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  • 2000-2004  (140)
  • 1980-1984  (92)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1890-1899
  • 1850-1859
  • 1820-1829
  • breast cancer
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microsatellite instability markers in breast cancer: A review and study showing MSI was not detected at ‘BAT 25’ and ‘BAT 26’ microsatellite markers in early-onset breast cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; microsatellite instability ; microsatellite markers ; review ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microsatellite markers may provide evidence of faulty DNA mismatch repair (MMR) via the detection of microsatellite instability (MSI). The choice of microsatellite markers may impact on the MSI detection rate. In hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), several informative microsatellite markers have been recommended. Two of these, BAT 25 and BAT 26, are quasi-homozygous, enabling analysis of tumour DNA in the absence of paired normal DNA. Sixty-six breast cancer patients under 45 years of age at diagnosis were examined for MSI at BAT 25 and BAT 26. Tumour DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue. No MSI was detected at the BAT 25 or BAT 26 loci. An additional five microsatellite markers, known to be informative for HNPCC, were examined for MSI in these patients. Apparently-normal profiles were achieved. A tabulated survey of 306 microsatellite markers used to detect MSI in breast cancer revealed that only 35.5% of markers detected MSI at an average rate of 2.9%. The MSI detection rate at the specific HNPCC markers varied from 0% to 10% in breast cancer, with D175250 and TP53 being the HNPCC markers most suitable for analysis of breast cancer. The size of the microsatellite marker's repeat unit did not impact on MSI detection rates. Compiled data from large studies (n〉100) revealed D115988 as the marker with the highest MSI detection rate. Genomic instability pathways of carcinogenesis, characterised by MMR defects and MSI, appear to play a role in the genesis of some breast cancer types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006315315060
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EORTC 10941: A phase II study of liarozole in postmenopausal patients with ‘Chemotherapy-Resistant’ or ‘Potentially Hormone Sensitive’ metastatic breast cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: aromatase inhibitor ; breast cancer ; liarozole ; retinoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liarozole is an imidazole compound that inhibits enzymes involved in steroid hormone aromatisation and retinoid metabolism. The IDBBC branch of the EORTC has performed a series of phase II studies of the agent in four groups of postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. This paper reports the results of the first two groups: ‘Chemotherapy Resistant’ (unrestricted ER status, 1 or 2 prior chemotherapy regimens, 0–2 prior hormonal therapies) and ‘Potentially Hormone Sensitive’ (ER positive or unknown, 1 or 2 prior hormonal therapies with a substantial disease free interval or progression free survival, and no history of chemotherapy for metastatic disease). Liarozole was administered at 150–300 mg orally bid. The objective response rate was 12% in the ‘Chemotherapy Resistant’ group (n=34), and 22% in the ‘Potentially Hormone Sensitive’ group (n=37), with median response durations of 9 and 14 months, respectively. Median time to treatment failure was only 2 months in both groups, due largely to the significant percentage (24%) of patients who ceased treatment following excessive mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal toxicity. This adverse event profile will limit its use in breast cancer. Results of the ‘ER negative’ and ‘Tamoxifen Refractory’ groups will be reported in a future paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006398518037
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of cathepsin D in human breast cancer: Usefulness of the processsed 31 kDa active form of the enzyme as a prognostic indicator in node-negative and node-positive patients (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: active processed cathepsin D ; breast cancer ; prognostic indicator ; survival analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relative amounts of the precursor (52 kDa) and processed (31,27 kDa) forms of cathepsin D have been analyzed by Western blotting in biopsied breast tissue cytosols from 134 lesions from invasive breast cancer patients, 24 lesions from patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 227 lesions from benign breast disease patients, and 28 lesions from normal control subjects. The mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form was significantly increased (p〈0.001) in the invasive breast cancer group compared to the other three groups. In addition, the mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form was significantly increased (p〈0.05) in node-positive compared to node-negative breast cancer patients. In the benign breast disease group, patients with proliferative-type disease had a significantly increased (p=0.02) mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form of cathepsin D compared to patients with nonproliferative-type disease. Invasive breast cancer patients were followed for up to 75 months to determine if the relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form of cathepsin D was predictive of disease-free and overall survival. Although the amount of the 31 kDa form was not predictive of disease-free survival, patients in the ‘high’ 31 kDa group (〉18) were significantly (p〈0.05) more likely to die than patients in the ‘low’ 31 kDa group (≤18%). The 12 patients who died were all node-positive and in the high 31 kDa group. It thus appears that the relative amount of the processed, active 31 kDa form of cathepsin D is a useful prognostic indicator, at least in node-positive breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006394401199
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aberrant expression of TSG101 in Taiwan Chinese breast cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: TSG101 ; breast cancer ; tumor suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Functional inactivation of the tsg101 gene in mouse fibroblasts results in cell transformation and the ability to form metastatic tumors in nude mice. The human tsg101 gene was mapped to chromosome 11q15.1-2 and found to mutate in some cancer patients. To test the expression pattern of the tsg101 gene in Chinese breast cancer patients, we analyzed the mRNA by RT-PCR in 51 breast cancer patients. The full-length tsg101 and 7 truncated transcripts were detected in both normal and matched tumor tissues. A short transcript with a deletion of nucleotides 154–1054 is frequently presented in late-stage breast cancers. TSG101 protein expression was also detected by Western blot analysis in 30 breast cancer patients. A predicted full-length 46 kDa and three proteins with smaller molecular weight were detected. The full-length 46 kDa protein was less expressed in tumor specimens. Immunohistochemical stains from 10 patients of each stage 0–4 revealed that TSG101 protein was predominantly present in the cytoplasm. Cell nuclei were occasionally immunopositive and the chromosomes were deeply stained during cell division. The intracellular location and the expression of TSG101 protein were both not stage-dependent in primary breast cancers. In addition, normal mammary glands were more homogenously immunopositive than invasive ductal carcinoma. These results support the notion that the aberrant expression of TSG101 in breast cancer is associated with altered cell growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006426400524
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The timing of treatment in breast cancer: gaps and delays in treatment can be harmful (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; growth rates ; histological grade ; primary medical treatment ; radiotherapy fractionation ; ‘split-course’ radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ‘Timing’ of treatment in breast cancer may refer to intervals within a single management or between different managements. Rates of shrinkage of breast cancers in response to treatment are related to histological grade and may be used as surrogates for growth rates. Histological grade should predict appropriate timing of treatment. Four cases of locally advanced breast cancer that illustrate a number of different types of interval are presented. Two tumours of differing histological grade (II and III) had been managed by historical ‘split-course’ radiotherapy and two similar grade III tumours were managed by primary medical treatment, followed at different intervals by radiotherapy. In the grade III tumours different radiotherapy fractionation régimes and effects of varying intervals between mangements are compared. The theoretical advantage of shrinkage (leading to reoxygenation) during the gap in ‘split-course’ radiotherapy is realized only in relatively slowly growing and shrinking tumours. Grade III tumours grow rapidly. They have the potential to shrink rapidly in response to appropriate treatment, namely intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy but not hormones. Inadequate treatment leads to growth in intervals between individual doses, whether of drugs or radiation, and to failure of local control. The advantage of surgery or primary medical treatment will be lost if the interval between managements is too long in relation to the volume doubling time. Histological grade is a good guide of this parameter; the grade III tumours are particularly vulnerable to gaps in treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006441018271
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between in vivo drug exposure of the tumor interstitium and inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro: a study in breast cancer patients (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; 5-fluorouracil ; methotrexate ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel approach is described to simulate effect site pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs. This approach is based on (i) the in vivo measurement of unbound, interstitial drug pharmacokinetics (PK) in solid tumor lesions in patients and (ii) a subsequent pharmacodynamic (PD) simulation of the time versus drug concentration profile in an in vitro setting. For this purpose, breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed in vitro to the time versus interstitial tumor concentration profiles of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and methotrexate (MTX) from primary breast cancer lesions in patients. This led to a maximal reduction in the viable cell count of 69 on day 4, and of 71 on day 7 for 5-FU and MTX, respectively. This effect was dependent on the initial cell count and was characterized by a high interindividual variability. For 5-FU there was a significant correlation between the maximum antitumor effect and the intratumoral AUC (r = 0.82, p = 0.0005), whereas no correlation could be shown for MTX (r = 0.05, p = 0.88). We conclude, that the in-vivo-PK / in-vitro-PD model presented in this study may provide a rational approach for describing and predicting pharmacodynamics of cytotoxic drugs at the target site. Data derived from this approach support the concept that tumor penetration of 5-FU may be a response-limiting event, while the response to MTX may be determined by events beyond interstitial fluid kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006497202341
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unique features of breast cancer in Taiwan (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 63 (2000), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; database ; prognosis ; Taiwan ; young age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Between April 1990 and December 1997, 811 consecutive patients with 830 newly diagnosed breast cancers having their primary treatments in our institution were included in this study. Sixty three percent of breast cancer patients were premenopausal. The early-onset breast cancer (age ≤ 40) composed 29.3% of all patients. The five-year survival rate of all patients was 80.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76.2–84.6%). The five-year overall survival rate for stage 0 was 95.7% (95% CI, 87.3–100%), stage I, 93.9% (95% CI, 88.9–98.9%), stage II, 88.5% (95% CI, 82.0–95.1%), stage III, 65.0% (95% CI, 54.0–75.9%), and stage IV, 18.5% (95% CI, 3.4–33.7%). Multivariate analysis of primary operable breast cancer revealed that axillary lymph node involvement, high nuclear grade and early-onset breast cancer (age ≤ 40) were poor prognostic factors. The early-onset breast cancer had a more aggressive clinical behavior than that of the older age group, their five-year disease-free survival rates for stage I, stage II and stage III diseases being only 64.7%, 66.5%, and 43.3%, respectively. In these patients the only meaningful prognostic factor was extensive axillary lymph node metastasis (≥10). In summary, breast cancer patients in Taiwan tend to be younger than their counterpart in western countries. The early-onset breast cancer had poorer prognostic features for all stages comparing to the older age group. Standard pathologic factors are not good predictors of their outcome. For these patients new biologic markers need to be sought to distinguish between high and low risk and the treatment strategy for them should be guided by the aggressive characteristics of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006468514396
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum lipid levels during and after adjuvant toremifene or tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 63 (2000), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cholesterol ; triglycerides ; tamoxifen ; toremifene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tamoxifen decreases serum cholesterol (S-cholesterol) level about 10% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (S-LDL) 15–20%, but in most studies it has increased serum triglyceride levels and had little effect on serum high-density cholesterol (S-HDL). The effect of another antiestrogen, toremifene, on the serum lipid profile has not been completely studied. We monitored serum lipid levels longitudinally in 141 axillary node-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients who received randomly either 40 mg toremifene or 20 mg tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy for 36 months, and in 34 postmenopausal women who received no adjuvant systemic therapy after surgery for axillary node-negative breast cancer. No significant differences were found between the drugs in their effects on S-cholesterol, LDL, HDL, or triglyceride levels, or on the cholesterol-to-HDL or LDL-to-HDL ratios. For both drugs the S-cholesterol and S-LDL absolute lowering effect was the greater the higher the pretreatment level. For a patient with a median pretreatment value, toremifene decreased S-cholesterol 6% and tamoxifen 13%, and S-LDL decreased by 13% and 23%, respectively, at 6 months of therapy. Six months after stopping three-year antiestrogen therapy S- cholesterol and S-LDL levels had returned to the pretreatment levels. In conclusion, we found no major differences between 40 mg toremifene and 20 mg of tamoxifen in their effect on the serum lipid levels, which return to the pretreatment levels within 6 months after cessation of therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006465732143
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcohol and Breast Cancer Mortality in a Cohort Study (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 64 (2000), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: alcohol ; breast cancer ; cohort ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Available epidemiological evidence indicates that alcohol intake is associated with a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Plausible biological pathways include its effect on levels of estrogens, cell membrane integrity and cell-to-cell communication, inhibition of DNA repair, and congener effect. The present study evaluated the impact of alcohol on mortality from breast cancer, an area with relatively few studies in the literature. The subjects were participants in a Canadian prospective cohort study, the National Breast Screening Study (NBSS). Women were enrolled in the cohort from 1980 to 1985 to evaluate the efficacy of mammographic screening. Information on usual diet and alcohol intake at enrolment and other epidemiological variables was collected by means of a mailed, self-administered questionnaire. Mortality from breast cancer during follow- up to 31 December, 1993 was ascertained by record linkage to the Canadian Mortality Data Base maintained by Statistics Canada. During the follow-up period of 1980–1993 (average 10.3 years), 223 deaths from breast cancer were identified for this analysis. The hazard ratios for the risk of death from breast cancer increased with intakes of total alcohol of 10–20 g/day (1.039, 1.009–1.071) and 〉 20 g/day (1.063, 1.029–1.098). This increase was contributed largely by the intake of wine, a 15% increase in risk at intakes higher than 10 g/day of alcohol from wine. Alcohol from spirits was associated with a small decrease in risk of death (hazard ratio at 10 g/day, 0.945, 0.915–0.976). The effect of alcohol from beer was not significant in the two categories studied. Although our results were statistically significant, the magnitude of the change in risk was small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006402323445
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PTP LAR Expression Compared to Prognostic Indices in Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 64 (2000), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; EGF receptor ; erbB2 ; estrogen receptor ; LAR ; 13762NF tumor ; tyrosine phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several prognostic indices in breast cancer, including c-erbB2, epithelial growth factor receptors (EGFR), estrogen and progesterone receptors are signal transduction molecules. Recently, expression of another signal transduction molecule, the protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR, has been suggested to be increased in breast cancer. The objective of the current investigation was to examine the relationship between LAR expression and prognostic parameters in breast cancer. LAR expression was associated with metastatic potential in the well-characterized 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma clones. The metastatic MTLn3 and MTLn2 clones expressed sizable amounts of LAR. The essentially non-metastatic MTC clone had little LAR expression. C-erbB2 had highest expression in the highly metastatic MTLn3 clone, but c-erbB2 levels were sizeable in the weakly metastatic MTLn2 and non-metastatic MTC clone. EGFR expression had the strongest association with a clone's metastatic potential, being very high in MTLn3, weak in MTLn2, and undetectable in MTC. In human breast cancer specimens, LAR expression was strongly positive in 50% of metastatic cases but in only 21% of ‘non-metastatic’ cases. As with the 13762NF-derived clones, c-erbB2 expression was strongly positive independent of metastatic phenotype. However, 46% (6/13) of cases that were strongly positive for c-erbB2 were strongly positive for LAR. Only 17% (2/11) of negative or weakly c-erbB2 positive samples were strongly positive for LAR. All ER+ positive tumors (n = 15) were positive for LAR and 53% of these tumors were strongly positive for LAR. In ER− negative cases, only 1 of 11 was strongly positive for LAR. While the current data indicate a strong association between ER and LAR expression in breast cancer tissue (p = 0.003), additional studies are warranted to further explore the relationship between LAR and prognostic indices of breast cancer progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006410509740
