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  • 1985-1989  (3,838)
  • 1988  (3,838)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,199)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (639)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1988), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der alkalischen Hydrolyse von Glimmer-Acrylnitril-Pfropfcopolymeren wurde untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit des Verseifungsgrades von der Alkalikonzentration und der Hydrolysezeit wurde bestimmt. Chemische und spektroskopische Techniken wurden zur Bestimmung des Hydrolysemechanismus herangezogen.
    Notes: Kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of mica-acrylonitrile graft copolymers was studied. The dependence of alkali concentration and the time of hydrolysis on the degree of saponification was determined. Chemical and spectroscopical techniques were used to determine the mechanism of hydrolysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1988), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Behandeln von Baumwollgewebe mit Schwefelkohlenstoff in Gegenwart von NaOH ergibt Cellulosethiocarbonat, welches mit Cerammoniumnitrat (CAN) einen Komplex bildt. Nach ausgiebigem Waschen war das CeIV-Cellulosethiocarbonat fähig, die vinylische Pfropfpolymerisation auf Baumwollgewebe ohne Homopolymerbildung zu initiieren. Die Pfropfausbeute wuchs im Falle von Methylmethacrylat mit wachsenden CAN-Gehalt (0 - 50 mmol/l) und steigender Temperatur (60 - 80°C). Bei pH 2 war die Pfropfung besonders begünstigt. Dagegen wurde die Pfropfung im alkalischen Bereich gestoppt. Die Zugabe von bis zu 7% Methanol, Ethanol oder Isopropanol zum wäßrigen Polymerisationsmedium erhöhte die Pfropfausbeute bedeutend; hierbei wurde mit Isopropanol die hdchste Steigerung erhalten. Hdhere Alkoholmengen dagegen erniedrigten die Ausbeute. Die Pfropfgeschwindigkeit ist anfangs hoch, spater wird die Pfropfungsreaktion langsamer. Unabhingig von den verwendeten Reaktionsbedingungen war eine Reaktionszeit von 60 Minuten ausreichend. Es wurde die Fahigkeit des Cdv-Cellulosethiocarbonats untersucht, die Pfropfung mit Methylmethacrylat, Acrylnitril und Acrylamid zu initiieren. Dabei ergab sich fur die Pfropfgeschwindigkeit folgende Reihenfolge: Methylmethacrylat 〉 Acrylnitril 〉 Acr ylamid.
    Notes: Treatment of cotton fabric with carbon disulphide in presence of NaOH resulted in cellulose thiocarbonate. The latter formed a complex when treated with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). After being thoroughly washed, the CeIV cellulose thiocarbonate was capable of initiating vinyl graft polymerization onto cotton fabric without homopolymer formation. The graft yield obtained with methyl methacrylate was found to increase by increasing CAN from zero to 50 mmol/l at temperatures from 60 to 80°C. Grafting was greatly favoured at pH 2; alkaline pH offset grafting. Incorporation of up to 7% of methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol in the aqueous polymerization medium enhanced grafting significantly with the certainty that the highest graft yield was obtained with isopropanol; using higher alcohol percentages decreased grafting. The rate of grafting showed an initial fast rate followed by a slower rate; 60 minutes reaction time proved appropriate for grafting irrespective of the condition used. In addition to methyl methacrylate the ability of CeIV-cellulose thiocarbonate to induce grafting of acrylonitrile and acrylamide was also examined. The rate of grafting followed the order methyl methacrylate 〉 acrylonitrile 〉 acrylamide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1988), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von aus der orientierten Schmelze kristallisierten Legierungen aus isotaktischem Polypropylen und Poly(1-buten) wurden Grenzflächenverteilungsfunktionen berechnet. Die Proben enthalten Nadelkristalle, die in Bezug auf ihre Abstandsverteilung ein „verdünntes System“ darstellen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Berechnung von Grenzflächenverteilungsfunktionen aus jeweils nur zwei Grenzflächen möglich ist. Der Vergleich der erhaltenen Nadeldicken mit Ergebnissen aus anderen Auswertemethoden ergibt eine gute Übereinstimmung.
    Notes: Interface distribution functions have been evaluated from the equatorial small angle x-ray scattering of blends of isotactic polypropylene and poly(1-butene) crystallized in the shear field of the oriented melt. The samples contain core fibrils which represent a diluted system with respect to their distance statistics. It is shown, that interface distribution functions can be calculated from only two interfaces (diffuse phase boundaries between fibrils and amourphous phase). The calculated thicknesses agree well with values determined from other methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1988), S. 199-199 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abrstract.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper accumulates the mechanism and kinetics of oxidation and the inhibition mechanism of oxidation processes using preventive antioxidants, chain-breaking antioxidants and deviations from the simple inhibition mechanism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 160 (1988), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von Poly(methylvinylketon) und acetyliertem Polystyrol mit Phenol in Gegenwart von HCl oder H2SO4 wurde untersucht, um Polymere mit Strukturen ähnlich dem Bisphenol A zu erhalten. Die Reaktion an Poly(methylvinylketon) führt zu intramolekularer Aldol-Kondensation, während acetyliertes Polystyrol die gewünschte Bisphenol A-Struktur liefert.
    Notes: The reaction of polymers containing carbonyl groups such as poly(methyl vinylketone), poly(methyl vinyl ketone-co-styrene) and acetylated polystyrene with phenol in the presence of HCI or H2SO4 has been studied in order to produce bisphenol A type structure on the polymer chain. Poly(methyl vinyl ketone) shows intramolecular aldol condensation and acetylated polystyrene results in bisphenol A type structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 160 (1988), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß der Verformungsamplitude, der Temperatur und der Frequenz auf die dynamischen Eigenschaften von SBR-Faserverbundstoffen untersucht. Der Einbau von Kurzfasern erhöht den Speichermodul bei beliebiger Verformungsamplitude. Je nach Fasertyp verringert sich die lineare Reaktionszone des Moduls auf die Verformung oder verschwindet vollkommen. Der Verlustfaktor tan δ ist größer bei Faserverbundstoffen, obwol die Signale größenmäßig sich nicht verändern, lediglich die entsprechende Verformung.Bei Temperaturanstieg verringert sich der Modulwert, jedoch ist dieser Abfall weniger stark ausgeprägt im Faser-SBR-Verbund. Die Relaxationsspektren zeigen eine maximale Dämpfung, die der Hauptrelaxation in der Elastomermatrix entspricht. Die Temperatur,bei der dieses Maximum auftritt, verlagert sich zu höheren Werten mitsteigender Anregungsfrequenz. Dadurch wird die Ermittlung der scheinbaren Relaxationsaktivierungsenergie möglich, die im Verbund Faser-Haftmittel-SBR höher ist (225-275 kJ/mol) als in dem faserfreien Stoff (194.6 kJ/mol) als Folge einer stärkeren Faser-Matrix-Wechselwirkung.
    Notes: This paper examines the effects of deformation amplitude, temperature and frequency on the dynamic properties of SBR-short fiber composites. The presence of the fiber increases the storage modulus at any deformation amplitude. Depending on the nature of the fiber, the linear response zone of the modulus versus deformation either diminishes or disappears. The loss factor tan δ is higher in fiber composites. Although the peaks do not vary in magnitude, they occur at different deformation amplitudes.Temperature increase causes the moduli to decrease, the gradient, however, being less pronounced for fiber composites. The relaxation spectra show a damping peak which correlates to the principal relaxation process in the elastomeric matrix. The temperature at which this peak appears is displaced towards higher values with increasing excitation frequency. This allows the determination of the apparent relaxation activation energy, which is higher in fiber plus adhesive composites (225 - 275 kJ/mol), as compared to the fiber-free composite (194 kJ/mol), as a consequence of stronger fiber-matrix interaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 160 (1988), S. 41-66 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde ein neuer Typ eines UV-härtbaren Polyurethanacrylatharzes synthetisiert, das auf hydroxyterminierten Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS)-Weichsegmenten mit einem Molekulargewicht von 1800 und 2,4-Toluoldiisocyanat (TDI)/2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylat (HEMA) Hartsegmenten basiert. Die Reaktivität von 2,4-TDI mit den Hydroxygruppen von Silanol und HEMA wurde anhand von IR-Messungen diskutiert. Die charakteristischen Absorptionspeaks der NCO-Gruppen von 2,4-TDI in para- und ortho-Stellung sollten mit zunehmender Reaktionszeit abnehmen.Die Meßmethodik der wesentlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser Art von UV-härtbaren Materialien wurde ebenso wie auch der Einfluß verschiedener reaktiver Verdünnungsmittel und einiger Pigmente untersucht. Dieses Harz mit guten optischen, elektrischisolierenden und Hafteigenschaften an verschiedenen Matrizes konnte in den chemischen Eigenschaften verbessert und die Viskosität reduziert werden, während die Beschichtungsverarbeitbarkeit durch Mischen mit verschiedenen reaktiven Verdünnern gefördert wurde. Die hervorragenden Hafteigenschaften auf Glasplatten wurden der ähnlichen Struktur zwischen den PDMS Weichsegmenten und Glas zugeschrieben, was eine breite Anwendung in der Beschichtungsindustrie erschließt.
    Notes: A new type of a UV-curable polyurethane acrylate resin based on hydroxyterminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft segments with molecular weight 1800 and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI)/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hard segments were synthesized. The reactivity of 2,4-TDI with the hydroxy groups of silanol and HEMA was discussed by means of IR measurements. The characteristic absorption peaks of the  - NCO groups of 2,4-TDI in the para- and ortho-position should decline with increasing the reaction time. The measurements of fundamental physical properties of this type of UV-curable materials had been widely studied in addition to the effects of using various reactive diluents and some pigments. This kind of resin with good optical, electrical insulating, and adhesive properties on various matrices, could be improved in chemical properties and reduced in viscosity while promoting the coating processability by mixing with various reactive diluents. The excellent adhesive properties on glass plates can be attributed to the similar structure between the PDMS soft segments and glass which makes the application in the coating industry possible.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A typical intumescent fire retardant additive for polypropylene, which is a mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, does not sensibly modify the photooxidative behaviour of unstabilized polypropylene whereas it modifies that of polypropylene stabilized with a substituted o-hydroxybenzophenone and a sterically hindered amine. The photostabilizing effectiveness of the amine is probably decreased owing to protonation by polyphosphoric acid. On the contrary, the photo-protection effectiveness of the o-hydroxybenzophenone is increased in the presence of the intumescent fire retardant. This might be due to a photoinhibition effect of pentaerythritol.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beginning with the current theories concerning the solid state structure of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate, the effect of chemical substitution of the bisphenol upon the thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties will be discussed in detail. The observed mechanical properties of the various polycarbonates is considerably influenced by their chemical structure. Among all of the polycarbonates, bisphenol-A-polycarbonate is unique, particularly with respect to its low temperature properties. The ductile-to-brittle transition as a function of temperature correlates to the high temperature region of Gamma relaxation (G′′). Any theoretical approach to completely characterize and describe the experimentally observed phenomena must take into consideration as a fundamental parameter the conformational flexibility of the polycarbonate chain.
    Notes: Ausgehend von den bisher erarbeiteten Vorstellungen über die Festkörperstruktur des Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonats wird die Auswirkung einer chemischen Substitution des Bisphenols auf die thermischen, mechanischen und mechanisch-dynamischen Eigenschaften diskutiert. Innerhalb der Substanzklasse der Polycarbonate zeigt sich dabei hinsichtlich der beobachteten mechanischen Phänomene ein erheblicher Einfluß der chemischen Struktur. Vor allen Polycarbonaten ist das Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonat besonders hinsichtlich seiner Tieftemperatur-Eigenschaften ausgezeichnet. Der Spröd/Zäh-Übergang als Funktion der Temperatur korreliert mit der Hochtemperaturflanke des mechanischen Nebenrelaxationsgebietes. Eine die experimentell beobachteten Phänomene vollständig charakterisierende Theorie muß als wesentlichen Parameter die konformative Beweglichkeit der Polycarbonat-Ketten berücksichtigen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mischungen von Elastomeren wie Naturkautschuk und Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuk werden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen vulkanisiert und die Behandlungscharakteristika und Vulkanisateigenschaften verglichen. Die optimale Behandlungszeit bei einer bestimmten Vulkanisationstemperatur konnte empirisch durch eine Exponentialbeziehung dieser Temperatur ausgedrückt werden. Die Vernetzungsdichte der Vulkanisate nimmt mit steigender Vulkanisationstemperatur ab. Für eine vorgegebene Mischung gibt es eine bestimmte Vulkanisationstemperatur, bei der die Materialien die besten Eigenschaften für spezifische Anwendungen besitzen.
    Notes: Gum compounds of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) are vulcanized at different temperatures and the cure characteristics and vulcanizate properties are compared. The optimum cure time at a particular vulcanization temperature could be expressed empirically in terms of that temperature using an exponential relation. The crosslink density of the vulcanizates is found to decrease with an increase in the vulcanization temperature. For a given compound there is a particular vulcanization temperature which gives the best compromise of properties for specific applications.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermisch polymerisierte Proben von linearen Additionspolymeren des Bisphenol-A-Diglycidylethers (DGEBA) mit den drei unterschiedlichen Aminen, (A) Benzylamin (BA), p-Chloranilin (PCA) und Cyclohexylamin (CHA), wurden mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC) unter Verwendung von THF als Elutionsmittel untersucht.Bei der Eichung des Systems und der Interpretation der Chromatogramme wurde der Solvatationseffekt der Hydroxylgruppen durch THF berücksichtigt. Der Vergleich der Chromatogramme weist darauf hin, daß das Polymere mit CHA schon im Bereich kleiner Molmassen (einschließlich der Dimeren) und in einem frühen Reaktionsstadium cyclisiert. Der Vergleich der mittleren Molmassen der Proben, die nach zwei unabhiingigen Methoden  -  Dampfdruckosmometrie (VPO) und GPC  -  gemessen wurden, zeigt, daß die Cyclisierung der Polymeren mit BA und PCA in einem geringeren Umfang stattfindet. Die beiden letztgenannten Polymeren neigen also weniger zur Cyclisierung.
