary pH ; RBC level ; saliary level ; mass fragmentography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of urinary pH on the acute disposition of methadone in man was studied in five healthy volunteers. A cross-over experiment was performed in each subject. In the first experiment the subjects were treated with ammonium chloride (urinary pH ≈ 5.2) and in the other the urine was made alkaline (pH ≈ 7.8) by treatment with sodium hydrogen carbonate. d, 1-Methadone-HCl 10 mg (M) was administered intramuscularly on each occasion and blood, saliva and urine levels of M were determined by mass fragmentography. Plasma half-lives, volumes of distribution and body clearances of M were calculated in both experiments. The plasma half-lives in the β-phase were 19.5±3.6 h (acidic urine) and 42.1±8.8 h (alkaline urine), respectively (p〈0.001). The volumes of distribution were increased when the pretreatment was changed from ammonium chloride to sodium bicarbonate, namely from 3.51±0.41 l/kg to 5.24±0.83 l/kg (p〈0.01). The body clearance decreased from 134±21 ml/min (acidic) to 91.9±9.1 ml/min (alkaline urine) (p〈0.01). The ration Mplasma/MRBC was about 2.3 and the elimination of M from RBCs was in good agreement with the plasma kinetics of M under both experimental conditions. The salivary levels of M did not reflect the plasma kinetics and considerable variation was seen in the ratio Msaliva/Mplasma (0.26–2.98). Thus, the present experiments demonstrate that pretreatment either with ammonium chloride or bicarbonate had profound effects on both the distribution and elimination kinetics of methadone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548403
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of oral clonidine in normotensive subjects (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clonidine ; noradrenaline ; pharmacokinetics ; arterial blood pressure ; plasma concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of clonidine and its relation to blood pressure response and side effects were studied after single oral doses of 75 µg, 150 µg and 250 µg in normotensive subjects. Following oral administration, the drug was absorbed rapidly after an initial lag time of 19–22 min and peak levels were reached between 2.4 and 2.9 h. Sampling over 48 h was necessary for accurate estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Post-peak plasma concentration declined in a monoexponential manner and the half-life of the elimination phase ranged from 9.0 to 15.1 h. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under curve (AUC) increased proportionally with increasing doses. Clonidine produced significant reductions in the pulse rate and a dose dependent decrease in blood pressure. Clonidine (150 µg) also produced significant reductions in plasma catecholamine levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061368
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of oral ketoconazole to vaginal tissue (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 331-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketoconazole ; vaginal candidosis ; oral antimycotic ; distribution ; pharmacokinetics ; vaginal tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma samples and biopsies of vaginal tissue were obtained from 23 healthy women undergoing operative sterilization, 1 to 6 h after a single oral dose of ketoconazole 200 mg. Drug concentrations in plasma and tissue, were measured by a specific gas chromatographic method. The vaginal tissue concentration averaged 2.4 times less than the corresponding plasma levels. Equilibrium between tissue, and plasma was established within 1 h after dosing, when vaginal tissue levels exceeded 1 µg/g. Ketoconazole concentrations decayed monoexponentially over the time interval studied (1–6 h), with the similar half-lives of 1.2 and 1.4 h in plasma and tissue, respectively. Following an oral 200 mg dose, a tissue concentration not less than 0.01 µg/ml was maintained over a 12 h period. This concentration has been shown to prevent outgrowth of the invasive (pseudo) mycelial form ofCandida albicans. Hence, a b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosage schedule of ketoconazole in vaginal candidosis would give continuously effective levels at the site of infection. Ketoconazole concentrations in vaginal fluid are thought to be much higher than in the tissue because of ion-trapping. The present data may explain the efficacy of oral ketoconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613615
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of metipranolol in normal man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metipranolol ; deacetyl metipranolol ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetic parameters of deacetyl metipranolol were determined after i.v. infusion of increasing doses (6–25 mg) in 17 normal volunteers. In a second cross-over trial, deacetyl metipranolol 10 and 20 mg were infused in a further 10 subjects, and in a third trial another 20 volunteers received metipranolol 40 mg orally. Metipranolol is very rapidly and completely deacetylated in man, so all pharmacokinetic data refer to deacetyl metipranolol, which was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a recently developed model, using a volume of distribution which is variable with time. The following data were obtained after oral administration: (mean values); lag-time 7.3 min; tmax 50 min, invasion half-life 6.3 min; elimination half-life 3 h; urinary excretion of unchanged drug approximately 4% of the dose. The experiments with infusion of increasing doses, as well as the cross-over study with 10 and 20 mg i.v., showed dose-linearity of the kinetics. The respective mean half-lives of elimination were 2.6, 2.9 and 2.8 h. The mean total, renal and extra-renal clearances amounted to 1237 ml/min, 149 ml/min and 1068 ml/min, respectively. The distribution coefficient was 3.5 l/kg, and protein binding amounted to 70% within the range of therapeutic concentrations. Absolute bioavailability was found to be approximately 50% by several different evaluation procedures. Thus, the pharmacokinetic profile of metipranolol shares features of both the lipophilic and the hydrophilic groups of β-blocking agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637616
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide alone and in combination with propranolol and hydralazine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bendroflumethiazide ; propranolol ; hydralazine ; pharmacokinetics ; thin-layer chromatography ; fluorimetry ; fixed combination product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bendroflumethiazide (Bft) was administered to 6 healthy subjects at 3 different dose levels (2.5, 5 and 10 mg) in a cross-over design, either as capsules (2.5 mg) or as tablets (5 mg). Its pharmacokinetics were evaluated then and following administration of a fixed combination of Bft with propranolol and hydralazine to a further 7 volunteers. Plasma and urinary concentrations of Bft were determined by a new fluorimetric — thin-layer chromotography procedure. Peak plasma levels occurred after 2–3 h and averaged 15, 27 and 45 µg/l in the three dose groups. Areas under the plasma concentration — time curves (AUC0→12), which were 75, 147 and 250 µg l−1 h respectively, and cumulative urinary recovery (20%) were independent of the dose administered and the type of formulation. Thus Bft kinetics proved to be linear within the dose range evaluated. The plasma clearance was calculated to be 505 ml/min, renal clearance 108 ml/min and nonrenal clearance 396 ml/min. Bioavailability of Bft was not altered following administration of the fixed combination. The amount of propranolol found in the circulation did not change, whereas that of hydralazine (determined as apparent hydralazine) increased by 59% when the fixed combination was administered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637620
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the plasma concentration of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in depressive patients and the clinical response (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clomipramine ; desmethylclomipramine ; depressive syndrome ; plasma level ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical response ; benzodiazepines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty one in-patients suffering from depression were treated orally with clomipramine (Cl) at various dosage, for 28 days, after a “wash-out” period of three days. In 17 patients receiving 75 mg per day of Cl, steady state plasma levels of Cl were reached at Day 14, and steady state plasma levels of its active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine (DMCl), were reached at Day 21. In contrast, in 7 other patients receiving a dosage increasing to 150 mg per day at Day 7, mean plasma levels of Cl and DMCl continued to rise during the entire treatment period. At the steady state, a correlation was found between Cl dosage expressed as mg kg body weight and the plasma concentration of Cl and DMCl. Factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption seem to modify the Cl/DMCl ratio. A comparison of clinical response with plasma levels of Cl, DMCl and Cl + DMCl showed a significant negative linear correlation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606419
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of amoxycillin using open two and three-compartment models (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amoxycillin ; i.v. administration ; pharmacokinetics ; two- and three-compartment models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetic characteristics of amoxycillin were studied in healthy volunteers after intravenous injection of 250 mg, 500 mg and 1,000 mg, and infusion of 2 g and 5 g. Serum concentrations were fitted using either bi- and tri- exponentional equations. Comparison of the regression curves obtained revealed that the three-compartment model gave a better fit to the serum concentration versus time curve. It was evident that there was a third, slow, dose dependent phase of disposition. This result has been confirmed by the fact that the terminal half life of amoxycillin on cessation of a continuous infusion is significantly greater than after acute administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545227
