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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (759)
  • 1980-1984  (759)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
  • 1870-1879
  • 1983  (759)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (702)
  • Electron microscopy
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (759)
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  • 1980-1984  (759)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
  • 1870-1879
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mycosis fungoides ; Premycotic lesions ; Parapsoriasis en Plaques ; Langerhans cells ; Virus-like particles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin biopsies of patients with small and large plaque parapsoriasis, premycotic lesions and mycosis fungoides in different stages were examined. Special attention was paid to the relationships between Langerhans cells (LC) and the neighbouring keratinocytes and lymphocytes. At the contact areas of LC and keratinocytes as well as LC and lymphocytes, particular cell membrane phenomena were observed. Aggregations of Langerhans granules and fusions of granules with LC plasma membranes were found exclusively at LC-keratinocyte interfaces. At LC-lymphocyte contact zones cell membrane appositions were seen. In all cases investigated, virus-like particles were mainly ound in LC and indeterminate cells (IDC). In 3 cases lymphocytes also contained these particles. It was of particular interest that virus-like particles were observed in skin specimens of all diseases investigated. Discrimination of these particles from other cellular organelles - especially lysosomes- was difficult, however. The significance of our findings, particularly regarding to the supposed virus aetiology of cutaneous T cell lymphomas, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma-Plasma cell ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent antibody technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of “nonsecretory” myeloma is described. The patient had typical osteolytic lesions and marked infiltration of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, and plasma cell leukemia. A good partial remission was obtained with Melphalan, but the patient relapsed and died one year later. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectroscopic studies on the myeloma cells demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic γ-and κ-chains at the initial stage and of only κ-chains at a relapse. The electron microscopic method for polysome analysis indicated that both L-and H-chains were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes initially, but the ability to produce H-chain was missing at the relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Murine lymphoma development ; Virus infection ; Thymus ; Reticular epithelial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes two types of reticular epithelial cell in the thymic cortex of the BALB/c mouse, an immature and a mature form. During early stages of lymphoma development, i.e., 2–6 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV), activation of the epithelial cells is observed. Although the percentage of these cells in the total cell population of the thymic cortex remains constant during that time, the number of mature epithelial cells is significantly increased in infected animals. Subsequently, about 6 weeks p.i., the number of immature epithelial cells starts to increase, whereas the number of mature reticular epithelial cells declines and the appearance of the mature epithelial cells changes drastically. The results of light and electron microscopic studies indicate degeneration of the mature reticular epithelial cells at the onset of lymphoma development at a time when the first deficiencies in the immunologic competence of the reticular epithelial cells are apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 106 (1983), S. 234-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Collagen types ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen cases of typical highly malignant osteosarcoma were investigated by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the presence of collagen types I–III. It was shown that, in light-microscopically anaplastic areas of the tumor, collagen type III predominates, while only very few membranes of collagen type I are observed. Ultrastructurally, the cells are characterized by numerous free ribosomes in their cytoplasm and only a few membranes of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In osteoblastic areas, collagen type I is increased, while type-III collagen is decreased. The cytoplasm of cells contains markedly more granular ER. An increasing mineralization of matrix is observed. In fibroblastic areas of the tumors, collagen types I and III are codistributed. Tumor cells have a fibroblast appearance with elongated nuclei and well developed granular ER. The chondroblastic areas, characterized by immature neoplastic cartilage, contain varying amounts of collagen type II. Chondroblast-like tumor cells have typical ring-shaped membranes of granular ER in their cytoplasm. The evidence of different collagen types in osteosarcomas lends additional support to the concept that a pluripotent mesenchymal cell is the stem cell of osteosarcomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 119-142 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms ; Hemangioendothelioma ; Electron microscopy ; Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) ; Tumour classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 65 cases of hemangioendothelioma (HE) of the thyroid were accepted as such after control of slides of surgical or autopsy specimen or both. In a few of the more recent cases material could be examined by electron microscope and in some the search for factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) was carried out. The demonstration of Weibel-Palade bodies in tumour cells in two cases and the evidence of FVIIIRAG in tumour cells of at least two cases, including primary tumour and distant metastasis, finally show, that the hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid is not simply an anaplastic carcinoma with some peculiar features; at least some of these tumours are true endotheliomas. The proposal that the term hemangioendothelioma be eliminated from the classification of thyroid tumours is therefore unfounded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Liposarcoma ; Sarcoma ; Soft tissue neoplasms ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural comparison of 7 examples of myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (myxoid MFH) with 6 of myxoid liposarcoma is described. Despite certain histological differences between the two, electron microscopy was more valuable in differentiating MFH from liposarcoma. Electron microscopically, MFH contained a variety of cell types including histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like, intermediate-type, xanthomatous, multinucleated tumor giant cells and undifferentiated cells. Liposarcoma was composed mainly of lipoblasts at various stages of differentiation with a minority of undifferentiated cells and fibroblast-like cells. In contrast to the component cells of the MFH, these lipoblasts were characterized by abundant cytoplasmic glycogen, numerous pinocytotic vesicles and a discontinuous basal lamina in addition to large lipid droplets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tracheobronchial amyloidosis ; Electron microscopy ; Amyloid fibril ; Fibroblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The author reports on the electron-microscopic examination of the diffuse tracheobronchial amyloidosis of a 51-year-old patient. The amyloid deposits were located in the lamina propria of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa. At the edge of the nodular deposits, condensation and radial arrangement of amyloid fibrils could be seen. Closely connected with the amyloid, active fibroblasts were present and their cytoplasm contained amyloid fibrils. The cell membrane of the fibroblasts was missing in part. Intracellular amyloid fibrils mingled with extracellular deposits. It can be assumed that active fibroblasts play an important role in local amyloid formation.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Menkes' kinky hair disease ; Brain degeneration ; Mitochondrial abnormalities ; Distribution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of an autopsy case of Menkes' kinky hair disease (MKHD), after routine histological examination, was studied extensively by electron microscopy, particularly the mitochondrial alterations. There were widespread mitochondrial abnormalities, including enlargement with tubulo-vesiculated cristae, swelling, and dense body formation and occasional accumulation of glycogen within mitochondria, in addition to increased numbers of mitochondria in some neurons. These abnormalities of mitochondria were present in decreasing severity in the following: Purkinje cells, neurons of the molecular and granule cell layers of the cerebellum, and neurons of the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, lateral nuclei of the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and the myelinated axons in the white matter. This distribution and the degree of mitochondrial abnormalities in the various structures of the brain were compared with those of degenerative lesions in the respective structures. The comparison disclosed that there was a positive correlation between the two. The mitochondrial enlargement and swelling as in the present study had been well documented in the brain of the brindled mouse; mitochondrial dense bodies had also been reported in previous case reports of MKHD by other authors. The present study strongly suggests that the mitochondrial disease is an essential abnormality and may be responsible for the progressive degeneration of the CNS in MKHD.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human sural nerve ; Electron microscopy ; Myelin sheath thickness ; Internodal length ; Node of Ranvier ; Organic solvents ; Glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and morphometric study was performed on sural nerve biopsies of four industrial spray painters (35–59 years) and 11 controls (6–64 years). No difference could be shown in spray painters and age-matched controls as to the number of myelinated nerve fibres per area, their size distribution, variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres or the ratio between the number of myelin lamellae and the axon circumference. There was marked scattering of the two latter parameters in older exposed and control individuals. The distribution of NADH2-tetrazolium reductase activity was similar in exposed and control cases. The general ultrastructural appearance of nodal-paranodal regions in controls conformed with that noted in experimental animals. The overall ultrastructural organization and age-related changes of nerves of exposed cases were similar to those of control cases except for a presence of paranodal axonal mitochondria which contained glycogen-like particles in exposed cases. In one exposed case abundant dispersed or clustered glycogen-like particles were seen in the paranodal axoplasm. These findings are suggested to be an effect of chronic exposure to organic solvent vapours. Ageing seems, however, to have a much greater impact on the morphology of the sural nerve fibre than occupational exposure to organic solvent.