    Notes: Thermally polymerized samples of linear addition polymers of bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) and the following three different amines (A): benzylamine (BA), p-chloroaniline (PCA), and cyclohexylamine (CHA) were chromatographed by gelpermeation chromatography (GPC) using THF as eluent. The solvation effect of hydroxyl groups by THF has been taken into consideration when calibrating the system and interpreting the chromatograms. The comparison of the chromatograms suggests that the polymer with CHA is cyclized already in the range of small molecular masses (including dimers) and in an early stage of reaction. The comparison of average molecular masses of the samples as measured with independent methods - vapour pressure osmometry (VPO) and GPC - shows that the cyclization of the polymers with BA and PCA takes place to a lower extent, the latter polymer being less capable of cyclization.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Graft copolymers P(E-g-MMA) were prepared by ozonisation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in bulk onto the peroxides and hydroperoxides thus obtained (Mn graft PMMA = 7700 and 21400). The emulsifying effect of P(E-g-MMA) copolymers on PE-PVC mixtures was examined. With added quantities of 5.0% copolymers the braking strength value σB for the mixture PE-PVC 50-50 is varying between 0.60 to 1.10 kg/mm2; the variation of the elongation at break point εB is more difficult to explain. The alloy fractographs were also examined under the scanning electron microscope. We observed PE modules of 20 to 30 in average diameter, without copolymer, and 1 to 2 after adding 5% of copolymers. This underlines the emulsifying role played by the copolymer. These results are compared with those of other teams. The P(E-g-MMA) that we prepared, can be considered as a suitable emulsifier for LDPE-PVC mixtures and presents the advantage of being more accessible for industrial synthesis of new alloys PE-PVC.
    Notes: Les copolymères greffés P(E-g-MMA) sont préparés par réaction du méthacrylate de méthyle (MMA) en masse sur le polyéthylène basse densité ozonisé. La masse moyenne des greffons de PMMA variable suivant la température et le temps de réaction est de 7700 et 21400. Ces copolymères sont testés comme émulsifiants de mélanges de PE et de PVC dont les propriétés mécaniques, la contrainte à la rupture σR, l'allongement à la rupture εR% et le module d'élasticité E sont mesurées avant et après l'addition de 5% en poids de copolymère. Pour le mélange PE-PVC 50-50 σR passe de 0,60 à 1,10 kg/mm2, la variation de εR est plus complexe. La visualisation, au microscope électronique à balayage, des fractographies de ces divers mélanges, montre une diminution d'au moins un facteur 10 de la taille des phases après addition de copolymère et confirme bien le rôle d'émulsifiant d'émulsifiant de ceux-ci permettant d'obtenir ainsi de nouveaux alliages PE-PVC dont les propriétés sont comparées avec celles d'alliages préparés par d'autres auteurs avec d'autres émulsifiants.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 162 (1988), S. 163-173 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit wird die Effizienz einer neuen modifizierten Säulenfraktionierungsmethode durch Vergleich von theoretischen Modellen und experimentell erhaltenen Molmassenverteilungen vorgestellt. Fünf theoretische Funktionen wurden zur Anpassung der experimentellen Daten benutzt: die Log-normal-, Tung-, Schulz-, Polynomial- und Flory-Verteilungsfunktion. Die Kurvenanpassung wurde durch die mittlere quadratische Abweichung abgeschätzt. Die mittlere quadratische Abweichung war in allen theoretischen Modellen von der gleichen Größenordnung. Mit der Polynomial- und Flory-Funktion wurden die kleinsten Werte für die mittlere quadratische Abweichung und somit die beste Anpassung der aus der Gelpermeationschromatographie erhaltenen Verteilungskurven erreicht. Diese Kurven geben die wahre Verteilung der benutzten Polymeren wieder. Diese theoretischen Modelle dienten auch als Referenzverteilungsfunktionen. Die experimentell mit zwei verschiedenen LCIsungsmittelpaaren bestimmten Fraktionswerte wurden dann den ausgewlhlten Referenzmodellen angepdt. Die Fraktionswerte der beiden benutzten Lösungsmittelpaare stimmten gut mit dem Polynomial- und Flory-Modell überein. Dies bestätigt die hohe Effizienz der vorgeschlagenen Fraktionierungsmethode.
    Notes: In this paper the efficiency of a new modified column fractionation method was presented through the comparison of theoretical models and experimentally obtained molecular mass distribution. Five theoretical functions were used for fitting the experimental data: log-normal, Tung, Schulz, polynomial, and Flory distribution function. The curve fittings were estimated by the mean square deviation. The mean square deviations in all the theoretical models were of the same order. The least values of mean square deviation and consequentely the best fitting of the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) distribution curve, which deals as a true distribution of the applied polymer sample, were achieved with polynomial and Flory model. These theoretical models were further chosen as a reference distribution function. The experimental fractionation data in two quite different solvent pairs were afterwards fitted to the chosen referent models. Fractionation data of the both applied solvent pairs have been in close agreement with Flory and polynomial model. This confirms the high efficiency of the proposed fractionation method.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 163 (1988), S. 23-35 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Chlorierung von ataktischem Polypropylen (APP) wurde thermisch gestartet und in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff durchgeführt. Es wurde gefunden, daß mit zunehmender Verdünnung der Chlorierungsgrad steigt, was in % Gewichtszunahme gemessen wurde. Grund für dieses Verhalten ist eine größere Aufweitung und Beweglichkeit der APP-Ketten, wodurch die durch Chlor zu ersetzenden Stellen besser zugänglich werden. Die Reaktionsordnung in Abhängigkeit von der APP-Konzentration beträgt 0,84 und die Aktivierungsenergie (Er) 5,29 kcal/mol. Die Erhöhung der Strömungsrate führt zu einem höheren Chlorierungsgrad. Dieser steigt bis zu einer Strömungsrate von 1 l/h linear an, um dann ein konstantes Nivoau anzustreben. IR-Spektroskopie und 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß die Chlorierung an allen drei ersetzbaren H-Atomtypen vorkommt. Der Startschritt des Mechanismus ist wahrscheinlich die Substitution des tertiären H-Atoms durch freie Chlorradikale und nachfolgendem Austausch der sekundären und primären H-Atome durch entweder fortschreitende Substitution oder den Eliminierungs-Additions-Mechanismus.
    Notes: Chlorination of atactic polypropylene (APP) was thermally initiated and carried out in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) solution. It was found that with the increase in dilution, there is an increase in the extent of chlorination, as measured in terms of % weight-gain. The reason for this behaviour has been ascribed to a greater degree of opening up and mobility of APP chains thus increasing the accessibility of the replaceable sites to chlorine. The order of the reaction with respect to APP concentration was found to be 0.84, the overall activation energy (Er) being 5.29 kcal/mol. Increase in flow rate leads to an increase in the extent of chlorination and was found to be increasing linearly with a flow rate up to 1 l/h beyond which it levels off. IR spectroscopy and 13C-NMR studies indicate the chlorination occurring in all the three types of replaceable H-atoms in APP. The mechanism appears to be initial substitution of tertiary H-atom by free chlorine radical followed subsequently by replacement of secondary and primary H-atoms via either progressive substitution or elimination-addition mechanism.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The translational friction of a particle inside a rigid hollow sphere is determined in this work. This should be important in model studies of solute diffusion in cells or vesicles. An extended shell algorithm is developed and used in which the cell or vesicle is modeled as a large number of beads. In the extended algorithm, the shell is divided into groups of beads and the assumption is made that the force exerted by each bead on the solvent is constant within a group. The algorithm is tested by using it to determine the translational friction constants of spheres and prolate ellipsoids modeled as shells of beads.
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  • 118
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spectroscopic measurements of three representative elapid toxins are presented. An analysis of the data leads to the conclusion that the 228-nm CD band in this class of proteins originates largely in the disulfide chromophore. The intensity of this CD band is sensitive to conformational change associated with the disulfide group.
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  • 119
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variations I-XVIII of a trimerlike cross-linked collagen model peptide were synthesized and used to investigate the cooperation of different neighboring Gly-X-Y tripeptides. The carboxy-terminal decapentapeptide of the tripe-helical part of collagen type I was chosen as the starting point of sequentially modified elongations. The transition temperatures determined by CD measurements show that the incorporation of the imino acid free tripeptides Gly-Ala-Ala and Gly-Ile-Ala results in a weakening of the triple-helical structure. It is demonstrated that the desired thermal stability of the collagen triple helix requires the “clustered” arrangement of helix-promoting tripeptides, especially of Gly-Pro-Hyp.
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  • 120
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of a number of tetramethylammonium salts on the equilibria and kinetics of the disorder to order transition in the polysaccharide κ-carrageenan have been investigated. Data from the temperature dependence of optical rotation show that anion stabilization of the ordered form follows the lyotropic series I- 〉 Br- 〉 NO-3 〉 Cl- 〉 F-. Stopped-flow polarimetry was used to study the kinetics of conformational ordering following a rapid increase in salt concentration. The transition to the new equilibrium position was shown to be biphasic for all of the tetramethylammonium salts studied. The rate equation for the fast phase and the temperature dependence of the observed forward rate constant accord with a cooperative dimerization process. Activation parameters for helix nucleation, ΔH* and ΔS*, vary with both salt concentration and (at constant ionic strength) the anion type, increasing through the lyotropic series from I- to F-. The slow phase shows second-order kinetics, and is interpreted as further stabilization of the ordered form either through limited aggregation or annealing. The rate constant for the slow phase also follows the lyotropic series. Thus we have shown that both the growth and nucleation processes are anion dependent.
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  • 121
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using an iterative approach, we have placed monovalent (“solvated”) and divalent (both solvated and “unsolvated”) ions around a 20 base pair sequence, (dC-dG)10, in standard B and ZI conformations. The molecule with its attendant ions in the various conformations is subjected to to energy minimization using the program AMBER. In the presence of solvated cations (both monovalent as well as divalent) the B form is more stable than the Z form. However, direct binding with the unsolvated divalent cations makes the Z form more stable. Groove-binding provides some insight into the facility with which the B to Z transition occurs with higher charged cations. In the presence of unsolvated divalent cations, the Z form binds more charges at the groove through more ligands, compared to the B form. The orientation around the CpG phosphates in the minor groove of the Z form is found ideal for ion binding. Detailed molecular models for the ion binding have been developed. In general, phosphate groups dominate the ion binding. Large perturbations are seen mostly in the angles that control the phosphate orientation.
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  • 122
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The basic relations between the molar fractions and the scanning calorimetry data for the system that includes self-dissociation/association process such as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ m_0 {\rm A}_{\rm 0} \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel\textstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}$}} m_1 {\rm A}_{\rm 1} \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel\textstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}$}} m_2 {\rm A}_{\rm 2} \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel\textstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}$}} ... \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel\textstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}$}} m_n {\rm A}_n $$\end{document} are presented, where mi is the stoichiometric coefficient of the ith state Ai. The relations are described for each state j as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{d}{{dT}}\left[{- m_j \log f_j (T) + \sum\limits_i {m_i f_i (T)}} \right] = \Delta H_j (T)/RT^2 $$\end{document} where fj(T) is the molar fraction function of state j and ΔHj(T) is the difference enthalpy function of the system referred to the state j, which can be obtained by scanning calorimetry; R is the gas constant; and T is the absolute temperature. By these relations, scanning calorimetry data can be deconvoluted in order to determine the thermodynamic functions by means of single and double deconvolution. The concentration dependence of the data is analyzed by a method presented in this paper. The nonlinear least squares fitting method for the determination of the functions is discussed. For an example of the application of this method to the actual scanning calorimetry data, thermodynamic data of multistate thermal transition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus hemolysin are analyzed.
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  • 123
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have observed that the rate of folding of the enzymatically hydroxylated form of poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) into the triple-helical conformation is considerably higher than that of the unhydroxylated polypeptide [R. K. Chopra and V. S. Ananthanarayanan (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 7180-7184]. In this study, we examine a plausible kinetic pathway for triple-helix formation by selecting peptide models for the unhydroxylated collagen molecule, and computing their conformational energies before and after proline hydroxylation. Starting with the available data on the preferred conformations of proline- and hydroxyproline-containing peptide sequences, energy minimization was carried out on the following pairs of peptides: Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Ala and Gly-Ala-Hyp-Gly-Ala; Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Ala and Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala; Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Ala-Pro and Gly-Ala-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Hyp. It was found that, with each pair of peptides, the energetically most favorable conformation (I) has an extended structure at the Gly-Ala or Gly-Pro segment and a β-bend at the Pro-Gly or Hyp-Gly segment. In the Hyp-containing peptides, this conformation is further stabilized by a (Hypi + 2)OH…OC(Glyi) hydrogen bond. Conformation I is lower in energy by about 6-13 kcal/mol of the peptide than the fully extended conformations that resemble the single collagen polypeptide chain and contain no intramolecular hydrogen bond. In contrast to the proline counterpart, the hydroxyproline-containing peptides are found capable of adopting a partially extended conformation that does not contain the β-bend but retains the (Hyp)OH…OC(Gly) hydrogen bond. The energy of this conformation is intermediate between conformation I and the fully extended conformation. The continuation of the β-bend along the chain is restricted by stereochemical constraints that are more severe in the latter two pairs of peptides than in the first pair. Such a restriction may be considered to trigger the “unbending” of the minimum energy conformation leading to its straightening into the fully extended conformation; the latter, in turn, would lead to triple-helix formation through favorable interchain interactions. We propose that the partially extended conformation in the Hyp-containing peptides could serve as a kinetic intermediate on the way to forming the fully extended conformation. Because of the (Hypi + 2)OH…OC(Glyi) hydrogen bond, this conformation would also serve to lock the trans geometry at the Gly-Ala(Pro) and Ala(Pro)-Hyp peptide bonds, thereby enhancing the rate of their helix formation. A scheme for collagen folding in proposed on the basis of these results.