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p21WAF1/CIP1 Expression in breast cancers: associations with p53 and outcome (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; p21WAF1/CIP1 ; p53 ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract p21WAF1/CIP1 is transcriptionally activated by wt p53 and inhibits G1 associated cyclins, a major mechanism by which p53 inhibits cellular proliferation. Archival breast cancers (798) with a median follow-up of 16.3 years were used to explore the prognostic value of p2l immunohistochemical analyses. p21 immunostaining was detected in the majority (726/798: 91%) of breast cancers as well as adjacent in situ carcinomas (125/170: 74%), hyperplastic lesions (140/349: 40%) and normal breast epithelium adjacent to carcinoma (3/89: 3%). Complete immunonegativity was observed in only 9% of invasive cancers and was associated with p53 immunopositivity (p〈0.05). Univariate analysis of all patients showed that p21 negativity was associated with a longer disease specific survival (relative risk (RR) 1.5). Node positive p21 – patients also showed a longer disease free and disease specific survival as compared to tumor p21+ patients. In node negative patients, p53 positivity but not p21 alone, was significantly associated with a shortened disease free survival (RR = 1.6). Node negative patients who were p53 + p21−, in particular had the shortest disease free survival compared to other p53, p21 subgroups (i.e., p21 negativity was associated with a worse outcome). Multivariate analysis of lymph node negative patients (n〉300) demonstrated that tumor size and tumor grade were independently predictive of outcome, whereas neither p53 nor p21 were significant. For node positive patients, p21 positivity (p=0.05), p53 positivity (p=0.03), a higher number of positive nodes, larger tumor size, steroid receptor negativity, high proliferation rate, and erbB-2 expression were each independently associated with poor outcome. In summary, p21 negativity was inversely correlated with p53 immunopositivity in the majority of cases. p21 negative tumor patients had an improved outcome if they were node positive, whereas p21 status was not significantly associated with survival in node negative patients. This observation may be due to the reported ‘uncoupling of S phase and mitosis’ associated with a loss of p21 expression which may result in enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006455526894
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATM heterozygosity and breast cancer: screening of 37 breast cancer patients for ATM mutations using a non-isotopic RNase cleavage-based assay (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: ataxia telangiectasia ; ATM ; breast cancer ; mutation screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Based upon the results of several epidemiologic studies, it has been suggested that women who are carriers for a mutation in the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene are susceptible for the development of breast cancer. Therefore, 37 consecutive breast cancer patients were screened for the presence of a germline ATM mutation using a non-isotopic RNase cleavage-based assay (NIRCA). This paper reports the first use of NIRCA for detection of ATM mutations in breast cancer patients. Using this assay, no ATM mutations were found in our patient population. This result is similar to the findings of other studies that have employed approaches complementary to NIRCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006463730337
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex hormone-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the female Noble rats: Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in hormonal mammary carcinogenesis (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androgen receptor ; apoptosis ; Bax ; Bcl-2 ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have established a Noble rat model to explore the mechanisms of hormonal mammary carcinogenesis, in which the role of androgen in promoting mammary carcinogenesis was highlighted. We have also established that stromal-epithelial interactions may be responsible for the promotional effects of testosterone in mammary carcinogenesis. Based on these understandings, in the present study we examined the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in pre-malignant mammary glands from rats treated with different protocols of sex hormones for 7 weeks as well as sex hormone induced mammary tumours. We observed that Bcl-2 was strongly expressed in most of mammary tumour cells, whereas weak or negative in adjacent normal or hyperplastic ductal structures. On the contrary, Bax immunoreactivity was weak in mammary tumour cells while strongly expressed in adjacent normal or hyperplastic ductal structures. More importantly, the results from comparative study of ‘pre-malignant’ glands further showed that when animals were treated with 17β-oestradiol, the mammary epithelial cells expressed high levels of Bcl-2. The results from rats treated with testosterone, either alone or in combination with oestrogen, give rise to high levels of Bax expression in ‘pre-malignant’ mammary glands. These observations indicate that in ‘pre-malignant’ mammary glands, treatment with testosterone, either alone or in combination with 17β-oestradiol, may induce high apoptotic activities. However, in fully developed mammary tumours, the apoptotic activities apparently decrease in tumour cells. TUNEL assay provides further data to support this conclusion. Our study, thus, suggests that androgens may play a promoting role in mammary carcinogenesis by upregulation of Bax expression and induction of high apoptotic activities in ‘pre-malignant’ stage, which would provide a selective pressure favouring the expansion of the initiated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006400732154
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer incidence in relation to smoking cessation (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; ex-smokers ; smoking ; smoking cessation ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract High plasma levels of oestrogens are associated with increased breast cancer risk. If smoking, as has been suggested, have both a tumour initiating mutagenic effect and a protective anti-oestrogenic effect, one would assume that smokers who give up smoking have the highest incidence of breast cancer. This was evaluated in the follow-up of a cohort of 10,902 women of whom 4,359 were premenopausal. Record-linkage with official cancer registries yielded 416 incident cases during an average follow-up of 13.6 years. The adjusted relative risk in all ex-smokers was 1.31 (1.02–1.69), as compared to never smokers, and in premenopausal ex-smokers it was 1.57 (1.07–2.30). Breast cancer incidence in premenopausal ex-smokers was inversely related to time since cessation, (p for trend = 0.01), and was highest among the women who had given-up smoking less than 12 months before screening: 2.76 (1.55–4.91). There was no significant association between current smoking and breast cancer risk. We conclude that incidence of breast cancer in premenopausal women who have given up smoking is higher than it is in smokers and never smokers. To what extent this may be related to endocrine effects associated with smoking cessation remains to be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006448611952
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving discussion of surgical treatment options for patients with breast cancer: local medical opinion leaders versus audit and performance feedback (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast conserving surgery ; hospital practices ; mastectomy ; physician behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied whether a hospital intervention utilizing medical opinion leaders and performance feedback reduced the proportion of women who reported that surgeons did not discuss options prior to surgery for early stage breast cancer. Opinion leaders provided clinical education to their peers using a variety of strategies and were selected for their ability to influence their peers. Performance feedback involved distributing performance reports that contained data on the outcomes of interest as well as on other treatment patterns. Twenty-eight hospitals in Minnesota were randomized to the intervention or to a control group that received performance feedback only. The proportion of patients at intervention hospitals who said that their surgeon did not discuss options decreased significantly (p〈0.001) from 33% to 17%, but a similar decrease was observed among control hospitals. Using medical opinion leaders to intervene in hospitals appeared as effective as performance feedback.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006475012861
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer prognostic significance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the proximal androgen response element of the prostate specific antigen gene promoter (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androgen receptor ; breast cancer ; mutation ; polymorphism ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) expression by breast epithelial cells is associated with favorable breast cancer prognosis. In preliminary studies, we found that a nucleotide variation (G → A) at position −158 in the androgen response element (ARE-1) of the PSA promoter was present in four out of 9 breast tumors examined and in a breast carcinoma cell line. We have now determined the nucleotide composition at position −158 of DNA extracted from 148 well-characterized breast tumors and compared tumor genotype with that of controls without cancer, with tumor PSA concentration and with clinicopathological variables, overall survival and disease free survival. The G → A base change at position −158 is a polymorphism. Allelotypes were similarly distributed in breast cancer patients and controls. The Mann–Whitney U Test showed a significantly higher tumor PSA concentration in tumors that presented a homozygous G as opposed to homozygous A genotype. Genotype at position −158 was not associated with clinicopathological variables in contingency table analysis. Univariate Cox regression models showed a 28% reduction in risk for death in patients with homozygous G genotype compared to those with homozygous A genotype (P=0.03). However, ARE-I genotype did not significantly add to the prognostic power in the multivariate model of overall survival. In summary, the base change at position −158 is a polymorphism that may affect breast cancer prognosis, but further studies are required to confirm this possibility and to investigate the relevance of this polymorphism in terms of breast cancer susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006459613498
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  • 117
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    Pilot studies on the p53 gene in nipple aspirate fluid from patients with breast cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mutation ; nipple aspirate fluid ; p53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF) from patients with breast cancer is a potential source of exfoliated tumour material amenable to molecular biological study, but few such data have been reported. In this study we demonstrate that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of p53 gene DNA is achievable in a proportion of NAF samples from breast cancer patients. Subsequently four NAF samples from patients whose primary tumours were identified as having a defined p53 mutation were studied by single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP). Two samples yielded PCR product indistinguishable from wild type and two yielded no product. Whilst no cancer-related genetic mutations were demonstrated in NAF samples, further study is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006487315587
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  • 118
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    Psychological distress following first recurrence of disease in patients with breast cancer: prevalence and risk factors (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjustment disorders ; breast cancer ; first recurrence ; major depressive disorder ; psychological distress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of, and risk factors for psychological distress following first recurrences of breast cancer. Patients and methods: The sample was drawn consecutively from the inpatient and outpatient populations of the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan during an 18-month period from July 1996 to December 1997. Of the 56 eligible patients, 55 women aged 30–73 year with recurrent breast cancer participated in the study. The prevalence of psychological distress, including major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders was evaluated according to the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third edition-revised (DSM-III-R). Risk factors for psychological distress were analyzed with a logistic regression model. Results: Of the 55 subjects, 42 met the DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder or adjustment disorders. Major depressive disorder was seen in 4 (7%), and adjustment disorders in 19 (35%). Logistic regression analysis showed that a disease-free interval of less than 24 months significantly predicted a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or adjustment disorders (odds ratio 5.28, 95% confidence interval; 1.28–21.8, p=0.02). Conclusions: These results suggest that it is important for all oncology staff to pay careful attention to the psychological health of patients who have been informed of their cancer recurrence, and that some psychosocial intervention is necessary for preventing distress in patients facing early recurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006483214678
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  • 119
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    A comparison of cell cycle markers in well-differentiated lobular and ductal carcinomas (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell cycle ; ductal ; histologic subtypes ; lobular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) are similar in many respects and their histologic features occasionally overlap. Despite the many similarities, some clinical follow-up data and the patterns of metastasis suggest that ILC and IDC are biologically distinct. Unfortunately, most breast cancer research has focused almost exclusively on the ductal subtype or has not stressed the biologic or molecular genetic distinctions between breast carcinoma subtypes. Several reports have suggested the possibility that ILCs and IDCs differ with respect to expression of antigens involved in proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Therefore, we undertook an immunohistochemical evaluation of cell cycle related antigens in ILCs, including histologic variants thought to represent aggressive neoplasms, and IDCs matched for histologic grade (Modified Bloom–Richardson Grade I). We believe that different antigent expression profiles could elucidate the biological distinctiveness of breast carcinoma subtypes and possibly provide diagnostically relevant information. We studied the expression of the following antigents in 28 archived, formalin-fixed ILCs and 34 well-differentiated IDCs: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her 2-neu, mib-1, cyclin D1, p27, p53, mdm-2 and bcl-2. 94% of ILCs and 100% of IDCs expressed ER; 75% of ILCs and 76% of IDCs expressed PR; 4% of ILCs and 13% of IDCs expressed c cerb B-2; ILCs and IDCs both expressed mib-1 in approximately 10% of lesional cells; 82% of ILCs and 54% of IDCs expressed cyclin D1; 90% of ILCs and 83% IDCs expressed p27 strongly; 4% of ILCs and 4% of IDCs expressed p53, 25% of ILCs and 33% of IDCs expressed mdm-2; 96% of ILCs and 100% of IDCs expressed bcl-2. None of the apparent differences were statistically significant. The ILC variants demonstrated immunophenotypes that were essentially similar to ILCs of the usual type. We conclude that ILCs and well-differentiated IDCs show similar proliferation and cell cycle control antigen profiles. Despite their unusual histologic features, most ILC variants appear to maintain a characteristic ILC immunophenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006479113769
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  • 120
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    The growth and metastasis of human, HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumor cell lines in male SCID mice (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; in vivo tumor models ; Her-2/neu ; metastasis ; SCID mice ; soluble Her-2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract HER-2/neu is overexpressed on a variety of human adenocarcinomas and overexpression has been associated with a poor prognosis. For this reason, HER-2 has become an attractive target for immunotherapy. To facilitate testing of anti-HER-2-monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and immunotoxins (ITs), we have evaluated the in vivo growth and metastatic spread of three HER-2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell lines (BT474, MDA-MB-453 and HCC1954) and one ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3.ip1) in pre-irradiated male SCID mice using subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes of injection. All the cell lines tested grew as s.c. tumors and the growth of BT474 and MDA-MB-453 cells after s.c. injection was improved by co-inoculation with Matrigel. Metastases to the lungs were detectable by PCR or histopathology after s.c. injection of BT474 and to a much lesser extent after s.c. injection of HCC1954, MD-MB-453 and SKOV3.ip1cells. I.P. injection of HCC1954 and SKOV3.ip1 cells produced fatal ascites while i.v. injection of SKOV3.ip1, but not BT474 or MDA-MB-453 cells, resulted in infiltration of lungs and death within 9–11 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006494001861
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  • 121
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    Increased risk of second cancers following breast cancer: Role of the initial treatment (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; cohort study ; radiotherapy ; second primary cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives and methods.The risk of second primary malignancies (SMN) was studied in a cohort of 4,416 one-year survivors of a breast cancer. The role of the menopausal status and of the initial treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) was investigated. Results.Excluding second primary breast cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer, a total of 193 (4.4%) patients developed a SMN between 1973 and 1992, compared with 136 expected (Standardised Incidence Ratio, SIR = 1.4, 95% CI (1.2–1.6)). No trend towards either an increase or a decrease was noted in the SIR with time after treatment (p = 0.2). The greatest increase in the relative risk concerned soft tissue cancers (SIR = 13.0, 95% CI: 6.8–22.3), followed by leukaemia (SIR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7–5.0), melanoma (SIR  =  2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–4.8), kidney (SIR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–4.5), ovary (SIR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2–3.1) and uterine tumours (SIR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4–2.5). The SIR was 3.0 (95% CI 1.8–4.7) in women under 40 at the time of the breast cancer, 1.9 (95% CI : 1.4 – 2.4) in those aged 40–49 and 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–1.4) in those aged 50 or more. In the 2,514 women who had received radiotherapy as initial treatment without chemotherapy, the SIR for all SMN was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1–2.3) fold higher than in those who had not received radiotherapy as initial treatment. Conclusion.In conclusion, this study confirms the increased risk of second malignancies in women treated for a breast cancer, and particularly in those who were younger at the time of treatment for breast cancer. Our results also suggest that radiotherapy may play a role in the onset of these second lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006489918700