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of indapamide — A new antihypertensive drug (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two formulations of indapamide tablets (2.5 mg) were given as a 5.0 mg dose and the subsequent blood levels were compared to those obtained after administration of a 5.0 mg solution. The study was conducted as a randomized three-way crossover design using healthy male volunteers. The drug was well tolerated by all the subjects involved. The area under the blood concentration versus time curve, extrapolated to infinity was essentially the same for all three formulations (4.2, 4.7, and 4.4 µg-h/ml). Statistical comparison of the blood levels from the two tablets showed that one tablet had a significantly greater maximum blood concentration (263 vs 231 ng/ml) and a significantly shorter time of maximum blood concentration (2.3 vs 3.5 h). Cmax (333 ng/ml) and tmax (0.7 h) values for the solution were significantly higher than either tablet. The average half-life (β-phase) for all three formulations was 15 h, while the average systemic clearance was 20 ml/min. Indapamide has a low clearance rate and there was no evidence that the drug undergoes a first-pass effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548396
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of TRIS (hydroxymethyl-)aminomethane in healthy subjects and in patients with metabolic acidosis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: TRIS buffer ; metabolic acidosis ; pharmacokinetics ; cellular uptake ; renal excretion ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the pharmacokinetics of TRIS, an infusion of the buffer was given to 6 healthy volunteers (121 mg/kg=1 mmol/kg; pH 7.4) and to 20 patients suffering from metabolic acidosis (109–376 mg/kg; pH 10.9). The drug exhibited two-compartment characteristics in volunteers (t0.5,β=5.6 h) and patients with intact renal function (t0.5,β=16.3–45.6 h). The final volume of distribution (Vβ) indicated uptake into tissues, but equilibration between body compartments was slow. Mainly unchanged TRIS was eliminated by the kidney; 82% of the administered dose was recovered from 24 h-urine of healthy subjects. In the patients a linear correlation between creatinine-clearance and TRIS-clearance was observed, the latter always being somewhat greater than the former. Only insignificant amounts of the drug were found in bile and gastric juice. In anuric patients the plasma concentration of TRIS declined monoexponentially, with a half-life between 10 and 58 h. Haemodialysis or haemofiltration did not influence this process. From the data it seems questionable whether cellular uptake of TRIS is an important factor in the therapy of intracellular acidosis, but the possibility of drug accumulation must be borne in mind if repeated doses are given to the same patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545225
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of methadone during maintenance treatment: Adaptive changes during the induction phase (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: methadone ; opiate addicts ; pharmacokinetics ; single and multiple doses ; stable isotope technology ; methadone maintenance therapy ; deuterium technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Deuterated methadone (M-d30) and GC-MS were used to study the pharmacokinetics of methadone (M) during the induction stage of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). A pulse dose of M-d3 was given on Days 1 and 25 of two dosage regimens, one with a continuous 30 mg dose (n=6), and the other with 30 mg for 10 days, followed by 60 mg as the maintenance dose (n=6). Plasma and urinary levels of M and M-d3 were measured throughout and plasma half-lives, oral bioavailabilities and volumes of distribution were calculated from the data of Days 1–2 and 24–26. The oral bioavailability of a methadone solution was found to be between 81 and 95%; elimination half-life in the β-phase varied between 19 and 58 h; the volume of distribution was 4.1±0.65 l/kg; and total body clearance of M was 54–195 ml/min and its renal clearance 3.4–34 ml/min. A consistent finding was a lower urinary pH and increased renal clearance during the first days of MMT as compared with after one month. In 4/12 of the patients dispositional tolerance was developed to methadone during the first month of treatment. The shorter elimination half-lives in those patients probably caused unacceptably high fluctuation in the body content of M during the 24 h dosage interval, and may have interfered therefore, with its therapeutic effectiveness
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548404
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine after intravenous and oral administration in normal adults (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorpheniramine ; pharmacokinetics ; oral absorption ; half-life ; bioavailability ; volume of distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma and urinary levels of chlorpheniramine (CPM) and its 2 demethylated metabolites were measured by HPLC after i.v. and oral dosing. In 5 mg (maleate) i.v. bolus studies in 2 subjects, plasma CPM levels were fitted to triexponential equations with terminal half-lives (t 1/2) of 23 and 22 h and area of 3.6 and 3.21/kg, respectively. Intravenous data predicted hepatic blood extraction ratios for the 2 subjects to be 0.06 and 0.07, respectively. Absolute bioavailability from oral solution (10 mg) was 59 and 34%, and from tablets (8 mg) 44 and 25%, respectively, indicating extensive gut first-pass metabolism. Mean t 1/2 from 7 oral fasting studies in 5 subjects was 28 h (19–43 h). Mean absorption lag time was 0.7 h (0.4–1.3 h), and mean peak time was 2.8 h (2–4 h). In 2 subjects, 6 mg solutions were given every 12 h for 9 doses; good correlation between single and multiple dose kinetics was found. Significant accumulation was demonstrated in simulation studies with frequent daily dosing. Estimated accumulation ratios vary from 4.1 to 9.4 (mean 6.5). The t 1/2 from urinary data (collected for 12 days) was consistent with plasma data. The above results suggest the need to reexamine the current practice of frequent daily dosing and the use of sustained or controlled release dosage forms of this drug. The possible cause of reduced plasma clearance of CPM in renal patients is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548406
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of food on the kinetics of 8-methoxypsoralen in serum and suction blister fluid in psoriatic patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: psoriasis ; 8-methoxypsoralen ; food influence ; suction blister fluid ; serum ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food on the kinetics of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in serum and suction blister fluid was evaluated in a cross-over study in 19 psoriatic patients under PUVA treatment. The peak serum concentration of 8-MOP was reached 1.5 h after ingestion on an empty stomach, and in suction blister fluid the maximum concentration was already present in the first sample taken after 2 h, the time when UVA radiation was given. The postprandial kinetics of 8-MOP in serum and suction blister fluid differed, the highest levels being reached, respectively, at 2.4 and 3 h after intake, i.e. in both body fluids after irradiation had started. The side effects of 8-MOP, such as nausea and dizziness, in the two groups were similar. The present results indicate that to optimize the therapeutic effect of PUVA in individual patients, 8-MOP should be given on an empty stomach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061380
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The clinical pharmacology of tolmesoxide (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic response and pharmacokinetics of single dose oral tolmesoxide were studied at various dose levels in 4 patients with severe hypertension. There was a reproducible fall in mean arterial pressure from baseline of 24.2% and a rise in heart rate of 37.6% following administration of tolmesoxide. The onset of antihypertensive action occurred within 1 h, with a peak effect at 3 h after dosing. The mean duration of action was up to 12.0 h. Tolmesoxide had a mean half-life of 3.0 h. It was rapidly absorbed with a mean peak plasma level occurring at 1.0 h. Plasma levels correlated well with the doses administered. Side-effects included mild nausea, facial flushing and postural symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545961
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical pharmacology of a new β-adrenoceptor blocking drug, befunolol (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: befunolol ; propranolol ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamic effects ; beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated doses of a new β-adrenoceptor blocking agent, befunolol, were administered orally to adult male volunteers for a cross-over comparison with propranolol. The β-adrenoceptor blocking activity of befunolol was greater than that of propranolol when assessed by the percentage reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia. The elimination half-life of drug was significantly prolonged on repeated administration of propranolol, but not of befunolol. The percentage reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia was highly correlated with the log plasma level of each drug. Both drugs produced a significant reduction in pre-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and significant attenuation of exercise-induced rise in systolic blood pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547552