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  • 124
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational preferences of the N-trifluoroacetylated homo-peptides of Cα,α-diethylglycine from monomer to pentamer in chloroform solution were determined by using ir absorption and 1H-nmr. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding was found to be the dominant factor for all NH groups. The likely absence of a conformational transition upon increasing main-chain length, and the remarkable stability to dilution, heating, and addition of perturbing agents, are additional relevant findings of this study. These results are in agreement with those of the fully extended, C5-conformation-forming homo-peptides from the higher homolog Cα,α-di-n-propylglycine, but contrast dramatically to those of the homo-peptides from the lower homolog Cα,α-dimethylglycine, which have been shown to adopt the 310-helical structure.
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  • 126
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation of a 13-residue C-peptide analogue of ribonuclease A -  - in surfactant solutions was studied by CD. The CD spectrum of the peptide in excess NaDodSO4 solution was typical for a helical conformation; the spectrum appeared to be virtually independent of pH (2.5-6) and temperature (3-25°C). Analysis of the CD data indicated a helicity of about 65-70% with no α-sheet and β-turn; this corresponded to 8 or 9 residues in the helical form or slightly more than two turns of α-helix. This compares with an average of about one turn of α-helix for the C-peptide analogue in water at pH 4.7 and 7°C. The conformation of the peptide in cationic surfactant, dodecyl ammonium chloride, and nonionic surfactant, dodecyl heptaoxyethylene ether, solution resembled that in water. We concluded that the C-peptide analogue can develop a maximum helicity close to the corresponding segment in ribonuclease A in hydrophobic environment provided by the clustering of NaDodSO4 molecules to the cationic side groups of the peptide, except that the end effects may destabilize two or three residues each at both ends of the helix. Thus, in the interior of a protein molecule this hydrophobic effect may overshadow the charged-group effect than can be explained by the helix dipole model for the helical segments on the exterior of the protein molecule.
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  • 127
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 128
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 561-584 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Matrix generator techniques have been adapted to account for precise structural features of the nucleotide repeating unit and to translate the primary sequence of DNA base pairs into three-dimensional structures. Chains have been constructed to reflect the local sequence-dependent differences of bending and twisting of adjacent residues and various overall chain properties, including the average unperturbed moments of the end-to-end vector r and the mean angular orientation (〈γ〉 between base pair normals, 〈φ1〉 between long axes, and 〈φ2〉 between short axes) of terminal chain residues, have been computed. The chain backbone is treated implicitly in terms of the spatial fluctuations of successive base pairs. Motions are limited to low-energy perturbations of the standard B-DNA helix. Approximate potential energy schemes are used to represent the rules governing the patterns of local base-base morphology and flexibility. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental observations at both the local and the macro-molecular level. Initial applications are limited to the rodlike poly(dA) · poly(dT) and poly(dG) · poly(dC) helices. The former duplex is found to be more compressed and the latter more extended than random-sequence DNA of the same chain length. The flexibility of the duplexes as a whole is described in terms of the average higher moments of the displacement vector ρ = r - 〈r〉 and the likelihood of chain cyclization is estimated from the three-dimensional Hermite series expansions of the displacement tensors. Emphasis is placed on theoretical methodology and the practical relevance of the calculated chain moments to observed physical properties.
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  • 129
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 585-603 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The matrix-generator methods set forth in the preceding paper for treating rodlike DNA are adapted here to the calculation of average chain extension, macroscopic flexibility, and terminal residue orientation in curved duplexes. The different characteristics of curved vs rodlike chains are illustrated with the hypothetical poly[d(A5G5)] · poly[d(T5C5)] duplex. The curved helix is both more compact and macroscopically stiffer than either the poly(dA) · poly(dT) or the poly(dG) · poly(dC) chain. The calculations have also been extended to simple repetitive DNA sequences generated by synthetic ligation studies and the computed average chain properties compared with observed gel mobilities. The predicted chain extension is also checked against the measured persistence lengths of the rodlike poly[d(GC)] and poly[d(AT)] alternating copolymers, and the known cyclization tendencies of selected repeating sequences. Chains are generated from local potential energy maps describing the morphology and flexibility of adjacent base pairs. The energy maps, while approximate, are more accurate descriptors of local structure than many of the intuitive models of DNA curvature offered to date. According to the energy surfaces, the intrinsic bending of curved DNA can be traced to asymmetry in the bending of the Gs and Cs that join half-helical turn stretches of adenines in these chains. The oligo A stretches are analogous to residues of a perfectly elastic DNA that bend with equal likelihood in opposing directions. In other models of DNA curvature, the (G · C) base pairs are presumed to adopt the classical B-DNA structure, while the (A · T) base pairs are thought to be in some perturbed conformation.
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  • 130
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1H-nmr studies were extensively carried out to elucidate preferred conformations of dipeptides CH3C*O - X - NHCH3, with X = Abu, nVal, and Val in various solvents. The vicinal 1H - 1H coupling constants for the NH - CαH moiety and those around the Cα - Cβ bond in the articulated side chain provided the information regarding the average conformation of these molecules. The results indicate that transformation of skeletal conformations takes place in solution among conformers having similar dihedral angles, θHN - CαH, in the Karplus expression.
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  • 132
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-resolution 1H-nmr spectroscopy at 500 MHz has been used to study the Ca2+ binding domain I of bovine brain calmodulin in aqueous solution. All the resonances of the linear dodecapeptide Asp-Lys-Asp-Gly-Asn-Gly-Thr-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Glu and of its cyclic analogue, synthesized by classical solution methods, have been completely assigned using a combination of several one- and two-dimensional nmr experiments, including the zero quantum correlation. Chemical shift values and 3JCHNH coupling constants indicate that, on the nmr time scale, both peptides are flexible and assume multiple conformations in rapid equilibrium, with no relevant contribution of structured features. Addition of Ca2+ causes only minor spectral changes in aqueous solution of both peptides, while larger effects are observed in more hydrophobic mixtures such as water/trifluoroethanol. The linear analogue shows nonspecific interactions, while only Asp3 and Asn5 are significantly perturbed in the cyclic peptide. This evidence, together with identical findings in La3+ titration studies of the cyclic analogue in pure water, suggest that loop I of calmodulin is endowed with an intrinsic binding ability.
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  • 133
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 831-842 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interactions of the antitumor antibiotics, chromomycin A3, with a variety of metal cations in the pH range of 3.0-8.5 were systematically studied by CD, absorption, and 1H-nmr spectroscopies. Results were compared with those obtained in the presence of increasing amounts of calf thymus DNA. The negatively charged chromomycin A3, pKa 6.3, forms aggregates that become ordered and smaller in size, in the presence of variety of metal cations. Spectrophotometric titrations have shown that binding of the neutral drug to DNA at pH 4.5 does not require divalent cations, although the strength of the binding is greatly enhanced in their presence. At higher pH values (〉 7.0) and low DNA/drug ratio ( 〉 20), the metal cations are necessary to induce the binding between chromomycin A3 and DNA. At higher DNA/drug ratios (〉 100: 1), an appreciable proportion of the drug is bound even in the absence of divalent cations. Its binding affinity to the DNA is enhanced in the presence of these cations and at low pH values. Therefore, we conclude that chromomycin A3 binds in two related modes, in the presence and in the absence of divalent cations. The spectral data accumulated indicate the metal cation is involved in the binding of the drug to the DNA by forming a drug-metal-DNA ternary complex.
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  • 134
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bands in the ir and Raman spectra of L-valyl-glycyl-glycine (VGG) and VGG-ND have been assigned on the basis of a normal mode analysis of the known parallel-chain β-structure of this tripeptide. Amide I, II, III, and V mode shifts are obtained by the interactions of dipole derivatives in symmetry coordinates, referred to as dipole derivative coupling. These derivatives, obtained from ab initio studies, are also used to calculate ir intensities of amide I, II, and V modes. The agreement between predicted and observed frequencies and intensities is very good, providing confidence in the application of our force fields to the calculation of the vibrational modes of the general parallel-chain β-sheet structure (following paper).
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  • 135
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tetrapeptide Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro(GPRP) was introduced by diffusion into fine unligated clots formed from human fibrinogen at pH 8.5 and ionic strength 0.45 by batroxobin (αβ-fibrin) and by thrombin (α-fibrin). The α-fibrin clots were essentially liquefied at GPRP concentrations above 1 mM and αβ-fibrin clots above 15 mM, and the degree of polymerization of the resulting oligomers decreased progressively with increasing GPRP concentration as shown by γ-γ ligation with factor XIIIa and subsequent gel electrophoresis. Much smaller concentrations of GPRP, when introduced into unligated clots by diffusion, were sufficient to modify their mechanical properties profoundly. The shear modulus of elasticity G25 measured 25 s after imposition of stress fell, for example, by a factor of 0.4 at 0.1 mM GPRP in α-fibrin and at 1.1 mM in αβ-fibrin. The rate of shear creep under constant stress and the proportion of irrecoverable deformation also increased enormously. This behavior, and the corresponding decrease in steady flow viscosity, may be interpreted in terms of competition of GPRP with A sites on the E domains of fibrin monomers for bidning to “a” sites on the D domains, resulting in a moderate increase with increasing GPRP concentration of the average proportion of severed network strands and an enormous increase in the rate at which all strands dissociate and reassociate. Reassociation of severed strands in new configurations is a necessary corollary since the differential modulus or compliance remains constant during creep and creep recovery. The greater susceptibility of α-fibrin clots to interaction with GPRP is attributed to stabilization of contacts between monomer units by Bb associations in αβ-fibrin. Ligated clots, with or without GPRP, exhibited essentially no time-dependent creep and no irrecoverable deformation, corresponding to an absence of any severance of network strands.
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 939-956 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the conformational fluctuations of the oligopeptide hormone vasopressin. Starting coordinates for these simulations were built upon the crystal structure of pressinoic acid, the cyclic ring moiety of vasopressin, recently determined by x-ray diffraction. Coordinates for the additional tripeptide “tail” of vasopressin were selected by arbitrary positioning of this segment using interactive computer graphics. Two such starting configurations were minimized to relax strains, and long dynamics simulations (20 and 40 ps) in vacuo were then conducted following extensive heating and equilibration sequences (36 ps). In these studies, vasopressin was found to undergo few substantial conformational changes at 300 K on the time scale simulated, in contrast to the results of a shorter previous simulation, but comparable structural transitions were observed during the equilibration periods. The pressinoic acid structure was found to be a reasonably stable possible conformation for vasopressin in vacuum on this time scale.
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  • 137
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1045-1051 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new approach to the multiple-minima problem in protein folding is presented. It is assumed that the molecule is driven toward the native structure by three types of mechanism. The first one involves an optimization of the electrostatic interactions, whereby the molecule evolves toward conformations in which the charge distribution becomes energetically more favorable. The second mechanism involves a Monte Carlo-energy minimization approach, and the third one is a backtrack mechanism that acts in the opposite direction, increasing the energy - the third type of movement provides a means to perturb the molecule when it is trapped in a stable but energetically unfavorable local energy minimum. This paper describes the implementation of a model based on these mechanisms, and illustrates its effectiveness by computations on different arbitrary starting conformations of a terminally blocked 19-residue chain of poly(L-alanine) for which the global minimum apparently corresponds to the right-handed α-helix. In all cases, the global minimum was attained, even when the starting conformation was a left-handed α-helix. In the latter case, the trajectory of conformations passed through partially melted forms of the left-handed α-helix (because of electrostatic defects at the ends), and then through the formation of structures leading to the more stable right-handed α-helix.
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  • 139
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1641-1654 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Weight-average molecular weights Mw, second virial coefficients, and z-average radii of gyration 〈S2〉1/2z were determined by light scattering as a function of temperature T for four sodium salt samples of xanthan in 0.01M aqueous NaCl, in which the polysaccharide undergoes an order-disorder conformation change with increasing T. The data for 〈S2〉1/2z and Mw at 25 and 80°C, the lowest and highest temperatures studied, confirmed the previous conclusion that the predominant conformation at the former T, i.e., in the ordered state, is a double helix, while that at the latter T, i.e., in the disordered state, is a dimerized coil expanded by electrostatic repulsions between charged groups of the polymer. As T was increased from 25 to 80°C, 〈S2〉1/2z sigmoidally decreased or increased depending on the dimer's molecular weight. This temperature dependence of 〈S2〉1/2z and that determined elsewhere for a high molecular weight sample were found to be described almost quantitatively by a simple dimer model in which the double helix melts from both ends, when the double-helical fraction in the dimer at a given T estimated previously from optical rotation data was used.
