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  • 1995-1999  (2,421)
  • 1995  (2,421)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2,263)
  • crystal structure  (158)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Racemic (±)2-(α-Methylbenzylamino)-5-Nitropyridine Single Crystals (1995)
    Springer
    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 128-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: organic crystal ; racemic form ; second-harmonic generation ; refractive index ; nonlinear optical coefficient ; crystal structure ; oriented-gas model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear and nonlinear optical properties of racemic (±)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((±)MBANP) single crystals have been comprehensively investigated and compared with those of the enantiomorph (–)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((–)MBANP) crystals. (±)MBANP crystal exhibits very high chemical and physical stability, but relatively small nonlinear optical coefficients (d31 = 6.8 pm/V, d32 = 4.7 pm/V, d33 = 0.84 pm/V). A comparison between the nonlinear optical coefficients of (±)MBANP and (–)MBANP demonstrates the validity of the oriented-gas model in molecular crystals that neglects all the contributions from intermolecular interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-995-0128-5
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inclusion compounds of (±) gossypol. Structure of the gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) coordinato-clathrate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Inclusion compounds ; gossypol ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the inclusion compound of gossypol withn-valeric acid as a guest molecule has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The crystals of C30H30O8·(C5H10O2)2, are triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=6.912(2),b=14.506(3),c=19.387(4) Å, α=78.85(2)°, β=83.92(3)°, γ=86.78(3)°V=1895(1) Å3,Z=2,D x=1.267 g cm−3, μ (CuK α)=0.768 mm−1,T=292 K. The structure has been solved by direct methods on intensity data collected for a twinned crystal and refined to the finalR value of 0.062 for 1606 observed reflections and 470 refined parameters. Gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) coordinato-clathrate is not isostructural with any of the previously investigated gossypol inclusion compounds but shows some structural similarities to gossypol-acetic acid (1/1). The host and one of the carboxylic acid molecules are connected via hydrogen bonds into molecular assemblies of a column type which are further bonded to centrosymmetric dimers of the secondn-valeric acid molecule. In effect, host and guest molecules are assembled into layer-type H-bonded aggregates. Structural features common to gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) and other earlier reported gossypol inclusion compounds are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707082
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 7.25-hydrate oftert-butylamine. A semi-clathrate and complex variant of the cubic 12 Å structure type (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: tert-Butylamine 7.25 H2O ; amine hydrate ; semi-clathrate ; clathrate hydrate ; hydrate ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Of the various hydrates oftert-butylamine, the title compound has been identified as the second-highest, melting incongruently at −19°C. Its crystal structure (orthorhombic, space groupPca21,Z=32 formula units per unit cell,a=24.80,b=16.440,c=25.29 Å) and the exact composition have been determined from X-ray diffraction at −150°C. The hydrate is a rather complex semi-clathrate, with the amine molecules not merely encaged, but also hydrogen-bonded, in a three-dimensional water host structure, which in turn is not fully four-connected. Nevertheless, it bears a clear relationship to the basic and genuine clathrate-hydrate cubic 12 Å type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707689
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TheO, O′-dibenzoyl derivative of (R, R)-tartaric acid as a host compound for simple organic ethers (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: (R, R)-Tartaric acid derivatives ; host-guest compounds ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract TheO, O′-dibenzoyl derivative of (R, R)-tartaric acid shows a good inclusion ability for diethyl and di-n-propol ethers. The two crystalline inclusion compounds have 1:1 stoichiometry and reveal isomorphous structures. Hydrogen bonded host molecules form chains running along thez axis of the unit cell and guest molecules join to these chains by short O−H...O hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonding in the crystals is characterized by a C(7)D first-order network. The ether molecules are in a fully extended conformation. They are accommodated in channel-like voids running along thex axis. Atomic displacement parameters are significantly larger for diethyl ether than for the di-n-propyl ether molecule reflecting less dense packing for this inclusion compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707084
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure ofp-tetrakis-(4-nitrophenylazo)calix[4]-arene-4-picoline (1∶4) complex (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Calixarene-dye ; crystal structure ; inclusion compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of thep-tetrakis-(4-nitrophenylazo)calix[4]arene-4-picoline (1∶4) complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are monoclinic, space groupC2/c,a=24.9097) Å,b=8.425(6) Å,c=33.81(1) Å, β=101.13(2)°,D c =1.330 g/cm3,Z=4, finalR value =0.067. The cone conformation adopted by this azocalixarene is disturbed by the positions of the picoline molecules. Two of them are inside the macorocycle cavity and the two others are outside.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706496
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New synthesis and complexing properties ofp-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene. Structure of its 1∶2 complex with tetrahydrofuran (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complexation ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described for the synthesis of isolatedp-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene (CALO) with a 24% yield. The ability of CALO to form complexes in the solid state with small neutral molecules has been studied; the potential guests were common solvents bearing various chemical functions. The powder obtained after evaporation of the solvent has been characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction technique. Analysis of the patterns shows the non-complexation of linear alkanes and alcohols, but formation of complexes when the guest is cyclic or when it bears an amine or a ketone function. As illustration of the possible arrangement of molecules in complexes, the structure of the 1:2 complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF) is presented: the crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a=9.459(2) Å,b=17.286(2) Å,c=30.469(6) Å, β=92.52(2)o,V=4977(2) Å3,Z=4,D c=1.099 Mg m−3, λ=1.54178 Å, μ=5.6 cm−1,R=0.086 for 3590 reflections withF〉4σ (F); one of the THF molecules is inside the cavity of the macrocycle, while the other, in the interhost space, exhibits disorder. In the CALO molecule, three out of the fourtert-butyl groups are disordered which may induce the disorder of the THF molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707687
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of supramolecular complexes formed by 18-crown-6 andcis-anti-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (host) with 3,4-diaminofurazane (guest) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: 18-crown-6 ; diaminofurazane ; crystal structure ; host-guest complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An X-ray—diffraction study is reported for two molecular complexes containing 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-oxadiazole as guest (G) with 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) andcis-anti-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH-6B) as host. Both complexes are of the polymeric-chain structure with the guest molecule bridging two crown neighbours. ComplexI: [18-C-6*G*H2O], 1∶1∶1, monoclinic,P21/n,a=8.171(1),b=15.042(2),c=16.209(6) Å, β=101.15(2)°, finalR-factor 0.068. ComplexII: [DCH-6B*G], 1∶1, monoclinicC2/c,a=21.212(4),b=9.380(2),c=13.049(3) Å, β=108.61(3)°, finalR 0.047.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709576
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structures of binuclear caesium complexes with 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crown-6 and 1,3-calix[4]-bis-benzo-crown-6 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Bridged calix[4]arene ; caesium complex ; ditopic receptor ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of two binuclear complexes between caesium and 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crowns have been determined. Cs2 Bis-benzoC6(NO3)2. 3CHCl3 (1) in whichBis-benzoC6 is 1,3-calix[4]-bis-benzo-crown-6, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system: space groupPca2 1 a=19.513(10),b=15.382(5),c=23.708(9) Å,V=7116(5) Å3,Z=4. Refinement led to a final conventionalR value of 0.065 for 2321 reflections. The structure of (1) is analogous to those already reported withBis-C6, (in whichBis-C6 is, 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crown-6) and NO 3 − as a counter-ion. Cs2 Bis-C6(NCS)2 (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic system: space, groupC2 a=36.57(2),b=11.47(1),c=13.65(1) Å, β=109.03(5)°.,V=5415(6) Å3,Z=4. Refinement led to a final conventionalR value of 0.063 for 2227 reflections. Compound (2) is made of dimers bridged by a disordered NCS− ion. The crown ether chain conformations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707934
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal Structure of 2-Debenzoyl, 2-Acetoxy Paclitaxel (Taxol®): Conformation of the Paclitaxel Side-Chain (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: 2-debenzoyl, 2-acetoxy paclitaxel ; docetaxel ; paclitaxel side-chain ; crystal structure ; solid state conformation ; intramolecular hydrogen bonding ; intermolecular hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of the C2-acetate analog of paclitaxel, grown from a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and methanol, belong to the space group P2l with a = 9.058(3), b = 18.306(5), c = 15.043(1) Å, β = 97.09(1)°, Z = 2, V = 2475.1(9)Å3, D calc = 1.269 gcm−3 and µ = 0.75 cm−1. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined to R(F) = 0.054 and wR(F) = 0.057 for 605 variables and 3496 observed reflections. The paclitaxel side chain possesses a conformation similar to that observed in the crystal structure of docetaxel (Taxotere®). A three dimensional network of hydrogen bonds is formed through solvent molecules and stabilizes the crystal lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016236014766
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Humidity-Dependent Changes in Crystal Structure on the Solid-State Fluorescence Properties of a New HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 556-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ; SQ-33600 ; crystal structure ; hydrates ; solid-state fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that the disodium salt of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (SQ-33600) is capable of existing as a number of hydrate species [1]. Three crystalline solid hydrates and one liquid crystalline phase have been identified, each having a definite stability over a defined range of humidity. These forms have been found to exhibit varying fluorescence properties in their respective solid states, with differences in bandshapes and intensities being noted for each. These spectral variations have been correlated with the known pseudopolymorphism of the compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016206130213
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lattice dynamics of (Ba/K)BiO3 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 8 (1995), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: (Ba/K)BiO3 ; lattice dynamics ; electron phonon coupling ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Lattice dynamics of Ba.6K.4BiO3 was investigated by inelastic neutron scattering on a superconducting single crystal (T c =26 K (midpoint)). At low frequencies the dispersion curves are very similar to those observed in BaPb.75Bi.25O3. Differences were found in the bond bending vibrations of the BiO6 octahedra which indicate that the binding in the K-doped compound is more ionic. Rather anomalous features were observed in the high frequency Bi-O bond stretching vibrations which resemble those observed in the high T c cuprates La1.85Sr.15CuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7. The observed frequency shifts are interpreted as the consequence from a strong electron phonon coupling. The data are compared to the results obtained on non superconducting Ba.98K.02BiO3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00727434
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the crystal structure and molecular models of N,N-diisobutyl-2-(octylphenylphosphinyl)acetamide (CMPO) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Molecular mechanics ; molecular dynamics ; MNDO ; CMPO ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of N,N-diisobutyl-2-(octylphenylphosphinyl)acetamide, or CMPO was recently determined. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/c witha=13.446(6),b=22.280(7),c=17.217(7) Å, β=92.07(4)°, andD calc=1.05 g/cm3 forZ=8 @20°C). Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and MNDO calculations were also performed on CMPO utilizing the SYBYL1 suite of programs. The results from these calculations are compared to the crystal structure and to similar calculations performed on CMPO using ALCHEMY2,3. In general, the results from the calculations agree fairly well with the parameters from the crystal structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666193
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleophilic additions of primary and secondary amines to pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 633-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Amines ; crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formedvia nucleophilic attack of a heterocyclic secondary amine on PCU-8,11-dione, with the concomitant intramolecular attack of one keto oxygen on the carbon of the other ketone, are presented. In all three compounds, the bridging oxygen contains substantial p-character, and the bonds to the “attacking” nitrogen are significantly shorter than would be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665969