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of beta-blocker pharmacokinetics in young volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; propranolol ; oxprenolol ; pharmacokinetics ; acetubolol ; diacetolol ; oral contraceptive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of metoprolol, propranolol oxprenolol, acebutolol and its metabolite diacetolol were measured after single oral doses in young healthy volunteers. In order to assess the inter-and intra-subject variability the following pharmacokinetic parameters were compared: AUC o 24 , Cmax, tmax and t1/2. The smallest variation in inter-subject variability was seen with oxprenolol and acebutolol: intrasubject variability was more uniform. Female volunteers taking an oral contraceptive generally had higher AUC o 24 and Cmax values than those not. This finding reached statistical significance only for metoprolol AUC o 24 .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061375
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil in patients with atrial fibrillation (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; norverpamil ; pharmacokinetics ; atrial fibrillation ; oral administration ; i.v. administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of the antiarrhythmic drug verapamil were determined in six patients with atrial fibrillation. Plasma samples were taken following i.v. injection of verapamil 10 mg (Isoptin® 2 ml), and oral verapamil 80 mg (Isoptin® 2 tablets of 40 mg). Verapamil and its N-demethylated metabolite, norverapamil, were analyzed to 1 ng/ml plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated standards. Following intravenous injection, the disposition of verapamil followed a biexponential pattern with a fast distribution phase and a slower elimination phase (t1/2β=5.79 h), corresponding to a plasma clearance of 0.26 1/kg/h. After oral administration, only an elimination phase was evident, with the same elimination rate (t1/2β=5.53 h). The oral bioavailability was 10.5%±7.5%. The norverapamil formed after i.v. and oral administration of verapamil had plasma half-lives of 5.86 h and 6.77 h, respectively. The elimination of verapamil in patients with atrial fibrillation was decreased compared to that in healthy young volunteers and the oral bioavailability was lower. Very good correlation between the percentage reduction in heart rate and the log plasma concentration of verapamil was found in every patient during the elimination phase, irrespective of the route of administration. There was also a high correlation when the plasma concentration — effect data from all the patients were pooled (r=0.59,n=71;p〈0.0005).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061377
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in infants with bronchiolitis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; bronchiolitis ; infants ; pharmacokinetics ; single dose ; multiple doses ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Theophylline pharmacokinetics were studied in 12 infants (age 3 weeks–6.5 months) with bronchiolitis. 9 of the 12 patients received a single dose of aminophylline (5.0–8.5 mg/kg) whereas the remainder were at steady-state receiving multiple doses (2.5–5.0 mg/kg) of aminophylline. The dose was administered IV over 0.5–1.0 h. An HPLC method was used to measure theophylline concentrations in serum and urine. Peak serum concentrations of theophylline measured by HPLC ranged from 8.48–21.6 µg/ml. Total, renal and nonrenal clearance of theophylline ranged from 4.66 to 19.25, 1.07 to 5.76 and 3.59 to 16.83 ml/min/m2, respectively. Mean apparent volume of distribution and elimination half-life were 8.75 l/m2 and 11.38 h, respectively. Although no significant correlation was observed between age and theophylline kinetic parameters, clearance appeared to increase and half-life decrease with age. Our patients had a substantially lower clearance and longer half-life as compared to published data in children 〉1 year of age. A five-fold variation in theophylline clearance demonstrates the need for monitoring theophylline serum concentration to minimize the risk of potential toxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545965
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chronic oral contraceptive steroids on theophylline disposition (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; ethinylestradiol ; oral contraceptives ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of chronic oral contraceptive (OC) usage on the disposition of theophylline was examined. Aminophylline solution (4 mg/kg) was given orally to 8 healthy female non-OC users and to 8 healthy women who were chronic (〉6 months) OC users. The OC user group had a significantly lower total plasma clearance of theophylline than women not using OC (35.1±5.6 vs. 53.1±14.5 ml/h/kg). The t1/2 was also significantly prolonged in the OC group (9.79±1.43 vs. 7.34±1.75 h) while the volume of distribution was similar between the 2 groups. The serum ethinylestradiol (EE) concentrations after oral OC administration were measured simultaneously. The apparent clearance of EE was about 30% lower in the OC users. A significant positive correlation was found between the apparent clearance of EE and the plasma clearance of theophylline. The effects of OC are predominantly due to chronic use with decreased elimination of both theophylline and EE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545966
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ticarcillin ; probenecid ; excretion ; pharmacokinetics ; automated chemical assay method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretion of radioactivity has been investigated in 3 healthy volunteers following rapid intravenous administration of 5 g of [35S]-ticarcillin. The radioactive dose was rapidly and completely excreted, since within 4 days 98.5% was recovered, 95% in the urine and 3.5% in faeces. All the urine radioactivity was accounted for as ticarcillin and its penicilloic acid. Plasma and urine samples collected from the volunteers at frequent intervals during the first 6 h of the experiment were assayed for penicillin by an automated chemical method and also for radioactivity. The results obtained by the chemical autoanalyser method were in excellent agreement with the plasma levels of radioactivity. From the data it was possible to calculate the renal clearance of the penicillin, a mean value of 104 ml/min was observed in the 3 volunteers. A further three volunteers were dosed intravenously with a 5 g bolus of non-radiolabelled ticarcillin in a cross-over study with and without predosing with probenecid. Serum samples were analysed by the chemical method for penicillin and the data subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis using a two compartment open model. The results indicate a shift of the distribution equilibrium of ticarcillin from the serum into the peripheral compartment after predosing with probenecid. Furthermore, the mean half-life of ticarcillin in the serum of the three volunteers was significantly increased from 1.3 h to 2.1 h by predosing with probenecid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545973
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    Pharmacokinetics of oral dipyridamole (Persantine®) and its effect on platelet adenosine uptake in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dipyridamole ; platelets ; plasma levels ; pharmacokinetics ; adenosine uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two preparations of dipyridamole have been studied by oral administration to 11 normal volunteers. The plasma levels of dipyridamole and its glucuronide were determined simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatography. The instant form (I.F., 100 mg) was administered four times daily and the slow release preparation (SRP, 200 mg) twice daily, for 3 days. Multiple blood samples were collected on Days 1–4 to provide plasma for assay, and simulteneously, platelet rich plasma was prepared for ex vivo study of the effect of dipyridamole on platelet uptake of adenosine. The pharmacokinetics of absorption and distribution of dipyridamole were described using a two compartment model with lag time and prolonged absorption. Strong inhibition of the platelet adenosine uptake was observed at therapeutic plasma levels. The inhibition of platelet adenosine uptake may be related to some of the pharmacological properties of dipyridamole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547559
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  • 56
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    Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; cirrhotic patients ; ascitic fluid ; diuretic effect ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of furosemide was studied in 7 patients with diagnosed liver cirrhosis and in 7 healthy subjects. Furosemide in plasma and ascitic fluid was analyzed spectrofluorometrically. After a single intravenous dose, the cirrhotic patients showed lower initial plasma concentrations of furosemide because of the larger volume of distribution. The mean half-life in cirrhotic patients was significantly greater than in healthy volunteers. The longer half-life was associated with a reduction in the serum clearance of furosemide. Ascitic fluid volume in the patients ranged from 4.6 to 7.71. There was no significant amount of furosemide in the fluid. The diuretic interchange between this fluid and plasma was slow, as peak concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 µg/ml within 3 to 5 h after bolus administration of furosemide. Diuresis and urinary sodium excretion, 5 h after furosemide injection, were similar in both groups; larger potassium excretion was found in the cirrhotic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548399