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  • 140
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1687-1690 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 141
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1491-1517 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intercalated complexes of the antitumor antibiotic nogalamycin (NGM) with the double-stranded oligonucleotides d(GCGC)2, d(ATAT)2, and d(ACAC) · d(GTGT) are investigated with the theoretical method SIBFA. The amino sugar part of the drug locates preferentially in the minor groove. An intrinsic preference for the d(ATAT)2 sequence over the d(ACAC) · d(GTGT) and d(GCGC)2 sequences is obtained, corresponding to relative energies 0, 11, and 15 kcal/mole, respectively. A mixed sugar-puckering pattern is preferred in the d(ATAT)2 complex while a uniform sugar-puckering pattern is preferred for the other sequences. No direct specific interaction involves the N+ - H part of protonated NGM. The location of the amino sugar as well as the sequence selectivity is due to the global electrostatic interaction of the dimethylammonium group with the given groove. The two hydroxyl groups of the amino sugar and the carbonyl of the carbomethoxy group encounter partners for hydrogen bonding at the intercalation site, but these interactions do not appear to govern the base sequence selectivity. The nogalose part is not found to be directly involved in the binding or in the selectivity. The conformations of isolated and intercalated NGM are discussed.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerization of fibrin molecules results in the formation of a double-stranded protofibril. Although convincing data have not been presented, it is classically believed that γ-chain cross-linking of fibrin molecules occurs between the longitudinal end-to-end contacts (DD-long contacts) of the molecules within each of the two strands of a protofibril (intrastrand cross-linking). In this investigation the question addressed was whether γ-chain cross-linking takes place across the two strands (interstrand cross-linking) between the transversal half-staggered contacts of the molecules. Demonstration of double-stranded protofibrils in the presence of urea would indicate an interstrand cross-linking, whereas in the case of intrastrand cross-linking, the chaotropic agent urea would dissociate the double-stranded structure to form single-stranded fibrils. Protofibrils were obtained by generating soluble cross-linked fibrin polymers (sXLFbP): After incubation of souble fibrin polymers with Factor XIIIa at 37°C, the polymerization and cross-linking reaction was stopped by the addition of 6M urea and EDTA. Gel filtration of the reaction mixture in the presence of 3M urea was effect in separating sXLFbP from monomeric molecules. The sXLFbP-containing fractions were adsorbed onto mica in the presence of different concentrations of urea and investigated by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing. In the presence of 3M urea the sXLFbP appeared as double-stranded protofibrils. In the presence of 4M urea some parts of the double-stranded structure were found to be unfolded whereas in the presence of 6M urea multiple-bended single-stranded fibrils were observed. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the sXLFbP demonstrated no γ-chain cross-linking within the protofibrils. Ultracentrifugation of the sXLFbP showed that in the presence of 3M urea noncross-linked fibrin polymers dissociated to monomeric molecules. When sXLFbP was centrifuged into 6M urea on sucrose density gradients, no reduction of the polymer size could be observed. The data indicate that γ-chain cross-linking occurs between the transversal contacts of the fibrin molecules within a protofibril, thus generating interstrand cross-linking. A model of the cross-linking of polymerized fibrin molecules is developed and the term DD-trans contact is proposed for this specific alignment of the D-domains.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general treatment for the solution dynamics of segmentally flexible macromolecules having two subunits is presented. Bead modeling allows for a complete inclusion of hydrodynamic interactions in this treatment. The finite size of the beads is also considered, so that it is therefore possible to account properly for torsional motions of the subunits. Expressions for the components of the resistance matrix are derived. From them, the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients can be calculated. Distinction is made between hinged macromolecules, whose only internal motion is bending, and swivel-jointed macromolecules, for which torsions of the subunits are also allowed. Numerical results are presented for broken rods with the two types of flexibility. The effects of hydrodynamic interaction between arms of broken rods are about 25% for translation and under 10% for rotation. These findings give support to the treatments of Harvey, Wegener, and co-workers in which interactions were neglected. The rotational dynamics of hinged and swivel-jointed rods are compared. Although there are differences in the short-time behavior, the longest relaxation time is the same for the two cases. Finally, the validity of Wegener's rotational diffusion constants is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 145
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1831-1838 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cluster analysis techniques were used to examine a set of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the adsorbed and nonadsorbed states. The region from 1480 to 1600 cm-1, comprising the amide II band, was used. Spectra were preprocessed to compensate for linear baseline variation, and the single linkage method of cluster analysis was applied. As expected, the spectra of adsorbed and nonadsorbed BSA fell into two distinct clusters. However, no further clustering was observed among the adsorbed BSA spectra on the basis of surface type, suggesting that surface specificity of the spectral changes induced in BSA by adsorption is not detectable above experimental variation. This work illustrates the value of using cluster analysis in the FT-IR study of proteins as a complement to other data analysis methods.
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  • 146
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1749-1760 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ir spectra of lathyritic rat skin collagen and calf skin gelatin solutions at a variety of temperatures were obtained using Fourier transform ir spectroscopy and a 9-reflection, 2-pass ZnSe prism sample cell. The spectra were then deconvolved (based on Kauppinnen's method) and the behavior of the amide I band at ∼ 1650 cm-1 observed in detail. Throughout the temperature range studied (4-50°C), three component absorption peaks within the amide I band (at 1633, 1643, and 1660 cm-1) are common to the spectra irrespective of the degree of triple helix content of the sample. Changes in the relative intensities of these component peaks are, however, conformationally dependent. During denaturation of the triple helix, the dominant 1660-cm-1 component in the native collagen spectrum diminishes and the 1633-cm-1 peak becomes relatively intensified. The inherently strong basicity of the carbonyl group of the proline residues together with the frequent occurrence of this imino acid in the X position of the Gly-X-Y triplet of collagen largely accounts for the -30-cm-1 shift of the amide I band during denaturation. Temperature and conformationally dependent changes in the fine structure of the amide I band from dilute solutions of collagen can be monitored in a reproducible and quantitative fashion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 147
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    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1787-1793 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation studies of bovine ligamentum nuchae are reported over the frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 GHz and over the temperature range of 23-48°C. A temperature-dependent relaxation process was observed at low megahertz-frequency with the correlation time of around 40 ns. The result is quite similar to that of a synthetic polypentapeptide (VPGVG) and of α-elastin. The relaxation is proposed to arise in part from the peptide libration within the polypentapeptide of bovine ligamentum nuchae.
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  • 148
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1817-1829 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bands within the range of 800-850 cm-1 of Raman spectra of polynucleotides sensitive to the change in conformation of sugar-phosphate backbone are analyzed theoretically. The bands are interpreted as the appearance of a quasi-local deoxyribose vibrational mode whose frequency is dependent on the ring puckering. The localization region of the vibrational mode is pointed out. The theory establishes a relationship between the observed spectral intensity and the population of deoxyribose conformational states described in the framework of the pseudorotation concept. The approach developed allowed one to describe the band shapes and their temperature behavior, and to determine the pseudorotation potential of deoxyribose in the helix B-form of A · T containing polynucleotides. Using the analysis of Raman spectra of DNA fibers in water-ethanol mixture the deoxyribose flexibility during the B-A transition is investigated in terms of the population of conformers and effective potential. It is shown that N- and S-type deoxyribose conformers are populated in the DNA B-form (those of the S-type are preferable), whereas N-type conformers are primarily populated in the DNA A-form.
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  • 149
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 150
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1887-1896 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine hydrochloride has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The peptide is in zwitterionic form with the carboxylic group deprotonated, and with positive charges both in the amino terminal and ∊-amino groups of lysine. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21 and Z = 4, with two peptide molecules in the asymmetric unit, which show different conformations. While one molecule has torsional angles for the Lys-Ala peptide bond (ϕ2, ϕ2) in the β-pleated sheet region, the values for the other molecule are close to those for the α-helix. This molecular flexibility is of interest for the study of H1 histone, which contains this sequence repeated several times. The two lysine residues show fully extended side chains. Two methanol molecules and two acetonitrile molecules are also present in the unit cell. An extensive network of hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions stabilize the crystal structure.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation fo Diastereomeric Zireconiooxycarbene Complexes by Treating of Bis (tert-butyl-Cp)2Zr(butadiene) with hexacarbonyltungstenReaction of (η4-butadiene)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (95:5 s-cis-/s-trans-5 equilibrium mixture) with hexacarbonyltungsten yields the zirconiooxycarbene complex (6), that crystallizes in space group P1 (X-ray analysis). The chiral central metallacyclic ring system and the chiral preferred conformation of the Cp-substituted bent metallocene unit leads to the formation of diastereomeric zirconiooxycarbene complexes 6 and 6′. X-ray structural analysis as well as the 13C CP/MAS spectrum indicate the presence of an 80:20 mixture of the two diastereomeric carbene complexes in the solid state. The existence of equilibrating diastereomers in solution was derived from the temperature dependent NMR spectra of the dissolved carbene complex.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von (η4-Butadien)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium (95:5-s-cis-/s-trans-5-Gleichgewichtsgemisch) mit Hexacarbonylwolfram liefert den Zirconiooxycarbencomplex (6), der in der Raumgruppe P1 kristallisiert (Röntgenstrukturanalyse). Aufgrund des chiralen zentralen metallacyclischen Ringsystems und der chiralen Vorzugskonformation des Cp-substituierten gewinkelten Metallocensystems werden diastereoisomere Zirconiooxycarbenkomplexen 6 und 6′ gebildet. Röntgenstrukturanalyse und 13C-CP/MAS-Spektrum deuten auf das Vorliegen eines 80:20-Gemisches dieser diastereomeren Carbenkomplexe im Festkörper hin. Die temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren des Carbenkomplexes in Lösung werden mit einem Gleichgewicht der Diastereomeren interpretiert.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aminoiminoboranes as Synthons for the Preparation of Three- and Four-membered Rings with the Ring-Atom Sequence BNE, BNBE, BNSiE, and NBNE (E = P, Partly also B, Si, Ge, As)Dihalides AHal2 add to the iminoborane iPr2NBNtBu (1a) to give diaminoboranes iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)-AHal (2j); by the substitution of Hal by NiPr2 or Me in 2e, f, j the derivatives 2k-m are formed. With the aid of alkali metal, the diaminoboranes 2a, c, d, m are dehalogenated to the three-membered ring compounds [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—] with A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr)2 (5), whereas the dechlorination of 2a, c with Li2EPh (E = P, As) yields the four-membered ring products [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] with A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9). Dichlorides ACl2 are added to the iminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b) to give either the diaminoboranes Me3Si(tBu)NB(Cl)N(tBu)— ACl (2n-w) or the four-membered rings [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] with A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a), Me3SiCl being a second product. The same type of ring compound with A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) is formed from 2n-s during the elimination of Me3SiCl by the action of the solvent chloroform at room temperature. The Cl atom in these ring compounds can be substituted by alkyl, amino, or alkoxy groups to give 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. The configuration and conformation of the products in solution and the structure of 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in the solid state are discussed on the basis of NMR and X-ray data, respectively.
    Notes: Die Addition von AHal2 an das Iminoboran iPr2NBNtBu (1a) ergibt die Diaminoborane iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)—AHal (2a-i) und das Triaminoboran (iPr2N)2BN(tBu)—AsBr2 (2j); der Austausch von Hal in 2e, f, j gegen NiPr2 bzw. Me führt zu den Produkten 2k-m. Durch Enthalogenierung von 2a, c, d, m mit Alkalimetall gelangt man zu den Dreiringverbindungen [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)-;A-] mit A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr2) (5), während sich mit Li2EPh (E = P, As) aus 2a,c Vierringverbindungen des Typs [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] mit A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9) bilden. Addiert man ACl2 an das Iminoboran Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b), so entstehen entweder die Diaminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBN(tBu)—ACl (2n-w) oder unter Abspaltung von Me3SiCl die Vierring verbindungen [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] mit A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a). Denselben Typ von Vierringverbindungen mit A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) erhält man neben Me3SiCl bei der Einwirkung von Chloroform auf 2n-s. Durch Austausch des an das B-, P- oder As-Atom in jenen Vierringen gebundenen Cl-Rests gegen Alkyl-, Amino- und Alkoxygruppen kommt man zu den Derivaten 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. Die Konfiguration aller Produkte in Lösung wird anhand der NMR-Spektren und die Struktur von 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in festem Zustand anhand röntgenographischer Untersuchungen diskutiert.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of, and Reactions with, Metal-Containing heterocycles, LIX.  -  Synthesis and Properties of ηn2-Thiophosphinito complexes of CobaltThe η2-thiophosphinito complexes (OC)2(R2R12P)Co(η2-PR32S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n) are obtained by reaction of ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] with the secondary phosphane sulfides R32HP=S in the presence of Et(iPr)2N. The Me2PS und Et2PS compounds 3a,b,d oligomerize easily to form [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Upon exchange of PR12R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m by PPh2Me, PPhMe2, and PMe3 in addition to the η2-thiophosphinito complexes 3f,g,l the dimeric species [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o) are formed. The dimerization tendency depends on the steric demand of the substituents R1, R2, and R3. The substituents R1 and R2 in 5f,g are responsible for energetically preferred preferred rotamers, which are indicated in the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra. The barrier of rotation is calculated to give ΔG≠ = 42 kJ/mol. According to X-ray structural analysis (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co-(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c), and [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) crystallize in the space group P21/c, P1 and P21/c with Z = 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] mit den sekundären Phosphansulfiden R23HP = S erhält man in Gegenwart von Et(iPr)2N die η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexe (OC)2(R2R21P)Co(η2-PR23S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n). Die Me2PS und Et2PS-Verbindungen 3a,b,d oligomerisieren leicht unter Bildung von [(OC)2(R2R21P)Co(μ-PR23S]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Beim Austausch von PR21R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m durch PPh2-Me, PPhMe2 und PMe3 entstehen neben den η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexen 3f,g,l die dimeren Spezies [(OC)2(R21P) Co(μ-PR23S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o). Die Dimerisierungstendenz hängt von dem sterischen Anspruch der Substituenten R1, R2 und R3 ab. Die Substituenten R1 und R2 in 5f,g sind für energetisch bevorzugte Rotamere verantwortlich, die sich in den 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektren zu erkennen geben. Die Rotationsbarriere berechnet sich zu ΔG≠ = 42 kj/mol. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalysen kristallisieren (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c) und [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) in der Raumgruppe P21/c, P1 bzw. P21/c mit Z = 4, 2 bzw. 2.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1085-1091 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Syntheses via transition Metal Complexes, 28.  -  3- and 4-Imino-2-azetidinones from Isocyanides and Manganese Carbene Complex(CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reacts stepwise with two equivalents of isocyanides R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In the first step ketenimine complexes 3 are obtained. These have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. 3 reacts with 2. An addition of bulky 2a to 3a leads to the disengagement of N-cyclohexyl ketenimine 7. In contrast, 2b,c on reaction with 3b,c form isomeric 4- and 3-imino-2-azetidinylidene complexes 4 and 5, resp. By a consecutive incorporation of two different isocyanides it could be demonstrated that products 4 are obtained by a [3 + 1] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the side opposite to the metal) but 5 is formed by a [2 + 2] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the metal side) in a competition process. The formation of 5 is favoured on higher reaction temperatures. 4 and 5 on decomposition with KMnO4 in a two-phase system ether/water give good yields of 4-imino- 9 and 3-imino-2-azetidinones 10, resp.