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dialkylimidazolium-sodium chloroaluminate ternary salt system: phase diagram and crystal structure (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: phase diagram ; buffered chloroaluminate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase diagram of the buffered neutral aluminum chloride + 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride + sodium chloride (AlCl3-EMIC-NaCl) ternary melt system can be represented by a binary phase diagram composed of (EMI)AlCl4 and NaAlCl4. In the binary phase diagram, the salts are liquid at, or near, room temperature for a wide range of compositions. At the 1∶1 composition, the congruently melting compound (EMI)(Na)(AlCl4)2 with m.p.=36.7°C is formed. Crystals of this mixed organic-inorganic salt were grown for single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystalizes in the space group $$P\bar 1$$ with lattice parametersa=10.321(1) Å,b=10.895(3) Å,c=9.284(4) Å, α=98.31(2)°, β=100.83(4)°, γ=101.95(3)°. Data collected at −120°C gave final residuals ofR=0.037 andR w=0.045 using 2713 observed reflections. The packing diagram reveals Na+ ion zig-zag chains running along thea-axis with each Na+ surrounded by four AlCl 4 − units, reminiscent of NaAlCl4. The AlCl 4 − ions form a distorted square planar coordination sphere around Na+ at an average Na−Al distance of 3.76(4) Å. Using a sodium ionic radius of 1.16 Å, a new AlCl 4 − ionic radius of 2.60 Å is calculated. This radius is 0.21 Å shorter than the reported thermodynamic radius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667037
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray structure of sesterterpene, 16β-acetoxy-24-methyl-12,24-dioxoscalaran-25-al (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 765-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Sesterterpene ; scalaran ; crystal structure ; marine compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular geometry of a tetracyclic sesterterpene has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The conformation of the aldehyde group as observed in the crystal structure supports the rationalization for the absence of aldehyde proton coupling in the nmr spectra of the compound. Crystal data: C28H42O5, M.W.=458.6; orthorhombic, P212121;a=10.797(2),b=29.270(9),c=8.033(1)Å,V=2538.7Å3,Dx=1.199 g cm−3;R=0.045 for 2287 observed reflections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670333
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of decacalcium tetrapotassium hexakis (pyrophosphate) nonahydrate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate ; calcium pyrophosphate ; calcium potassium pyrophosphate ; crystal structure ; layer-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of Ca10K4(P2O7)6·9H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals are hexagonal, space group P63cm witha=11.761(1),c=9.770(1) Å, andZ=1. The structure was refined toR=0.028 andR w=0.037 for 468 reflections withI≥3σ(I). The structure consists of a compact assembly of Ca and P2O7 ions arranged in layers perpendicular to thec-axis in a hexagonal array with relatively large open channels along thec-axis. The K ions and the water molecules are located in these open channels and are disordered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665172
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual occurrence of photooxidation of a cage diol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cage-diol ; crystal structure ; photooxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An unusual photooxidation was noted upon photolytic cage closure of a substituted tricyclo[6.2.1.02.7]undecane-exo, exo-diol. The resultant compound, which may be regarded as a mono-reduced pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione, was characterizedvia X-ray crystallography. This species could be reduced to the tricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undecane-endo, exo-diol under conditions previously shown to be inert for the parent dione.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01796053
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structures of twoN-substituted 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamides (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamides ; resonance effect ; short intramolecular S...O contact ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two closely related compoundsN,N-dimethyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide1 andN-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-N-methyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide2 have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure determination. Crystal data for1: triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=6.767(1),b=12.594(2),c=6.648(1) Å, α=101.38(1), β=93.37(2), γ=79.62(1)°,V=546.2 Å3,Z=2. Crystal data for2: monoclinic, Cc,a=19.836(4),b=6.057(1),c=15.860(3) Å, β=127.61(3)°,V=1509.5Å3,Z=4. The molecular structures of1 and2 show remarkable differences concerning the conformational behavior. These differences are related to the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atom. The presence of an aromatic system in2 leads to an almost planar arrangement of the α-oxoketene dithioacetal moiety. This effect is accompanied by a short intramolecular S...O contact of 2.648(2) Å. In the absence of an aromatic system, as is the case for compound1, neither a resonance effect along the α-oxoketene dithioacetal fragment nor a short S...O distance is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665702
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal structure of a heterobimetallic crown ether complex: [Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)][FeCl4] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 579-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ; hetero bimetallic ; crown ether ; crystal structure ; ferric chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Slow evaporation of a solution of ferric chloride and dibenzo-18-crown-6 in 3∶1 CH3CN∶CH3OH produced single crystals of the title complex. This heterobimetallic crown ether complex, [Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)][FeCl4], crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2t/n with cell parameters (at 22°C)a=14.608(6),b=10.466(9),c=17.276(9)Å, β=91.47(6)°, andD calc=1.46 g cm−3 for Z=4. The structure consists of discrete ions with the shortest Na ... Cl distance a lengthy contact of 3.56(1)Å. The average Na...O separation is 2.69(3)Å. The [FeCl4]− anion exhibits a distorted tetrahedral geometry with an average Fe−Cl bond length of 2.16(2)Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667027
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structural characterization of [Au2Pd14(μ3-CO)7(μ2-CO)2(PMe3)11](PF6)2—An icosahedrally-based high nuclearity mixed metal cluster (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 71-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Palladium ; gold ; cluster ; phosphine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Au2Pd14(μ3-CO)7(μ2-CO)2(PMe3)11](PF6)2 has been synthesized from [Pd8(CO)8(PMe3)7] and AuCl(PCy3) in the presence of TIPF6. It has been characterised on the basis of mass spectrometry, infrared and NMR spectroscopy, and a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The structure is based on a palladium-centered Au2Pd11 icosahedron which shares an edge with a Pd5 trigonal bipyramid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175837
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, chemical, and electrochemical characterization of the [Ag13{μ3-Fe(CO)4}] n− (n = 3, 4, 5) cluster anions: X-Ray structural determination of [N(PPh3)2]3 [Ag12(μ12-Ag){μ3Fe(CO)4}8]1 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Silver ; iron ; carbonyl ; cluster ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of the [Fe(CO)4]2− dianion with Ag+ salts occurs through a particularinner-sphere mechanism, which involves an intermediate cascade of silver clusters stabilized by Fe(CO)4 ligands. The last detectable Ag-Fe cluster of the sequence is the [Ag13{μ-Fe(CO)4}8]3− trianion, which has been selectively obtained by using ca. 1.7 equivalents of Ag+ per mole of [Fe(CO)4]2−. The [Ag13{μ-Fe(CO)4}8]3−- trianion has been isolated in a crystalline state with several quaternary cations, and has been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies of its bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium salt. [N(PPh3)2]3 [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]·2(CH3)2CO, monoclinic, space group P21 (No.4),a = 16.284(2) Å,b =18.767(5) Å,c = 25.905(4) Å,β = 90.46(1)°,V = 7916(3) Å3,Z = 2,R = 0.0324. The molecular structure of the anion consists of a centered cuboctahedron of silver atoms with the triangular faces capped by Fe(CO)4 units. Chemical reduction of ( Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]3− affords the corresponding [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)8]4−, which in turn gives [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)8]5− and [Ag6{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}4]– upon further reduction. Electrochemical investigations confirm the reversibility of the [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]3−/4− redox change. Furthermore, in spite of some electrode poisoning effects, evidence of the existence of the [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]5− pentaanion was obtained. The yet structurally uncharacterized [Ag6{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)4]2− dianion is quantitatively obtained by reaction of [Fe(CO)4]2− with ca. 1.5 equivalents of Ag+ or by addition of one equivalent of Ag+ to solutions of the [Ag5{Fe(CO)4}4]3− trianion. All attempts to isolate its quaternary salts as crystalline materials failed owing to formation of amorphous insoluble precipitates. The above series ofμ 3-Fe(CO)4 octa-capped cuboctahedral Ag13 clusters can be envisioned as the Ag+ . Ag and Ag− cryptates of the [Ag12{μ}3-Fe(CO)4}8]4− cryptand. respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175839
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and reactivity of the heptanuclear dianion [Os7(CO)20]2− including the synthesis and structural characterizations of the compounds [Os7(CO)20(AuPEt)3 2] and [Os8(CO)20(η6-C6H6] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Cluster carbonyl ; osmium ; gold ; arene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of the heptaosmium cluster [Os7(CO)21] With [Et4N][NH4) gives the cluster dianion [Os7(CO)20]2−,1, in high yield. The reaction of the dianion with [AuPR 3Cl] (R=Et or Ph) in the presence of TlPF6 forms [Os7((CO)20(AuPR 3)2] [R=Et (2a);R = Ph(2b)] in 80% yield, while the corresponding reaction with (Os(C6H6)(CH3CN)3]2+ gives [Os8(CO)20 (η 6-C6H6)] (3) in reasonable yield (ca. 30%). The dianion,1, and the clusters2 and3 have been fully characterized by bout spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The crystal structure of the [Ph4P]+ salt of1 shows that the metals in the anion adopt a capped octahedral geometry, with all twenty carbonyl ligands in terminal sites. The metal core geometry in2a is best described as a tricapped octahedron, and is based on the structure of the dianion1 with two adjacent octahedral faces capped by the Au atoms of the two AuPEt3 groups. In a similar fashion, the geometry of3 is related to that of1 with the addition of an Os(C6H6) unit capped to a triangular face, to give a bicapped octahedral framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175843
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and structural characterization of Os3(CO)8[Si(OMe)3][μ-PMe2(C6H4](μ-H)2: An unusual unsaturated triosmium cluster complex (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 437-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Osmium ; unsaturated cluster ; ortho-metallation ; siloxyl ligand ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)[Si(OMe)3](μ-H),1, with PMe2Ph yielded the new complex Os3(CO)10(PMe2Ph)[Si(OMe)3](μ-H),2 by substitution of the MeCn ligand with the phosphine ligand. When heated to 125°C compound2 was decarbonylated and transformed into the new unsaturated cluster complex Os3(CO)8[μ-PMe2(C6H4)][Si(OMe)3](μ-H)2,3 in 54% yield. Compound3 was characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, osmium bonds. The phenyl ring of the phosphine ligand has undergoneortho-metallation by a neighboring metal atom. A terminally coordinated Si(OMe)3 ligand is coordinated to the third osmium atom. The cluster is unsaturated by the amount of 2 electrons, and there is an open coordination site on the siloxyl substituted osmium atom that is partially filled by a weak interaction with one of the π-bonds of theortho-metalled phenyl ring. Complex3 reacts with CO at 1 atm to reform compound2 in 85% yield in 5 h at 40°C. Crystal Data: for3: space group = P21/n,a = 9.911(2) Å,b = 18.451(6) Å,c = 14.872(2) Å,β = 95.64(2)°,Z = 4, 1994 reflections,R = 0.028.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165472
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structure of a seven electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 523-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; reduction ; seven-electron triangular cluster ; bridging sulfide ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The triangular six-electron cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl4(PEt3) x (thf)5] produced by the excision reaction of Mo3S7Cl4 with triethypholsphine is reduced by magnesium at − 20°C. Subsequent addition of dppe (=1,2-his(diphenylphosphino)ethane) to the reduced species affords a seven-electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3)]. The complex crystallizes in the space groupCm witha=17.170(6),b-19.878(6),c = 13.289(5)β = 121.73(2)°,V = 3858(2) A3, andZ = 2. The structure shows an almost equilateral triangle of three molybdenum atoms capped by a Sulfur atom and bridged by three sulfur atoms. The Mo Mo distances, ranging from 2.804(1) to 2.809(1) A are elongated ca. 0.04 A as compared with lose of a six-electron cluster complex with drape ligands. Two molybdenum atoms have a chlorine and a dppe ligands, and the other molybdenum atom bas a chlorine and a triethylphosphine ligands. The UV-Vis spectrum has a characteristic broad hand centered at 1410 n m, which is not observed for six-electron clusters. The ESR spectrum indicates the presence of an unpaired electron consistent with the formulation of the compound as a seven-electron cluster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165771