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Motor end-plates ; Abnormal differentiation of motor end-plates ; Arthrogryposis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis (SAP), an inherited syndrome of muscular hypotonia in Charolais cattle, was used as an experimental model to study neuromuscular differentiation. The ultrastructural development of muscle, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular junctions was studied to determine the sequence of events preceding hypotrophic changes in the skeletal muscles of affected calves at birth. Dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints in the hindlimbs occurred in fetuses older than 3 months of age, but hypotrophic changes in skeletal muscle, manifested as small fibers scattered among larger and occasional degenerating fibers, was not apparent until late in gestation, affecting 8-month-old fetuses and neonatal calves. Electron microscope and enzyme histochemistry studies disclosed differentiation of skeletal muscle into fiber types which is consistent with changes expected from disuse and does not indicate a primary myopathic abnormality. Abnormal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), composed of several separated axonal endings terminating in shallow synaptic gutters, indicated impaired maturation of the synapse. The earliest indication of abnormal NMJ was observed in a 5-month-old SAP fetus. The clinical signs and pathologic changes found in the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle of SAP fetuses are consistent with an embryologic defect occurring during development of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the integrated function of the motor neurons to the limbs. However, diversification of myofibers by histochemistry and ultrastructural parameters is evidence that the intrinsic physiologic properties of spinal motor neurons were retained.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rathke's cleft cyst ; Craniopharyngioma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron-microscopical appearance of a Rathke's cleft cyst is described. The cyst lining is seen to consist predominantly of secretory columnar epithelium, both ciliated and non-ciliated. There are also epidermoid cells occurring singly or in squames. The histogenesis of Rathke's cleft cysts, in relation to craniopharyngiomas, is discussed.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 116-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; Mitochondria ; Cerebral cortex ; Postnatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonatal rats received s.c. injections of methymercuric chloride (MeHg) in physiological saline (1.5 mg Hg/kg b.wt.) at 48-h intervals from postnatal day 2 to day 50. Littermate controls were injected with an equivalent volume of saline. All animals were perfused on day 51 and blocks of cerebral cortex were prepared for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria were evident in the dendrites, axons and presynaptic terminals of cortical neurones in the MeHg-treated animals. Many mitochondria were condensed with an increased electron density of the inner matrix. Some profiles exhibited regressive alterations, including a disruption of cristae and the inner membrane with an accumulation of electron-opaque material in the matrix. Membranous whorls were found in association with the most degenerate mitochondria. A morphometric analysis of mitochondrial profiles in the neuropil of layer I revealed a 24% decrease in average profile area and a 16% increase in the number of profiles per micrograph in the MeHg-treated animals. These pathological changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure are consistent with an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The observed increase in the number of mitochondrial profiles may reflect a compensation by cortical neurons for the reduced efficiency of aerobic metabolism in the individual organelle.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 246-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Electron microscopy ; Terminal nerves ; Denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrafusal and extrafusal nerve segments in muscle spindles from tumbricalis muscles of the hind-paw of the rat were studied by electron microscopy from 10h to 5 days after severance of the sciatic nerve. In several spindles examined, nerve fascicles piercing the spindle capsule in the equatorial region contained a large myelinated, a smaller myelinated and an unmyelinated fiber. Unmyelinated fibers were not present in small fascicles leading to the polar region. The changes in the extrafusal nerve segments followed the pattern of Wallerian degeneration. Intra-axonal glycogen deposits were prominent in sensory fibers. The unmyelinated fibers were the earliest to degenerate, the large myelinated ones the latest. Differences between motor and sensory fiber degeneration emerged in their preterminal intrafusal segments and were analogous to those of the nerve endings. Terminal nerve fibers in the spindle equator succumbed to attack of mesenchymal cells, leaving extensive basement membrane reduplications around myelin debris-laden Schwann cells, while polar fibers were engulfed by Schwann cell processes, leaving regular bands of Büngner.