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    Pharmacokinetics of intravenous timolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in healthy volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: timolol ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy subjects ; cardiac infarction patients ; i.v. therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Disappearance pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and general tolerance of i.v. timolol were compared in 12 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with a definite or proven acute myocardial infarction. The drug was administered to the patients immediately on arrival at the hospital after a median delay time of 4 h. Tolerance to the injections was good in both volunteers and patients. The study revealed disappearance pharmacokinetics that were similar in volunteers and patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061376
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    Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: melperone ; neuroleptic drug ; dose dependent kinetics ; i.m. injection ; i.v. injection ; pharmacokinetics ; oral application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of melperone (Buronil®, Ferrosan, Sweden) was studied after administration of various parenteral and oral doses to man. After parenteral administration, the data could be fitted to a two-compartment model, but after oral dosing the distribution phase could not be separated from the elimination phase, and so an one-compartment model gave the best fit. The half-lives were about 3–4 h, except after intramuscular injection, when the half-life was about 6 h. The bioavailability of oral doses was about 60% of the intravenous injection. After the highest oral dose of 100 mg, the pharmacokinetics, expressed as AUC or Cmax, showed non-linearity, possibly due to saturation of the hepatic elimination system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545974
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  • 59
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    Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antiarrhythmic compound MD750819 in dogs with experimentally induced arrhythmias (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 283-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: antiarrhythmic compound ; experimental arrhythmia ; pharmacokinetics ; three compartment model ; pharmacological response ; combined pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were studied in three dogs with interventricular coronary artery ligatures (ligature of Harris) and in three control animals. Weighted nonlinear analysis was used to fit equations describing two and three compartment open models to the experimental data, obtained after intravenous injection (5 mg/kg) of the drug. The three compartment model gave a reduction in the weighted sum of squared residuals and an improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental points about the theoretical curve. The postdistribution elimination half-life was longer, the area under the plasma elimination curve larger, and the total body plasma clearance and apparent volume of distribution was reduced in the animals with arrhythmias. The pharmacological response was assessed by recording the ECG and calculating the percentage of normal sinus rhythm/min. A combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was used to analyze data from individual animals. ke0, a measure of the lag time of pharmacological response behind changes in plasma concentration, and Ce (50), a measure of the sensitivity of the cardiac site of action of the drug, were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059262
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    The effect of saturable binding to plasma proteins on the pharmacokinetic properties of disopyramide (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: disopyramide ; pharmacokinetics ; antiarrhythmic, healthy subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Disopyramide exhibits saturable binding to plasma proteins in the therapeutic plasma concentration range. Because of this property, controversy exists in the literature regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. The purposes of this study were to reassess the pharmacokinetic properties of disopyramide in humans, taking into consideration both total and unbound concentrations and to use disopyramide as a model compound to study the effect of drug binding on the renal clearance of both total and unbound drug. A single intravenous dose of disopyramide (1.5 mg/kg) was administered to eight normal volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected for 36h. Total concentrations of disopyramide in plasma and urine were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Binding of disopyramide to plasma proteins was determined by equilibrium dialysis. In all subjects, the binding of disopyramide to plasma proteins was saturable, but there were considerable differences in binding between subjects. The volume of distribution, total body clearance, and renal clearances of both total and unbound drug were calculated. Because only the total body clearance and renal clearance of unbound compound are not dependent upon unbound fraction (α), these are the only parameters which can be reported without qualification as to the concentration. The mean ± SD total body clearance of unbound drug in the eight subjects was 5.40± 2.80 ml/min/kg. About 50% of this was due to renal elimination. A statistically significant negative correlation of the renal clearance of total disopyramide with time was observed in seven of eight subjects, whereas a significant correlation between the renal clearance of unbound disopyramide and time was observed in only one subject. This suggests that the renal clearance of unbound disopyramide is independent of α, while the renal clearance of total disopyramide is dependent upon α.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059180
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    Pharmacokinetics of sulfaethidole in the rat: Nonlinear multicompartment solution (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; models ; plasma protein binding ; nonlinear processes ; Sulfaethidole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sulfaethidole distribution and elimination in the rat was studied over a 90-fold dose range. This experimental design produced marked nonlinearity in the binding of Sulfaethidole to proteins in both interstitial fluid and plasma. Using a multicompartmental model consisting of binding of Sulfaethidole to plasma and interstitial fluid proteins, Sulfaethidole distribution in the body could be simulated. Urinary and biliary elimination of Sulfaethidole depended on the unbound drug mass in the plasma and urine flow. The results confirm the central role of the unbound species in the distribution and elimination of drugs with marked binding to plasma proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059182
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    Interspecies scaling, allometry, physiological time, and the ground plan of pharmacokinetics (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 201-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: interspecies variations ; scaling ; heterogony ; allometry ; pharmacokinetics ; physiological time ; pharmacokinetic time ; maximum lifespan potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interspecies variation in pharmacokinetics is considered and treated as a property and consequence of body size (allometry). Consequently, it is possible to reference (scale) pharmacokinetic parameters to the organism's individual anatomy, biochemistry, and/or physiology in such a manner that differences between species are nullified. Thus, in the mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human, methotrexate plasma clearance always equals 133% of creatinine clearance and as such becomes invariant. Pharmacokinetic time (a variable in terms of chronological time) is shown to be a form of physiological time in which a pharmacokinetic event becomes the independent variable, e.g., disposition halflife. A relationship between pharmacokinetic time and body size is demonstrated. It is suggested that man's lesser quantitative ability to metabolize many drugs may be correlated with his enhanced longevity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01062336
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    The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide in normal subjects (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 393-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: diuretic ; bumetanide ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; normals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide (1 mg) administered either orally or intravenously were studied in a group of normal subjects using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A two-compartment model adequately fitted the intravenous data. Renal clearance (85 ml min−1 contributed 65% to the total elimination of bumetanide irrespective of whether a model-dependent or model-independent method was used. Oral administration of bumetanide elicited a greater and a more prolonged pharmacological response than did intravenous bumetanide. An attempt is made to relate the pharmacokinetics of the drug to its pharmacodynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065171
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    Time course of blood ethanol in rats during alcohol dependence and withdrawal (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1069-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; alcohol ; alcohol abstinence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00830715
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    A model of the kinetics of blood levels of phenazepam and its metabolite 3-hydroxyphenazepam in cats (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1373-1375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; phenazepam ; 3-hydroxyphenazepam ; cats ; blood ; metabolic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00827203