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  • 122
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    Pathways through which a regimen of melatonin and retinoic acid induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: apoptosis ; breast cancer ; melatonin ; retinoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been established that melatonin (Mlt) and retinoic acid, individually, inhibit the proliferation of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that Mlt and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) not only inhibit the proliferation, but also induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells when used in a sequential regimen of Mlt followed 24 h later by atRA. Using this same MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, we investigated the potential pathways through which apoptosis is being induced. We found that treatment of MCF-7 cells with Mlt for 24 h before the addition of atRA decreased the protein levels of the death suppressor, Bcl-2, and increased, although with different time courses, the levels of the death promoters, Bax and Bak; however, there was no change in the levels of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. MCF-7 cells treated sequentially with Mlt and atRA also demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of atRA, which did not appear to be due to increased expression of the retinoic acid receptors, RARα or RXRα, but rather to enhanced transcriptional activity of the RARα. These data suggest that the sequential treatment regimen of Mlt and atRA may induce apoptosis by modulation of members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Thus, this combinatorial regimen, which reduces the concentration of atRA needed for clinical efficacy while enhancing its anti-tumorigenic activity, could be of great therapeutic benefit, and may, in fact, specifically induce the regression of established breast tumors due to its apoptosis-promoting effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006442017658
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  • 123
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    Predication of axillary lymph node metastasis by intravenous digital subtraction angiography in breast cancer, its correlation with microvascular density (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 61 (2000), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; intravenous digital subtraction angiography ; axillary lymph node metastasis ; neovascularization of lymph nodes ; microvascular density ; antibody to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Accurate predication of axillary node status by non-invasive diagnostic method would be of great value in cases of breast cancer. There have been few reports advocating digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as specifically advantageous for the detection of lymph node metastasis. IV (intravenous)-DSA was carried out on 42 patients with breast carcinoma using a DSA system with a matrix of 1024 × 1024×pixels. When a mass became stained in the axilla, it was considered to be metastatic. An immunohistochemical technique with JC70 antibody to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecules was used to evaluate the microvascular density (MVD) of the axillary lymph nodes. IV-DSA achieved a 76.2% sensitivity, 85.7% specificity, and 81.0% accuracy. The average MVD with JC70 antibody was 97.7 ± 44.4 in metastatic and 62.9 ± 23.6 in nonmetastatic nodes. MVD was significantly higher in the cancerous than in the noncancerous regions within lymph nodes. The MVD was 105 ± 38.4 in DSA-N(+) cases and was 57.8 ± 21.9 in DSA-N(−) cases, and the difference was statistically significant. In conclusion, IV-DSA is a useful diagnostic modality for detection of axillary lymph node metastasis. This new modality predicts lymph node status by assessing the neovascularization of the lymph node.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006449619475
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  • 124
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    Cancer Risk Associated with Subfertility and Ovulation Induction: A Review (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 319-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; endometrial cancer ; fertility drugs ; infertility ; melanoma ; ovarian cancer ; thyroid cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Over the past decades the use of fertility drugs (FDs) has greatly increased. Recently, the possible association between the use of FDs and risk of cancer has aroused great concern. In this paper, we critically review the available epidemiologic studies. Methods: We identified papers published between 1966 and 1999 that examined FDs and specific causes of subfertility in relation to the risks of cancers of the ovary, breast, endometrium and thyroid, and melanoma. Results: Although present insights into the pathogenesis of hormone-related malignancies suggest a possible association between the use of FDs and the risk of specific cancers, this has not been convincingly demonstrated in epidemiologic studies. With regard to cancer risk in relation to the cause of subfertility, the only consistent association observed is an increased risk of endometrial cancer for women with subfertility due to hormonal disorders. While positive findings in some studies on FDs and ovarian cancer risk have aroused serious concern, the associations observed in most of these reports appear to be due to bias or chance rather than being causal. The most important sources of bias are inadequate confounder control for both parity and causes of subfertility. Conclusions: To discriminate between the possible carcinogenic effects of various ovulation induction regimens, subfertility disorders, and reproductive characteristics associated with subfertility, future studies should include large populations of subfertile women with sufficient follow-up time. In such cohort studies the cause of subfertility should be measured adequately (based on medical records) and information about reproductive characteristics should be collected for all cohort members. Such studies should also include a group of subfertile women with an indication for FD use but not so treated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008921211309
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  • 125
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    Hydatidiform moles and the long-term risk of breast cancer (Sweden) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cohort ; hydatidiform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The etiology of breast cancer is only partially understood. Based on the findings that pregnancies reduce breast cancer risk, a possible inverse association between exposure to the placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the risk of breast cancer has been suggested. Hydatidiform mole, a gestational trophoblastic disease, is associated with a high expression of hCG. We performed a population-based cohort study in which women with a history of hydatidiform mole were followed up for future cancer outcomes. Methods: All 3371 women with a notification of hydatidiform mole in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1993 were followed up for future cancer outcomes by record linkages within the registry. Results: In a total of 57,075 person-years of follow-up, 59 women had a diagnosis of breast cancer during follow-up, yielding an overall standardized incidence ratio of 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7). Conclusion: This finding is not consistent with the hypothesis of a protective effect of hCG exposure on breast cancer risk, but rather suggests an adverse association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008915217389
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  • 126
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    Isolation of genes overexpressed in freshly isolated breast cancer specimens (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 59 (2000), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; bcg-1 ; L19 ; L34 ; MAGE-like ; MLN70 ; subtractive hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A number of approaches have been used to identify genes important in breast cancer. In one approach the genes already shown to be involved in other tumors, such as p53 and Her2neu, were examined. A second approach examined genes detected through genetic screening of families with a high incidence of breast cancer, for example, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2. We used a third approach, subtractive hybridization, to identify and clone genes that were preferentially expressed in breast cancer cells compared to normal mammary epithelium. Instead of analyzing breast cancer cell lines, we examined fresh human breast cancer specimens. By subtracting normal mammary epithelial cDNA from breast cancer cDNA, we were able to clone several genes overexpressed in breast cancer. Two of these genes, L19 and MLN70, were previously reported to be overexpressed in breast cancer. Three of these genes, L19, L34, and MLN70, were localized to a region on chromosome 17 where Her2/neu and BRCA-1 are found. In addition, we isolated a gene we call breast cancer associated gene-1 that was expressed almost exclusively in fresh breast cancer tissue and not in normal mammary epithelium or breast cancer cell lines. We were unable to detect expression of breast cancer associated gene-1 in cell lines from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, or leukemia. The full-length sequence from two separate breast cancer specimens revealed one amino acid difference compared to the sequence from normal breast epithelial tissue. Further studies are necessary to determine whether these genes contribute to breast cancer development or can be used as therapeutic targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006315919985
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  • 127
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    The influence of infiltrating lobular carcinoma on the outcome of patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 59 (2000), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; lobular ; ductal ; conservative surgery ; radiation therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The role of conservative surgery and radiation therapy (CS and RT) in the treatment of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma is well established. However, the efficacy of CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma is less well documented. The goal of this study was to examine treatment outcome after CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma and to compare the results to those of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and patients with mixed ductal–lobular histology. Methods: Between 1970 and 1986, 1624 patients with Stage I or II invasive breast cancer were treated with CS and RT consisting of a complete gross excision of the tumor and ≥6000 cGy to the primary site. Slides were available for review for 1337 of these patients (82%). Of these, 93 had infiltrating lobular carcinoma, 1089 had infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and 59 had tumors with mixed ductal and lobular feature these patients constitute the study population. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 133 months. A comprehensive list of clinical and pathologic features was evaluated for all patients. Additional histologic features assessed for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma included histologic subtype, multifocal invasion, stromal desmoplasia, and the presence of signet ring cells. Results: Five and 10-year crude results by site of first failure were similar for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology. In particular, the 10-year crude local recurrence rates were 15%, 13%, and l3% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology, respectively. Ten-year distant/regional recurrence rates were 22%, 23%, and 20% for the three groups, respectively. In addition, the 10-year crude contralateral breast cancer rates were 4%, 13% and 6% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal and mixed histology, respectively. In a multiple regression analysis which included established prognostic factors, histologic type was not significantly associated with either survival or time to recurrence. Conclusions: Patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma have a similar outcome following CS and RT to patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and to patients with tumors that have mixed ductal and lobular features. We conclude that the presence of infiltrating lobular histology should not influence decisions regarding local therapy in patients with Stage I and II breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006384407690
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  • 128
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    The diagnostic and prognostic utility of prostate-specific antigen for diseases of the breast (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 59 (2000), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prostate-specific antigen ; prognostic indicators ; tumor markers ; breast cyst ; benign breast disease ; molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most valuable tumor marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate carcinoma, it is widely accepted that PSA is not prostate specific. Numerous studies have shown that PSA is present in some female hormonally regulated tissues, principally the breast and its secretions. In this review, we summarize the findings of PSA in the breast, and focus on its potential for clinical applications in breast disease. PSA is produced by the majority of breast tumors and is a favorable indicator of prognosis in breast cancer. Low levels of PSA are released into the female circulation, and while the level of serum PSA is elevated in both benign and malignant breast disease, the molecular form of circulating PSA differs between women with and without breast cancer. These findings indicate that PSA may have potential diagnostic utility in breast cancer. PSA may also have a clinical application in benign breast disease, as both the level and molecular form of PSA differ between Type I and II breast cysts. High levels of PSA have been reported in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and recent studies have shown that the concentration of PSA in NAF is inversely related to breast cancer risk, indicating that NAF PSA may represent a clinical tool for breast cancer risk assessment. Thus, PSA represents a marker with numerous potential clinical applications as a diagnostic and/or prognostic tool in breast disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006380306781
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  • 129
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    Results of two or five years of adjuvant tamoxifen correlated to steroid receptor and S-phase levels (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 59 (2000), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: estrogen and progesterone receptor ; S-phase fraction ; tamoxifen ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A Swedish cooperative trial demonstrated that 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen was more beneficial than 2 years of tamoxifen in the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive, early stage, invasive breast cancer. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the importance of progesterone receptor (PgR) and ER concentration levels for patients participating in the trial and still distant recurrence free two years after the primary operation. Subgroup analyses revealed that only patients with ER positive and PgR positive breast cancer had improved distant recurrence free survival (DRFS) by prolonged tamoxifen therapy (p=0.0016). Patients with ER negative and PgR negative as well as ER positive and PgR negative tumors showed no significant effect of prolonged tamoxifen (p=0.53 and p=0.80, respectively). The percentage of ER negative and PgR positive breast cancers was too small (2.2%) for any meaningful subgroup analysis. There was a significant positive trend that the concentration level of PgR (high positive vs. low positive vs. negative) decreased the recurrence rate for those with prolonged therapy. No corresponding pattern was found for the ER content. S-phase fraction did not correlate to the recurrence rate of PgR positive breast cancers. Patients recurring during tamoxifen therapy had receptor negative tumors to a greater extent than those recurring after tamoxifen treatment. In conclusion, prolonged tamoxifen therapy for 5 years instead of 2 years was found to be beneficial for patients with ER positive and PgR positive breast cancer, whereas three extra years of tamoxifen had little or no effect for patients with ER positive but PgR negative tumors as well as for steroid receptor negative patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006332423620
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  • 130
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    Influence of chemically modified tetracyclines on proliferation, invasion and migration properties of MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells (2000)
    Springer
    Clinical & experimental metastasis 18 (2000), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7276
    Keywords: BRCA1 ; breast cancer ; chemically modified tetracycline ; E-cadherin/catenin ; invasion ; migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) are promising anti-cancer agents. In this study, we found that CMT-3 and CMT-8 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicities in MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells. Moreover, both CMT-3 and CMT-8 significantly inhibited in vitro cell migration and invasion at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Anti-invasion and migration potentials of the CMTs were associated with an increased expression of E-cadherin/catenins (α, β and γ-catenin) and tumor suppressor BRCA1. In addition, CMT-3 and CMT-8 abolished or reduced spontaneous and HGF/SF-induced cell invasion and migration in U-373 MG human glioblastoma cells. Our current finding is the first demonstration that CMT-3 and CMT-8 can activate the function of invasion suppressor molecules associated with the suppression of breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Thus, clinical application of CMTs may provide potential benefit for suppression of breast cancer growth, invasion and metastasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006732424102
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  • 131
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    Mannose 6-Phosphate/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Receptor, a Bona Fide Tumor Suppressor Gene or Just a Promising Candidate? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor ; tumor suppressor gene ; breast cancer ; loss of heterozygosity ; somatic mutation ; microsatellite instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R)3 is considereda “candidate” tumor suppressor gene. This hypothesis has been provoked by the identificationof loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the M6P/IGF2R locus on chromosome 6q26 in breast andliver cancer, accompanied by point mutations in the remaining allele. Somatic mutations incoding region microsatellites have also been described in replication error positive (RER+)tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, endometrium and brain. These genetic data are compelling,but a tumor suppressor gene candidate has to meet functional as well as genetic criteria. Thisreview weighs the evidence and discusses the observations that are necessary to promoteM6P/IGF2R from candidate to bona fide tumor suppressor gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009571417429