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adrenoleukodystrophy ; Cerebello-brainstem involvement ; Electron microscopy ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of adrenoleukodystrophy was studied morphologically and biochemically. The patient was a 28-year-old man with no family history of adrenoleukodystrophy. His neurologic symptoms were cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, pseudo-bulbar palsy, and a minimal visual disturbance, with neither adrenal nor hypogonadal symptoms. The morphological and biochemical findings in this case are identical with those in typical adrenoleukodystrophy, but the topographical distribution of the lesions is distinctly different. The changes selectively affect the white matter in the cerebellum and brain stem in contrast to minimal involvement of the occipital white matter.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano bodies ; Extraocular muscle ; Aging ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three rectus superior extraocular muscles from 23 autopsy cases, all over 60 years, were examined. Eosinophilic inclusions (Hirano bodies) were observed in all the muscles; they were stained deep red by Masson's trichrome stain and were positive for protein stain. They consisted of a collection of filamentous structures of two types: (1) a regular array of filaments 100 Å in diameter which sometimes were arrayed in perpendicular planes and (2) another type in a herring bone or ladder-like pattern. Both structures were closely associated with the accumulated thin filaments 50–60 Å in diameter (actin?) in the subsarcolemma. The frequent appearance in aged muscle fibers of Hirano bodies indicates that their formation is a change closely related with aging.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Mesonephric duct ; Fetus ; Glycogen ; Human development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human mesonephric duct epithelial cells contained empty appearing regions in the infranuclear cytoplasm when prepared for transmission electron microscopy using glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. The same regions stained positively with PAS in Epon sections for light microscopy suggesting that glycogen was present. Incubation with saliva abolished the reaction. For electron microscopy the glycogen stained very intensely if a mixture of osmium tetroxide and potassium ferrocyanide was used instead of osmium alone. Glycogen accumulations were present between the ages of 5 to 10 weeks and absent at the age of 15 weeks. Reports by others indicate that glycogen may be present in different reactive forms in relation to its staining behaviour after various fixatives. The present results, and similar studies in other tissues, indicate that osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide fixative should be used routinely for preservation of embryos and fetuses and where indicated, for ultrastructural identification of glycogen and cytoplasmic filaments in clinical specimens.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 275 (1983), S. 156-158 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Fcγ-receptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rabbit IgG antibodies to HRP were used to study the Fcγ-receptors in granulomas of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Cryostat sections of skin biopsies were incubated with HRP-anti-HRP, and the peroxidase activity was demonstrated with 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and H2O2. Most cells in the granulomas, both epithelioid and giant cells, were stained. By electron microscopy, the reaction products were localized to the plasma membranes of the cells as well-defined granular deposits. No reaction product was demonstrated intra- or extracellularly.
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  • 19
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    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 275 (1983), S. 407-411 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Langerhans cell ; ATPase ; Ia-like antigen ; OKT6 ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 20
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tuberous sclerosis ; Subependymal giant-cell tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue from seven patients with tuberous sclerosis and subependymal giant-cell tumors was examined with special stains, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was not found in the giant cells of four tumors, but was present in some tumor cells in the other three. Immunoreactive S-100 protein was present in tumor cells of six cases; it was also seen in more tumor cells than was GFAP. Electron microscopy was similar in all cases and showed that the tumor cells had numerous organelles — many dense bodies thought to be primary lysosomes, swollen mitochondria, Golgi complexes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and sparsely distributed intermeadiate filaments. In one case, neurosecretory granules, microvilli, and synapses were observed. In another subject, prominent, thick bundles of glial filaments were seen. These findings suggest that the tumor is made up of unique cells in addition to cells with recognizable neuronal or astrocytic features.