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    Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in narcotic doses and endogenous ethanol levels in female rats (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1689-1692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ethanol preference ; endogenous ethanol ; pharmacokinetics ; estrous cysle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838911
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    Modeling of polymeric film-blowing processesPresented at the 52nf Annual Meeting, Society of Rheology, February 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Industrial film-blowing processes are characterized by large deformation rates, rapid changes of temperature and high stress levels. A pilot scale process was set up to simulate these variables. The pivotal element in modeling the process is a rheological constitutive equation which describes the fluid properties accurately over the entire range of conditions encountered; it was found that contributions to the stress in the material which arise out of the changing thermal history of a fluid element were a significant fraction of the total. When the deforming film is subjected to stretching but to little or no blowing, the axial stresses in the film are predicted excellently by the model under both isothermal and non-isothermal processing conditions. With rapid blowing and major deviations from uniaxial extension, the axial stresses are predicted less well, but still satisfactorily, under the conditions used. In no case are the circumferential stresses predicted accurately: i.e. unequal biaxial extensional deformations represent complications which have not been resolved.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220307
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    A dynamic mechanical study of the curing reaction of an unsaturated polyester (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 254-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing process of an unsaturated polyester was followed by employing the dynamic spring analysis (DSA) technique attached to the Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The storage and loss moduli and the gel times of the resin with various concentrations of initiator (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) were determined at several temperatures. The activation energy for the curing process studied was about 40 kJ/mol. Temperature effects on films partially cured below the ultimate glassy transition temperature (Tg) were studied similarly using the tensile mode on the Rheovibron from room temperature to 120°C. Two modulus peaks were observed upon heating and these were independent of precure conditions. The lower temperature peak was the result of continued curing and the higher temperature peak was attributed to the glassy relaxation of the cured product. The DSA technique were found to be useful for characterization of the curing process and the results showed good qualitative agreement with those obtained by tensile measurements using cast films when the shapes of the curves were compared.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220407
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    Property-morphology relationships of polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 234-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to establish property-morphology relationships in polymethylmethacrylate/polyvinylidenefluoride (PMMA/PVDF) blends. All blends were compounded in a twin-screw extruder and then processed by injection molding Mechanical properties of blends of various compositions were studied by dynamic mechanical and impact strength measurements. The presence of crystalline regions in blends was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Morphology of fracture surfaces of blends was studied by Spinning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PMMA/PVDF blends were found to form compatible mixtures over a wide range of blend composition. Changes in dynamic mechanical properties upon annealing were found to be a direct function of blond morphology. Electron microscopic evidence showed no signs of phase separation. DSC measurements detected crystalline regions in all blends containing 40 percent or more (by weight) PVDF.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220404
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    The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics under unlubricated sliding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The limiting pressure-velocity (PV) of plastics materials under normal contacting pressure P and sliding velocity V when the sliding goes on continuously unlubricated has been discussed theoretically in this study. The sliding friction tests between the rotating edge of a hollow cylinder against a stationary metal surface were carried out in room air and when the metals were cooled with circulating water.The results obtained were as follows: The relation between PVmax and the critical temperature τbmax of the surface above which ordinary frictional conditions are not maintained may be represented by the following formula, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm PV}_{max} = C(\tau _{bmax } - \tau _a)} & {(1)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Where C = Hn/μk, and H is the mean total heat conductivity between materials and environment in cal/cm2. °C · s, n the area ratio of heat radiation surface to frictional surface, μ the kinetic frictional coefficient, k the thermal equivalent of frictional work in cal/kg · cm · s, and τa the cooling or environment temperature.The value of C ranges from 1 to 10 in cal/kg · cm s · °C, and the value of PVmax from 45 to 750 in kg/cm2 · cm/s under prevailing room temperature air cooling in this experiment, however, the value of C has been increased about 2.3 times as much as those values by circulating water of 2°C around the lower side of the test piece.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220406
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    Solid-phase backward extrusion of thermoplastics (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The backward extrusion process was studied as a means of forming projections and ribs on flat sections of thermoplastic parts. The simplified, open-die axisymmetric and plane-strain extrusion cases were mainly considered. The results were applied to the development of a continuous solid-phase-forming process. Commercial-grade polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were used in the investigation. The projection height and extrusion loads in the unconstrained extrusion were measured as a function of the initial temperature of the material, the load hold time, and geometric variables. Cold dies were used in the experiments, and the samples were kept below their melt temperatures. The dimensional recovery of the flange section of the formed samples was also measured as a function of the hold time for given initial temperature and geometric variables. The slab and the upper-bound methods-in plasticity analysis were used to theoretically derive the projection heights and forming loads. The degree of correlation between the predictions and the experimental results depended on the estimates used for the frictional factors at the interfaces between the deforming material and the dies.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220502
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    Effect of compaction rate during the cold forming of polymeric powders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 300-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During many plastics processing methods, both conventional and novel, plastic powders or granules are subjected to pressure. The pressure transmissibility through the powder has an important effect on the success and efficiency of the process, and so it is desirable to be able to predict the pressure at any point from a knowledge of the applied pressure and the geometry of the system. To examine this pressure transmissibility effect, poly(vinylidene chloride) powder has been compacted in a metal die under different rates using either load or displacement control. It has been found that rate effects are particularly important for loading rates greater than 8 MPa/s and displacement rates greater than 7.5 mm/s. The ratio of transmitted pressure (P2) to applied pressure (P1) has been measured for a range of compact geometries, and it has been found that the ratio is approximately constant during the latter stages of the compaction process. Various laws for predicting the transmitted pressure have been studied, but it has been found that the simplest equation that agrees with the data is of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{P_2 }}{{P_1 }} = e^{- \alpha \mu ch/D} $$\end{document}
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220506
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    Molecular weight distribution of polyethylene terephthalate in homogeneous, continuous-flow-stirred tank reactors (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 314-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) formation in homogeneous, continuous-flow-stirred tank reactors (HCSTRs) operating at steady state has been simulated. The feed to the reactor is assumed to consist of the monomer bis-(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate and monofunctional compound (MF1) cetyl alcohol. The overall polymerization is assumed to consist of the polycondensation, reaction with monofunctional compounds, redistribution, and cyclization reactions. At a given time, the reaction mass consists of polyester molecules (Pn), polyester molecules with an ending of molecules of monofunctional compound (MFn), and cyclic polymers (Cn). A mass balance for each of these species in the reactor gives rise to a set of algebraic equations to be solved simultaneously. The MWD calculations show that the redistribution reaction plays a major role and cannot be ignored, This result is in contrast lo the observation for semi-batch reactors, for which redistribution becomes important when the cyclization reaction is included. For the same residence times of semi-batch and HCSTRs, the latter gives considerably lower-number average molecular weight, Nav, and polydispersity index, ρ. However, for the same conversions, the ρ for CSTR is higher. The concentration of the monofurctional compound, [MF1]0, in the feed and the reactor temperature both influence ρ, but the effect is small within the range studied.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220508