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doubly-bridged binuclear complexes of oxomolybdenum(V) and oxotungsten(V) containing sexadentate ligands (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 549-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; tungsten ; di-μ-oxo bridge ; sexadentate ligands ; asymmetric distortion ; stereoselectivity ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Binuclear oxomolybdenum(V) and oxotungsten(V) complexes of the type, [M 2(O)2(μ-X)(μ-X 1)]”, where M=Mo, W;X.X 1=O, S; L=edta, pdta (n=2-), tpen, tppn (n=2+) (edta4– =ethylenediaminetetraacetate(4–), pdta=R- orR,S-propylenediaminetetraacetate(4–), tpen=N,N,N 1,N1-tetrakis(2-pyridyhnethyl)-ethylenediamine, and tppn=R- orR,S-N,N,N 1,N1-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-propylenediami ne) are reviewed with respect to their preparation, structure, spectroscopic properties, reactivities, and in particular asymmetric distortion around the bicyclo [4.1.1 ] type core and stereoselectivity related to this distortion,
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165773
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of the undecaosmium carbido carbonyl cluster: Crystal and molecular structures of [N(PPh3)2][Os11C(CO)27(μ-Cl)] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Undecaosmium carbido cluster ; µ-bridged chlorol preparation ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A chloro-derivative of undecaosmium carbido cluster [Os11C(CO)27(µ-Cl)]-1 anion has been prepared and fully characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The structure1 is an important intermediate for the conversion of [Os11C(CO)27]2 2 dianion to [OS10C(CO)24]2-3 dianion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01169700
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Iminohydroxylamine-α-aminonitrone tautomerism: a 1∶1 mixture of two tautomeric forms in crystals of N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 813-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tautomerism ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals consisting of two distinct chemical entities, tautomers of each other, in exact 1∶1 ratio, have been obtained and their structure determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals of C9H11N3·C9H11N3 are monoclinic,P21/c,a=15.674(3),b=17.085(3),c=13.758(3)Å, β=90.78(2)°,Z=8. There are two hydroxylamine and two aminonitrone molecules in the asymmetric unit. Hydrogen bonds connect those molecules into chiral layers. Layers of opposite chirality alternate andthe crystal is centrosymmetric as a whole. Within those layers chains of tautomers joined by very strong O−H... O and strong N−H... N bonds can be recognized. Proton transfer along those chains with simultaneous rearrangement of π-bonds within the molecules would result in interconversion of tautomers and would affect chirality of the layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01671076
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifungal copyrine alkaloids: crystal structure of 3-methylsampangine (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 223-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Antifungal alkaloids ; 3-methylsampangine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 3-Methylsampangine, C16H10N2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=7.260(3),b=10.697(5),c=15.342(6) Å, and β=102.69(4). All nonhydrogen atoms of this potent antifungal agent are planar to within 0.082 Å. The title compound exhibits potentin vitro antifungal activity againstC. neoformans, C. albicans andA. fumigatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665173
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury(II) complex with terpyridine: structure of the 2∶1 solvate of [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2 with acetone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 453-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mercury(II) terpyridine complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2·0.5(CH3)2CO crystallizes in the triclinic $$P\bar 1$$ space group witha=14.631(6),b=15.258(4),c=18.785(7) Å, α=69.66(2), β=70.72(1), γ=88.55(1)°. The crystal structure consists of two independent [Hg(terpy)2]2+ cations, four trifluoromethanesulfonate anions and an acetone molecule in the asymmetric unit. Each mercury atom is coordinated by two tridentate terpyridine ligands forming an irregular six-coordination polyhedron. The Hg−N bond lengths range from 2.27(2) to 2.53(2) Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665700
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure of 6,7-benzo-3,4 (1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-naphtho)-1,5-dioxosuberane (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 379-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benzonaphthodioxosuberane ; crystal structure ; radermachol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound (2) C21H16O4 has been determined by an X-ray analysis, by direct methods from diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least squares. The compound (2) crystallizes in the space group P21/a, with cell parameters:a=36.432(5),b=5.512(3),c=8.269(5) Å, β=108.0(3)°,z=4,D c =1.397 g/cm−3,R=7.8 for 1136 observed reflections. The conformation of the tetracyclic ring system shows a folding of two planar parts of the carbon skeleton about an axis passing thorough C8 and C16 of the seven membered ring C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665273
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis of a chiral calixarene: 5,11,17,23-tetra (tert-butyl)-25,27-bis[((+)-camphor-10-sulfonyl)-oxy]-calix[4]arene-26,28-diol: crystal and molecular structure of its (1∶2) complex with toluene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 401-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complex ; crystal structure ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound was obtained by treatment ofp-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with (+) camphorsulfonyl chloride in triethylamine and toluene. A (1∶2) complex with toluene has been found. Its structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are triclinic with space group P1,a=16.426(3),b=18.553(3),c=13.661(2) Å, α=94.78(2), β=110.76(2), γ=72.83(2)°,V=3720(2) Å3,d c =1.127 g/cm3 Z=2. Refinement based on 10495 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.100. The two independent molecules of calixarene in the asymmetric unit are in the cone conformation and the calixarene cavities are empty. The guest molecule occupies the interhost space. The norborane skelton of (+) camphorsulfonyl group is the same as ones found in literature. Only van der Waals interactions exist between the host and the guest molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665277
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Structure of 5-Methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e, e)-diol (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Hydrogen bonding ; carcinogen ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivative ; dihydrodiol ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the weak carcinogen 5-methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e,e)-diol is reported. This molecule contains a distorted bay region as a result of the presence of the 5-methyl group as found in 5-methylchrysene and 5,6- and 5, 12-dimethylchrysene. One torsion angle in this bay region is 20
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263528
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and X-Ray crystallographic analysis of a stable norbornadienone: 17-Oxo-7,16-methano-7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: MM3 ; PM3 ; MMX ; crystal structure ; norbonadienone ; distorted compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of 4,5-didehydroacenaphthene with phencyclone yields the title compound, a stable dibenzo-fused norbornadienone (8). The X-ray structure of8 is presented and compared with the structure predicted from a MM3, PM3, and a MMX calculation. Thermal decomposition of 8 produces, 7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (9), a hydrocarbon that is computed to have a significantly twisted polycyclic aromatic skeleton with 19 kcal/mole of strain energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286444
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tortuosity of the human splenic artery (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 214-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: splenie artery ; tortuosity ; celiac angiography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Arantius (1571) was the first to describe tortuosity of the splenic artery. The present study investigated the variations in its tortuosity in man, and possible relationships with age, sex, and presence of atheroma.Twenty-nine cadaveric specimens and forty-four celiac angiograms were studied. The straight distance from the origin of the splenic artery, from the celiac trunk, to the point of commencement of the hilar branches was measured, as was the total length of the artery between these two points. The ratio of these two measurements is called the “index of tortuosity.” The cadaveric arteries were then opened and graded for the presence of atheroma on a scale of 0 to 3.Marked variation in the index was found in both the cadavers and the angiograms. No definite relationship was found with sex. However, there was a suggestion of increasing tortuosity with age, although in one 10-year-old girl, marked tortuosity was demonstrated on angiography. No significant correlation was shown between increased tortuosity and the extent of atheroma.At present, there is apparently no satisfactory explanation for tortuosity of the splenic artery. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080306
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Arterial embolism from anatomical variation at the thoracic outlet (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: arterial embolism ; developmental anomalies ; thoracic outlet syndrome ; thrombolysis ; urokinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) represents a constellation of symptoms arising from the compression of the neurovascular bundle as it exits the thorax. We report a unique case of multiple rare anatomical anomalies resulting in TOS manifested by distal arterial embolism. These anomalies include the combination of: (1) a unilateral right cervical rib, Gruber's type II (Gruber 1869), (2) nonunion of the first thoracic rib, (3) abnormal fibrous insertions of the anterior scalene muscle onto the epineurium of the brachial plexus and adventitia of the subclavian artery, (4) anterior position of the brachial plexus in relation to the third portion of the subclavian artery, and (5) the bifurcation of a single root of the phrenic nerve at the level of the anterior scalene muscle. This series of findings suggest an underlying developmental abnormality with a delayed onset of symptomatology consisting of the thoracic outlet syndrome. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080308
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Response to letter to the editor (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 238-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080313
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080101
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, visceral pelvic connective tissue, and its compartments (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: sectional anatomy ; computed tomography ; magnetic resonance imaging ; pelvic connective tissu ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The sectional anatomy of the pelvic connective tissue was studied in plastinated sections of fetal and adult pelves, by computed tomography and by magnetic resonance imaging. The comparative study of the different specimens shows that the pelvic connective tissue consists of three compartments: a presacral compartment, a perirectal compartment, and a paravisceral compartment. The content and the borders of the compartments are described. Furthermore the pelvic fasciae and the pelvic ligaments are studied within the different specimens. A thin pelvic visceral fascia can only be found around the perirectal compartment. In tomographical anatomy the so called supportive ligaments of the uterus are only composed of the round ligaments and the sacrouterine ligaments. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080103
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    Echogenicity of the fetal telencephalic choroid plexus as a second trimester developmental landmark: A preliminary report (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: ultrasonography ; choroid plexus ; fetu ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Echogenicity of the normal fetal telencephalic choroid plexus was characterized anatomically in 102 consecutive antenatal abdominal ultrasonographic examinations. Echogenicity of the plexus was observed only during the second trimester, first appearing at week 13 and disappearing after week 23. We suggest that this echogenicity may be due to different stages of glycogen chemistry in the plexus. The knowledge that telencephalic echogenicity is confined to the second trimester should help detect diseases that cause focal areas of echogenicity in fetal life. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080105
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    Failure of the isthmus lobe to fuse in the midline (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: thyroid gland ; isthmus ; pyramidal lobe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Four developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland are to be noted: a pyramidal lobe, failure of the lobes of thyroid tissue to develop, failure of the isthmus to fuse, and absence of a significant part of the lateral lobes. We encountered failure of the isthmus to fuse in the midline of the thyroid gland in a 48-year-old female cadaver. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080106