    Notes: (CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reagiert stufenweise mit zwei äquivalenten Isocyanid R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In der ersten Stufe entstehen Keteniminkomplexe 3, die isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Sie bilden mit Isocyaniden  -  abhängig von deren Raumbedarf  -  unterschiedliche Produkte. 3a addiert sperriges 2a am Metall unter Verdrängung von N-Cyclohexylketenimin 7. 3b,c hingegen addieren 2b,c am Keteniminliganden zu isomeren 4- und 3-Imino-2-azetidinyliden-Komplexen 4 bzw. 5. Markierungsexperimente durch stufenweisen Einbau zweier unterschiedlicher Isocyanide ergaben, daß 4 durch [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition von 2 and 3 auf der vom Metall abgewandten Seite, 5 durch [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition auf der Metallseite entsteht. Mit steigender Reaktionstemperatur verschiebt sich das Konkurrenzverhältnis 4:5 zugunsten von 5. 4 und 5 lassen sich mit KMnO4 im Zweiphasensystem Ether/Wasser glatt in 4-Imino- 9 bzw. 3-Imino-2-azetidinone 10 umwandeln.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkali Triazaphosphininolates  -  synthesis and ReactionsThe alkali triazaphosphininolates 2, 3, 4, and 6 are obtained by the reaction of 2,2-difluoro- or 2,2-dichloro-4,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinine (1 and 5) with NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2, or KOCMe3 and LiOSiMe3. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reacts with 1 in a molar ratio 1:1 or 2:1 to give the siloxy-substituted compounds 8 and 92). The 2-fluoro-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 72) is formed in the reaction of 4 with HF. 7 reacts with KOH to yield 2. The reaction of the sodium triazaphosphininolate 3 with ClSiMe3 leads to the formation of the siloxytriazaphosphinine 10. The N-lithiotriazaphosphinine-2-amines 13 and 14 are obtained from the aminofunctional compounds 11 and 12 and LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reacts with ClSiMe3 to give LiCl and 15.
    Notes: Die Alkali-triazaphosphininolate 2, 3, 4 und 6 werden durch Reaktion von 2,2-Difluor- bzw. 2,2-Dichlor-4,6-bis(trifluormethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinin (1 bzw. 5) mit NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2 oder KOCMe3 sowie mit LiOSiMe3 erhalten. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reagiert mit 1 im molaren Verhältnis 1:1 bzw. 2:1 zu den Siloxyverbindungen 8 und 9. Das 2-Fluor-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 7 entsteht aus 4 und HF. 7 kann mit KOH in 2 übergeführt werden. Natrium-triazaphosphininolat 3 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zum Siloxy-triazaphospininolat 10. Die N-Lithio-triazaphosphinin-2-amine 13 und 14 entstehen aus den aminofunktionellen Verbindungen 11 und 12 mit LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zu LiCl und 15.
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  • 156
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1115-1118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Insertion of Alkynes into Organonickel Functions as a Synthesis of Vinylnickel CompoundsThe diamagnetic vinylnickel compounds trans-Ni(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) are formed by insertion of diphenyl-ethyne and 1-phenylpropyne into methyl- or phenylnickel moieties as Z isomers, that are thermally equilibrated with their E isomers. 1-Phenylethyne and 1-phenylpropyne selectively produce (1-phenylvinyl)nickel compounds. Exchange of halide gives bromides 1b, 2b, 4b and iodides 1c, 2c, 4c, and a cyanide 1d. Action of LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) on 1a followed by reductive elimination yields olefins RR1C=CR2R3 while mineral acids or iodine cleave the Ni—C bonds of 1a to give the corresponding olefins (R = H, I). A high-yield synthesis of chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphane)nickel is also described.
    Notes: Die diamagnetischen Vinylnickel-Verbindungen trans-Ni-(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) bilden sich durch Einschiebung von Diphenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin in Methyl- oder Phenyl-nickel-Einheiten als Z-Isomere, die thermisch mit ihren E-Isomeren ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden. 1-Phenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin ergeben selektiv (1-Phenylvinyl)nickel-Verbindungen. Austausch von Halogen liefert die Bromide 1b, 2b, 4b, die Iodide 1c, 2c, 4c und ein Cyanid 1d. Einwirken von LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) auf 1a mit anschließender reduktiver Eliminierung ergibt Olefin RR1C=CR2R3, während Mineralsäuren oder Iod die Ni—C-Bindungen von 1a spalten und die entsprechenden Olefine (R = H, I) erzeugen. Eine ergiebige Synthese von Chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphan)nickel wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
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  • 157
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen transfer Reactions, 111).  -  The Disproportionation of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene by Colloidal NickelThe disproportionation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene catalysed by colloidal nickel is a multistep reaction. The dehydrogenation occurs strictly cis selectively. Before the hydrogenation step, the hydrogen loses its molecular identity. Thus the direct H-transfer between two molecules of 1,4-cyclohexadiene2) is excluded.
    Notes: Die Disproportionierung von 1,4-Cyclohexadien an kolloidalem Nickel läuft als mehrstufige Reaktion ab, bei der die Dehydrierung cis-selektiv erfolgt. Der Wasserstoff verliert vor der Addition seine molekulare Identität, so daß eine direkte H-Übertragung zwischen den Molekülen2) ausgeschlossen ist.
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  • 158
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enatioselective catalysis, 5.  -  New Ligands with four Stereogenic Centers. Synthesis and Separation of the Separation of the three Diastereomeric [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′(R,S]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)-pyrrolidinesFrom (3R,4R)-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidine (1a) or the N-benzyl derivative 1b [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) resp. its N-benzyl derivative 2b-* were prepared as diastereomeric mixture. From 2a-* isomerically pure (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) was prepared. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*), obtained from 2a-*, was a mixture of the three possible diastereomers. This mixture could be separated through the palladium complexes of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives 8c-*. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) and for comparison [(3R,4R)-1-benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) pyrrolidine-P,P′](1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (11) were characterised by X-ray crystallography.
    Notes: Ausgehend von (3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (1a), bzw. dem N-Benzyl-Derivat 1b wurden [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) und dessen N-Benzyl-Derivat 2b-* als Diastereomerengemische hergestellt. Aus 2a-* wurde isomerenreines (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-Bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) dargestellt. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*) wurde aus 2a-* als Diastereomerengemisch erhalten, dessen Auftrennung über die Palladiumkomplexe der N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Derivate 8c-* gelang. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) und zum Vergleich [(3R,4R)-1-Benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin-P,P′] (1,5-cyclooctadien)rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborat (11) wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
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  • 159
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1143-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: heterotricycles via,/Intramolecular 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkenyl-Substituted 3,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-pyrimidinium-4-olatesThe synthesis of the title compounds of type 5 and 10 as well as their intramolecular cycloaddition reactions which form the products 4 or 12, respectively, are described.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5 und 10 sowie ihre intramolekularen Cycloadditionen zu den Produkten 4 bzw. 12 werden beschrieben.
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  • 160
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatic Liquid Crystals, 8.  -  Bi-and Tercyclohexyl Derivatives by Claisen RearrangementClaisen rearrangement of the acrylic esters 7 and 21 transfers the configuration of the cyclohexenols trans-2 and trans-17 to the aldehydes 11 and 23. Robinson annelation converts the latter to the title compounds 15a and 27a. The synthetic sequence is designed to be iterative via 14a, b. Two esters of the all-trans-tercyclohexyl alcohol 27a with broad smectic phase ranges are described.
    Notes: Durch Claisen-Umlagerung der Acrylsäureester 7 und 21 wird die Konfiguration der Cyclohexenole trans-2 und trans-17 auf die Aldehyde 11 und 23 übertragen. Robinson-Anellierung führt von dort zu den Titelverbindungen 15a und 27a. Die Aufbaufolge ist über 14a, b iterativ angelegt. Zwei Ester des all-trans-Tercyclohexylalkohols 27a mit breiten smektischen Phasenbereichen werden beschrieben.
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  • 161
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Very Soluble and Photostable Perylene Fluorescent DyesThe synthesis of perylene dyes 2 with two terminal alkyl groups is described. Long-chain alkyl groups do not increase, but diminish solubility. Cycloalkyl substituents give a minimum of solubility with medium sized rings and a maximum with the cyclotetradecyl derivative (2p). Very high solubility in organic solvents is attained by substitution with secondary alkyl residues having two long chains. One of them, the dye with the 1-hexylheptyl substituent (2v), exhibits a solubility of more than 100 g/l in most solvents, a fluorescent quantum yield of about 100%, and a very high photostability, thus making it suitable for special applications.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Perylenfarbstoffen 2 mit terminalen Alkylgruppen wird beschrieben. Langkettige n-Alkylgruppen führen nicht zu einer Erhöhung der Löslichkeit, sondern zu einer Erniedrigung. Cycloalkyl-Reste bewirken ein Minimum an Löslichkeit im Bereich der mittleren Ringe und ein Maximum beim Cyclotetradecyl-Rest (2p). Starke Löslichkeitserhöhungen bewirken sekundäre Alkylreste mit zwei langen Ketten. Von diesen ist der Farbstoff 2v mit zwei 1-Hexylheptyl-Resten mit einer Löslichkeit von über 100 g/l in den meisten Lösungsmitteln, einer Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute von ca. 100% und einer ausgesprochen hohen Lichtechtheit auch für Spezialanwendungen geeignet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (Phthalocyaninato)cobalt(III) Adducts with Nitrogen Bases(Phthalocyaninato)cobalt dichloride, PcCoCl2, does not react with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), pyrazine (pyz), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) to form phthalocyaninato complexes [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) containing Co3+ as the central metal atom. Instead the mixed complexes PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl) are obtained exclusively, which are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: (Phthalocyaninato)cobaltdichlorid, PcCoCl2, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L = Pyridin (py), Pyrazin (pyz), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy) nicht zu Phthalocyaninato-Komplexen [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) mit Co3+ als Zentralatom. Es entstehen ausschließlich die gemischten Komplexe PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl), die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 163
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of (Phthalocyaninato)rhodium(III) ComplexesChloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reacts with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) as well as with cyclohexyl isocyanide (c-hxNC) to form the mixed complexes PcRh(L)Cl. These are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: Chloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L [L = Pyridin (py), 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (dabco)] sowie mit L = Cyclohexylisocyanid (c-hxNC) zu den gemischten Komplexen PcRh(L)Cl, die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 164
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 253-269 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektron-Transfer-Photochemie von Benzocyclobutenen. - Stereospezifische elektrocyclische Reaktionen ihrer Kation-RadikaleDie leichte Aktivierung von cis- und trans-1,2-Diphenylbenzocyclobuten (DBC) entweder durch Bestrahlung der Charge-transfer-Verbindung mit Tetracyanethylen oder durch Photosensibilisierung mit Chloranil führt zu einer Serie schneller [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Die Rolle des Kationradikals DBC+. als reaktives Zwischenprodukt, das eine stereospezifische conrotatorische Cycloreversion eingeht, wird vorwiegend über „Kontakt“- oder „Lösungsmittel-getrennte“ Ionen-Paare erklärt. Solche Cycloadditionen, die durch einen Elektronentransfer eingeleitet werden, werden im Zusammenhang mit einer thermischen Valenztautomerie von DBC diskutiert, wie sie früher von Huisgen, Quinkert und Mitarbeitern begründet wurden.
    Notes: The facile activation of cis- and trans-1,2-diphenylbenzocyclobutene (DBC) either by charge-transfer irradiation of the electron donor-acceptor complex with tetracyanoethylene or by chloranil photosensitization leads to a series of rapid [4 + 2] cycloadditions. The role of the cation radical DBC+. as the reactive intermediate which undergoes a stereospecific, conrotatory cycloreversion is delineated, especially with regard to “contact” and “solvent-separated” ion pairs. Such cycloadditions induced by electron transfer are discussed in the context of the thermal valence tautomerization of DBC previously established by Huisgen, Quinkert, and co-workers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes with Biologically Important Ligands, XLIV. - Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) as Amino Protecting Groups. Metal Complexes with Silyl Esters and Acid Chlorides as Ligands and Peptide Synthesis at the ComplexThe cleavage of the chelate ring of platinum(II) and palladium(II) glycinate, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), by trialkylchlorosilanes results in the formation of the complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1). Treatment of 1 or of cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2, respectively, with oxalyl chloride and DMF gives the α-amino acid chloride complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) from which - using N-(trimethylsilyl)-α-amino acid esters - a series of dipeptide complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(dipeptideOR)2 (R = H, alkyl, SiMe3) (3) has been obtained. trans-Palladium complexes of type 3 and of type cis-Pd-Cl2(HisNHCHRCO2Et) (4) are also formed form the corresponding α-amino acid complexes and α-amino acid ester with a watersoluble carbodiimide.
    Notes: Der Chelatring von Platin(II)- und Palladium(II)-glycinat, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), läßt sich mit Trialkylchlorsilanen unter Bildung der Dichlorobis(glycin-silylester)-Komplexe, cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1), öffnen. Aus 1 oder den Komplexen MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2 werden mit Oxalylchlorid und DMF die α-Aminosäurechlorid-Verbindungen cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) erhalten, welche mit N-(Trimethylsilyl)-α-aminosäureestern die Dipeptid-Komplexe cis-, trans-MCl2(DipeptidOR)2 (R = H, Alkyl, SiMe2) (3) liefern. trans-Palladium-Komplexe vom Typ 3 und vom Typ cis-PdCl2(His-NHCHRCO2Et) (4) entstehen auch aus den entsprechenden α-Aminosäure-Komplexen und dem α-Aminosäureester mit einem wasserlöslichen Carbodiimid.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Properties of Tellurium-Tellurium Bonds, VI.  -  Structure and Barrier of Interconversion of Enantiomeric Conformations of Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellaneOxidation of lithium (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)telluride provides red and strong refractive needles of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-ditellane (1) which crystallize monoclinically in the space group C2/c. The bond distance d(Te-Te), the bond angle at the Te atoms, and the torsion angle at the Te-Te bond were found to be 271.3 pm, 100.6°, and 92.1°, respectively. The C2 symmetry of the molecule gives rise to different chemical surroundings for both tert-butyl groups in ortho position belonging to the aryl groups. This effect can also be observed in solution at low temperatures. For the first time, dynamic NMR spectroscopy succeeded in determination of the barrier of rotation about a Te-Te bond. This barrier was found to be 40.9 kJ · mol-1 and is 20% less than that in the corresponding diselane.