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    An improved lattice-fluid equation of state for pure component polymeric fluids (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Fluid-Lattice Theory (Ising Fluid), recently tested by Lacombe and Sanchez, has been modified by introducing the typical Flory's surface-to-volume ratio of the characteristic-segment of a polymeric liquid. This surface-to-volume ratio is not an adjustable parameter. It is obtained from Bondi's tabulations. The resulting new equation of state has three adjustable parameters per component and it represents a definite improvement for the fitting of P-V-T data for polymeric liquids. Extension to mixtures is not tested in this work but, in principle, it can be done by well-established methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220603
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    Capillary and slit flow behavior of concentrated solutions of a rod-like polymer (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 521-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the flow behavior of isotropic solutions of the rod-like polymer, poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPT), in 100 percent sulfuric acid. Studies include entry flow visualization in a slit die and solution fracture, and die swell in capillaries and a slit die. It was observed that solutions of PPT exhibit nearly negligible die swell, a slip-stick type of fracture that disappears at high shear rates, and radial entry flow patterns similar to Newtonian fluids. Fracture was associated with the plateau in the shear stress vs shear rate curve. Because values of the wall shear stress (τw.) obtained from capillary measurements were in good agreement with those obtained from a cone-and-plate rheometer and values of the loss modulus (G″) obtained from small-strain dynamic oscillatory measurements, it is believed that the rheological properties lead to the flow instability. These results are in agreement with the predictions of a recent theory by Doi and Edwards for concentrated solutions of rod-like molecules. Data are also presented for a flexible chain polyamide, nylon 6,6, in 100 percent H2SO4 for the purpose of comparing the flow characteristics of rigid and flexible chain polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220902
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    The elastic change of volume in pressurized bottles made from polymeric materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relations describing the elastic change of volume of thermoplastic cylindrical pressurized containers are presented. Discussions have been made on various cases including isotropic (i.e., un-oriented), uniaxially, and biaxially oriented materials. These relations are expected to be helpful for selecting the optimum processing conditions (i.e., draw ratio) in order to achieve the desired properties of polymeric pressurized containers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220804
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    The hydrolytic stability of some commercially available polycarbonates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 370-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of commercially available polycarbonates, including formulations made flame retardant by two different modifications, have been exposed to conditions producing moderately rapid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis rates were calculated from molecular weight data determined by gel permeation chromatography and, in some cases, from melt flow rate data. The rates calculated by the two methods are in good agreement. In general, the standard formulations containing minimal additive packages are the most hydrolytically stable. Although one relatively new flame retardant polycarbonate demonstrates generally good resistance to hydrolysis, most of the flame retardant formulations appear to be quite susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. For these materials, hydrolysis under conditions encountered in use could cause significant decreases in impact strength within a few years.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220608
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  • 78
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    Low temperature thermal aging of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 382-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallites of semicrystalline polymers formed at low temperatures are subject to partial partial melting and recrystallization resulting in a systematic increase in the size and perfection of the nascent crystallites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray studies suggest that ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), in particular, may undergo these secondary crystallization processes upon storage at temperatures far below Tm. DSC scans have been run on “as received” and quenched samples; the mole percent of vinyl alcohol in the copolymers studied was 0, 62, 70, 72, 82 and 100 percent. Tests on secondary crystallization kinetics, performed at different temperatures, further confirm the hypothesis of an increased degree of perfection (lamellar thickening) of the bulk crystallites achieved upon long term storage at temperature between Tg and Tm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220610
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  • 79
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    Rheology of polymer blends: Simultaneous slippage and entrance pressure loss in the ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM)/viton system (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 507-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because the exact nature of the mechanism governing the marked viscosity reduction in the highly incompatible EPDM/“Viton” fluoroelastomer system is not fully understood, a study was undertaken to shed more light on the phenomenon. Interracial. Slippage in the blend has been suggested as the mechanism by which a substantial reduction in the melt viscosities of either component takes place upon addition of a small amount of the other, In the present investigation, a Mooney slip analysis demonstrated wall slippage in the EPDM/Viton system over the shear stress range of 40 kPa to 160 kPa. The capillary surface was examined for evidence of coating by the minor component of the blend (Viton), and 9-fold enrichment was found by elemental analysis. However, on no occasion was pure Viton found. In other experiments, the dynamic linear viscoelastic properties and the transient squeezing flow response of the blend were found to be no different from those of the neat elastomer. In addition, the slip velocity in a capillary (and consequently, the viscosity-lowering effect) was reduced by a factor of 2 to 3 in capillaries with a 90° included entrance angle. It is postulated that the reduction in the flow resistance for the blend is unique to the sharp-entry capillary geometry and results from removal of Viton from the melt in the recirculating flow at the entrance. This material then feeds along the capillary wall, disrupting the already tenuous adhesion of the elastomer to the metal surface.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220809
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  • 80
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    Unsaturated polyesters from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 556-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series unsaturated polyesters were made from 2,2-di-methyl-l,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, fumaric acid, and isophthalic acid by a two-step fusion process. The effect of catalyst, conversion, composition, unsaturation, and styrene content were studied, and the relationship between composition and properties was established.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220907
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  • 81
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    Effect of the addition of ethylene-propylene random copolymers on the properties of high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends: Part 1 - morphology and impact behavior of molded samples (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 536-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two random commercial ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM) with different ethylene content have been added to binary isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blends by melt mixing in a Brabender-like apparatus. Impact Izod tests and a morphological analysis on the fractured surfaces of broken specimens have been performed and discussed, in order to improve the deficiency in toughness of the binary HDPE/iPP mixtures. The results show that the impact performance of both homopolymers and HDPE/iPP binary blends is strongly improved by the addition of the EPM copolymers. Such an effect is related to the fact that the overall morphology, as well as the mechanism and mode of fracture, are greatly modified by the presence of such additives. The extent is dependent on factors such as the nature of the matrix (HDPE or iPP), the composition, and the chemical structure and/or the molecular mass of the added copolymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220904
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221001