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    Mammary Cancer in Humans and Mice: A Tutorial for Comparative Pathology. The CD-ROM (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 243-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: mouse mammary gland ; human breast ; oncogenes ; breast cancer ; CD-ROM ; histopathology ; ammary development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article introduces a CD-ROM containing whole-mount and histological images of normal growth and development of both the mouse mammary gland and the human breast. It also covers nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasias in both species including a catalog of lesions in genetically engineered mice. Instructions, with examples, on techniques such as whole-mount preparation, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and common histological stains are provided. The images are based on full-scale 1996 × 1640 pixel images at 300 pixels/inch and are annotated. Every genetically engineered model has one or more accompanying citations. Tables are provided for orientation and organization. The CD includes zoom capabilities, a search engine, and a help mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026451607575
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    Estrogen Metabolism as a Regulator of Estrogen Action in the Mammary Gland (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: estrogens ; 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) ; mammary gland ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estrogen action in the target cells is dependent on estrogen receptor activity and intracellular estrogen concentration, which, in turn, is affected by the serum concentration and local metabolism in these cells. During the reproductive years the main source of estrogens is the ovarian follicles, but in postmenopausal women most of the estrogens are formed in peripheral tissues. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs)6 catalyze the reaction between 17β-hydroxysteroids and 17-ketosteroids, and several distinct 17HSD isoenzymes have been characterized. 17HSD type 1 catalyzes the reaction from low-activity estrone to high-activity estradiol. The type 2 enzyme has an opposite activity, thereby reducing the exposure of tissues to estrogen action. 17HSD type 1 is expressed both in steroidogenic tissues and in the target tissues of steroid action, such as normal and malignant breast tissue, where it may be responsible for maintaining the high intracellular estradiol concentration seen in breast cancer specimens. Therefore, 17HSD type 1 inhibitors may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of estrogen-dependent malignancies, such as breast cancer. This article deals mainly with 17HSD types 1 and 2 and their role in estrogen action in breast tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009542710520
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  • 134
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    Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Human Breast Cancer: Occurrence and Significance (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 271-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; endocrine therapies ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estrogens have long been recognized as being important for stimulating the growth of a large proportion of breast cancers. Now it is recognized that estrogen action is mediated by two receptors, and the presence of estrogen receptor α (ERα)3 correlates with better prognosis and the likelihood of response to hormonal therapy. Over half of all breast cancers overexpress ERα and around 70% of these respond to anti-estrogen (for example tamoxifen) therapy. In addition, the presence of elevated levels of ERα in benign breast epithelium appears to indicate an increased risk of breast cancer, suggesting a role for ERα in breast cancer initiation, as well as progression. However, a proportion of ERα-positive tumors does not respond to endocrine therapy and the majority of those that do respond eventually become resistant. Most resistant tumors remain ERα-positive and frequently respond to alternative endocrine treatment, indicative of a continued role for ERα in breast cancer cell proliferation. The problem of resistance has resulted in the search for and the development of diverse hormonal therapies designed to inhibit ERα action, while research on the mechanisms which underlie resistance has shed light on the cellular mechanisms, other than ligand binding, which control ERα function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009594727358
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  • 135
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    Symptom Structure of PTSD Following Breast Cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 13 (2000), S. 301-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: PTSD ; breast cancer ; symptom structure ; confirmatory factor analysis ; PCL-C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Identification of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and diagnoses in survivors of cancer is a growing area of research, but no published data exist regarding the symptom structure of PTSD in survivors of malignant disease. Findings from investigations of the PTSD symptom structure in other trauma populations have been inconsistent and have not been concordant with the reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal symptom clusters specified in DSM-IV. The present study employed confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the extent to which the implied second-order factor structure of PTSD was replicated in a sample of 142 breast cancer survivors. PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C). Fit indices reflected a moderate fit of the symptom structure implied by the DSM-IV. These findings provide some tentative support for the DSM-IV clustering of PTSD symptoms and for the validity of cancer-related PTSD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007762812848
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  • 136
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    Knowledge About Genetic Risk for Breast Cancer and Perceptions of Genetic Testing in a Sociodemographically Diverse Sample (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 23 (2000), S. 15-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: genetic risk ; breast cancer ; knowledge ; genetic testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Informed consent for genetic testing for breast–ovarian cancer susceptibility requires that women understand basic concepts about the inheritance of cancer susceptibility and the benefits and risks associated with genetic testing. Women awaiting routine medical services (N = 220) were surveyed about their knowledge of breast cancer and cancer genetics and their perceptions of genetic testing and personal risk. There were no racial differences in median income or mean level of education. Compared to Caucasian women, African American women knew significantly less about breast cancer and about genetic risk for breast cancer. African American women had different psychological, social, and economic concerns as evidenced by how they weighted the benefits and risks of genetic testing. This study is the first to assess several dimensions of informed consent for genetic testing among a sociodemographically diverse group. The findings should enable health professionals to target the African American and lower-income populations with the appropriate education and counseling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005416203239
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  • 137
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    Unrealistic Optimism and the Health Belief Model (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 23 (2000), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: optimistic bias ; Health Belief Model ; breast cancer ; prostate cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Why do people fail to engage in positive behaviors which will promote their health and well-being? Researchers addressing this question adopt primarily one of two perspectives, drawing either on theories of health behavior, such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), or on theories of risk perception, such as unrealistic optimism. To overcome this compartmentalization, two studies of cancer screening behavior assessed the extent to which unrealistic optimism occurred in relation to each of the elements of the HBM: severity and curability of cancer and the benefits of, and barriers to, having a screening test. Data were collected using telephone interviews, dialing numbers randomly selected from the telephone directory. In the first study 164 women aged 50 to 70 years responded to questions about breast cancer and screening mammography, while in the second study 200 men aged 45 to 60 years responded to questions about prostate cancer and screening using the prostate specific antigen test. Women had an optimistic bias in relation to breast cancer risk and severity and barriers to having a screening mammogram but not in relation to the benefits of screening. For prostate cancer, there was an optimistic bias for all HBM variables: risk and severity of prostate cancer and barriers to and benefits of screening. It was concluded that unrealistic optimism is broader than perceived risk, being evident for all elements of the HBM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005500917875
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  • 138
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    Patient Motivation, Satisfaction, and Coping in Genetic Counseling and Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of genetic counseling 9 (2000), S. 219-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3599
    Keywords: BRCA1 ; motivation ; satisfaction ; coping, genetic counseling ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Women with a strong family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer can now have genetic testing, that may identify mutations associated with increased cancer predisposition. Within the context of a clinical trial evaluating printed educational materials, we examined motivation, satisfaction, coping, and perceptions of genetic counseling and testing among 159 women who underwent pretest counseling and made a testing decision. Ninety-six percent of the participants elected to have BRCA1/2 testing. When making a decision about genetic testing, study participants were concerned less about the potential negative effects that could result from testing than the potential benefits. After counseling, participants said that they felt better able to make decisions that were right for them and that their questions and concerns were adequately addressed during the session. Ninety-five percent of the women were satisfied with their test decision. Participants used a range of strategies to cope with thoughts and feelings about cancer and/or genetic testing immediately following test decision. Results suggest that the genetic counseling session helped women make decisions about testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2, even in the setting of a trial in which all women also received detailed educational materials. Further, the results indicate that future research focusing on perceptions of risks and benefits of testing and of coping strategies immediately following test decision may be warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009463905057
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  • 139
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    Breast Cancer in Men: Emasculation by Association? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings 7 (2000), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3572
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast cancer in men ; male breast carcinoma ; breast cancer treatment ; psychological effects of cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of breast cancer in men is rare in comparison to women. Public knowledge that men can get breast cancer and of male breast self-examination are lacking. Research in the course and treatment of breast cancer in men is needed. Men generally present in more advanced stages of breast cancer than women, and have a poorer prognosis. In this article, the epidemiology, common symptoms, diagnostic methods, and current treatment of breast cancer in men are described. Gender differences in presentation and course of illness are discussed. Additionally, the psychological implications of breast cancer for male gender roles and masculine identity are explored. Directions for further investigation are given. Treatment providers are encouraged to educate themselves and their male patients on breast cancer in men and male breast examination techniques so that this disease may be identified earlier in its course and survival rates improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009553613564
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  • 140
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    Adolescent Daughters of Mothers with Breast Cancer: Impact and Implications (2000)
    Springer
    Clinical social work journal 28 (2000), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3343
    Keywords: adolescent ; mother ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While the literature supports the view that a parent's illness will have an impact on a child, less specific attention has been given to the impact of a mother's breast cancer on her adolescent daughter. In this paper, clinical vignettes derived from interviews with adolescent daughters (ages 12–19) living with mothers who have breast cancer are presented to illustrate some of the concerns daughters have about themselves and their mother's illness. The daughters express anxiety about changes in family roles, but seem more concerned about the potential loss of the mother/daughter relationship. They describe their fears of recurrence of the disease as well as getting the disease themselves. The girls also demonstrate great strength; resilience and hope in the face of the challenges presented by the changes in their lives. Girls who had mothers die of the disease are not included in this article. Implications for treatment are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005106301713
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  • 141
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    Estrogen receptors in human breast cancer detected by the fluorescent estradiol histochemical and dextran coated charcoal techniques (1984)
    Springer
    Surgery today 14 (1984), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: histochemical assay ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; fluorescent estradiol conjugate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Surgical specimens from 60 Japanese women with breast cancer were studied histochemically to detect estrogen receptors (ER). Forty-six were analyzed in a double blind study designed to compare the histochemical method using fluorescent estradiol conjugate for detection of ER (FITC method) with findings in case of the currently employed dextran coated charcoal (DCC method) techniques. The ER test was positive in 39 (65 percent) of the 60 cases studied by FITC method. Of the 46 cases analysed in a double blind study, 41 (89.8 percent) showed the same results. Of the 5 with inconsistent test results, 2 showed positive DCC and negative FITC, and 3, negative DCC and positive FITC. According to the histologic type, the FITC method demonstrated a low positive ER response rate in scirrhous cases (57 per cent), whereas the positive rate was 67 percent among papillotubular-type cases and 65 percent among medullary tubullar-type cases. In relation to menstrual status, the positive rates were 68 percent and 64 percent among premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. However, in relation to tumor size, no difference was noted in the positive response rate by either method. Therefore, both the DCC and FITC methods are clinically useful to determine the indications for hormone therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469787
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  • 142
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    Hormone conditioned cancer chemotherapy for recurrent breast cancer prolongs survival (1984)
    Springer
    Surgery today 14 (1984), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; recurrent breast cancer ; surgical hormone therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Left suprarenal-inferior mesenteric venous shunt (Inokuchi) was prescribed for 80 patients with recurrent breast cancer and the efficacy of hormone coditioned cancer chemotherapy was assessed. The patients were separated into 3 groups according to the historical regimen of combined chemotherapy: Group I; surgical hormone therapy alone, Group II; surgery plus short term chemotherapy, and Group III; surgery plus long term chemotherapy. The 5 year survival rate of the responsive patients to the surgical hormone therapy was as high as 84.6 per cent in Group III, as compared to that of Groups I and II, 41.7 per cent and 16.7, respectively. Survival was not prolonged in non-responsive patients, regardless of the group. These findings indicate that surgical hormone therapy combined with postoperative long term cancer chemotherapy is a valid and effective method for treating recurrence of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469571
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  • 143
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    Microscopic carcinoma of the breast —Report of a case (1984)
    Springer
    Surgery today 14 (1984), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: microscopic carcinoma ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microscopic cancer is extremely rare even among “occult breast cancers”. We treated a 70 year old woman with complaints of serosanguineous nipple discharge which yielded cytologically Class V cancer cells. Microdochectomy was performed and intraductal carcinoma was verified histologically in serially cut sections. Following a simple mastectomy, she has been well with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis, at this time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469574
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  • 144
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    Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of rauwolfia alkaloids (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alkaloids ; breast cancer ; rauwolfia ; antihypertensive drugs ; case control study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a case-control study of 1881 women with breast cancer and 1523 controls with benign conditions, 65 cases (3.5%) and 64 controls (4.2%) reported having used a drug that contained rauwolfia, giving a rate ratio estimate of 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.5–1.1). Use that ended more than a year previously was negatively associated with breast cancer (rate ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.9). The risk of breast cancer did not vary significantly according to duration of use. Nor did it vary within strata of varying base-line risk, such as age at first pregnancy. The data suggest that rauwolfia alkaloids do not increase the risk of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630277
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  • 145