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  • 21
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 59 (1983), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Decompression sickness ; Brain ; Gas bubbles ; Blood-bubble interface ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were exposed to 6.1 bar (abs.) air for 90 min and subsequently decompressed to the ambient pressure. After a decompression rate of 6.8 bar/min pial veins and superior sagittal sinuses were found to contain gas bubbles; no intravascular bubbles were observed subsequent to a decompression rate of 1.5 bar/min. Under the electron microscope platelet aggregates were observed at both the electron-dense layer of the blood-bubble interface and in pial veins with no bubbles. It is concluded that during decompression sickness bubbles and both activation and aggregation of platelets occur in intracranial veins. Subsequent venous congestion may contribute to the neuronal lesions and symptoms of acute decompression sickness.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Pityriasis rubra pilaris ; Histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) were analyzed by means of light and electron microscopy as well as by histochemistry and autoradiography. The results were compared with findings in psoriasis vulgaris. In PRP we found a moderate increase of the labeling index of epidermal cells, a highly increased labeling index of dermal infiltrating cells, and a mild spongiosis, and in the stratum granulosum, a decreased number of tonofilaments and an increased number of keratinosomes. The horny layer in PRP showed a pronounced histochemical and electron microscopical parakeratosis, even when histological parakeratosis was absent. In contrast with psoriasis vulgaris, there was no exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the epidermis, the papillomatosis index was normal, and there were no tortuous capillaries in the dermal papillae. The stratum granulosum was always present and sometimes thickened, showing electron microscopical changes different from those referred to in psoriasis. These changes point to a relatively distinct pattern of epidermal changes in PRP.
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  • 23
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    Annals of hematology 47 (1983), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ; Intracytoplasmic inclusions ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with cells containing two types of cytoplasmic inclusions is described. The inclusions appeared as glubular bodies containing electron dense material with homogenous structure and as crystalloid formations confined in organelles with structure similar to that of the surrounding mitochondria. In distinction to other reports, these structures were not related to the endoplasmic reticulum. The possibility that some of them represented altered mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Toxicology ; Electron microscopy ; Endothelium ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With quantitative techniques at electron microscopical level chromatin condensation and emptying of the interchromatin space have been established in the nuclei of the endothelial cells of small uterine vessels. The nuclear and cytoplasmic changes after cadmium administration show much similarity between endothelial cells of small uterine vessels and cultured liver parenchymal cells. Cytoplasmic changes in both cell types after cadmium administration are suggestive of a disturbance in ribosomal RNA synthesis as the main cause leading to ultimate cell lysis.
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  • 25
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    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Fenofibrate ; Human liver ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Peroxisomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rodents fenofibrate shares with other triglyceride-lowering agents the potential to increase the liver peroxisome population. It was therefore of interest to look for this effect in hyperlipoproteinemic patients receiving this drug. Light and electron microscopy of liver biopsies from a group of 10 patients treated with fenofibrate and from another group of 15 receiving diet only, show no morphological difference between both groups. In contrast with the rodent data the morphometric study reveals no significant changes in the number (fenofibrate group: 7.96 1010 cm−3; group receiving diet alone: 8.41 1010 peroxisomes/cm3 of liver tissue) or in the size (fenofibrate group: Diameter=0.53±0.07 μm — group receiving diet alone: 0.50±0.06) of peroxisomes. The difference between our results and those obtained consistently in rodents may be due to the relatively low dose in man and/or a species-dependant difference in enzyme content of liver peroxisomes, itself related to an apparent difference in the way in which lipids are handled.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Allomyces macrogynus ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzyme map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the aquatic phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus is a circular molecule with a size of 56.1 kbp. The cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes SalI and PvuI were mapped by comparing the partial denaturation patterns of isolated restriction fragments with the pattern of the intact circle. The genes coding for the small and large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were located on the restriction map by heteroduplex and R-loop analysis. The gene coding for the large rRNA contains an intervening sequence, app. 0.7 kbp in size, near the 3′-end of the gene. The two rRNA genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA and separated by a region of 17–18 kbp. This rRNA gene organization is similar to that found with members of the Ascomycetes.