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    Sacral edema: Computed tomographic and anatomical observations (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: abdomen ; anatomy ; fascial plane ; CT ; edema ; sacral ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sacral edema is a widely recognized clinical sign. Hitherto there has been no method of radiological confirmation, nor has the anatomy of this sign been well described. In a prospective study of 100 patients referred for abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT), 17 showed radiological evidence of sacral edema. It was demonstrated clinically in 12 of these 17 patients, leaving five patients with apparent CT evidence of sacral edema in whom this was not demonstrated clinically. In two patients with clinical evidence of sacral edema, their tissue planes in this region appeared normal on CT. The edema fluid accumulates in an intermediate plane of fibrous tissue within the subcutaneous fatty layer of the trunk. In those 17 patients with CT evidence of edema, the center of the fluid accumulation was situated over the lumbar rather than the sacral spine, suggesting that the term “sacral” edema is something of a misnomer. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Light and electron microscopy of the human hepato-duodenal ligament: A morpho functional study (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 102-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: collagen fibers ; elastic-elastic-related fibers ; omentun minus ; mesoscopy ; first duodenal sphincter ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morpho-functional relationships between the hepato-duodenal ligament and the superior part of the duodenum are analysed. Twenty-four specimens were removed during necropsies of adults and prepared according to various mesoscopic, microscopic, and ultramicroscopical methods, i. e., whole-mounts, membrane preparations, thick and thin histological sections, and polarized light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed.The hepato-duodenal ligament is formed by longitudinally elongated, type I collagen fiber bundles which are interlinked by more delicate bundles of type III collagen fibers. Longitudinally disposed elastic fibers are the principal component of the elastic fiber system of the ligament. These are in continuity with the elaunin and oxytalan fibers which are intermingled with the muscle cells of the vessels and duodenal wall, and fat cells of the ligament.Part of the muscle bundles of the external, longitudinal, muscle layer of the Cluodenum is anchored in the adventitial and subserosal collagen and elastic fiber framework of the organ while part inserts directly into the fibrous framework of the ligament. The fibrous system of the ligament is continuous with that of the subserosa and adventitia of the duodenum. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080204
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    Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: pudendal nerve ; sacral nerve roots ; continence ; incontinence ; pudendal canal syndrome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve (PN) was performed in 13 female and 7 male cadavers. The knowledge of the precise anatomy and anomalies of this important nerve would help in better localization of the nerve and its roots and branches for neurostimulation or for pudendal canal decompression in pudendal canal syndrome. Two routes were used in the dissection: gluteal and perineal. The PN was identified and its course was followed from its roots to its termination.The PN was composed of three roots derived from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th anterior sacral rami (S 2,3,4). The roots received a contribution from S 1 in five cadavers and from S 5 in one. The three roots formed two cords. The first root continued as the upper cord while the second and third root fused together producing the lower cord. The PN was formed by union of the two cords a short distance proximal to the sacrospinous ligament, and then crossed the back of the ligament. In no specimen did the nerve cross the ischial spine.The inferior rectal nerve arose from the PN in the pudendal canal in 18 cadavers. In two cases it came out proximal to the canal; this would spare the two subjects the anorectal manifestations of the pudendal canal syndrome. As the PN crossed the back of the sacrospinous ligament, it gave origin to a branch that supplied the levator ani muscle. This branch was only found in male cadavers and we call it “accessory rectal nerve”; the levator ani muscle in such cadavers was doubly innervated on its perineal aspect. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080205
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  • 44
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    Andreas vesalius on the teeth: An annotated translation from De humani corporis fabrica (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Vesalius ; Fabrica ; translation ; teeth ; history of medicine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An annotated translation into English of Chapter 11, Book One, “On the Teeth, Which Are Also Counted as Bones,” from Andreas Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica. The translation incorporates the text of both the 1543 and 1555 editions, and verified citations of ancient sources. In this chapter, Vesalius corrects errors of Galen and demonstrates and describes for the first time the anatomy and function of the dental pulp cavity. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080210
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    Presented at the Summer Scientific Meeting of the British Association of Clinical Anatomists, July 15, 1994, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, U. K. (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 148-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080212
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    Presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the British Association of Clinical Anatomists, June 15-18, 1994, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 154-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080213
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  • 47
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    A new retinacular ligament and vein of the human temporomandibular joint (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 208-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: ligament ; joint capsule ; vein ; temporomandibular joint ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the human temporomandibular joints of 14 Japanese cadavers, we observed a new retinacular ligament that connected to the retrodiskal pad posterolaterally and was accompanied by a vein draining the retrodiskal pad. This retinacular ligament originated from lateral to posterolateral part of the joint. The origin included the articular tubercle of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The ligament descended along the mandibular ramus to insert into the fascia of the masseter muscle at the mandibular angle. The vein originated from the venous plexus in the retrodiskal pad and ran parallel to the retinacular ligament, giving off branches to the retromandibular, transverse facial, and superfacial temporal veins. There were no remarkable differences in the size of the retinacular ligaments among individuals as well as between the left and right sides. The retinacular ligament had firm fibrous connections with the posterolateral part of the retrodiskal pad, where the external fibrous membrane of the articular capsule was lacking. These findings suggest that the retinacular ligament and its accompanying vein function together to maintain blood circulation during jaw movement and may also be related to the development of occlusal disorders. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080305
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    Presacral tumors: Case, report, review of the literature (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: tumor ; etiological factors ; presacral embryology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A case report involving a 42-year-old female is presented. The symptoms and objective physical findings manifest a diagnostic problem. The anatomical site of the tumor depends on the consideration of the numerous possible etiological factors, and one of which is the embryologic knowledge of the region involved. The clinical, pathological, and embryologic features of a case of presacral tumor is presented. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080309
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  • 49
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    A comparative study of the tortuosity of the splenic artery (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: splenic artery ; tortuosity ; primates ; pig ; greyhound ; human ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The splenic artery of four mammals-pig, greyhound, rhesus macaque, and olive baboon-was studied to determine its tortuosity and pattern of convolutions. The results were compared to those previously gathered in humans. It was found that the isolated cadaveric arteries showed a noticeable species variation in mean index of tortuosity. In the pig and dog, the artery was nearly straight throughout its length, with a very low index of tortuosity, not significantly different in the two species (P 〉0.1). The artery was significantly more tortuous in the rhesus macaque and baboon than in both pig and dog, (Ps 〈 0.001), with a single large convolution present in the proximal one-third. In humans, the artery is commonly tortuous throughout its length and is significantly more tortuous than in the pig and dog (P 〈 0.001), but not significantly more tortuous than in the baboon (P 〉 0.1) and only just significantly more so than in the rhesus macaque (0.02 〈 P 〉 0.05). The speculation that the tortuosity of the artery may be related to habitual posture, being less in the pronograde pig and dog than in the partly orthograde rhesus macaque and baboon, is not supported by results in the wholly orthograde human. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080307
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    The anatomy of left bronchus syndrome (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 256-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: anatomical features of left main bronchus ; absence of pulmonary artery flow ; flow ; retrograde filling of pulmonary artery ; broncho-pulmonary shunt ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This explanation of the previously described left bronchus syndrome (Ashour et al., 1990, Thorax, 45:210-212) is based on a prospective study of 17 additional cases with unilateral lung destruction. It is likely that the anatomic peculiarities of the left main bronchus predispose the left lung to more frequent bronchial obstruction and hemodynamic changes than the right. Broncho-pulmonary shunt formation and retrograde filling of the pulmonary artery most likely lead to increased oxygen tension and impaired lymph flow in the entire lung, thus spreading tuberculosis in the lung and ultimately leading to left lung destruction. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080404
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    Letter to the editor (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 366-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080511
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    Presented at the Winter Scientific Meeting of the British Association of Clinical Anatomists, December 16, 1994, at the United Medical and Dental Schools (Guy's Campus), London, United Kingdom (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080512
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  • 53
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    The size of the anterior spinal artery in relation to the arteria medullaris magna anterior in humans (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: spinal cord ; vascular resistance ; postoperative paraplegia ; anatomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied the anterior spinal artery (ASA) in 25 cadaveric human spinal cords to determine the cross-sectional area of the ASA cephalad and caudal to the entry of the arteria medullaris magna anterior (AMMA). Spinal cords were removed en bloc and latex was injected into the AMMA. The preparations were then fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, mounted, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diameter and cross-sectional area of the ASA 1 cm above and 1 cm below the entry of the AMMA were measured. The mean radius of the ASA above the entry of AMMA was 0.14 ± 0.03 mm compared to 0.28 ± 0.05 mm below the entry of the AMMA (P 〈 0.001). According to Poiseuille's equation, the resistance to blood flow in the ASA cephalad to the AMMA would be 14.8 times greater than the resistance to blood flow caudal to the ANIMA. This resistance could affect the distribution of blood flow in the distal spinal cord whenever flow in the AMMA or distal ASA is altered. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Removal of the brain for teaching and examination (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 363-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: dissection ; brain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The brain was removed from cadavers using a modified technique involving additionally the removal of most of the squamous occipital bone and laminae of the upper cervical vertebrae. The resulting specimens were superior to the usual ones in that the medulla oblongata, the upper spinal cord, and all the cranial nerves and cerebral arteries were intact. Fears of slow-virus contamination and legislative changes are precluding the use of brains obtained in the necropsy room for neuroanatomy teaching, so it is paramount that complete brains are removed from dissecting room cadavers. The method described herein takes a little longer than the traditional method, but is within the capability of an anatomy technician and yields better specimens for use in teaching and examinations. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Positions Available (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 377-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080514
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  • 56
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    Rotation of dissecting groups among different cadavers provides students of anatomy with increased opportunity to observe human variations (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 412-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: human gross anatomy ; cadaver ; anatomical variability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One way to increase medical students' awareness of anatomical variability is the dissection of different cadavers throughout laboratory coursework. This report covers such a procedure successfully instituted in a human gross anatomy course. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080608
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    The digital anatomist videodisc series, animation of thoracic viscera (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 436-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080615
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    NOTICES (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 443-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080619