    Notes: Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellan (1) wird durch Oxidation von Lithium-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)tellurid in Form roter, stark lichtbrechender Kristalle erhalten. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c. Der Bindungsabstand d(Te-Te) beträgt 271.3 pm, der Bindungswinkel an den Te-Atomen 100.6° und der Torsionswinkel an der Te-Te-Bindung 92.1°. Durch die C2-Symmetrie besitzen die beiden ortho-ständigen tert-Butylgruppen der Substituenten unterschiedliche chemische Umgebung, die auch in Lösung bei tiefen Temperaturen erkennbar wird. Aus NMR-spektroskopischen Daten gelang erstmals die Bestimmung der Rotationsbarriere um eine Te-Te-Bindung; sie beträgt 40.9 kJ · mol-1. Dieser Wert ist um 20% kleiner als für das entsprechende Diselan.
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  • 167
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Chinolepoxide des p-Kresols und Östrons mittels Photooxygenierung und Titan(IV)- oder Vanadium(V)-katalysiertem SauerstofftransferWenn 4-Hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-on (1) und 10β-Hydroperoxy-1,4-östradien-3,17-dion (3), die durch Photooxygenierung von p-Kresol bzw. Östron leicht zugänglich sind, mit Ti(OiPr)4 behandelt werden, entstehen die Chinolepoxide 5 bzw. 6a, b. Es werden dabei auch signifikante Mengen der Chinole 2 bzw. 4 gebildet, welche durch Sharpless-Oxidation mit tert-Butylhydroperoxid und Ti(OiPr)4 oder VO(acac)2 als Katalysatoren in hohen Ausbeuten in 5 bzw. 6a, b übergeführt werden konnten. Epoxidierung des Chinols 4 mit m-CPBA ergab durch Bayer-Villiger-Umlagerung bevorzugt das Lacton 7, was den Vorzug der jetzigen synthetischen Methode unterstreicht.
    Notes: On treatment with Ti(OiPr)4, 4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (1) and 10β-hydroperoxy-1,4-estradiene-3,17-dione (3), readily available by photooxygenation of p-cresol and estrone, respectively, were converted to the corresponding epoxy quinols 5 and 6a, b. Also significant amounts of the respective quinols 2 and 4 were obtained, which could be transformed in high yields into 5 and 6a, b by Sharpless oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide using Ti(OiPr)4 or VO(acac)2 as catalysts. Epoxidation of the quinol 4 with m-CPBA led preferentially to the lactone 7 by Bayer-Villiger rearrangement, showing the advantage of the present synthetic method.
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  • 168
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 169
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dehalogenation of Geminal Dihalocyclopropanes, α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones, and Haloketones by Means of Magnesium Anthracene·3THF1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane (1a), 7,7-dichloro-, and 7,7-dibromonorcarane (1b) react with magnesium anthracene·3THF (2) under stepwise radical reduction to give 9a, b, 11a, b and 10, carbene products 6a, a′, b and 7a, b, and the alkylation products 4a, b and 5a, b, respectively. The distribution of the reaction products is strongly dependent upon the substrate and upon the reaction conditions: for instance, 1a in toluene undergoes a highly selective reduction to yield 9a, whereas in THF at low temperature 4a and 5a predominate. The reaction course proposed for the reaction of 1a with 2 is supported by deuteration experiments. α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones 12a-e can be reduced with 2 to give α-chlorocyclobutanones 13a-e in moderate to good yields; 12d is thereby converted in high purity into endo-13d. The reduction of 2-haloketones 15a-f with 2 in THF to the ketones 16a-f is possible only in low or moderate yields.
    Notes: 1,1-Dichlor-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropan (1a), 7,7-Dichlor- und 7,7-Dibromnorcaran (1b) reagieren mit Magnesiumanthracen·3THF (2) unter stufenweiser radikalischer Reduktion zu 9a, b bzw. 11a, b und 10, zu Carbenprodukten 6a, a′, b und 7a, b sowie zu Alkylierungsprodukten 4a, b und 5a, b. Die Verteilung der Reaktionsprodukte ist in starkem Maße vom Substrat und von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängig: 1a wird beispielsweise in Toluol mit hoher Selektivität zu 9a reduziert, während in THF bei tiefer Temperatur 4a und 5a Überwiegen. Der für die Reaktion von 1a mit 2 vorgeschlagene Reaktionsablauf wird durch Deuterierungsversuche unterstützt. α,α-Dichlorcyclobutanone 12a-e lassen sich mit 2 in THF in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu α-Chlorcyclobutanonen 13a-e reduzieren, 12d liefert dabei in hoher Reinheit das endo-13d. Die Reduktion von 2-Halogenketonen 15a-f mit 2 in THF zu den Ketonen 16a-f ist nur in geringen bis mäßigen Ausbeuten möglich.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Addition of Lithium Alkanides to IminoboranesIn the presence of tmeda, lithium methanide, LiMe, can be added to the iminoboranes XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) in a molar ratio of 2:1; the products are the cyclobutene-type azaboraazoniaborata ring compounds 3a-c. In solutions of 3a-c, the Li(tmeda) group undergoes a fluctuation from one N-atom to the other. The X-ray analysis shows that the Li(tmeda) group in crystalline 3a is bonded to one distinct N-atom; the 4 BN bond lengths in the nonplanar ring structure of 3a are found in a range between 142.5 and 163.3 pm; the structure is illustrated by the determination of the X-X-deformation electron density. The more stable iminoboranes 1d, e [X = tBu, N(tBu)-SiMe3], partly 1c, too, are alkylolithiated by LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) in a regio- and stereospecific way to give the crystalline aminoboranes R-(X)B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda); a facile exchange of the Li(tmeda) group by electrophiles is observed. tBu2B=N-(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a relatively short BN double bond of 138.3 pm.
    Notes: Die Iminoborane XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) addieren in Gegenwart von tmeda Lithiummethanid LiMe im Verhältnis 2:1 unter Ausbildung der Cyclobuten-homologen Azaboraazoniaborata-Ringverbindungen 3a-c. In Lösungen von 3a-c fluktuiert die Li(tmeda)-Gruppe zwischen den Ring-N-Atomen. Die röntgenographische Bestimmung der Struktur von 3a ergibt eine an ein Ring-N-Atom fixierte Li(tmeda)-Gruppe und einen nicht planaren Vierring mit 4 ungleichen BN-Abständen zwischen 142.5 und 163.3 pm; die Beschreibung der Struktur wird durch die Bestimmung von Deformationselektronendichten ergänzt. Die stabileren Imonoborane 1d, e [X = tBu) N(tBu)-SiMe3], z. T. auch 1c, addieren die Lithiumalkanide LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) regio- und stereospezifisch zu den kristallinen Aminoboranen R-(X)-B=N(tBu) -Li(tmeda) mit einer elektrophil leicht austauschbaren Li(tmeda)-Gruppe. Die Verbindung tBu2B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) kristallisiert monoklin mit einem für eine relativ kurze BN-Doppelbindung typischen Abstand von 138.3 pm.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 5-Oxazolone, II. - 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone: Synthese und säurekatalysierte Umwandlung in 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 2 wurden durch Arylierung der entsprechenden 5(4H)-oxazolone 1 mit 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzol-Derivaten unter Phasentransfer-Bedingungen dargestellt. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 5 wurden ähnlich aus den entsprechenden Derivaten 1 und 2-Chlor-3,5-dinitropyridin erhalten. Durch Reaktion mit Methanol und p-Toluolsulfonsäure lagerten die Oxazolone 2 in die entsprechenden 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate 8 um. Unter denselben Bedingungen lieferten die Oxazolone 5 eine Mischung der entsprechend substituierten 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine 7 und der substituierten Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine 12. In allen Fällen trat als Konkurrenzreaktion Solvolyse zu substituierten Glycinestern 9 und 11 auf. Reaktionswege werden diskutiert.
    Notes: 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 were prepared by arylation of the corresponding 5(4H)-oxazolones 1 under phase-transfer conditions with the corresponding 1-halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 5 were obtained similarly from the corresponding 1 and 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine. On reaction with methanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, oxazolones 2 rearranged to the corresponding 1-hydroxy-1H-indazole derivatives 8. Under the same conditions oxazolones 5 afforded a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridines 7 and substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines 12. In all cases the solvolysis reaction, yielding substituted glycine esters 9 and 11, was competitive with the rearrangement. Reaction paths are discussed.
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  • 172
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Radical Type Cyclisation of Dienes, II. - The Regio-and Stereoselectivity of Radical Cyclopentane Synthesis from Dienes via Alkenylmercury SaltsWhen ethyl 8-methoxy-2,7-octadienoate (1) is treated with mercury(II) acetate in the presence of calcium oxide and methanol followed by reduction with NaBH4 a mixture of ethyl cis- and trans-[2-(dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]acetate (cis-2 and trans-2) is obtained regioselectively in 90% yield. Under analogous conditions ethyl (1′S,2′S3′R,4′R)-[3-(dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetate (4a) is obtained exclusively in a regio- and stereoselective manner from ethyl (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propenoate (3) in 70% yield. This proves radical type cyclisations of optically active derivatives of 1 to proceed not only regioselectively but also with high stereoselectivity.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von 8-Methoxy-2,7-octadiensäure-ethylester (1) mit Quecksilber(II)-acetat in Gegenwart von Calciumoxid und Methanol und anschließender NaBH4-Reduktion wird regioselektiv in 90proz. Ausbeute ein Gemisch von cis- und trans-[2-(Dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]essigsäure-ethylester (cis-2a und trans-2a) erhalten. Unter analogen Reaktionsbedingungen entsteht aus (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-Methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propensäure-ethylester (3) regio- und stereoselektiv in 70 proz. Ausbeute nur (1′S,2′S,3′R,4′R)-[3-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]essigsäure-ethylester (4a). Damit ist sichergestellt, daß die radikalische Cyclisierung von optisch aktiven Derivaten von 1 unter den angegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht nur regioselektiv, sondern auch mit hoher Stereoselektivität verläuft.
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  • 173
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Thermolyseverhalten von C5H8-Kohlenwasserstoffen.  -  Gasphasen-Thermolyse von Cuncan, ein neues Beispiel für die Freisetzung hoher SpannungsenergieDie Kinetik der Gasphasenthermolyse von Cunean2) (1) wurde im Temperaturbereich von 180-220°C untersucht. Es handelt sich um eine Reaktion erster Ordnung, die zu zwei C8H8-Isomeren führt, zu Semibullvalen (2) und Cyclooctatetraen (3). Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist abhängig von der Temperatur entsprechend der Arrhenius-Gleichung log(k/s-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. Die Arrheniusparameter stimmen mit einem biradikalischen Mechanismus überein, der zur Bildung von Semibullvalen (2) führt. Die Produktverteilung ist druckabhängig. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß das zuerst gebildete Semibullvalen (2) hoch schwingungsangeregt (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) ist und zu Cyclooctatetraen (3) weiterreagiert.
    Notes: The kinetics of thermal decomposition of cuneane2) (1) in the gas phase have been investigated in the temperature range 180-220°C. The reaction is a clean first-order homogeneous process leading to the formation of two C8H8 isomers, viz., semibullvalene3) (2) and cyclooctatetraene (3). The rate constant varies with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation log(k/S-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. The Arrhenius parameters are consistent with a biradical mechanism leading to the formation of semibullvalene (2). The product proportions are pressure-dependent which strongly suggests that semibullvalene (2) is initially formed with high vibrational energy content (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) and can react further to give cyclooctatetraene (3).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 174
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trapping Reactions for Unstable [1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl] Dialkyl PhosphitesThe reaction of ClP(OR)2 1a-d (R = Me, Et; R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) with hexafluoroacetone yields the thermally unstable phosphites ClC(CF3)2OP(OR)2 4a-d besides other products. Trimethyl phosphite converts 4a-d into the phosphates (MeO)2P(O)OC(CF3)2P(OR)2 (R = Me, Et) 5a and b and the phosphonates (MeO)2P(O)C(CF3)2OP(OR)2 (R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) 5c and d, Compounds formed in an Arbuzov reaction.
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  • 175
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 176
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for the Formation of P—P Bonds  -  Synthesis of Cyclic Diphosphane MonosulfidesAttempts to synthesize the silyl ester of dimethylthiophosphorous acid Me2P—S—SiMe3 by treating diemthylphosphane sulfide Me2P(S)H with Me2N—SiMe3 almost quantitatively lead to the diphosphane monosulfide Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) besides (Me3Si)2S. If disecondary phosphane sulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)MeH are employed instead of Me2P(S)H the monosulfides of the 1,2-diphospholanes or 1,2-diphosphinanes 7a and 7b, respectively, are obtained. Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone to 7a or 7b affords oxyphosphoranes with λ4P—λ5P bonds.