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    Estimation of injection pressure during mold fillingPresented in part at the “Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering,” Montreal, Canada, Oct, 4-9, 1981.This paper is a corrected reprint of the paper that originally appeared in POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, Mid-April, 1982, Vol, 22, No. 5. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 589-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimensionless diagrams for estimating the bulk temperature of the flow front and injection pressure in the limit of small viscous generation are obtained. Also, a criterion for neglecting viscous generation is identified, The diagrams, based on the Lord and Williams model, refer to rectangular geometry and amorphous materials. A satisfactory comparison is obtained with literature data taken on polystyrene. A reasonable estimate of polyethylene injection pressure was obtained by roughly accounting for latent heat of crystallization through modified thermal diffusivity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221002
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  • 84
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    The relationship of carbon black dispersion to electrical resistivity and vulcanizate physical properties (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 601-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of dispersion of carbon black in rubber is known to be a determining factor in the physical properties of the composite. It is important, therefore, to have a reliable, quantitative technique for assessing carbon black dispersion. It has been known for some time that the degree of dispersion of carbon black is reflected in its electrical resistivity. A resistivity instrument, developed by B. Boonstra, has been redesigned and constructed for use in this study. Factors that influence resistivity (i.e., black type, volume loading, and mixing time) are examined. Physical property and dynamic mechanical measurements are made, and their relationship to black dispersion is investigated. Light microscopy is also used to evaluate dispersion, and these data are compared to the resistivity results.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221004
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  • 85
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    On the dynamics and control of a plasticating extruder (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1095-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years, there have been many papers published on the application of process control to plasticating extruders. Much of the literature concentrates on the more classical control techniques. However, recent research has studied the application of stochastic identification techniques for building transfer function models for the extruder. In particular, the relationship of screw speed to die pressure and temperature has been studied. In the present work, both step tests and pseudorandom binary sequence tests were used to study the process dynamics of a 38 mm Killion extruder having a Iength-to-diameter ratio of 24:1. This study concentrates on the regulation of the extruder pressure in the face of its inherent surging characteristics. Variations in the quality of the feed plastic were studied through pulse and step changes in input polymer composition. Significant control problems resulted from measurement noise, which appeared at the same frequency as the screw rotation speed. Various mathematical filters to reduce the effect of this noise on the control variables were studied.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221707
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    Siloxane-poly(Methylmethacrylate) amphoteric blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1123-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly([4-(methacryloyloxy) butyl]pentamethyldisiloxane), PMBPD, has been prepared for the first time. At the weight average molecular weight of 55,900, it is a clear, viscous liquid with a glass transition temperature, Tg, of 236K. Copolymers with methylmethacrylate have also been prepared. The homo-and copolymers, all of which have methacrylate backbones with pendant siloxane groups, were blended with poly(methyl-methacrylate), PMMA. Using the existence of a single Tg as a definition of miscibility, it was found that blends of either PMMA or PMBPD with random copolymers are miscible. However, in spite of a clear appearance, the blend of the two horriopolymers were found to have two distinct Tgs.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221712
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    Recent advances in interpenetrating polymer networks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1143-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We review the synthesis, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties of IFNs as well as the related pseudo-IPNs, in which only one of the polymers is crossliriked. Recent studies have shown that the degree of phase separation achieved in these materials is strongly dependent on the compatibility of blends of the linear polymer constituents of the IPN components as well as the kinetics of chain extension and the presence of grafting between component polymers. We illustrate this by a series of IPNs consisting of a polyurethane and an acrylic copolymer. The acrylic is a typical automotive enamel. An enhancement in properties results, which is dependent on the amount of grafting and the kinetics of polymerization. Also discussed are IPNs of a polyurethane and an epoxy, which exhibit a synergism in adhesive properties, and IPNs of a RIM polyurethane with several epoxies and unsaturated polyesters. In addition, also reported are the preliminary studies on the first successful preparation of a three-component IPN, consisting of a polyurethane, an epoxy, and an acrylic.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221715
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    Development of industrial polyolefin blends using melt rheology data (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1153-1165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The review of current knowledge of the composition dependence of polymer-blend processability and morphology shows that development of industrial blends requires use of a semiempirical approach, based on the particular rheological composition (PRC) concept. Selecting blend composition in the close proximity to PRC and employing factorial experiments for the mixing process allows the development of successful industrial polyethylene/polypropylene blends designed for film and blow-molding applications.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221716
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  • 89
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    Composition and processing effects on the properties of one-component polyurethanesPresented at Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Montral, Canada, October 4-9, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1177-1183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A polyurethane consisting of a poly(propylene oxide) soft segment and a diphenylmethane diisocyanate - hydroquinone di-(b̃-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE) hard block has been characterized over the composition range of 30 to 60 percent hard block. The flexural modulus varied from 60 to 900 MPa over this composition range. The elongation was approximately 250 percent at the lower hard block contents but fell below 100 percent at 60 percent hard block. Differential scanning calorirnetric measurements showed that the crystallinity associated with the hard phase increased with increasing hard block content but decreased with increasing cure temperature. The heat sag was found to decrease with increasing hardblock and increase with increasing cure temperature. A material with properties comparable to current fascia materials had a significantly better heat sag resistance than a current RIM (reaction injection molding) polyurethane. The combination of the solid chain extender, HQEE, and a solid catalyst, zinc stearate, lowing it to be processed as a one-component resin having a pot life of greater than 8 h at 20°C al-injection molding machines. The one-component nature of the resin has made it possible to use a continuous in-line mexer and to reduce the amount of scrap by using cold runner molds. In addition, any scrap that is generated can be used as regrind in the system.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221802
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    Fractography of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate doped with polymethyl methacrylate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1199-1204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) can greatly affect the properties of materials made by polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). Fracture surfaces, examined by scanning electron microscopy, show a much wider range of morphologies in mist regions than observed in previous work on PEGDM alone. These morphologies are attributed to the moderation of brittle fracture by localized plastic deformation. It is suggested that the effect of PMMA is due to its segregation around clusters of highly cross-linked particles of PEGDM that, as a result, become more discrete and, hence, more susceptible to interparticle displacements during fracture. In agreement With this suggestion, the mist regions usually exhibit a particulate microstructure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221805
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  • 91