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    Methyl-glyoxal bis guanyl hydrazone (methyl-GAG, MGBG) in advanced breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 2 (1984), S. 71-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: methyl-GAG ; MGBG ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Southwest Oncology Group has evaluated methyl-GAG on a weekly schedule among patients with metastatic breast cancer. Among 72 fully and partial evaluable patients, one complete and four partial responses were seen. Toxicity was similar to other trials with this compound except for thrombocytopenia which was more frequent and severe and probably related to tumor infiltrating marrow. In addition, one patient experienced recall dermatitis following methyl-GAG. This toxicity has not been previously reported with this compound. Methyl-GAG has minimal activity at this dose and schedule among heavily pretreated patients with breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173789
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  • 146
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    The role of post-operative radiotherapy in the treatment of operable breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mastectomy ; post-operative ; radiation therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In current practice, the management of early stage breast cancer involves a multidisciplinary cooperation among surgeons, radiation therapists, and medical oncologists. The goals of local treatment in this setting are to secure tumor control and to identify patients who are to be treated with adjuvant systemic therapy. For patients treated by mastectomy, the value of post-operative radiotherapy in primary treatment remains controversial. In this review, we examine the evolution of treatment philosophies for operable breast cancer and the results from recent clinical studies in an attempt to assess the current role of post-operative radiotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806481
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  • 147
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    Thymidine kinase as a predictor of response to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; response prediction ; thymidine kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytosols from breast cancers were measured for estrogen receptor (ER) and thymidine kinase (TK) activity. There was no correlation between ER and TK in 137 primary breast cancers studied. The results of TK from 57 metastatic breast cancers were correlated with the response or failure to subsequent hormonal therapy or chemotherapy. TK did not predict the responses to hormonal therapy in 12 patients. Of the 45 patients treated with chemotherapies, 13 of 15 tumors with TK over 80 pmol/mg/min responded (86%), while only 4 of the 30 tumors (13%) with TK below 80 pmol/mg/min responded (p〈0.001). TK appears to be useful in predicting the responses to chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806488
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  • 148
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    Comparison of muscle and fat wasting in patients suffering from breast and other cancers: An anthropometric study (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: anthropometry ; breast cancer ; cachexia ; fat ; wasting ; muscle wasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An anthropometric study was undertaken to determine muscle and fat areas in 50 cancer patients and 258 control patients suffering from minor conditions, to assess the degree of cachexia in patients with breast cancer, and in patients with other types of cancer. Patients suffering from cancers other than those of the breast showed muscle and fat wasting when compared with matched standard values and when the muscle and fat area measurements were expressed as a percentage of the appropriate mean standard value. Breast cancer patients showed increased muscle and fat area values, irrespective of whether they were in remission, or had progressive disease. This is interesting in view of the strong association between dietary fat intake and breast cancer incidence, and correlates well with present ideas on nutrition and the incidence of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806489
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  • 149
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    Inferring the natural time history of breast cancer: Implications for tumor growth rate and early detection (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; natural history ; nodal status ; nuclear grade ; prognostic factors ; sinus histiocytosis ; transition pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This review analyzes the results of 692 breast cancer patients from the Norwegian Radium Hospital. All cases were diagnosed during the period 1951–1959 and the average follow-up time was just under eight years. All patients received a radical mastectomy and had their diagnoses pathologically confirmed by a separate reviewer. The purpose of this paper is to apply a novel method of analysis in order to infer the longitudinal course of the disease as if it had not been interrupted by treatment. The method allows one to estimate the average times between changes in the biological factors which characterize the natural history of the disease. Applying this method to the Norwegian data has resulted in identifying three pathways of the natural history of the disease. The tumor growth rates differ for these pathways and are in the approximate ratio 1:5:27. Furthermore, we can estimate the potential benefit from earlier diagnosis. Two of the three pathways would seem to benefit from earlier detection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806982
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  • 150
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    Urinary androgen and 17-hydroxylated corticosteroid metabolites and their relation to recurrence rates in early breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androsterone ; breast cancer ; a-cortolone ; gas chromatography ; urinary steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The amounts of urinary androsterone and etiocholanolone are highly correlated with recurrence rates in patients with early breast cancer after treatment by mastectomy. A more efficient means of predicting the clinical course of the disease is obtained by using a ratio of these compounds to the amounts of individual 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine. For instance, the ratio of androsterone to a-cortolone is particularly effective in identifying women with a high rate of recurrence, and this is largely independent of pathological stage and tumor grade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806985
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  • 151
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    Estrogen-induced 24K protein in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is localized in granules (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; breast cancer ; estrogen-induced protein ; immunohistochemistry ; secretory protein ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have previously reported the production of monoclonal antibodies which detect, by immunohistochemistry, an estrogen-induced protein of molecular weight 24,000 daltons (24K). This protein, of unknown function, has been detected in: a) estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines but not in receptornegative lines; b) several human normal estrogen target organs; and c) certain human carcinomas, including breast tumors. To examine the subcellular localization of this 24K estrogen-induced protein, we have done immunohistochemical studies at light and electron microscopic levels using a human breast tumor cell line (MCF-7) grownin vitro and also in nude micein vivo. MCF-7 cells grown in the ascites fluid of nude mice and processed for paraffin sections showed a defined polarity, and the 24K protein was localized in the apical cytoplasm of the cells. After cytocentrifugation, MCF-7 cells grownin vitro displayed 24K protein mainly confined to large cytoplasmic granules. The presence of 24K protein in cytoplasmic granules was also seen by immunoelectronmicroscopy in MCF-7 cells grown bothin vitro andin vivo. The granules had different sizes, shapes, and 24K immunostaining intensity. The morphological evidence suggests that the 24K estrogeninduced protein is secreted from the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806037
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  • 152
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    Epidermal growth factor receptors in human breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; breast cancer ; EGF receptor ; growth factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The capacity for specific binding of125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in crude membrane fractions from 95 human breast carcinomas. About 42% of the samples showed saturable, high affinity, specific binding of EGF. In 21% of the tumors we were able to demostrate high (above 10 fmoles/mg protein) binding capacity. Moreover, high EGF receptor values were associated with a low content of estradiol receptor. These studies are related to the definition of new biochemical markers in human breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806484
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  • 153
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    The efficacy of bone scanning in the follow-up of patients with operable breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: bone scans ; breast cancer ; follow-up ; treatment failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A considerable fraction of first metastases in breast cancer patients are found in the skeletal system. Consequently, to improve the probability of detecting bone lesions, protocols of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) have required radionuclide scans every six months for the first three postoperative years and yearly thereafter. The present study was conducted to evaluate the worth of 7984 bone scans performed prior to documentation of first treatment failure on 2 697 stage II (positive node) patients entered into NSABP clinical trial B-09. At the time of evaluation, there were 779 patients with a treatment failure, 163 (20.9%) of whom had their recurrence limited to bone. At most, 52 (0.6%) of the total number of screening scans were efficacious in detecting lesions in asymptomatic patients. As a result of this minimal benefit from routine scans, it was recommended that they be conducted less frequently. In presently ongoing NSABP studies, asymptomatic patients having tumors with positive axillary nodes receive scans at yearly intervals for the first three years. Future NSABP trials will require follow-up bone scans only as indicated by symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806043
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  • 154
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    Problems in evaluating response of primary breast cancer to systemic therapy (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; endocrine therapy ; mammography ; physical examintion ; response evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The evaluation of the response of primary breast cancer to systemic therapy is difficult. Evaluable primary lesions may be assessed both by physical and by mammographic examination. In this study, response to therapy was evaluated after 4 cycles of CMF or CMF plus tamoxifen in 49 patients with locally advanced breast cancer entering a prospective randomized trial. In 35 patients response was evaluated by both physical examination and mammography. In some cases there was disagreement between physical examination and mammograhy in quantifying the magnitude of response. In 8 of 35 (22.9%), the overall response was overestimated by physical examination versus mammography, while in 3 of 35 (8.6%) the reverse was true. Taking into consideration different criteria in attributing the overall response, i.e. selecting physical examination only, mammography only, or the most favorable or the least favorable response between the two methods of assessment, the objective remission rates were 65.7%, 54.3%, 71.4% and 45.7%, respectively. The data suggest that both physical examination and mammography should be used in evaluating the response of primary breast cancer to a systemic treatment. Should these two methods yield contrasting results, the data obtained with each method should be reported. The best observed response may be employed in determining the overall response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806044
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  • 155
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    Relationship between estrogen receptors and risk factors of breast cancer in Japanese pre- and postmenopausal patients (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; menopausal status ; obesity ; risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relation between estrogen receptors (ER) in breast cancer and risk factors was studied in 456 Japanese patients. ER was shown to be positive in 55.3% (252/456) of patients. There was no difference in ER positivity between pre- and postmenopausal patients. In premenopausal patients, only the age at menarche and obesity showed some influence on the ER positivity of breast cancer. Among postmenopausal patients, on the contrary, ER(+) cancers were predominant in the patient groups that have been known to be higher in the risk of incidence of breast cancer. The factors included were the age at marriage, number of pregnancies, number of live children, and body weight. Of these, the body weight of patients was the strongest influence on the ER positivity in the postmenopausal patients. After excluding the effects of body weight, some of the reproductive factors such as number of pregnancies and number of live children were shown to be related to the ER status. These results may suggest the combination of lower incidence of breast cancer and lower percentage of ER(+) cancers in Japanese postmenopausal women as compared with the Western countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806986
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  • 156
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    Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) for premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; hormone therapy ; oophorectomy ; premenopause ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical results of tamoxifen (‘Nolvadex’-ICI) monotherapy in 44 premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer have been reviewed. Objective tumor regression was achieved in 12 (27%) patients and a further 10 (22%) were classified as ‘stabilized’. Median duration of response was 12.7 months at the time of analysis. Greatest benefits occurred in soft tissue dominant and receptor-positive tumors, but there was no correlation between tumor response and other clinical manifestations of estrogen deprivation (e.g. menstrual disturbance, hot flushes). The benefits of conventional doses of tamoxifen do not therefore appear to be influenced by menopausal status and compare favorably to achievements reported after surgical oophorectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806987
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  • 157
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    An assessment of current achievements in the systemic management of breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; clinical trials ; combined chemoendocrine therapy ; immunotherapy ; non-myelosuppressive agents ; prognostic factors ; response rates ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Over the past twenty years, breast cancer has come to be much more commonly regarded and treated as a systemic disease. Conventional chemotherapy and endocrine therapy used according to schedules that are tolerable to patients are generally effective and often induce worthwhile responses; nevertheless, the responses in general have a median duration of less than a year, and these therapies are rarely if ever curative. Continued efforts to use available agents with mere modifications of schedule and intensity seem unlikely to substantially improve upon the modest success already achieved. Rather, we desperately need radically new schedules, new agents (especially non-myelosuppressive agents), and new approaches (e.g. monoclonal antibody targeting of drugs, toxins, or radionuclides, perhaps combined with tumor sensitizing agents such as heat). It is our hope that consideration of some of these issues will encourage others to be bolder in devising the next generation of clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806388
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  • 158
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    Possible immunological implications of an association between the stages of first and second independent breast cancers (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; immunology ; stage of disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Concepts regarding cell-mediated immunity and breast cancer are reviewed. Patients having in situ breast cancers have been found by in vivo and in vitro measurements to have cell-mediated immunity to autologous and homologous in situ breast cancer tissue which may last for some time after diagnosis. These observations suggest that antigenically similar cancers arising subsequently in the contralateral breast should be less likely to progress beyound the in situ stage and, if they do become invasive, should exhibit prognostically favorable signs of cell-mediated immunity, e.g. sinus histiocytosis in the lymph nodes and/or lymphoid infiltrate and perivenous lymphoid infiltrate associated with the primary tumor. Cell-mediated immunity has also been shown to be negatively associated with stage of disease at diagnosis for invasive cancers, i.e. the proportion of patients exhibiting cell-mediated immunity decreases as the stage at diagnosis increases. These observations suggest that the stages of independent breast cancers occurring in the same woman should be positively correlated. Data from the SEER Program of the National Cancer Institute were examined in this regard and a strong positive association between the stage of first and second independent primary breast cancers was found with the effect on the stage of a second breast cancer following a first invasive breast cancer appearing to decrease with time subsequent to diagnosis. These observations are consistent with the immunogenicity of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806391
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  • 159
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    Relationship of natural killer cytotoxicity to clinical and biochemical parameters of primary human breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; clinical correlates ; natural killer activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have determined the natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 121 women undergoing surgery for primary breast cancer. NK activity was measured using51Cr-labeled K562 target cells and effector: target ratios of 100:1, 50:1 and 10:1. The patients' lymphocytes gave a wide range of values with a mean (± S.E.) cytotoxicity of 22.6% ± 1.3, and a median of 20.9% at the 50:1 effector:target ratio. These results did not differ significantly from the mean and median NK levels obtained with the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal blood donors (mean = 23.1% ± 1.9, median = 18.8%). Mean NK activity determined at the first postsurgical examination (⩽6 months postoperative) was significantly lower than the mean NK activity at surgery. The most significant decreases were seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy prior to the first follow-up examination. Subsequent tests (〉6mo,⩽12 mo) show a recovery of NK activity to preoperative levels. A negative correlation was seen between NK level and maximum tumor diameter. NK levels also varied with tumor histiotype. No association was seen between NK levels and either the number of involved lymph nodes, pathologic tumor grade, the presence of estrogen or progesterone receptor, or the age, menopausal status or smoking history of the patients. A positive correlation was seen, however, between NK levels and number of pregnancies and live births.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806393