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  • 27
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    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Early ischemia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and chronology of an absolute ischemia was investigated on the small intestine of man and rat. It could be shown that the morphogenesis of ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa in man does not differ from that in the rat. However, there are crucial and in therapeutic terms significant differences in the time course of the ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa. Whereas in the small intestine of the rat, the first appreciable alterations — detachment and disruption of the lining epithelium at the villous tip — are already to be observed after absolute ischemia lasting 15 min, in the human small intestine the same lesions only occur after 4 h. A comparable complete necrosis of the small intestinal mucosa was detected in the rat after 7-h ischemia, and in man after 44-h ischemia.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthetic membranes ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis ; Thiocapsa pfennigii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic membranes of the five bchl b-containing bacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, E. abdelmalekii, Rhodopseudomonas viridis, R. sulfoviridis and Thiocapsa pfennigii have been investigated by electron microscopy and digital image analysis. All five species have the photosynthetic complexes hexagonally arrayed in the membrane with lattice spacings close to 13 nm, except for R. sulfoviridis and T. pfennigii which display somewhat smaller (∼12.5 nm) lattice spacings. Correlation averaging which imposes less stringent requirements on the lattice perfection than conventional Fourier filtration techniques has been employed to elucidate the structure of the photosynthetic complexes. Their basic organization, i.e. a ring, probably containing the light-harvesting (LH) polypeptides, surrounding a core (the “reaction centre”) appears to be almost identical for all species under scrutiny. Despite a resolution of ∼1.6 nm, however, little further significant substructure can be deduced from the averages; possible reasons for the “blurred” appearance of the LH-ring and absence of any subdivision in the reaction centre are discussed along with strategies aimed at obtaining a more detailed model of the molecular architecture of the photosynthetic membranes.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Euglena mutabilis ; Flagellate ; Photomovement ; Photoreceptor ; Phototaxis ; Single-cell analysis ; Videomicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of an emergent flagellum the green flagellate Euglena mutabilis is restricted to gliding motility. During forward movement, the organisms orient positive phototactically in the presence of a suitable light stimulus. The cell contains both a stigma and a paraflagellar body which differ in shape and size from the organelles found in E. gracilis. The degree of orientation in white light follows an optimum curve with a maximum at about 100 lx. The spectral sensitivity shows a number of prominent peaks in the blue and green regions and extends well into the red region of the visible spectrum. Since the cell does not rotate during locomotion a periodic shading mechanism cannot account for phototactic orientation. Thus, phototaxis in the related species, E. gracilis and E. mutabilis differ in their photoreceptor molecules, their sensory transduction chains and their strategies of light direction detection.