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    The digital anatomist: Interactive brain atlas (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 434-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080614
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  • 60
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    Letter to the editor (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 440-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080618
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    We may have stood on the shoulders of giants but we did not cite them (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 235-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080311
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    Letter to the editor (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 237-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080312
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  • 63
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    Topographical relations between the posterior cricothyroid ligament and the inferior laryngeal nerve (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: cartilage ; joint ; larynx ; nerve compression ; posterior cricoarytenoid muscle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The posterior cricothyroid ligament and its topographic relation to the inferior laryngeal nerve were studied in 54 human adult male and female larynges. Fourteen specimens were impregnated with curable polymers and cut into 600-800 μm sections along different planes. Forty formalin-fixed hemi-larynges were dissected and various measurements were made. The posterior cricothyroid ligament provides a dorsal strengthening for the joint capsule of the cricothyroid joint. Its fibers spread in a fan-like manner from a small area of origin at the cricoid cartilage to a more extended area of attachment at the inferior thyroid cornu. The ligament consists of one (7.5%) to four (12.5%), in most cases of three (45.0%) or two (35.0%), individual parts oriented from mediocranial to latero-caudal. The inferior laryngeal nerve courses immediately dorsal to the ligament. In 60% it is covered by fibers of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, in the remaining 40% it is not. In this latter topographic situation there is almost no soft tissue interposed between the nerve and the hypopharynx. Therefore, the nerve may be exposed to pressure forces exerted from dorsally. It may be pushed against the unyielding posterior cricothyroid ligament and suffer functional or structural impairment. Probably, this mechanism may explain some of the laryngeal nerve lesions described in the literature after insertion of gastric tubes. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080504
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    Styloid chain ossification: Report of a case with articulations (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: stylohyoid ligament ; styloid process ; styloid syndrome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A bilateral ossified stylohyoid ligament was observed in a cadaver specimen. On the left side, the stylohyoid chain was markedly enlarged. The stylohyoid ligament was completely ossified into two segments separated by a diarthrodial-like joint. An articulation was also observed between the enlarged styloid process and the ossified ligament. On the right side, the styloid process had a normal appearance. The middle part of the stylohyoid ligament was ossified and it was attached to the styloid process and to the hyoid bone by a fibrous band. Proposed theories to account for the ossification oaf this ligament are discussed. Since the presence of an enlarged and ossified stylohyoid chain can cause much discomfort and pain, a greater understanding of the causative factors responsible for this anomaly is needed to provide for more effective diagnosis and treatment. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080509
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    Relative position of porion and tragus in orthodontic patients (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 352-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Frankfurt plane ; cephalometry ; morphometry ; dentistry ; man ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to assess the relationship between the hard (porion-orbitale) and soft (tragusorbitale) tissue Frankfurt planes, the relative positions of porion, orbitale, and tragus were evaluated on cephalometric radiographs. A 5-mm radiopaque disk was fixed on the right tragus of 160 white orthodontic patients (65 males aged 7 to 28 years, and 95 females aged 7 to 36 years), and a pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken. In every film the positions of orbitale, porion, and tragus were digitized, and the linear distances between the points, as well as the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures, were calculated. The linear distances porion-orbitale and tragus orbitale progressively increased with age, with a low variability in all age classes. The linear distances were always larger in the males than in the females. The tragus was always lower and more anterior than the porion, with vertical distances ranging from 1.2 to 19.8 mm. When the porion-tragus distance was expressed as a percentage of the porion-orbitale distance, the variability decreased. In the age classes, mean percentage horizontal projections from porion ranged from 18 to 23% of the porion-orbitale distance, mean percentage vertical projections ranged from 8 to 15%. Unfortunately, sample variability was large, and, in a single patient, the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures could be predicted only with a large approximation. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080508
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    NOTICES (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 375-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080513
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080601
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    Extensor tendons of the fingers: Arrangement and variations-ii (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: tendons ; extensor digitorum ; extensor digiti minimi ; extensor indicis ; back of the hand ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One hundred eighty-one dissected hands were examined to study the pattern of extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand. Extensor digitorum often had multiple tendons for the middle and ring fingers. Its contribution to the little finger was usually by a bifurcating tendon common with that of the ring finger. The index finger always received a single tendon. Intertendinous connections between the various tendons of the extensor digitorum were variable but were most frequent between ring and middle fingers.Extensor indicis had one tendon in most of the specimens and it was always on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum tendon. This remained true even when there were multiple tendons.Extensor digiti minimi had two tendons in most cases. It was always linked to extensor digitorum either by receiving one or part of its tendon or by an intertendinous connection.Two accessory muscles were seen, one was extensor indicis brevis replacing the proper muscle. The other, the extensor medii brevis, was distributed to the middle finger. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080604
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    The buccal pad of fat: A review (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 403-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: buccal fat pad ; anatomy ; pathology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Within the cheek, wedged between masseter and buccinator, is a biconvex pad of fatty tissue, the corpus adiposum buccae, or buccal fat pad (of Bichat). It contributes significantly to the prominence of the cheek of the newborn infant and is sometimes encountered in surgical procedures in the region of the ramus of the mandible or the maxillary tuberosity.This paper reviews the history of the study of the buccal pad of fat, its anatomical location, blood supply, and comparative anatomy. We have also reviewed the pathology of the buccal pad of fat, including traumatic herniation. The fat pad is of interest surgically as it can be used as a free or pedicled graft to close maxillary defects after excision of tumors. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080606
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    The terminology of early development: History, concepts, and current usage (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 418-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: embryological terminology ; mesenchyme ; early development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The meaning of some terms used in describing the development of embryos is discussed in the light of their historical origin and current usage. Attention is focused on the terminology associated with the early development of animals, particularly that concerned with gastrulation and germ layer theory. It is suggested that terms linked with outdated concepts are not always appropriate for, and unless defined with care may limit, our appreciation of the significance of subsequent observation and experiment. Recommendations are made concerning the use of the terms mesoblast, mesoderm and mesenchyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080610
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    The official nomenclature of the superficial veins of the lower limb: A case for revision (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 426-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Nomina Anatomica (critical remarks) ; PNA 6th edition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attention is called to the discrepancy which exists between the official terminology of the Nomina Anatomica (PNA) as it relates to the superficial venous system of the lower limb, and anatomical reality. Suggestions are also put forward as to how the PNA could be altered to accord better with the systematic classification and topography of these vessels, and more usefully serve the needs of clinicians. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080611
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    Letter to the editor (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 439-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080617
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    Extrusion of rotating microtubules on the dynein-track from a microtubule-dynein γ-complex (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: rotation ; twisting ; microtubule-dynein complex ; 22S dynein ; dynein-track ; ATP ; sliding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Applying a new in vitro motility assay system for microtubules and 22S dynein, we recently reported on an ATP-induced extrusion of microtubules from microtubule-dynein α- and β-complexes [Mimori and Miki-Noumura, 1994:Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 27:180-191]. In the present study, we prepared a γ-complex by copolymerizing porcine brain tubulin and Tetrahymena ciliary 22S dynein, and examined the ATP-induced microtubule movement from the γ-complex. The extrusion process appeared quite similar to that of the β-complex. The sliding velocity was 18.39 ± 2.20 m̈m/sec, which was a value comparable to that of trypsin-digested flagellar axonemes [Yano and Miki-Noumura, 1980:J. Cell Sci. 44:169-186]. Higher velocity may be due to a densely arranged dynein-track with the same polarity, which was detached from the γ-complex and absorbed in rows on a glass surface of the slide. Sometimes a free-floating microtubule in the perfusion chamber was observed riding and sliding on the dynein-track remaining on the slide after extrusion.Unexpectedly, we found that when the front part of the microtubule was fixed to a glass surface, a continuous sliding microtubule at the rear part on the dyneintrack often transformed into a left-handed helix, and subsequently a twisted helix with several turns. The helix formation may be due to some rigidity in the microtubule and a right-handed torque component in the sliding force of 22S dynein. The addition of ATP may release some distortion accumulated in the complex structure during copolymerization of tubulin and 22S dynein, inducing reverse rotation of the microtubule. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300104
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  • 74
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    cAMP/ATP relationship in the activation of trout sperm motility: Their interaction in membrane-deprived models and in live spermatozoa (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: trout ; spermatozoa ; ATP ; cAMP ; axoneme ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Live trout spermatozoa initiate flagellar motility for only a short period (30 sec at 18°C) during which their mean beat frequency decreases steadily from 60 to 20 Hz. Motility then stops abruptly. Investigations of the activation of movement in demembranated sperm points to cyclic-AMP being necessary for reactivation (half effect at 0.5μm) in some conditions. cAMP acts mainly by increasing the percentage of motile cells and not the beat frequency (BF) of the flagellar axoneme. Dibutyryl cAMP does not initiate movement or prolong motility of live sperm.The initiation of movement of demembranted trout sperm was investigated in various incubation conditions relative to previous phases of in vivo movement and to ATP concentration. In the absence of cAMP and in the presence of ATP lower than 25 μM, all sperm celi models were active with BF up to 15-20 Hz whatever their previous physiological condition. In contrast, at ATP concentrations above 100 μM, the fraction of active spermatozoa decreased proportionally but the BF of the active ones increased so that, at 1 mM ATP up to 20 μM restored activity to 100% sperm models with a similar BF of 65 Hz.At ATP concentrations higher than 25 μM, cAMP was necessary in a concentration dependent manner in the reactivation, but not in the demembranation meduim. This dependence was found to be unrelated to a previous in vivo phase of movement. The antagonistic effects of ATP vs. cAMP were tested at various concentrations of both nucleotides: the apparent affinity for cAMP, measured as the concentration restoring movement of 50% cell models, was decreased from 15 nM at 0.1 mM ATP to 0.5 μM at 1 mM ATP; conversely, the affinity for ATP, measured as the concentration giving rise to the half maximal beat frequency, was not significautly affected when the concentration of cAMP was raised to 0.5 mM. Preincubation with phosphodiesterase (PDE) resulted in motility of 100% of sperm models even at low ATP concentration. This tends to show that cAMP must be constantly present to sustain motility.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310208