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  • 160
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    Anti-tumor and endocrine effects of chronic LHRH agonist treatment (Buserelin) with or without tamoxifen in premenopausal metastatic breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; Buserelin ; LHRH agonist ; premenopausal women ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were treated with the potent Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) agonist Buserelin as a first-line agent. Twelve patients (group A) were treated with Buserelin alone and five patients (group B) with the combination of Buserelin and tamoxifen from the start of treatment. In nine patients of group A tamoxifen was added to Buserelin later on because of tumor progression or recurrent peaks of plasma estradiol (E2). Chronic intranasal therapy with Buserelin alone, preceeded by parenteral administration, caused an objective remission in four patients (2 × C.R., 2 × P.R.) and stable disease in four further patients without causing side effects. The longest duration of response until now is more than 29 months. After addition of tamoxifen a partial response occurred in two more patients of group A. Anovulation with suppressed progesterone secretion was reached in all patients treated with Buserelin alone, but transient peaks of E2 occurred in the majority (60%) of the patients. Addition of tamoxifen to Buserelin treatment caused disappearance of E2 peaks in 2 patients, but also reappearance of progesterone secretion with recurring E2 peaks in 3 other patients; in one case hyperstimulation of the ovaries was observed without progression of tumor growth. In group B only one woman showed a complete castration effect, while in four patients progesterone secretion was not (completely) suppressed. In two of these five patients an objective response occurred. In conclusion, Buserelin appears effective in the treatment of premenopausal women with metastatic breast carcinoma, but with the regimen used close control of endocrine parameters is necessary because of the variation in hormonal response with a risk of (hyper)stimulation of the ovaries, especially during combination therapy with tamoxifen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806487
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  • 161
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    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of prolactin receptors in human breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; membranes ; prolactin ; receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to perform measurement of PRL binding and to improve the knowledge of pathophysiological variations in human mammary cancers, we have investigated in detail the binding characteristics of PRL in membranes prepared from these tumors. The optimization of the assay requires the selection of membranous components of light density (〈1.17); the tracer could be either125I-PRL after affinity purification on PRL receptors or125I-hGH without a purification step. It is favorable to utilize a high amount of protein and 200 000 cpm (2 ng) of tracer. Demonstration of the presence of receptors for PRL with a high affinity (Kd = 3 × 10−10 M) in breast cancer is presented. The hormonal specificity of these receptors is studied: only lactogenic hormones (hGH, oPRL, hPRL, and hPL) are able to compete for binding of125I-hPRL whereas bGH or insulin are without effect. Considering the known effect of PRL on cell multiplication, it is tempting to suggest that this hormone could have a crucial role in the development of breast tumor in humans and that therapies which would suppress secretion of PRL and GH could be beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806039
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  • 162
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    Electronic Resource
    Vindesine in advanced breast cancer, lymphoma and melanoma (1984)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 2 (1984), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: vindesine ; breast cancer ; melanoma ; lymphoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty-six patients with advanced metastatic carcinoma of the breast, melanoma and lymphoma were treated with the new vinca alkaloid vindesine in a prospective Phase II study. The dose was 3 mg/M2 by I.V. bolus once a week for a minimum of two doses. Patients who failed to respond to four I.V. doses were treated with 48-h intravenous infusions at a dose of 1.5 mg/M2 per 24 h. Of the 26 evaluable patients with breast cancer, there were only two incomplete responses and four patients who experienced stabilization of disease. Of the 12 evaluable patients with melanoma, no responses were seen with four patients experiencing stabilization of disease. Of the 11 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, there was one complete remission which persisted for 26 months and two partial remissions. No additional responses were seen when the mode of administration was changed to 48-h infusion in three patients with breast cancer, five patients with melanoma and one patient with lymphoma. Significant toxicities included neutropenia in 24 patients and nausea and vomiting in two patients. There were no drug related deaths. Previously reported experience with vindesine in these tumors is reviewed as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175385
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  • 163
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    Mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial of the Southwest Oncology Group (1983)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 1 (1983), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: mitoxantrone ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 124 patients with metastatic breast cancer were entered into this phase II trial of mitoxantrone (DHAD). Patients were stratified prior to treatment as good or poor risk, and whether they had received previous therapy with an anthracycline derivative. Mitoxantrone was given every 21 days at a starting dose of 12 mg/m2 for good risk patients and 10 mg/m2 for poor risk patients. Among the group who had not received anthracyclines, 12 are fully or partially evaluable for response with five classified as good risk. One complete response, ongoing at 52 weeks was seen in this group. Of the seven poor risk patients, stable disease was seen in two. 103 patients with prior anthracycline exposure are fully or partially evaluable, 31 good risk and 72 poor risk. There were three partial responses in each group. Toxicity was primarily myelosuppression, and was more severe in the poor risk group. Mitoxantrone when used on this schedule has minimal activity among heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172078
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  • 164
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    Management of brain metastases from breast cancer by combination chemotherapy (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 1 (1983), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain metastases ; breast cancer ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since most patients with brain metastases from breast cancer have disseminated disease elsewhere and a dismal prognosis when treated by whole brain irradiation alone, we investigated the use of systemic chemotherapy in 66 such patients. Fifty-two percent (34 of 66 patients) demonstrated an objective response to this therapy which was similar to the results obtained in patients treated for extracranial metastases. Eighteen patients who subsequently had recurrence of brain metastases were successfully retreated with secondary chemotherapy. The median duration of remission in 34 responders was ten months. The median survival, from the time of chemotherapy for brain metastases, was 13.1 months in 34 responders (range 5–74+) vs. 3.0 months in 32 non-responders (P 〈 0.001). These findings suggest that systemic chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast cancer by inducing remission and prolonging survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00182958
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  • 165
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    Relation of estrogen and/or progesterone receptor content of breast cancer to patient outcome following adjuvant chemotherapy (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 1977 the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) initiated a prospectively randomized clinical trial to evaluate the relative merits of 1-phenylalanine mustard and 5-fluorouracil (PF) with and without tamoxifen (T) as adjuvant therapy for patients with primary breast cancer and positive axillary nodes. A previous presentation of findings noted that there was a strong relationship between the outcome of those receiving PFT and the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) content of their tumors. This report relates the outcome of the PF-treated patients in that trial with these tumor receptors. It indicates that the results observed following nonhormonal therapy (PF) are also related to tumor receptors. Both the disease-free survival (DFS) and survival (S) of women following PF therapy were influenced by the ER and PR content of their tumors. Subsequent to adjustment for other prognostic variables, the predictive influence of tumor ER persisted. Both the DFS (p = 0.0003) and the S (p = 0.00003) were significantly higher in those with ≥ 10 fmol tumor ER than in those with 〈 10 fmol ER. The PR significantly added to the predictive value of ER. Thus, this analysis is the first to demonstrate that having information on both ER and PR is important for predicting outcome of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The study does not provide information which correlates receptor status with the response of patients to adjuvant chemotherapy since there is no similar nonchemotherapy-treated group of patients in the trial. The findings continue to emphasize that there is a heterogeneity in outcome of breast cancer patients to adjuvant chemotherapy which is related to an increasing number of host and tumor variables. For proper assessment of overall results, it is essential that analyses employ tests for interaction to indicate homogeneity or heterogeneity of patient subsets and that adjustments be made for imbalances in tumor ER and PR as well as in other prognostic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807588
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  • 166
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    Relationship between mammographic pattern and estrogen receptor content in breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; mammographic pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mammographic pattern and its relationship to the estrogen receptor (ER) content was studied in 184 breast cancers. The tumors were divided into five radiographic subgroups: mass with spicules (A), diffuse (B), clusters of calcifications without a mass (C), circumscribed (D), and not visible at mammography (E). The ER content of tumors belonging to group A was higher than that of the other subgroups in both pre- and postmenopausal women. 121 tumors belonged to group A, of which 80% were ductal cancers. The tumors in groups B and C had very low ER values and those of groups D and E had intermediate values. The likelihood of finding a high estrogen receptor content of a tumor is thus greater when the tumor radiographically is seen as a mass with spicules than when seen as an increased attenuation or as only clusters of calcifications. It is suggested that patients with tumors belonging to group A should have a more favorable prognosis than patients with tumors belonging to groups B and C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803562
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  • 167
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    Post-operative serum sialyltransferase levels and prognosis in breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognosis ; sialyltransferase ; tumor markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum sialyltransferase (SST) activity was measured 10 days after mastectomy in 153 patients with operable breast cancer. Enzyme activity declined with time in storage (1–42 months). After correction for loss of activity in storage, patients with SST activity below the median value had a longer disease-free interval (DFI) than those with SST activity above the median, and this difference remained when patients were stratified by axillary nodal status, tumor size, and tumor grade. Survival was longer in patients with low SST activity. Postoperative elevation of SST indicates a poor prognosis in patients with operable breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803565
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  • 168
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    Electronic Resource
    Quality control of estrogen receptor assays in the Netherlands (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; lyophilization ; quality control ; routine receptor assays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lyophilized receptor-positive tissue powders and cytosols, prepared from calf uterus and human breast tumor tissue, are used to assess the validity of routine dextran-coated charcoal estrogen receptor assays. Since 1978 lyophilized reference preparations have been analyzed twice yearly by 18 laboratories in the Netherlands. During 8 consecutive trials 20 different lyophilized samples were studied. The inter-laboratory variability of estrogen receptor results decreased with time. Most laboratories found receptor values around the median value of all groups together, though some participants consistently reported estrogen receptor values that were higher or lower than the median. The variability of estrogen receptor results between labs seemed to be associated with cytosol dilution, determination of non-specific binding, concentration and volume of dextrancoated charcoal, and the use of single dose assays or Scatchard analysis. The agreement on the presence or absence of estrogen receptors was more than 98% for lyophilized reference samples with high receptor content. For samples with low receptor content 85% agreement was observed, while 12% of the assays performed on receptor-negative material were reported to be estrogen receptor-positive. The use of the same protein determination (Coomassie Brilliant Blue) and human serum albumin standard has decreased the interlaboratory variation coefficient of the protein results to 7.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806699
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  • 169
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    Ovarian irradiation and prednisone following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; ovarian irradiation ; prednisone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following mastectomy, patients with operable breast cancer underwent postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. They were then assigned at random to receive no further therapy, ovarian irradiation (2000 rad in five days) or ovarian irradiation in the same dosage plus prednisone, 7.5 mg daily. A total of 705 patients received the randomly assigned treatment and were followed for up to 15 years. In premenopausal patients who received ovarian irradiation, the recurrence of breast cancer was delayed and survival prolonged, but not significantly. In premenopausal women aged 45 years or more, ovarian irradiation plus prednisone therapy significantly delayed the recurrence of breast cancer (p = 0.04) and prolonged survival (p = 0.02). No value was demonstrated for ovarian irradiation with or without prednisone therapy in postmenopausal patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855127
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  • 170
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    Adjuvant endocrine therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in stage-II breast cancer: Five-year results (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant treatment ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five-year results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial of three treatment regimes—(a) cytoxan, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF); (b) CMF plus the antiestrogen drug, tamoxifen (CMFT); and (c) CMFT plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinations—in 312 women with stage-II breast cancer are reported. Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured in all of the primary tumors. Addition of tamoxifen to CMF therapy significantly decreased the number of recurrences at five years in ER positive patients with four or more positive axillary lymph nodes. Addition of tamoxifen to CMF had no effect on disease-free survival in ER-positive patients with 1–3 positive axillary lymph nodes or in patients with ER-negative tumors. Addition of BCG vaccinations had no discernible effect on disease-free survival. ER measurements in the primary tumor provide important prognostic information regardless of treatment, with ER-positive patients having lower recurrence rates and mortality after five years. ER measurements also have predictive value for response to endocrine therapy. Further follow-up is needed to determine whether tamoxifen is delaying recurrence or preventing it in a subset of these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855129
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  • 171
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    Prognostic factors in primary breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen receptor (ER) has been well documented as an important predictor of long disease-free intervals and survival for patients with primary breast cancer (1). In advanced breast cancer it has been hypothesized that the presence of progesterone receptor (PR) might be a more sensitive marker for predicting response to endocrine therapy (2,3). We have recently found that PR was more important than ER in predicting diseasefree survival for a group of patients with stage-II breast disease that was treated according to a randomized protocol (Clark et al., submitted for publication). This report examines the generality of that result by extending our analysis to include patients from other institutions. The additional patients were not treated according to a rigid clinical protocol, but rather received treatments in much the same way as the majority of breast cancer patients in a community practice. Of interest was whether the relationship between steroid receptors and disease-free survival that we have previously reported would hold with this new group of patients with different demographic and treatment profiles. The relationships between steroid receptor levels and both disease-free and overall survival were examined in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855130
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  • 172