    Notes: Beim Versuch, Dimethylphosphansulfid Me2P(S)H durch Umsetzung mit Me2N—SiMe3 in den Silylester der Dimethylthiophosphorigen Säure Me2P—S—SiMe3 zu überführen, wurde neben (Me3Si)2S ausschließlich das Diphosphanmonosulfid Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) erhalten. Die Übertragung dieses Reaktionsprinzips auf die disekundären Phosphansulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)-MeH (n = 3,4; 6a, b) macht die Monosulfide der 1,2-Diphospholane bzw. 1,2-Diphosphinane 7a bzw. 7b zugänglich. Oxidative Addition von Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon an 7a bzw. 7b liefert Oxyphosphorane mit λ4P—λ5P-Strukturelementen.
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  • 177
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 397-406 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions with (R)-and (S)-2-Hydroxy-1,2,2-triphenylethyl Acetate and Related Glycol Monoacetates1)The enolate 7a, formed by double deprotonation of the ester 5a, is added to aldehydes. The influences of the enolate gegenion, of the solvent, and of the reaction temperature on the ratio of the isomeric products 9:10 are studied. The highest degrees of diastereoselectivity are obtained, when the magnesium enolate 7a (M = MgX) is used. The basic hydrolysis of the adducts 9/10 affords β-hydroxycarboxylic acids in corresponding optical purity. Thereby, the chiral auxiliary reagent, triphenylglycol (6a), is recovered. The aldol reaction of the doubly deprotonated esters 5b-f points to the structural parameters, which might be responsible for the high diastereoselectivity of the acetate 5a. In the mass spectra of the diol 6a and of the esters 5a, 5b, 5d, and 9a-c, unusual rearrangements are observed.
    Notes: Das durch zweifache Deprotonierung des Esters 5a erzeugte Enolat 7a wird an Aldehyde addiert. Dabei werden die Einflüsse von Enolat-Gegenion, Lösungsmittel und Reaktionstemperatur auf das Verhältnis der isomeren Produkte 9:10 untersucht. Die höchsten Diastereoselektivitäten lassen sich mit dem Magnesiumenolat 7a (M = MgX) erzielen. Alkalische Hydrolyse der Addukte 9/10 führt unter Rückgewinnung des chiralen Hilfsmittels Triphenylglycol (6a) zu β-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 11 mit entsprechender optischer Reinheit. Die Aldolreaktionen der zweifach deprotonierten Ester 5b-f liefern erste Hinweise auf die Strukturparameter, die für die hohe Diastereoselektivität des Acetats 5a ausschlaggebend sein könnten. Ungewöhnliche Umlagerungen treten in den Massenspektren des Diols 6a sowie der Ester 5a, 5b, 5d und 9a-c auf.
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  • 178
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Struktur von Cp3U=CHPMe3: Eine Verbindung mit U=C-MehrfachbindungGrünes, kristallines Cp3U=CHPMe3 wurde durch Umsetzung von Cp3UCl mit Li[CH2]2PMe2 oder H2C=PMe3 dargestellt. Seine Kristallstruktur wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse an Einkristallen bestimmt. Der kurze U=CH-Abstand von 2.274(8) Å und der große Winkel U—C—P von 143.5(5)° deuten Uran-Kohlenstoff-Mehrfachbindungscharakter an. Die 1J (13C1H)-Kopplungskonstanten in den CH-Gruppen zwischen Uran und Phosphor von Cp3U=CHPMe3 (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz) und Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) sind auffallend klein. Den Strukturdaten kann aber keine agostische UCHP-Wechselwirkung entnommen werden.
    Notes: Green, crystalline Cp3U=CHPMe3 has been synthesized by the reaction of Cp3UCl with Li[CH2]2PMe2 or CH2=PMe3. Its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The short U=CH bond distance, 2.274(8) Å, and large U—C—P angle, 143.5(5)°, indicate uranium-carbon multiple bond character. The 1J(13C1H) coupling constants within the CH group between uranium and phosphorus in Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz), and Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) are surprisingly small, but no agostic interaction UCHP can be derived from the structural data.
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  • 179
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Alkylation of Arenes with Threonine TrifluoromethanesulfonatesN-Phthaloylthreonine and -allothreonine methyl esters 3 react with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride/pyridine in dichloromethane to give threonine and allothreonine, respectively, trifluoromethanesulfonates 4 in quantitative yields. Arenes can be alkylated with compounds 4 to yield β-methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanine methyl esters 6 without any racemization at C-2 of the amino acids. With respect to C-3 of the amino acids, the threonine derivatives 4b (2R,3S) and 4c (2S,3R) react to give 6e (2R,3R) and 6f (2S,3S) with almost complete retention of configuration, whereas the allothreonine derivatives 4e, f suffer from extensive racemization. The unexpected stereoselectivity of the alkylation with compounds 4b, c is explained by steric hindrance of rotation and simultaneous shielding of the backside of the intermediate carbocation by the phthaloyl group.
    Notes: Umsetzung der N-Phthaloylthreonin- oder -allothreonin-methyl-ester 3 mit Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid/Pyridin in Dichlormethan führt in quantitativer Ausbeute zu Threonin- bzw. Allothreonin-trifluormethansulfonaten 4, mit denen sich Aromaten in Gegenwart von Trifluormethansulfonsäure unter Erhaltung der Konfiguration an C-2 der Aminosäuren zu β-Methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanin-methylestern 6 alkylieren lassen. Bezüglich der Konfiguration an C-3 der Aminosäuren reagieren die Threonin-Derivate 4b (2R,3S) und 4c (2S,3R) unter fast vollständiger Retention zu 6e (2R,3R) und 6f (2S,3S), während mit den Allothreonin-Derivaten 4e (2R,3R) und 4f (2S,3S) weitgehend Racemisierung erfolgt. Die überraschende stereoselektive Aromatenalkylierung mit den Verbindungen 4b, c wird durch Rotationshinderung bei gleichzeitiger Rückseitenabschirmung des intermediären Carbokations durch die N-Phthaloylgruppe gedeutet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 431-441 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions, 12.  -  Influence of Aromatic Alkyl Groups on the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Aryl Allenecarboxylates and of AllenecarboxanilidesThe aryl allenecarboxylates 4a-o and the allenecarboxanilides 9a,b,e,h, and 1, which differ from one another only by the number or by the size of the alkyl groups attached to the arene, are synthesized by the ylide method via the appropriately substituted 2-halo-, 2-phosphonio-, and 2-phosphoranylideneacetic acid derivatives (1→2→3→4 and 6→7→8→9, resp.). By refluxing in xylene they are transformed into the tricyclic compounds 5 and 10; the rates and their differences are discussed.
    Notes: Die Allencarbonsäure-arylester 4a-o und die Allencarboxanilide 9a,b,e,h und 1, die sich jeweils lediglich durch die Anzahl oder die Größe der am Aromaten befestigten Alkylgruppen unterscheiden, werden auf dem Ylidweg über entsprechend substituierte 2-Halogen-, 2-Phosphonio- und 2-Phosphoranylidenessigsäure-Derivate (1→2→3→4 bzw. 6→7→8→9) hergestellt und in siedendem Xylol in die tricyclischen Verbindungen 5 bzw. 10 übergeführt. Die Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede bei dieser Intramolekularen Diels-Alder-Reaktion werden diskutiert.
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  • 181
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triple-Decker Sandwich Complexes with cyclo-P6 as Middle DeckThe cothermolysis of white phosphorus (P4) and [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) as well as [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) affords the triple-decker sandwich complexes [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) and [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 and 4b have been characterized by X-ray structure analyses, 2 and 4a as well as A and B by electrochemical, ESR, and electronic spectroscopy measurements. An empirical valence-electron rule for triple-decker complexes is derived.
    Notes: Die Cothermolyse von weißem Phosphor (P4) und [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) sowie [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) ergibt die Tripeldecker-Sandwichkomplexe [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) und [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 und 4b wurden kristallstrukturanalytisch, 2 und 4a sowie A und B elektrochemisch, ESR- und elektronenspektroskopisch charakterisiert. Es wird eine empirische Valenzelektronenregel für Tripeldecker-Komplexe abgeleitet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1595-1600 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cross-Conjugated Polychlorinated Derivatives of Cycloheptatriene from Octachlorocycloheptatriene and HexachlorotroponeA new convenient synthesis of hexachlorotropone (6) and some condensation reactions of 6 are described, yielding novel polychlorinated cross-conjugated derivatives of cycloheptatriene. Treatment of octachlorocycloheptatriene (5) with benzene/CF3SO3Ag and phenylmalononitrile (28) leads to the first stable [1.6.7]quinarenes 19 and 29, respectively. The structure of 19 is proved by X-ray diffraction and a mechanism is proposed for the reaction. The influence of polychlorination on stability and electronic spectra is discussed.
    Notes: Wir beschreiben eine neue, ergiebige Synthese von Hexachlortropon (6) und einige Kondensationsreaktionen von 6 zu neuen polychlorierten, gekreuzt konjugierten Cycloheptatrienderivaten. Umsetzungen von Octachlorcycloheptatrien (5) mit Benzol/CF3SO3Ag bzw. mit Phenylmalononitril (28) führen zu ersten stabilen [1.6.7]Chinarenen 19 und 29. Die Struktur von 19 wird mit Hilfe einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen und ein Bildungsweg vorgeschlagen. Der Einfluß der Polychlorierung auf Stabilität und Elektronenspektren wird diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1617-1623 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bequemer Zugang zu 2-Nitrophenylsulfen -(NPS-) iminen durch Oxidation von NPS-geschützten Aminen und Aminsäurederivaten2-Nitrophenylsulfenimine 2 von großer Strukturvielfalt werden durch Oxidation von 2-Nitrophenylsulfenamiden 1 entweder auf direktem und indirektem elektrochemischen Wege oder durch Umsetzung mit stöchiometrischen Mengen eines Triarylamin-Radikalkation-Salzes leicht zugänglich. Wegen der bequemen Reaktionsführung und der einfachen Aufarbeitung ist der direkten elektrochemischen Methode meist der Vorzug zu geben. Die inter- und intramolekulare Addition von Nucleophilen an die C — N-Doppelbindung gelingt und wird an zwei Beispielen demonstriert.
    Notes: 2-Nitrophenylsulfenimines 2 of large structural variety are easily available from 2-nitrophenylsulfenamides 1, by direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation or by using stoichiometric amounts of a triarylamine radical cation salt. In most cases the direct electrochemical method is to be preferred, because of the convenient reaction procedure and the simple workup of the products. Inter- and intramolecular addition of nucleophiles to the C — N double bond is possible as shown by two examples.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tetrahydrofurans and Lactones, I. - Synthesis and Reactions of Chiral 2,5-Bridged Tetrahydrofurans - A New Approach to Optically Active γ-Lactones and γ-BislactonesDiels-Alder reaction of 3,4-hexamethylenefuran with acrylic acid gives the carboxylic acid 1a with high endo selectivity. 1a was separated into the enantiomers via the α-phenylethylammonium salts. Comparison of the CD spectra of (-)-1a and (-)-3 and the X-ray structural analysis of the camphanoyl derivative (-)-4b lead to the 1R,2S,4S configuration of (-)-1a as well. The 2,5-bridged tetrahydrofuran (-)-5 with all-cis and RSS configuration is obtained by ozonolysis of the ester (-)-1b. (-)-5 can be oxidized to the γ-lactone (2R,3S)-(-)-6 with sodium metaperiodate/potassium permanganate in 22% yield. Hydride reduction of (-)-6 under various conditions leads to the γ-bislactones (-)-8 and (-)-9 or to the bislactol (-)-10. (-)-8 has the same absolute configuration as the naturally occuring (-)-canadensolide.
    Notes: Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 3,4-Hexamethylenfuran mit Acrylsäure führt mit hoher endo-Selektivität zur Carbonsäure 1a, die über ihre α-Phenylethylammonium-Salze in die Enantiomere getrennt wurde. Sowohl der Vergleich der CD-Spektren von (-)-1a und (-)-3 als auch die Röntgenstrukturanalyse des Camphansäureesters 4b legen die 1R,2S,4S-Konfiguration von (-)-1a fest. Ozonolyse des Esters (-)-1b liefert das 2,5-überbrückte, all-cis- und RSS-Konfigurierte Tetrahydrofuran (-)-5, das sich in 22proz. Ausb. mit Natriummetaperiodat/Kaliumpermanganat zum γ-Lacton (2R,3S)-(-)-6 oxidieren läßt. Die Hydridreduktion von (-)-6 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ergibt die optisch aktiven γ-Bislactone (-)-8 und (-)-9 bzw. das Bislactol 10. (-)-8 besitzt die gleiche absolute Konfiguration an allen Chiralitätszentren wie das natürlich vorkommende Bislacton (-)-Canadensolid.
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  • 185
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 803-804 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and Characterisation of Hexakis(trifluoromethyl)digermachalcogenanesReactions of (CF3)3GeI (2a) with HgS or Ag2Se and of (CF3)3GeCl (2b) with (t-BuMe2Si)2Te (3) lead to new compounds of the type [(CF3)3Ge]2E (E = S, Se, Te) (1b-d). 19F-, 13C-, and 77Se-NMR as well as IR- and MS data of the compounds are presented and discussed.
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  • 186
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 795-797 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Structure of Manganese(II) L-Aspartate Trihydrate, Mn(L-Asp)· 3H2OManganese L-aspartate chloride, Mn(L-AspH)Cl, has been prepared from equimolar quantities of MnCl2 and Mn(L-AspH)2 in water. This material can be converted into the title compound by treatment with aqueous KOH, and crystallized as a trihydrate from solutions kept at pH = 7.85. The compound has been characterized by elemental analysis and by single crystal X-ray structure determination. In the crystal, the aspartate dianion functions as a facially tridentate ligand to the Mn(II) center whose octahedral coordination sphere is completed by two water molecules and a carboxylate oxygen atom from a neighboring complex in trans position to the amino group. The stereochemistry of this coordination mode is different from that in the analogous magnesium compound, but similar to that in the cobalt(II) and zinc(II) analogues. The third water molecule is a hydrogen-bonded crystal water.