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    Role of the cytoskeleton in the reaction of fibroblasts to multiple grooved substrata (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; contact guidance ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; orientation ; cytochalasin ; colcemid ; taxol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of the cytoskeleton and cell attachments in the alignment of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts to ridge and groove substratum topography was investigated using confocal scanning microscopy. This was carried out with normal cells and cells treated with the cytoskeleton modifiers cytochalasin D, colcemid, and taxol. Actin was localised with fluorescent phalloidin. Tubulin, Vinculin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 were visualised by indirect immunofluoresence. The spreading, elongation, and orientation of the cells after 24 h of culture in these conditions were measured on grooves of 5, 10, and 25 μm width and 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μm depth. We have also observed events over the first 30 min of cell attachment. Five minutes after cell attachment, F-actin condensations were seen close to the intersection of groove wall and ridge top, that is, at a topographic discontinuity. The condensations were often at right angles to the groove edge and showed a periodicity of 0.6 μm. Vinculin arrangement at the early stages of cell spreading was similar to that of actin. Organisation of the microtubule system followed later, becoming obvious at about 30 min after cell plating. The Curtis and Clark theory (that cell react to topography primarily at lines of discontinuity in the substratum by actin nucleation) is supported by these results. The use of cytoskeletal poisons did not entirely abolish cell reaction to grooves. Colocemid increased cell spreading and reduced cell orientation and elongation. Cytochalasin D reduced cell spreading, orientation, and elongation. Taxol reduced cell elongation but did not affect cell spreading and orientation. We conclude that the aggregation of actin along groove/ridge boundaries is a primary driving event in determining fibroblast orientation on microgrooved substrata.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310207
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300201
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    Desmosome assembly and disassembly are regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation in cultured epithelial cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 108-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: intercellular junctions ; desmosome ; assembly ; kinase ; phosphatase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Desmosomes are one component of the intercellular junctional complex in epithelia. In cultures of epithelial cells, desmosome assembly can be regulated by modulating the calcium concentrations of the growth media. At present, very little is known about the intracellular signal transduction mechanisms that regulate desmosome assembly and disassembly in response to changing extracellular calcium concentrations. We have used inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases in a combined biochemical and morphological approach to analyze the role of protein phosphorylation in the assembly and disassembly of desmosomes in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Our results suggest that desmosomal proteins (desmoplakins I/II and desmoglein 1) are primarily phosphorylared on serine residues. Electron microscopic analyses of desmosome assembly upon induction of cell-cell contact, in the presence of protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, revealed an apparently normal assembly of desmosomes. However, complete disassembly of desmosomes was inhibited by H-7 upon removal of extracellular calcium. Under these conditions, although desmosomes split, desmosomal plaques and their associated cytokeratin filaments can not be internalized. In contrast, treatment of the cultures with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, inhibited desmosome assembly but had no effect on disassembly. In addition, the inhibitory effect of okadaic acid on desmosome assembly was specific to this junction since we observed apparently normal tight junction and adherens junction in okadaic acid-treated cultures. These results suggest that via reversible protein phosphorylation involving both protein kinase and protein phosphatases. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300203
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    Exogenous gelsolin binds to sarcomeric thin filaments without severing (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 196-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: gelsolin ; actin ; myofibrils ; immunofluorescence ; nebulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the binding of gelsolin to thin myofilaments in situ and their stability against severing. Differentiated myotubes from chicken skeletal muscle containing cross-striated myofibrils were permeabilized with Triton X-100 and incubated with gelsolin. Immunoflurorescence microcopy localized both endogenous and exogenous gelsolin in the I-Z-I-regions of the sarcomers. The staining pattern suggested a binding of the exogenous gelsolin along the entire length of the thin filaments. This binding was Ca2+ dependent, but gelsolin was not removed after subsequent addition of EGTA. The fluorescence staining for actin remained unchanged after gelsolin incubation, indicating that thin filaments in cross-striated myofibrils were resistant to the severing action of gelsolin, in contrast to the microfilaments in stress fibers. After extraction of the permeabilized cells with high ionic strength to remove tropomyosin and myosin, gelsolin stell bound along the entire thin filament and the actin pattern also remained unchanged. After Triton X-100 permeabilization and high ionic strength extraction, the giant protein nebulin was found to be still present as a myofibrillar component. Gelsolin treatment after high salt extraction affected neither actin nor nebulin in the thin filaments. We therefore conclude that nebulin confers the gelsolin resistance to the sarcomeric actin filaments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310303
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    Novel mode of hyper-oscillation in the paralyzed axoneme of a chlamydomonas mutant lacking the central-pair microtubules (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; Chlamydomonas ; mutant ; high-frequency vibration ; nanometer-scale measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flageliar axoneme of the mutant pf18 lacking the central pair does not beat, but undergoes a nanometer-scale, high-frequency oscillation (hyper-oscillation) in the presence of ATP [Yagi et al., 1994: Cell Motil, Cytoskeleton 29:177-185]. The present study demonstrates that the amplitude of the hyper-oscillation increases significantly in the simultaneous presence of ATP and ADP. In addition, the hyper-oscillation under these conditions sometimes takes on an exceptionally simple asymmetric pattern, in which the maximal shearing velocity exceeds 50 μm/sec, much higher than the maximal velocity of ordinary dynein-microtubule sliding. The asymmetric oscillation thus appears to be at least partly driven by an internal elastic force. Its amplitude suggests that the axoneme has an elastic component that can be stretched by as long as 0.1 μm. Analyses of the asymmetric pattern further suggests that the axonemal dyneins have a tendency to attach to and detach from the doublets cooperatively and that the mechanochemical cycle of dynein has an inherent refractory period of about 2 msec, during which dynein cannot interact with microtubules.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310304
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    Traction forces in locomoting cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell-substratum adhesion ; lamellar contractility ; locomotion ; silicone rubber ; traction forces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A means of determining quantitative maps of the tractions exerted by locomoting cells on a substratum has been developed. This method is similar to the Harris silicone substratum assay [Harris et al., 1980: Science 208:177-179], but uses an improved non-wrinkling film that deforms more predictably in response to traction forces. The method also utilizes a mathematical analysis of rubber deformation to produce the final map of the distribution of tractions. The resulting maps consistently showed that fish keratocytes exert a steady-state “pinching” on the substratum, perpendicular to the cell's direction of locomotion. No significant rearward tractions were detected at or near the front edge of the cell. Likewise, no significant forward tractions associated with peeling of adhesions were found at the back of the cell. A second assay uses deflection of a lightly attached glass microneedle to measure the total force exerted by locomoting cells. Forces of approximately 4.5 × 10-3 dyn were required to “stall” locomoting keratocytes. The implications of these findings for cell movement are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310306
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    Dynamics of triton-insoluble and triton-soluble F-actin pools in calcium-activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Evidence for regulation by gelsolin (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 136-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilamentous cytoskeleton ; actin binding proteins ; actin polymerization ; annealing ; non-muscle cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gelsolin, a Ca++ activated, 90 kd actin binding protein, can regulate actin polymerization in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) via severing of filaments to dissolve gels or by capping of filament ends to limit polymerization. In Triton-lysed PMNs, 30% of gelsolin is bound to the Triton-soluble F-actin (TSF) pool and none is bound to the Triton-insoluble F-actin (TIF) pool. Calcium-activated PMNs exhibit concurrent temporal and quantitative TIF growth and TSF and total F-actin loss. To determine if gelsolin plays a role in regulating TSF pool size, we monitored gelsolin-actin interactions and TIF, TSF and G-actin content at 5 second intervals in PMNs activated with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. Actin pools were measured by NBDphallacidin binding and by gel scans and expressed relative to basal; gelsolin-actin interactions were measured as change in the amount of EGTA-resistant gelsolin:actin (G:A) complexes and by immunoblot quantification of gelsolin in actin pools. In basal PMNs, 33% of PMN gelsolin is bound in 1:1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes and TSF and TIF retain 30% and 0% of PMN gelsolin, respectively. By 20 seconds after ionomycin addition, TSF decreases, TIF increases and a fraction of gelsolin repartitions from the TSF to the TIF pool. At maximum change (60 seconds), total F-actin (TIF + TSF) and TSF decrease and TIF increases by 25%; gelsolin is bound to both TSF and TIF (35% of total gelsolin in each pool), and 1:1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes increase from 33% to 70%. No changes occur in cells activated by ionomycin in the absence of Ca++. The data show Ca++ activated TIF growth and TSF loss are temporally and quantitatively associated with an increase in the percent of gelsolin bound to actin and the translocation of gelsolin from TSF to TIF. This is unique, since no other PMN activator is known to repartition gelsolin into TIF actin. Further, the Ca++ activated initial increase in TIF concurrent with a fall in TSF without a change in total F-actin or G-actin content suggest that TIF grows initially only by TSF annealing/cross-linking to TIF. Gelsolin may regulate these events. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300205
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    Kinesin does not support the motility of zinc-macrotubes (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: zinc-sheets ; macrotubes ; kinesin ; electron microscopy ; microtubules ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Moving along a microtubule, kinesin follows a course parallel to the protofilaments; but it is not known whether kinesin binds exclusively on a single protofilament. The presence of zinc during tubulin polymerization induces sheets where neighboring protofilaments are antiparallel. If kinesin could support the motility of these zinc-sheets, then the binding site for a kinesin molecule would be limited to a single protofilament.Kamimura and Mandelkow [1992: J. Cell Biol. 118:865-75] reported that kinesin moves along zinc-sheets. We found that zinc-sheets grown under their conditions often had a microtubule-like structure along one edge. We confirmed the possibility that the motility observed by Kamimura and Mandelkow [1992: J. Cell Biol. 118:865-75] is attributed to the microtubule-like structure rather than the zinc-sheet.To resolve the question of whether kinesin can recognize an antiparallel protofilament lattice, we investigated the kinesin-mediated motility of zinc-macrotubes. At higher free zinc concentrations, zinc-sheets roll up as macrotubes, free of edges. In the presence of 10 m̈M taxol and 100 nM free Zn2+ at pH 6.8, the samples were shown by electron microscopy to contain only macrotubes. Under these buffer conditions, kinesin could bind strongly to axonemal doublets in the presence of AMP-PNP, and generate motility in the presence of ATP, but kinesin did not bind to nor move the macrotubes. This shows that kinesin cannot bind efficiently to nor move on the anti-parallel lattice; it is possible (though not necessary) that the groove between two parallel protofilaments is required for kinesin's motility. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300301