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    Screening for breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mammography ; physical examination ; radiation ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Screening for breast cancer using the combination of physical examination of the breasts and mammography was effective in women age 50 or more in the HIP study. However, major questions remain, especially the benefit of screening women age 40–49, and the independent effect of mammography. Such questions can only be answered by large-scale randomized controlled trials, and trials to answer these questions are now underway in Canada (the NBSS) and Sweden. Only the NBSS, however, is attempting to replicate the HIP study in women age 40–49, and to evaluate the additional contribution of mammography to annual physical examination in women age 50–59. The Swedish studies are evaluating the effectiveness of mammography alone, while studies in Britain will help to evaluate breast self-examination (BSE) and biannual mammography with annual physical examination. Because much of the benefit in HIP could have derived from the physical examination, it is necessary to complete the present trials before population-based screening for breast cancer using mammography can be advocated. Trials are justifiable because the risk of mammographic screening seems likely to be negligible, and the use of the combination of annual mammography and physical examination to be cost-effective. In the meantime, there seems no immediate substitute on a population basis for efficient physical examination of the breasts by primary care physicians coupled with breast self-examination by the woman. Techniques such as ultrasound and diaphanography seem unlikely to supplant mammography in screening, and in any case, have to be evaluated in comparison with mammography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803557
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  • 173
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    Characterization of insulin regulation of lipid synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; insulin ; lipids ; MCF-7 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of lipid synthesis by insulin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells is characterized by an increase in acetate incorporation into long-chain fatty acids. The effects occurs in the absence of an increase in glucose uptake by the cells, and cannot be explained by a decrease in turnover of cellular fatty acids. Differential substrate experiments as well as direct measurement of enzyme activities indicate that insulin stimulates increases in activity of the first enzyme of the de novo pathway, acetyl CoA carboxylase. [3 2Pi] incorporation into phospholipids is also stimulated by insulin. Thin layer chromatography reveals five peaks of [3 2Pi]-labeled phospholipids corresponding in mobility to the following standards: lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. [3 2Pi] incorporation into each of these peaks is stimulated, although the degree of stimulation varies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806701
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  • 174
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    Interrupted pregnancy as an indicator of poor prognosis in T1, 2, N0, M0 primary breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; histology ; interrupted pregnancy ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the records of women with primary breast cancer for a history of pregnancy and live births. The patients were all histopathologic T1, 2, N0, M0 white females, untreated post modified radical mastectomy. Patients with a history of interrupted pregnancies have a significantly shorter time to recurrence than those with normal pregnancy history. A trend toward a lower incidence of highly differentiated histological pattern is also observed in cancers from these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807586
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  • 175
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    Psychosocial and physical outcomes of primary breast cancer therapy: Mastectomy vs excisional biopsy and irradiation (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; excisional biopsy ; mastectomy ; psychosocial outcome ; radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-eight patients treated for primary breast cancer as part of a prospective randomized clinical trial were questioned retrospectively as to their psychosocial adaptation to treatment. Twenty patients had received mastectomy and eighteen had received excisional biopsy plus radiation of the intact breast. Aside from body image concerns, there were no marked psychosocial differences detected between these groups. Previous studies emphasizing serious psychological problems in mastectomy patients and fewer such problems in nonmastectomy patients may be influenced by biases that are not present in a randomized study design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807591
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  • 176
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    Chemotherapy responsiveness of human breast tumors in the 6-day subrenal capsule assay: An update (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; drug resistance ; drug screening ; subrenal capsule assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Feasibility of utilizing the 6-day subrenal capsule (SRC) assay to screen drugs against fresh surgical explants of human tumors was confirmed by testing six clinically active chemotherapeutic agents against 141 human breast cancers. Response rates of the six drugs obtained in the assay compared favorably with clinical response rates for the same drugs as reported by Carter (5). The evaluable assay rate for breast tumors was 92% as compared to 89% for gynecologic tumors. Innate drug resistance was indicated with 16 of 57 tumors (28%) which did not respond to any of the six agents tested. Differences in responsiveness of tumors to each agent in a potential three-drug combination of either CMF or CAF suggest that the effectiveness of multiagent therapy might be enhanced if the individual agents of a potential drug combination were selected on the basis of tumor sensitivity to each of the agents in a predictive assay. Although cross-resistance between L-PAM and cytoxan was demonstrated and was statistically significant, 31% of these tumors responded individually to either one or the other agent, suggesting caution in extrapolating concomitance in activity between these two alkylators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806232
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  • 177
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    Relationship of cyclic AMP binding capacity and estrogen receptor to hormone sensitivity in human breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cAMP binding capacity ; endocrine treatment ; estrogen receptor ; hormone sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen receptor (ER) and total binding capacity for cyclic AMP (cAR) were measured in cytosols from human mammary tumors. Patients with advanced, evaluable breast cancer were biopsied before the start of endocrine treatment, and ER and cAR measurements were performed. All patients included in this study were ER positive. Sixteen of 30 patients (53%) had an objective response to endocrine treatment. When ER and cAR were expressed as a ratio and this ratio was related to treatment response, it was found that all objective responders had ratio values above 2.5 × 10−3. Nine of 14 nonresponders had ER/cAR ratios below this value. In our limited series of patients a threshold limit of 2.5 × 10−3 would have correctly predicted the response to endocrine treatment in 25 of 30 patients (83%). In patients with ER values below 100 fmol/mg protein and PgR negative or unknown, cAR might strengthen the predictive value of steroid receptor measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806235
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  • 178
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    Effects of drugs associated with hyperprolactinemia on plasma steroids and on steroid receptors and metabolism in human breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; hyperprolactinemic drugs ; prolactin ; steroid biosynthesis ; steroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain commonly taken pharmaceutical preparations induce increased levels of plasma prolactin. The effects of these drugs on (a) tumor steroid receptors and metabolism, and (b) plasma hormones and hormone binding proteins have been studied in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Two groups have been compared, 18 patients on drug treatment for at least 2 months and 15 subjects with no history of drug ingestion. Patients taking medication had significantly higher levels of plasma prolactin compared with control women. No significant difference was observed between the groups with regard to the plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its sulphate (DHS), testosterone, estrone, estradiol-17β, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin. Similarly, no difference was observed between these two groups with regard to estrogen receptor (ER), progestogen receptor (PR), or androgen receptor (AR) levels in the tumors nor their ability to metabolize (7−3H) testosterone. It is considered that the ingestion of these drugs does not affect tumor mechanisms involving steroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807585
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  • 179
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    Adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide or CMF in premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; CMF ; cyclophosphamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After total mastectomy and partial axillary dissection, 805 premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer were randomized to receive postoperative radiotherapy (RT) alone, RT + cyclophosphamide (C) for 12 monthly cycles, or RT + cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF) for 12 monthly cycles. At 3 years actuarial relapse-free survival for RT + C and RT + CMF was significantly better than for RT alone (p = 0.0009 and 0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference in relapse-free survival between RT + C and RT + CMF. C resulted in more pronounced haematologic toxicity and a higher frequency of amenorrhoea and of alopecia than CMF, while CMF resulted in more pronounced nausea and stomatitis than C. In the preliminary results, C alone may be as effective as CMF in prolonging relapse-free survival in premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806239
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  • 180
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    Symposium introduction and overview adjuvant therapy of breast cancer: Perspectives for the '80s (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: aduvant therapy ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In July of 1982, a symposium was held in Colorado Springs, Colorado, entitled “Adjuvant Therapy of Breast Cancer: Perspectives for the 80's”. Information in this area is evolving so quickly that it was extremely useful to gather leading researchers in the field for informal presentations and discussion to exchange ideas and analyze data. Hopefully, this exchange of information will lead to a more cooperative effort in protocol development and to protocols which ask not only treatment questions, but also biologic questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855121
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  • 181
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    Adjuvant therapy of breast cancer: The Southwest Oncology Group experience (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Southwest Oncology Group in a prospective randomized study compared one year of adjuvant combination chemotherapy with continuous CVFVP (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone) to two years of intermittent L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in women with operable breast cancer with histologically positive axillary lymph nodes. In fully and partially evaluable patients with a 68-month median follow-up, treatment failures have occurred in 27% of 172 receiving CMFVP and 47% of 186 women given L-PAM (p = 0.002). The advantage for women receiving CMFVP was seen for all subsets regardless of menopausal status except among women who were premenopausal and had 1–3 positive nodes. Based on this study, a second study was implemented using both the estrogenreceptor (ER) content of the primary tumor and axillary nodal status to select therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855124
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  • 182
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    Electronic Resource
    Antiestrogen treatment of postmenopausal women with primary high risk breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; risk factors ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of antiestrogen treatment in high risk postmenopausal patients with primary breast cancer is currently evaluated in a nationwide, prospective randomized trial conducted by the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. The primary treatment is total mastectomy and radiotherapy. As of February 1, 1982, 720 women were randomized to treatment with tamoxifen (30 mg daily for 1 year) and 691 women were randomized to no further therapy. Life-table analysis after 36 months shows a difference in recurrence rates of 9% (p = 0.19) in favor of the tamoxifen-treated patients. The material has been analyzed with respect to established prognostic factors such as age, degree of anaplasia, tumor size, and number of positive nodes. The rates of recurrent disease are lower in all subsets of patients treated with tamoxifen, but are only statistically significant in patients 50–59 years of age or with 4 or more positive lymph nodes. Regardless of treatment, ER negative patients have a 23% higher recurrence rate than ER positive patients after 18 months of analysis (p = 0.0033); this represents an approximate doubling of risk, and is independent of age, degree of anaplasia, tumor size, or lymph node status. With regard to PgR status, there is 11% higher recurrence rate in the PgR negative than in the PgR positive patients (p = 0.097).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806237
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  • 183
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    Pathology of primary tumors and axillary lymph nodes in British and Japanese women with breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; Britain ; histology ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histopathologic features of the primary tumor and axillary lymph nodes from 97 consecutive patients with breast cancer from Japan were compared with those from 164 patients from England. Between the two groups, there were statistically significant differences in the morphology of the primary tumors regarding nuclear grade and patterns of tumor infiltration. In axillary lymph nodes, sinus histiocytosis was much more common in Japanese cases than in British cases, and was related to a diminished frequency of axillary node metastases. Germinal centers were also more common in the nodes of Japanese patients and were similarly associated with diminished frequency of metastases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803559
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  • 184
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    Prednimustine in combination with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in advanced breast cancer: A phase I–II study (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; clinical trials ; prednimustine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-seven patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with a combination of prednimustine (P), methotrexate (M), 5-fluorouracil (F), and tamoxifen (TAM). Twenty-six patients received P, 80 mg/m2 day 1–5 (series I) and 21 patients received P, 100 mg/m2 day 1–5 (series II). Both series of patients received M, 40 mg/m2 day 1 and 8 and F, 600 mg/m2 day 1 and 8 with a cycle duration of 4 weeks. All patients received TAM 20 mg twice daily. As concerns the haematologic toxicity, WBC were depressed significantly more often than platelet counts, and during the first 3 cycles 70% of the patients had a WBC nadir corresponding to toxicity grade II or more. No signs of cumulative haematologic toxicity were observed. Nausea and vomiting were registered in 40 out of 47 patients but in 35 of these only of grade I–II. Only one patient developed alopecia requiring a wig. The response to treatment could be evaluated in 28 patients, 21 of whom experienced response (CR or PR) of a median duration of 13 months. In conclusion, it seems that prednimustine can be safely used in combination with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. The frequency of alopecia is definitely lower than with CMF. Whether this relates also to subjective side effects will require a randomized study, as will a final conclusion concerning the efficacy compared to that of CMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806238
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  • 185
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    Use of ceruloplasmin levels to monitor response to therapy and predict recurrence of breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: Adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; ceruloplasmin ; recurrence prediction ; response to therapy ; tumor markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ceruloplasmin (CP), an acute phase reactant, has been found to be elevated in patients with various tumors including breast cancer. We found that the CP level was elevated in 89% of 103 patients with metastatic breast cancer. In 27 patients with measurable metastatic disease that responded to treatment the mean CP level fell by 35% (p〈0.001) and in 22 patients whose disease progressed on treatment, the mean CP level rose by 44% (p〈0.001). Of those patients with Stage II breast cancer that were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, only 6% of patients with a normal post mastectomy CP level have recurred, whereas 44% of patients with an elevated post mastectomy CP level have recurred (p〈0.01). In following patients with breast cancer, we noted that in those patients that recurred, the CP level became elevated 16–34 weeks prior to any clinical evidence of metastases. We also noted that the CP level became elevated after initially falling in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and on occasion, the initially elevated CP level did not even fall. These circumstances may represent resistant microscopic disease, so that changing to a noncross-resistant chemotherapeutic regimen might be appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803564
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  • 186
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    Lack of efficacy of xeroradiography to preoperatively detect axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: axillary metastases ; breast cancer ; xeroradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Xeroradiography of the axilla was performed in 132 patients with operable breast cancer to investigate the status of the axillary lymph nodes. Pathologic findings were correlated with the results of clinical examination and xeroradiographic findings. Xeroradiography does not appear to have improved our ability to identify axillary lymph node metastases in patients with breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807590
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  • 187