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  • 187
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 188
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 811-813 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arene(Phosphane)metal complexes, XIV.  -  Synthesis of η5-Cyclohexadienyl- and η4-Cyclohexa-1,3-diene Osmium Complexes from [C6H6Osl(PR3)2]PF6The reaction of [C6H6OsI(PR3)2]PF6 (1,4) with NaBH4 in ethanol leads almost quantitatively to the formation of the η5-cyclohexadienyl complexes (η5-C6H7OsI(PR3)2 (5: R = Me; 6: R = Ph). Reduction of 5 with Na in THF gives the highly reactive [(η5-C6H7)Os(PMe3)2]- anion which reacts with NH4PF6 in the presence of iodide to produce the compounds (η5-C6H7OsH(PMe3)2 (8) and (η4-C6H8)OsHI(PMe3)2 (9).
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  • 189
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1177-1186 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oligomere Ketten mit 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch CarbanionalkylierungDie Deprotonierung des 9,10-Dihydroanthracens (2) liefert das Monoanion 6, welches der Alkylierung mit mono- und bifunktionellen Elektrophilen unterworfen wird. Zentrale Zwischenprodukte der von 6 ausgehenden Synthesen sind das 1,3-Di(9-anthryl)propan 9 und 9-(3-Brompropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen (7). Sie eröffnen den Zugang zu linearen Oligomeren, in denen 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch Trimethylengruppen verknüpft sind. Die Alkylierungsreaktionen dieser Verbindungen können auf das strukturverwandte Polymer 4 übertragen werden. Regio- und Stereoselektivität der Alkylierungsreaktionen werden 1H- und 13C-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht.
    Notes: Deprotonation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) affords the monoanion 6 which is subjected to alkylation reactions with mono and bifunctional electrophiles. Crucial intermediates in syntheses using 6 are 9-(3-bromopropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (7) and 1,3-bis(9,10-dihydro-9-anthryl)propane (9) since they provide access to linear oligomers in which 9,10-dihydroanthracene units are linked by trimethylene groups. The alkylation processes of these species can be extended to the structurally related polymer 4. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the alkylation reactions are investigated by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 190
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochromism of Simple 1,8a-Dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizinesIn this paper we report on the synthesis of new photochromic 1,8a-dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-dihydro-5-azaindolizines 19 and betaines 18 as well as their precursors 3,3-diphenyl-3H-pyrazoles 13 and cyclopropenes 15. The structures of the betaines 18 are proved for the first time by X-ray analysis of 181. The last part of this paper deals with Hammett correlations of the rate constant of the 1,5-electrocyclisation and MINDO/3 calculations of the thermal ring closure 18→19.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Synthese neuer photochromer 1,8a-Dihydroindolizine (DHI) bzw. 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizine 19 und Betaine 18 sowie über die Darstellung der als Vorstufen benötigten 3,3-Diaryl-3H-pyrazole 13 bzw. der Cyclopropene 15. Die Struktur der Betaine 18 wird durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 181 erstmals eindeutig gesichert. Im letzten Teil wird eine Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehung der UV-spektroskopisch bestimmten Cyclisierungsgeschwindigkeiten mit Hammett-Parametern vorgenommen und Studien zum Mechanismus des thermischen Ringschlusses 18→19 durch MINDO/3-Rechnungen an einem Modellsystem beschrieben.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal-Substituted Diphosphenes, XIII.  -  On the Synthesis of (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) and (η5 C5Me5)(CO)(NO)[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2.4.6)Compound (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), generated from [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 and (Bu4N)Br, reacts with LiP(SiMe3)2 to give the disilylphosphido complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Complex 4 is converted into the diphosphenyl complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) by treatment with 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2. The reaction of 5, which is only stable in solution, with [(Z)-cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 affords stable (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). For comparison, the complexes (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) and (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) were synthesized as well. Compound 10 was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis.
    Notes: (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), hergestellt aus [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 und (Bu4N)Br, reagiert mit LiP(SiMe3)2 zum Disilylphosphidorheniumkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Komplex 4 wird von 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2 in den nur in Lösung stabilen Diphosphenylkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) übergeführt. Behandlung von 5 mit [(Z)-Cycloocten]Cr(CO)5 liefert das stabile Pentacarbonylchromderivat (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden die Komplexe (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) und (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) synthetisiert. Von 10 wurde eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse durchgeführt.
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  • 192
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 865-869 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oligophosphane Ligands, XXVIII.  -  C—H Activation of Benzene and Alkylated Arenes bY (Chelate-Phosphane)ruthenium(0) FragmentsThe reduction of RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] with sodium amalgam in benzene and toluene as well as in o- and m-xylene, respectively, yielded the arylruthenium derivatives RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) and RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Complex 2 was isolated as a mixture of two isomers containing the meta-methyl substituent oriented away from (2a), or in direction of (2b), the Ru—H linkage. The molecular structures of 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Notes: Die Reduktion von RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] mit Natriumamalgam in Benzol und Toluol sowie in o-bzw. m-Xylol ergab die Arylruthenium-Derivate RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) und RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Komplex 2 wurde als Gemisch zweier Isomere erhalten, in denen der meta-Methylsubstituent Positionen besetzt, die von der Ru—H-Einheit abgewandt (2a) oder ihr zugewandt (2b) sind. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2a, 2b, 3 und 4 wurden röntgenographisch ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Organometal Complexes, X.  -  Addition of Nitrenes ot the Rh=C Bond of C5H5Rh-(=C=CHR)p(iPr)3. Formation of Five-Membered Metalla-Heterocycles and a Ketenimine Rhodium Complex2)The complexes C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) react with benzoyl azide almost quantitatively to produce the metalla-heterocycles (2, 4, 6). For 6 (R = Me), but not for 4 (R = Ph), the formation of E/Z isomers has been observed, the ratio of which is solvent-dependent. The protonation of 4 and 6-E/6-Z with CF3CO2H in presence of NH4PF6 leads via attack of the proton at the ring nitrogen atom to the PF6 salts of the cationic complexes 7 and 8 which also form E/Z isomers. On reaction of 3 with phenyl azide first the Z isomer of the ketenimine complex C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9) is formed which in solution smoothly rearranges to give a 1:1 mixture of the Z and E isomers.
    Notes: Die Komplexe C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) reagieren mit Benzoylazid nahezu quantitativ zu den Metalla-Heterocyclen (2, 4, 6). Für 6 (R = Me), nicht jedoch für 4 (R = Ph), ist die Bildung von E/Z-Isomeren nachweisbar; ihr Verhältnis ist solvensabhängig. Die Protonierung von 4 und 6-E/6-Z mit CF3CO2H in Gegenwart von NH4PF6 führt unter Angriff des Protons am Ring-Stickstoffatom zu den PF6-Salzen der Komplexkationen 7 und 8, die ebenfalls E/Z-Isomere bilden. Bei der Reaktion von 3 mit Phenylazid entsteht zunächst die Z-Form der Ketenimin-Verbindung C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9), die in Lösung relativ rasch eine Umlagerung zu dem E-Isomeren (bis zu einem Verhältnis 9-Z:9-E = 1:1) eingeht.
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  • 194
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1359-1361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of Pyrazolo-1,2,4-triazine Derivatives of 1,6-Methano [10] annuleneCoupling reactions of the diazonium betains 3, 4, 5 with 3-tert-butoxy-1,6-methano[10]annulene (2) under mild reaction conditions lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol with formation of the methano-bridged triazine dye stuffs 6a-c. For comparison by coupling reactions of 3-5 with β-naphthol followed by cyclisation reactions the triazine dye stuffs 8a-c are obtained. Their spectroscopic properties were compared with 6a-c.
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  • 195
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 196
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1371-1372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contributions of the Chemistry of Boron, 192. - Reactions of Mercury Dihalides and Mercury Dicyanide with an AminoiminoboraneThe aminoiminoborane 1 reacts with HgCl2 and Hg(CN)2 with insertion into the HgCl and HgC bond, respectively. Mercury amides of type 2 are obtained. In contrast, HgBr2 and HgI2 yield 1:1 adducts of the allene type 3. The new compounds were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 197
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1393-1398 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Highly Substituted 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienesSilacyclohexadienes with bulky ligands and good leaving groups are of interest for experiments concerning the synthesis of kinetically stabilized silabenzene derivatives. Here we describe the synthesis of 1-tert-butyl-1-silacyclohexadienes, which are substituted in 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-position. From lithiated precursors, the trialkylsilyl- or tert-butyl-substituted silacyclohexadienes 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are formed by substitution reactions. The methoxysilane 1 is transferred with LiAlH4 to the hydrosilane 2. Si—H or C—H bond cleavage with N-bromosuccinimide results in the formation of the silacyclohexadienes 3 and 5, brominated in 1- and/or 4-position. In some substitution reactions isomerisation of the diene system is observed. The new compounds are characterized by their 1H-, 13C-, and 29Si-NMR spectra and by their MS data.
    Notes: Mit sperrigen Liganden und guten Abgangsgruppen versehene Silacyclohexadiensysteme sind für Versuche zur Darstellung von kinetisch stabilisierten Silabenzolderivaten von Interesse. Wir berichten hier über Synthesen von in 1-, 2-, 4- und 6-Stellung substituierten 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienen. Aus lithiierten Vorstufen entstehen durch Substitutionsreaktionen die Trialkylsilyl- bzw. tert-Butyl-substituierten Silacyclohexadiene 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 und 15. Das Methoxysilan 1 wird mit LiAlH4 in das Hydridosilan 2 übergeführt. Si—H- bzw. C—H-Spaltung mit N-Bromsuccinimid führt zur Bildung der in 1- und/oder 4-Stellung bromierten Silacyclohexadiene 3 und 5. Bei einigen Substitutionsreaktionen wird eine Isomerisierung des Diensystems beobachtet. Die erstmals beschriebenen Verbindungen sind durch ihre 1H-, 13C- und 29Si-NMR-Spektren sowie durch MS-Daten charakterisiert.
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  • 198
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1399-1401 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pentamethylcyclopentadinelyl-Substituted Cyclophosphanes as a Source for Px units in Transition-Metal ComplexesTris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphane, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reacts with complexes of the type M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo, W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) to give the cyclotriphosphorus complexes (η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). The complexes 3a and 3c are also formed in the reaction of the bicyclic hexaphosphane P6(C5Me5)4 (5) with 1a and 1c, respectively. In case of the molybdenum compound 1b the cyclotriphosphorus complex 3b or a mixture of 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6), and [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7) is formed, depending on the reaction conditions. By irradiation the complex 3b is transferred nearly quantitatively to the tripeldecker complex 6. The reactions described open a new access to transition-metal complexes with naked phosphorus units as ligands.
    Notes: Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphan, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reagiert mit Komplexen des Typs M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo und W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) zu den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplexen η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). Die Komplexe 3a bzw. 3c entstehen auch bei der Umsetzung des bicyclischen Hexaphosphans P6(C5Me5)4 (5) mit 1a bzw. 1c. Im Fall der Molybdän-Verbindung 1b erhält man je nach Reaktionsführung den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplex 3b oder ein Gemisch aus 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6) und [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7). Unter Bestrahlung läßt sich der Komplex 3b nahezu vollständig in den Tripeldecker-Komplex 6 überführen. Die beschriebenen Reaktionen eröffnen einen neuen Zugang zu Übergangsmetallkomplexen mit nackten Phosphor-Einheiten als Liganden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1417-1420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, XLVI1.- Platinum (II) Complexes with Precursors of Unsaturated π-Amino Acidsα-Amino acid ester complexes cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) react with tert-butyl hypochlorite to give N-chloro-α-amino acid ester complexes trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHR-CO2Et]2. Dependent on the substituents 4-alkylidene-1,3-oxazolidine-2,5-dione is added to (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) by the C=C or the NH bond, respectively. The structure of the hydrido imido complex trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt— (4c) has been determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Die α-Aminosäureester-Platinkomplexe cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2-Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) setzen sich mit tert-Butylhypochlorit zu den N-Chlor-α-aminosäureester-Verbindungen trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHRCO2Et]2 um. 4-Alkyliden-1,3-oxazolidin-2,5-dion wird an (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) in Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten über die C—C-Doppel- oder die NH-Bindung addiert. Die Struktur des Hydrido-imido-Komplexes trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt—(4c) wurde durch Kristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1427-1433 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: GeH3-Substituted Carbonyl Metallates and carbonyl (cyclopentadienyl) Metallates with V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Co, and Ni. - Preparative and X-Ray InvestigationsKGeH3 reacts with different metal carbonyls and cyclopentadienyl-metal carbonyls with substitution of one CO group and formation of GeH3-substituted carbonyl metallates [M(CO)3(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3-GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8), and [Co(CO)(η5-C5R5)-GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. The K salts thus obtained are very air-sensitive and in most cases rather thermolabile. Reaction with [PPh4]Br in aqueous solution yields the somewhat more stable and better crystallizable phosphonium salts. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR, 1H-NMR), and X-ray methods in the cases of 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Their short Ge-metal distances are remarkable, although disorder problems prevented a higher precision in most cases.
    Notes: KGeH3 reagiert mit verschiedenen Metallcarbonylen und Cyclopentadienylmetallcarbonylen unter Substitution einer CO-Gruppe und Bildung von GeH3-substituierten Metallaten [M(CO)3(⊖5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8) und [Co-(CO)(η5R5)GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. Die so gebildeten K-Salze sind sehr luftempfindlich und meist ziemlich thermolabil. Umsetzung mit [PPh4]Br in wäßriger Lösung ergibt die etwas stabileren und besser kristallisierenden Phosphonium-Salze. Sie wurden elementaranalytisch und spektroskopisch (IR, 1H-NMR) charakterisiert und im Falle von 1, 4, 5, 7 und 8 auch röntgenographisch untersucht. Auffallend sind ihre kurzen Ge-Metall-Abstände, obgleich wegen Fehlordnungsproblemen meist keine große Genauigkeit erreichbar war.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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