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part D: Fracture toughness of an epoxy resin: A study of the effect of crosslinking and sub-Tg aging (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1228-1236 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of an epoxy resin system, diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulphone, DDS, has been studied by varying the crosslinking density and state of aging. A stable, but rough, crack propagation was observed with specimens that were 99 percent cured and quenched. When the extent of curing was less than 99 percent or the material was aged for more than 20 min at 62°C, crack propagation was of the unstable stick-slip nature. Aging was found to decrease the initiation fracture toughness dramatically, but the arrest fracture toughness was almost unchanged. This result was associated with a change of relaxation strength of the primary, a, transition with aging. An increase of crosslinking density was found initially to reduce the fracture toughness of this epoxy resin, but the fracture toughness increased after 87 percent of curing. The initial decrease of the fracture toughness was attributed to a decrease of relaxation strength of the primary transition (i.e., the area under the α-relaxation peak), while the increase of the fracture toughness after 87 percent curing was explained by the onset of the stablerough crack propagation, Micrographs taken by scanning electron microscopy-showed possible existence of blunting during crack propagation and a decrease of blunting with the extent of aging.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221809
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  • 92
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    Mathematical modeling of the blow-molding process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1075-1083 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical simulation of the blow-molding cycle has been developed by combining general conservation principles along with appropriate constitutive relations for the material. A model of the parison formation stage has been devised by considering the competing effects due to swell and drawdown. A more rigorous numerical analysis of parison formation is also discussed. A theoretical treatment of parison inflation is described for both inelastic and viscoelastic materials by assuming uniform radial growth, Comparisons are made with experimental data for all phases of the molding cycle. The mathematical model is in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental results and is capable of elucidating the influence of material properties and process conditions on the dynamics and performance of the blow-molding process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221705
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    Editor's note (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1107-1107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221708
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  • 94
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    13C NMR characterization of intermolecular interactions for polymers. Part 3. Solvent effect on the blend compatibility of poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1109-1116 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solvent has an influence on the homogeneity of the poly(vinyl methyl ether)-polystyrene, PVME-PS blends Prepared by drying cosolutions. This influence has been analyzed in terms of the competition among polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions. Model solutions have been prepared in which intermoleeular interactions correspond to the interactions in this blend and in some of the cosolutions. These interactions in the model solutions have been detected and identified by applying Rummens' method. The 13C NMR spectra have been determined for PVME and for styrene oligomer dissolved in n-alkanes, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and chloroform, and for PVME dissolved in benzene, toluene, and cumene. The chemical shifts have been plotted against the parameter g2 = [(n22 - 1)/(n22 + 1)]2, where n2 is the refractive index of the solvent. If the structural segment represented by certain carbon and some solvent has an interaction that is stronger than dispersive, the chemical shift for this carbon will deviate from the line formed by its shifts in n-alkane solutions, these deviations indicate characters and intensities of the intermoleeular interactions. Results indicate that cyclohexane exhibits weak interactions with both of the polymers and does not interfere with their mutual interaction, leading to a compatible blend. Results also suggest that benzene and toluene interact in the PVME in the same manner as PS. This leads to a gradual increase of the number of polymer-polymer interactions as the concentration of the polymers is increased by solvent removal, resulting in a compatible blend. Chloroform apparently interacts more strongly with PVME than with PS but interacts strongly enough with both to restrict interaction among the two polymers. As the concentration of polymers in the cosolution is increased, PS forms a separate phase. This leads to an inhomogeneous blend when the solvent is evaporated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221710
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    Electronic Resource
    Fracture toughness (KQ) testing with a mini-compact tension (CT) specimen (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1190-1198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A testing method using the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer as the loading instrument to measure the fracture toughness KQ, which is related to a specific sample geometry and dimensions (half-inch compact tension) is reported. The small sample size requirement makes it attractive to do fracture toughness testing on newly synthesized material for preliminary material study and comparison purposes. Commercially available epoxy resins were used to check the procedure at different temperatures (-150° to 250°C). An empirical crack length averaging method was used that appears to give constant KQ values independent of the a/W ratio values. The fracture surfaces were studied using scanning electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221804
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  • 96
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part A: A study of the origins of the secondary relaxations of epoxy resins by thermally stimulated depolarization (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1205-1212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of several epoxy resin systems, which have systematic structural differences, has been studied by the thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) technique. Two TSD peaks centered at about 115°K (β peak) and 185°K (β peak) were found for epoxy resins cured with a diamine. Structural change, either in the epoxy resin molecule or the amine molecule, did not seem to affect those two peaks. The TSD thermogram of the DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of disphenol A) epoxy resin part only showed a small new peak at 160°K instead of the ft peak at 185°K. This result, together with the fact that postcuring increased β peak height, leads to the conclusion that the ft peak is most likely due to the newly-created molecular segment during the curing reaction. The peak at 160°K was assigned to the epoxy group. This assignment was based on the fact that the 160°K peak of an epoxy homopolymer, which has fewer epoxy groups, was smaller than that of the parent DGEBA. The β and γ peaks were found to be of distributed characteristics, and the distribution of activation energy was studied by the partial heating method.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221806
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Batch polymerization of styrene-optimal temperature historiesThis paper was presented at the 1980 Annual Meeting, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, III. (November 1980). (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Optimal temperature histories for the batch thermal polymerization of styrene are determined using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental measurements of conversion and molecular weight distribution. The excellent agreement suggests policy improvements in batch radical chain growth polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220102
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220201
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 57-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220202
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer compatibility with and without a solvent (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 64-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A qualitative review of the thermodynamics of polymer systems will be given in terms of three contributions: positional (or combinatorial) entropy, an “international” term and a free volume term. From this one finds that a simple polymer-solvent system phase separates on lowering T to an Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST) or raising it to Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), To achieve miscibility of two polymers of high molecular weight, one requires a “specific” interaction, usually a weak charge-transfer complex or a hydrogen bond. Phase separation takes place on raising the temperature to an LCST. These various UCST and LCST are predicted semi-quantitative by the Prigogine-Flory theory. When a solvent is added to two miscible polymers, a new type of phase separation appears since there is an effect of any difference in the strengths of the two polymer-solvent interactions. Phase separation may easily occur in the ternary system where there is none in the three binary systems, and examples will be given. In the case of two highly-attractive polymers in a solvent, a quite different phase separation occurs, sometimes called complex coacervation. A simple Flory-Huggins type theory predicts these phenomena in ternary systems.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220204
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