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    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of primary breast cancer with L-PAM/5-FU and tamoxifen: An interim report (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This trial studied the possibility that tamoxifen, added to L-phenylalanine mustard and 5-fluorouracil, enhances the established benefit of the latter two drugs in treatment of women with breast cancer and positive axillary nodes. The addition of tamoxifen resulted in a 25% decrease in treatment failure at 24 months and a 23% decrease at 36 months. In patients ≥50 years old, there was a 48% reduction at 24 months and a 39% reduction at 36 months. This advantage was statistically significant at both two and three years' follow-up (p 〈 0.001). Higher receptor levels were associated with a greater probability of disease-free survival. Patients ≤49 years old were less responsive. There was some evidence at 24 months that patients in this age group with four or more positive nodes who also had high ER levels might benefit from tamoxifen. At 36 months, however, this benefit was no longer evident. This form of adjuvant therapy is not recommended in patients ≤49 years of age whose tumor estrogen and progesterone levels are below 10 fmol; there is an appearance of benefit in patients ≥50 with low estrogen and progesterone levels, and stronger evidence of benefit when these levels are high among the older group of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855122
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  • 188
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    Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage-II breast cancer: An overview of the NSABP clinical trials (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. S19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; drug combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data derived from 1848 patients entered into three adjuvant chemotherapy protocols are presented. The three studies were performed sequentially and were designed to identify patient subsets responding to one, two, or three chemotherapeutic agents. Comparison of disease-free survival in patients receiving L-PAM or placebo disclosed that L-PAM was beneficial in patients ⩽49 years of age, but not in women ⩾50 years. Further analysis indicated that the subset of patients ⩽49 years with 1–3 positive nodes sustained the greatest increment in disease-free survival with single-agent L-PAM. The addition of 5-FU to L-PAM was superior to L-PAM alone in patients ⩾50 years of age, particularly those with ⩾4 positive nodes. The three-drug combination of L-PAM, 5-FU, and methotrexate failed to provide a benefit over and above that achieved by the L-PAM-5-FU combination in all subsets examined. The results underscore the heterogeneous response to chemotherapy demonstrated by patient subsets characterized on the basis of age and nodal status. The implications of the findings relative to the current status of adjuvant therapy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855123
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  • 189
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    Electronic Resource
    Phase II evaluation of rubidazone (NSC-164011) in advanced carcinoma of the breast (1983)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 1 (1983), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: rubidazone ; breast cancer ; Phase II study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The SWOG carried out a Phase II evaluation of rubidazone in patients with advanced breast cancer. Good risk patients were given rubidazone 150 mg/m2 IV every three weeks. Poor risk patients were given a 25% dose reduction at the start of treatment. Rubidazone dose was increased or decreased depending on toxicity. One patient went into complete remission, four had partial remission and nine had stable disease. Forty-two patients showed increased disease on treatment. No cardiotoxicity was seen, but other common toxicities noted included mostly mild to moderate myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting and alopecia. This study failed to indicate significant antitumor activity of rubidazone in patients with advanced breast carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177415
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  • 190
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    Relationship between the content of estrogen and progesterone receptors and the pathological characteristics in human breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Surgery today 12 (1982), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Assays of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) were performed by using the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) method in 124 cases of invasive breast cancer. The results were correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics. There was no correlation between steroid hormone receptor contents and menopausal status, size of tumor, axillary lymph node status, or histological type. The presences of ER and PgR were significantly correlated with histological grade and its mitotic component. 78.3% of well-differentiated (Grade I) tumors were ER positive. Of this number, 61.1% were also PgR positive. In contrast, 69.0% of poorly differentiated (Grade III) tumors were ER and PgR negative. Tumors with a prominent lymphoid infiltration demonstrated a low frequency of positive ER and PgR. There was a significant inverse correlation between the degree of lymphoid infiltration and histological grade. These results suggest that the ER and PgR status of tumors may indicate a malignancy, and prognostic information can thus be obtained independently of other known factors such as size of the tumor and axillary lymph node status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469586
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  • 191
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    Estrogen and progesterone receptors: Correlation of response rates, site and timing of receptor analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; hormone therapy ; steroid receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 156 patients with advanced breast cancer of known estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status treated by endocrine therapy were studied. Regarding values for ER and PgR ⩾ 5 fmole/mg cytosol protein as positive, patients were divided into 4 phenotypic subgroups: ER+PgR+ (43%), ER+PgR− (26%), ER−PgR+ (8%), and ER−PgR− (23%). In patients with tumor phenotype ER+PgR+, responses were seen in 20/30 (67%) assessable initial treatments when receptor assays were performed on tumor recurrence or on primary tumor immediately before endocrine therapy, and in only 11/32 (34%) assessable initial treatments when receptor analysis was performed on primary tumor and there was intervening local therapy before endocrine therapy was started for tumor recurrence (P〈0.05). Responses to first endocrine therapy for each tumor phenotype were ER+PgR+ 50%, ER+PgR− 27%, ER−PgR+ 27%, and ER−PgR− 6%. Four of 16 (25%) patients with ER+PgR+ tumors responded to subsequent secondary endocrine therapy, but such responses were not observed in 20 patients with other tumor phenotypes. Duration of response was similar for each phenotype, but patients with ER−PgR− tumors had a significantly shorter survival from time of initial endocrine treatment than patients of any other phenotype. These results suggest that repeat steroid receptor assays on accessible tumor immediately before endocrine therapy may result in improved predictability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806937
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  • 192
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    Effect of timing of initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy on disease-free survival in breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy delay ; breast cancer ; disease-free survival ; FAC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four hundred and sixty patients with stage II or III breast cancer following regional therapy were treated with an adjuvant combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). The relationship between the length of disease-free survival and length of delays in initiation of chemotherapy after surgery was evaluated. Patients were divided into four subgroups according to the length of delay in initiation of chemotherapy (〈 10 weeks, 10–13, 14–17, and ≥ 18 weeks). Overall four year diseasefree survival was 64%, 68%, 60%, and 63% for patient groups with delays of 〈 10 weeks, 10–13, 14–17, or ≥ 18 weeks respectively (p = 0.39). There was no trend for longer delay in treatment to be associated with shorter disease-free survival, except in poor prognosis patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806452
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  • 193
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    Oestrogen and progesterone receptor content and the distribution of histological grade in breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; histological grade ; steroid receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological grading of 160 primary infiltrating breast carcinomas showed that both oestrogen and progesterone receptor status are strongly related to grade, tumours that are receptor positive tending to be of lower grade than the receptor negative. The nuclear factors used in grading were those that determined this association. In addition the absence/presence of both receptors was reflected in the grade present, beyond the correlation expected on the basis of either receptor alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806938
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  • 194
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    Pharmacologic suppression of estrogens with aminoglutethimide as treatment of advanced breast carcinoma (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adrenal secretion rates ; aminoglutethimide ; antiestrogens ; aromatase inhibitors ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; hormone ablation ; medical adrenalectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies suggest that estrogens are the predominant hormones required for the growth of hormonedependent breast cancers in women. Traditional methods of lowering estrogens as treatment of breast cancer involve surgical removal of the ovaries, adrenals, or pituitary. Newer investigative strategies utilize blockade of estrogen action with antiestrogens or inhibition of estrogen synthesis. As reviewed previously, a regimen for pharmacologic suppression of estrogen production was developed which utilizes the aromatase/steroidogenesis inhibitor aminoglutethimide (AG) and replacement hydrocortisone (HC). The current paper updates recent mechanistic, clinical, and hormonal data regarding AG. The preservation of plasma androstenedione levels concomitant with marked estrone and estradiol suppression suggests that AG lowers estrogen production predominantly by blocking aromatization. The mechanism for sustained androstenedione production in the face of suppressed ketosteroids, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids during AG administration was evaluated in dogs fitted with arteriovenous adrenal cannulae. Inhibition of the adrenal secretion of androstenedione with preservation of peripheral plasma levels of this steroid suggests stimulation ofextra-adrenal 3β-ol-dehydrogenase,Δ 5-Δ 4-isomerase activity by AG. Clinical studies revealed a 32% objective response rate to AG/HC in unselected patients and a 52% response in women with estrogen receptor positive tumors. Randomized trials indicated similar response rates to AG/HC vs hypophysectomy (AG/HC 47% vs Hypox 21%,p = NS), surgical adrenalectomy (AG/HC 52% vs surgical adrenalectomy 43%,p = NS) and antiestrogen therapy (AG/HC 36% vs tamoxifen 38%,p = NS). Cross-over data revealed that 50% of 94 patients initially responding to tamoxifen later experienced an objective regression to AG/HC. Only 25% of 93 tamoxifen nonresponders benefited later from AG/HC. Trends indicate that bone metastases may respond better to AG/HC (33%) than to tamoxifen (15%). Use of a computer-based data matrix allowed determination of whether patients escape from AG/HC induced estrogen and androgen suppression at the time of disease relapse. No trends towards escape from estrogen inhibition were apparent. However, in the objective responders to AG/HC, the weak androgens dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and androstenedione appeared to increase prior to disease relapse. DHEA-S but not androstenedione levels remained lower in the objective responders than in nonresponders at all phases of AG/HC therapy. Thus, the estrogens, but not androgens, remain constant during all phases of AG/HC treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805879
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  • 195
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    Electronic Resource
    A phase II trial of tamoxifen, premarin, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; combination chemo-hormonal therapy ; endocrine therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Complete remissions in patients with metastatic breast cancer using endocrine therapy or chemotherapy are infrequent. Breast tumors are known to be heterogeneous with respect to estrogen receptor status, and the low complete remission rate may be related to this biochemical heterogeneity. Based on laboratory experiments using human breast cancer cells in tissue culture, a phase II protocol was designed using tamoxifen, premarin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Thus far, twenty-nine (29) patients have been entered into this study and twenty-five (25) are currently evaluable for response. Overall response rate was 72%, and 14 of 25 (56%) attained a complete remission. Toxicity was minimal. Median nadir white blood cell count was 5,800 and median nadir platelet count was 252,000. In summary, this combination chemo-hormonal therapy regimen is effective with a more than 50% complete remission rate and minimal toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805721
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional aspects of the epidemiology of breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; epidemiology ; nutrition ; obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An overview is presented of epidemiological, experimental, and some clinical data which focus on the importance of nutritional factors in the aetiology and clinical course of breast cancer. There seem to be at least two different nutritional factors involved: dietary fat, and a fat body mass (obesity). The author describes work of his group in elucidating the role of obesity. Nutritional intervention as a possible means of controlling the disease looms at the horizon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805877
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of advanced breast cancer with tamoxifen: Evaluation of the dose-response relationship at two dose levels (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 395-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; dose response ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to establish the optimal dose of tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women, a randomized trial comparing 90 mg daily with the currently recommended dose of 30 mg daily was conducted. Sixty-eight patients were treated with the high dose and 75 patients with the low dose. The rate of response was 36 and 37% (p = 0.74), respectively. The time to response, duration of response, and the time to treatment failure were also identical at the two dose levels. Only a few side effects were observed, and they were equally distributed among the two treatment groups. It is concluded that a 30 mg daily dose of tamoxifen seems to be as effective as 90 mg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805882
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 5-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell cycle ; DNA-DMBA binding ; DNA repair ; DNA synthesis ; pathogenesis of breast cancer ; susceptibility to carcinogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been demonstrated that in humans certain factors such as early menarche, late pregnancy, and nulliparity are associated with a higher risk of developing breast cancer, while early pregnancy acts as a protective factor. Induction of mammary cancer in rats by administration of the chemical carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene reveals that the same factors influencing human breast cancer risk also affect the susceptibility of the rat mammary gland to the chemical carcinogen. Nulliparous rats and rats undergoing pregnancy interruption are more susceptible to developing carcinomas. This fact has been attributed to the incomplete differentiation of the gland at the time of carcinogen administration. Parous rats are resistant to the carcinogenic effect of DMBA, which is explained by the complete development of the gland attained during pregnancy and lactation. This development is manifested by the differentiation of terminal end buds into secretory units, which have a smaller proliferative compartment; the epithelial cells of these secretory units have a longer cell cycle, less avidity for binding DMBA, and possess a more efficient DNA excision repair capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805718
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Tumor-associated prostaglandins in patients with primary breast cancer: Relationship to clinical parameters (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; clinical correlates ; prostaglandins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Determination of the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2α were carried out using homogenized primary human breast tumors. Measurable levels of both prostaglandins were found in all but one tumor examined. In most samples, the absolute PGF2α level was higher than that of PGE2. Higher PGE2 levels are more often seen in postmenopausal women than in pre- or perimenopausal patients, though among postmenopausal women, PGE2 levels do not correlate with age. Thus, the ratio of PGF:PGE is higher in pre/perimenopausal women than in postmenopausal women. Differences in PGF2α do not appear to be associated with age or menopausal status. Tumors that are estrogen receptor positive (ER +) tend to have higher PGE2 levels than ER negative tumors. PGF2α is not associated with the presence of ER and neither prostaglandin is associated with the presence of progesterone receptor. Higher levels of both PGE2 and PGF2α are associated with less differentiated tumors, while tumor maximum diameter is negatively associated with PGE2 levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805874
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic significance of serum IgE levels in primary breast cancer (1982)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 2 (1982), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; IgE ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum IgE was measured in presurgical sera from 166 nonallergic women admitted to a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of primary, operable breast cancer. During the follow-up period, which averaged 48 months, there were 71 recurrences. Patients were divided into two groups: those with IgE levels greater than the geometric mean value of 24 I.U. and those with levels less than the mean. The rate of tumor recurrence was significantly greater for the IgE 〉 24 group (p〈0.03). IgE remained a significant prognostic indicator when evaluated by Cox regression analysis in conjunction with other known prognostic factors including: number of positive lymph nodes, clinical stage, menopausal status, estrogen receptor status, mitotic grade, tumor diameter, breast feeding history, and age of patient (p〈0.015). IgE was not correlated with any of these known prognostic factors in individual analyses. We conclude that serum IgE level is a significant, independent prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806934
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