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    Comparative study of the colchicine binding site and the assembly of fish and mammalian microtubule proteins (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: colchicine binding site ; MTC ; cod microtubules ; bovine microtubules ; MAPs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Isolated microtubules from cod (Gadus morhua) are apparently more stable to colchicine than bovine microtubules. In order to further characterize this difference, the effect of the colchicine analogue 2-methoxy-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4,6-cyclo heptatrien-1-one (MTC) was studied on assembly, as measured by turbidity and sedimentation analysis, and on polymer morphology. MTC has the advantage to bind fast and reversible to the colchicine binding site of tubulin even at low temperatures. It was found to bind to one site in cod brain tubulin, with affinity (6.5 ± 1.5) × 105M 1at both low or high temperature, similarly to bovine brain tubulin. However, the effect of the binding differed. At substoichiometric concentrations of MTC bovine brain microtubule assembly was almost completely inhibited, while less effect was seen on the mass of polymerized cod microtubule proteins. A preformed bovine tubulin-colchicine complex inhibited the assembly of both cod and bovine microtubules at substoichiometric concentrations, but the effect on the assembly of cod microtubules was less. At higher concentrations (5 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-3M), MTC induced a large amount of cold-stable spirals of cod proteins, whereas abnormal polymers without any defined structure were formed from bovine proteins. Spirals of cod microtubule proteins were only formed in the presence of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), indicating that the morphological effect of MTC can be modulated by MAPs. The effects of colchicine and MTC differed. At 10-5M colchicine no spirals were formed, while at 10-4M and 10-3M, a mixture of spirals and aggregates was found. The morphology of the spirals differed both from vinblastine spirals and from the spirals previously found when cod microtubule proteins polymerize in the presence of high Ca2concentrations. The present data show that even if the colchicine binding site is conserved between many different species, the bindings have different effects which seem to depend on intrinsic properties of the different tubulins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300207
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    Cytoskeleton of the Drosophila egg chamber: New observations on microfilament distribution during oocyte growth (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 298-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Drosophila ; nurse cells ; oocyte ; microfilaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of microfilaments in Drosophila egg chambers stained with rhodamine (Rh)-conjugated phallcidin was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These techniques revealed new details in the pattern of microfilament localization. We observed in stage 1-3 egg chambers accumulation of filamentous actin in the oocyte cytoplasm between the ring canals connecting the oocyte with adjacent nurse cells. Starting from stages 6-7 short microfilament bundles arranged in basket-like structures were associated with the side of the ring canals facing the nurse cell cytoplasm. We also observed a dramatic decrease in the actin network associated with the cortex of the oocyte in stage 10. During stage 10B the nurse cell cytoplasm was crossed by radial actin bundles that showed a sarcomeric-like cross striation after Rh-phalloidin staining. The ring canals also did not uniformly stain but showed a punctate labeling. The implications of the actin cytoskeleton during oocyte growth are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970310406
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  • 86
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    Porcine brain neurofilament-H tail domain kinase: Its identification as cdk5/p26 complex and comparison with cdc2/cyclin B kinase (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 283-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neurofilament ; phosphorylation ; cdk5 ; cdc2 ; cyclin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using dephosphorylated neurofilament (NF) proteins as substrates, the kinase with a higher activity for in the dephosphorylated NF-H than the phosphorylated form of NF-H was searched for in the porcine brain extract. Most NF-H kinase activity in the brain extract pelleted with microtubules. The NF-H kinase purified from a high salt extract of the microtubule pellets was composed of cdk5 and a 26 kDa protein, a fragment of the 35 kDa regulatory subunit of cdk5. In contrast to the association of the active kinase with microtubules, each of uncomplexed cdk5 and the 35 kDa regulatory subunit was differently distributed in the supernatant fraction and the pellet, respectively, by ultracentrifugation of the brain extract. Dephosphorylated forms of NF-H and NF-M became reactive to antibodies recoginizing in vivo phosphorylation sites (SM131, 34, and 36, JJ31 and 51) by phosphorylation with cdk5/p26. cdk5/p26 showed similar enzymatic properties to p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase; the substrate specificity and inhibition by a p34cdc2 kinase specific inhibitor, butyrolactone I. However, p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase was distinguished from cdk5/p26 by its binding to p13suc1 protein and by its reactivity to anti-p34cdc2 antibodies. In spite of similar enzymatic properties of cdk5/p26 and p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase, cdk5/26 did not display M-phase promoting activity when assayed with a cell-free system of Xenopus egg extract. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Functional dissection of the dynein motor domain (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoplasmic dynein ; motor domain ; mutational analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly conserved lysine residue in the putative hydrolytic ATP-binding motif of the yeast cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain was replaced with leucine. The mutation was generated by a two-stage transformation method designed for genomic site-directed mutagenesis. Preliminary observations show that the effects of this alteration on the cellular roles of dynein are indistinguishable from those of a disruption mutation in which the entire motor domain is not expressed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320213
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  • 88
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320401
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  • 89
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    Over-expression of smooth muscle caldesmon in mouse fibroblasts (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 233-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: caldesmon ; over-expression ; cell cycle ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Caldesmon is an actin, calmodulin, tropomyosin, and myosin binding protein implicated in the regulation of actomyosin interactions. We have invesigated the effect of overexpression of the higher molecular weight smooth muscle isoform of caldesmon on mouse L cell physiology. Mouse L(TK-) cell were transfected stably with plasmids carrying the TK+ gene and a full length human smooth muscle caldesmon cDNA under control of the adenovirus major late promoter. Two clones displaying four and eight times the level of the endogenous mouse high molecular weight caldesmon were isolated. These cells acquire a distinct phenotype characterized by an altered morphology, including an increased number of processes and larger area due to enhanced cell spreading, and a significantly slower growth rate than that of untransfected control cells, or cells transfected with the TK+ gene alone. The majority of the overexpressed caldesmon appears to be active and localized on cytoskeleton structures as determined by detergent lysis. Immuno-fluorescence analysis of the clones revealed that the caldesmon is localized as punctate staining on stress-fibers and in membrane ruffles. The immunofluores-cence images suggest that caldesmon overexpressing cells have more total filaments than control cells. The effects of excess caldesmon on cell mobility are ambiguous: one clone displayed increased motility compared to the control, while the motility of the second clone was decreased relative to the control. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320307
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  • 90
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    Plakoglobin: Kinetics of synthesis, phosphorylation, stability, and interactions with desmoglein and E-cadherin (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 258-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: adhering junctions ; desmosome ; assembly ; phosphorylation ; protein interaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have analyzed the kinetics of synthesis, phosphorylation, and stability of the soluble and insoluble plakoglobin (PG) and their interactions with Dsg1 and E-cadherin in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells in the absence of cell adhesion and after the induction of cell-cell contact. Using a combination of biochemical and morphological approaches, we show that newly synthesized PG enters a soluble:insoluble pool of proteins in a 60:40 ratio regardles of cell-cell contact. Following synthesis, PG is increasingly found in the insoluble pool. Although cell-cell contact does not effect either the size of each pool or the rate or efficiency of the transfer from the soluble into the insoluble pool, it results in a significant increase in the metabolic stability of the newly synthesized insoluble PG. The soluble PG initially forms separate complexes with E-cadherin and Dsg1. PG-Dsg1 complexes become insoluble and localize to the desmosome. PG-E-cadherin complexes remain soluble and are distributed intracellularly. The insoluble PG and E-cadherin detected at the cell periphery remain distinctly separate, as demonstrated previously [Hinck et al., 1994: J. Cell Biol. 125:1327-1340; Nathke et al., 1994: J. Cell Biol. 125:1341-1352]. In addition, we detected a separate pool of PG which is not associated with either Dsg1 or E-cadherin and after the induction of cell-cell contact becomes primarily insoluble and is distributed along the lateral membrane. Phoshorylation analysis showed that there is a significantly greater amount of phosphorylated PG in the soluble pool than in the insoluble pool. In addition the soluble pool is both serine and theronine phosphorylated, whereas the insoluble PG is primarily phosphorylated on serine residues. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320403
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    Polarity and nucleation of microtubules in polarized epithelial cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; γ-tubulin ; polarized epithelia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtubules oriented in the apicobasal axis of columnar epithelial cells arranged with a uniform polarity with minus ends toward the apical surface, suggesting that these cytoskeletal filaments might serve as a substrate for polarized movement of membrane vesicles within the cell. It is not known whether hepatocytes, a cuboidal epithelium in which transcellular transport is a requisite step in normal apical membrane biogenesis, contain microtubules arranged with a similar polarity. In the present study, we explore the question of microtubule polarity and possible mechanisms for nucleation in the epithelial cell lines WIF-B (hepatocyte), Caco-2 (intestine), and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). Caco-2 microtubules in the apicobasal axis had uniform polarity with minus ends nearest the apical surface. After cold and nocodazole-induced depolymerization, microtubule regrowth initiated in the apical region in all three cell types. The apex of WIF-B and Caco-2 cells contained two pools of γ-tubulin: one associated with centrosomes and the other delocalized under the apical membrane. Non-centrosomal γ-tubulin was present in complexes that sedimented between 10S and 29S; both forms could bind microtubules. The presence of both centrosomal and noncentrosomal γ-tubulin in apical cytoplasm suggests multiple mechanisms by which microtubule nucleation might occur in epithelial cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320404
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  • 92
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    Cytochalasin J affects chromosome congression and spindle microtubule organization in PtK1 cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; cytochalasin ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; mitosis ; mitotic apparatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: PtK1 cells were treated with 10 μg/ml cytochalasin J (CJ) for 15 min at various stages of mitosis. When applied at nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) chromosome congression was blocked or substantially slowed, and chromosomes failed to show organization patterns typical of prometaphase. Spindle microtubule (MT) numbers appeared unaffected as judged by the pattern of birefringent retardation. However, ultrastructural analysis showed MTs to be reorganized within the spindle domain with some exhibiting fragmentation and others failing to interact with poorly defined kinetochore laminae. The spindle domain took on a curved, almost banana-like shape, as related to the position of the centrosomes and lack of orientation of chromosomes. Serial section analysis of kinetochore regions showed reduced contour length and maturation of the kinetochore plate with few MTs associated with this structure. Cells similarly treated with 10 μg/ml CJ at NEB for 15 min and then released into conditioned medium for 15 min showed that most chromosomes resumed congression to the metaphase plate. Ultrastructural analysis revelaed a more normal organization of spindle MTs, but kinetochore structure remained affected. CJ treatment of cells in prometaphase slightly affected chromosome congression with most chromosomes aligning at the metaphase plate after 10-15 min of treatment. Ultrastructural analysis showed that astral MTs were disrupted and spindle MTs were fragmented; few MTs coursed from kinetochore to pole. Kinetochore structure was also affected with only small numbers of short MTs seen associated with kinetochores. Application of CJ at anaphase onset had little effect on anaphase A and B, but cytokinesis failed to occur. Anti-tubulin staining of a monolayer of cells treated with 10 μg/ml CJ for 15 min showed that over 60% of mitotic figures exhibited changes in MT organization. Cells showing the greatest effect of treatment had several foci of bundles of MTs, as if the spindle were multipolar. Chromosomes were arranged near the periphery of the spindle which could be a result of abnormalities of kinetochore structure. Improper association of spindle MTs with kinetochores and, thus, changes in kinetochore position could account for these changes in spindle architecture. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320402
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    Analysis of the interdependent localization of vimentin and microtubules in neoplastic myoepithelial cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; intermediate filaments ; vimentin ; microtubules ; myoepithelial cells ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Salivary gland neoplastic myoepithelial cells in culture form very thin cytoplasmic processes in which the vimentin network is well dispersed. These vimentin filaments can be individually visualized by immunofluorescence. In this study, we have analyzed the role of microtubules in the distension and organization of the vimentin filament network found in these cells. We find that vimentin filaments colocalize along microtubules; however, a significant number of filaments can also be found in microtubule-free domains. Additionally, vimentin filaments are absent from large domains of microtubule inhibitor nocodazole did not cause any retraction of the distended vimentin network. This observation suggests that the structural integrity of microtubules is not important for the stability of the vimentin network. Combining procedures for transient disruption of vimentin filaments and microtubules we observed that, in the absence of microtubules, the vimentin network could reassemble in the perinuclear region but was unable to extend toward the cell periphery. The dispersion of vimentin filaments to the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm could only be observed upon microtubule reassembly. This indicates that microtubules are not required for the stability of the vimentin network, but the dispersion of vimentin filaments to the peripheral cytoplasm depends on active interactions with microtubules. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Changes of cell behavior by near-infrared signals (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: 3T3 cells ; CV1 cells ; cell motility ; infrared ; photobiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 3T3 mouse fibroblasts responded differently to specific near-infered signals than epithelial CV1 cell. Furthermore, signals with the same wavelength and energy changed the percentages of attracted and repelled 3T3 cells if their intensity modulation was altered. I found this result in a 22 month long study which established a spectrum of motile responses of 781 individual 3T3 cells and 148 CV1 cells to the near-infrared emissions of microscopic, pulsating light sources using the infrared spot-irradiation phase-contrast (IRSIP) microscopic [Albrecht-Buehler, 1991: J. Cell Biol. 114:493-502]. Thus the response of cultured, mammalian cells to near-infrared light signals is not merely a matter of total energy absorption by cirtain cytoplasmic componets. Since it seems to depend on the cell type and the temporal pattern in which the light energy is emitted, it appears to imply the existence of a new kind of cellular information. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microtubule-associated movement of mitochondria and small particles in Acanthamoeba castellanii (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: organelle transport ; cytoskeleton ; amoeba ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using video-enhanced differential interference microscopy and digital image processing, we have observed organelle motility in Acanthamoeba castellanii. In amoebae taken from cultures in rapid growth phase, mitochondria and small particles moved over distances of several microns and at an average velocity of ∼2 μ/s. Mitochondrial motility was verified by intensified fluorescence microscopy of cells that were labeled in vivo with the DNA-binding dye DAPI or the mitochondria-specific dye Mito Tracker. We further studied the role of microtubules (MTs) in the translocation of cell organelles. Double-labelling of fixed cells bules with mitochondrial markers (anti-F1β antibody, Mito Tracker) and cytoskeletal markers (anti-tubulin antibody, rhodamine-phalloidin) demonstrate that the mitochondria colocalize with MTs in the subcortical cell area and are excluded from the F-actin-rich cell cortex. Colchicine treatment resluted in an almost complete depolymerization of MTs and an inhibition of organelle motility. Moreover, we have directly visualized MTs in vivo in flattened amoebae. Mitochondria and small particles moved along the MTs in a bidirectional mode at an average velocity of ∼1 μm/s. We conclude that the observed movement of mitochondria and small particles in Acanthamoeba castellanii mainly occurs via microtubules and associated motor proteins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970320407
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  • 96
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    Phospholipid membrane-associated brush border myosin-I activity (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 26-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myosin ; myosin-I ; unconventional myosin ; brush border ; epithelia ; membrane ; phospholipid ; fluorescence microscopy ; actin ; calmodulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Brush border myosin-I (BBMI) is associated with the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells where it probably plays a structural role. BBMI also has been identified on Golgi-derived vesicles in intestinal epithelial cells where it may translocate vesicles into the brush border. However, the mechanochemical activity of BBMI bound to a phospholipid membrane has not been described. This study reports that phospholipid membrane-associated BBMI displays ATPase activity when bound to phospholipids, but does not move actin filaments when associated with a phospholipid bilayer. BBMI does not bind significantly to brush border membrane lipids, which contain about 16% phosphatidylserine (PS), in either a pelleting or planar membrane assay. Similarly, planar membranes containing 20% PS do not bind a significant amount of BBMI. Increasing the concentration of PS to 40% does result in the binding of BBMI to both vesicles and planar membranes. This binding is enhanced with increased Ca2+ concentrations. BBMI retains its ATPase activity when bound to phospholipid vesicles containing 40% PS. However, BBMI attached to a phospholipid bilayer surface does not move actin filaments, even though the amount of BBMI bound to the lipid surface, as reflected by the number of actin filaments associated with bilayer-bound BBMI, is sufficient to observe motility in control experiments. When membrane fluidity is reduced by adding cholesterol to the membrane lipids containing 40% PS, BBMI still binds to the membrane, but again no actin filament motility is observed. The lack of binding by BBMI to brush border membrane lipids and the absence of membrane-associated BBMI mechanical activity suggest that factors in addition to membrane lipids are necessary for membrane-associated myosin-I motility. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300105
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  • 97
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    Monoclonal anti-dipeptide antibodies cross-react with detyrosinated and glutamylated forms of tubulins (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; post-translational modification ; glutamylation ; tyrosination ; dipeptide antibodies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two monoclonal antibodies, GLU-1 and A1.6, raised against γ-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid dipeptide (Glu-Glu) and Ca2+ -dependent ATPase from Paramecium, respectively, recognized the dipeptide Glu-Glu sequence. Whereas the antibodies immunofluorescently stained very few, if any, cytoskeletal fibers in cultured mammalian cells, almost all interphase as well as mitotic spindle microtubules became visible after treatment of cells with carboxypeptidase A. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated intense cross-reaction of the antibodies to the α-tubulin subunit. α-Tubulin isotypes produced as fusion proteins in bacteria were labeled by both the antibodies only when the proteins did not contain a tyrosine residue at the C terminus, indicating that GLU-1 and A1.6 specifically recognize the detyrosinated from of α-tubulin. When microtubule protein purified from brain was probed, not only α-but also, to a lesser extent, β-tubulin were revealed by the dipeptide antibodies. A synthetic tripeptide YED containing one glutamyl group linked to the second residue of the peptide via the γ position was also recognized by the antibodies. Since this peptide sequence corresponds to the amino acid sequence of polyglutamyated class IIIβ isotype at amino acid position 437 to 439, it is suggested that GLU-1 and A1.6 are able to recognize the glutamylated form of β-tubulin. These results indicate that the C-terminal Glu-Glu sequence displays strong antigenicity, and the antibodies recognize the sequence present in the C terminus of the detyrosinated form of α-tubulin and the glutamyl side chain of β-tubulin. Particularly strong immunoreaction was detected with ciliary and flagellar microtubules; thus, stable axonemal microtubules appear to be rich in post-translationally modified tubulin subunits. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300302
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  • 98
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    Myosin heavy chain isoform expression in human myometrium: Presence of an embryonic nonmuscle isoform in leiomyomas and in cultured cells (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: uterus ; leiomyomas ; cultured smooth muscle cells ; α-smooth muscle actin ; desmin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We had previously found no myosin heavy chain (MHC) changes in expression during pregnancy in human myometrium. In the present work, we compared the MHC pattern of expression in normal human myometrium, pregnant and non-pregnant, to that in benign tumors of the uterine musculature and in cultured myometrial cells. We used a high-resolution gel electrophoretic system and monoclonal antibodies directed against smooth muscle and nonmuscle MHCs. Smooth muscle MHCs (SM1, 204 kDa, and SM2, 200 kDa, MHCs) and a nonmuscle MHC of 196 kDa (NM MHC) were detected in pregnant and nonpregnant human myometrium. Pregnant myometrium was found to differ from nonpregnant myometrium by its slightly lower content in NM MHC, whereas the ration of SM1/SM2 was equivalent. In leiomyomas and in cultured cells grown from human myometrium explants, SM1, SM2, and NM MHCs were also expressed. In addition, a nonmuscle MHC of 198/200 kDa (SMemb MHC), which was present in a fetal human uterus but not in adult normal tissue, was observed in leiomyomas and in cultured cells. Expression of SM1 and SM2 MHCs was variable in the different leiomyomas studied. In cultured cells, SM1 and SM2 MHC content was low, but it was enhanced by suppression of serum after cell confluency. Present results confirm that pregnancy-associated smooth muscle cell hypertrophy is not accompanied by major changes in MHCs. In contrast, cell culturing and cell hyperplasia leading to leiomyoma formation induce substantial modifications in MHCs, including the occurrence of a second type of nonmuscle MHC. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300303
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Buckling of a single microtubule by optical trapping forces: Direct measurement of microtubule rigidity (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Key words: microtubules, flexural rigidity, optical trapping, microtubule-associated proteins, taxol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As major determinants of cell shape and polarity, microtubules are required to have suitable rigidity. However, our knowledge of the mechanical properties of microtubules is far from satisfactory. We report here a new method of measuring the flexural rigidity of a single microtubule by direct buckling using the optical trapping technique. Microtubule buckling was induced by applying a small longitudinal compressing force through an optically trapped microsphere that was firmly attached to the microtubule. Three ways of estimating the flexural rigidity of a continuous slender rod, one from the observed critical load of buckling and two from deflected lengths and angles of bending, yielded values which agreed well when applied to the analysis of buckling microtubules. Unexpectedly, we found that the rigidity was not constant as expected but was dependent on microtubule length. This length dependency explains the discrepancies among reported values of microtubule flexural rigidity measured by different methods. Comparing microtubules of identical lengths, microtubules assembled with brain-derived associated proteins (4 × 10-23 Nm2 at around 10 m̈m in length) were four times more rigid than those assembled from purified tubulin and stabilized with taxol (1 × 10-23 Nm2). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300306
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and molecular characterization of a yeast myosin I (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myosin I ; yeast ; SH3 ; proline-rich ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The family of myosin motors is comprised of numerous classes distributed among a diverse set of organisms and cell types. We have identified an unconventional myosin gene (MYO3) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that it is member of a subclass of unconventional myosin proteins originally found only in the amoeboid organisms Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. Identification of this protein in these genetically and morphologically divergent organisms suggests that it will be ubiquitous in eukaryotes and that it has a role in the basic functions of the eukaryotic cell. We have constructed a strain of yeast missing 99% of the MYO3 coding sequence. This mutation has no observable phenotypic effect, placing MYO3 into a growing class of yeast genes which are dispensable under laboratory conditions, perhaps due to genetic redundancy. Alignment of MYO3 with other unconventional myosins shows that it shares with a subset of them a previously unrecognized region of homology in the tail; this region falls within a domain identified as important for mediating nonspecific electrostatic interactions with membranes. The existence of this region suggests that it may be involved in mediating specific protein-protein interactions, possibly helping to localize this myosin to specific membranes or membrane regions. In addition, we show that “classic” myosin I proteins share a region of hyper-proline-richness 10 amino acids before the SH3 domain. Proline-rich regions have recently been implicated as SH3 binding sites, which suggests that this region might be involved with regulating or in other ways interacting with SH3 domains. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300109
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