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  • 30
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 105 (1983), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Borderline lesion ; Severe dysplasia ; Gastric precancerosis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis ; Bleb formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The “borderline lesion” of the stomach (severe dysplasia of the protruded type) is nowadays considered to be a true precancerous lesion. Histologically, this lesion is characterized by a proliferation in the area of the glandular neck, combined with severe cellular atypia. Investigation by means of transmission electron microscopy reveals the structure of these cells to be very similar to the structure of cells of an intestinal-cell-type carcinoma of the stomach. In addition to signs for a loss of differentiation of the cells, such as the absence of rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum, mucin granules, and of the polarity of the cells, remarkably frequently luminal bulges and “blebs” developed to various extents can be detected. Morphometric analysis is delineating the tendency of structural features of the borderline lesion to develop toward the gastric cancer cell. These irregularities might be expressions of the beginning of expansive growth and signs pointing to differentiation into malignant neoplasia.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cystitis ; Electron microscopy ; Vasculitis ; Elastic tissue ; Autoimmune diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bladder vessel walls of 20 patients with interstitial cystitis were studied by the electron microscope. 14 (70%) had severe endothelial injury. 10 (50%) showed injured smooth muscle cells. Odd basement membrane proliferations and disruptions were seen. Clusters of microfibrils about 10 nm in diameter and numerous partially membrane-bound vesicles of 100–600 nm with granular or tiny vesicular content (“granulovesicular bodies”) were also seen. Intercellular junctions of endothelial cells were open and there was emigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and platelets. The findings show pronounced vascular injury to have taken place, with neoformation of elastic tissue. It is suggested that the injury is immunologically mediated and that particularly those clusters of connective tissue microfibrils not yet covered by an amorphous elastin component may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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  • 32
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    Virchows Archiv 401 (1983), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Clear-cell sarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neural crest ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A clinico-pathological, light microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 15 clear-cell sarcomas, with an ultrastructural analysis of 6 of the tumors, is presented. The tumors showed a strong predilection for tendons and aponeuroses of the extremities in predominantly young and middle-aged people. The clinical setting, course and light microscopic appearance agree well with the original description by Enzinger (1965). Nine of the 15 patients developed metastases, most of them including lymph nodes, and 8 of the patients had died at the time of follow-up (median follow-up time 4.8 years). Reducing pigment was demonstrated within the cells of 2 tumors. Ultrastructurally the 6 tumors studied had a uniform appearance with characteristically rounded or oval tumor cells with a single nucleus containing one or two very prominent nucleoli, a light-staining cytoplasm with a moderate amount of organelles and a variable content of glycogen. Polymorphic melanosomes were seen in the cells of one of the tumors. External laminas enclosed groups of tumor cells and invested parts of individual tumor cells. With immunoperoxidase analysis for S-100 protein positive staining was observed in the vast majority of the tumor cells of all 15 clear-cell sarcomas. Metastases appearing in 9 of the 15 cases showed positive staining for S-100 protein. There was a strong staining of the cytoplasm and generally a weak and varying staining of nuclei. The immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings indicate that clear-cell sarcoma is a homogenous entity among soft tissue sarcomas, of probable neural crest derivation.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 469-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow (human) ; Neutrophil granulocyte ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone marrow from hematologically healthy adults was exposed to a number of fixation procedures for investigation of the heterogeneity of the granule population in neutrophil granulocytes at the ultrastructural level. Four main cell stages were distinguished: early promyelocyte, late promyelocyte, myelocyte, and mature neutrophil granulocyte and described separately; metamyelocytes and band-form or stab cells are described together. The characteristic changes in the cytoplasm during myelopoiesis were analysed quantitatively. Special attention was given to the development of the granule population. Three types of granule arise in successive cell stages: granules which develop a sub-structure in the matrix (nucleated granules) are formed in early promyelocytes, granules with a homogeneous electron-dense matrix (azurophil granules) in late promyelocytes, and granules with a less electron-dense matrix (specific granules) in myelocytes. The three types of granule remain present during myelopoiesis. The best results in distinguishing the granule types were obtained by prefixation either in 0.1% glutaraldehyde or in 1.5% glutaraldehyde followed by washing in phosphate-buffered Ringer solution to which aminotriazole had been added. Granule counts revealed for the mature neutrophil a total number of granules of about 220 per ultrathin section. This population of granules is composed of about 12% nucleated, 11% azurophil, and 77% specific granules. When our previous findings are taken into account, the existence of three successively formed and morphologically distinguishable types of granule in heterophil (neutrophil) granulocytes has been demonstrated for three mammalian species: the guinea pig, the rat, and man. A separate term for the early promyelocyte stage is proposed: eomyelocyte.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 579-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rods ; Cones ; Retina ; Bullfrog ; Synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lumps of electron-dense material were observed in synaptic clefts associated with all types of photoreceptors, in the vicinity of the synaptic ribbons, in the retinae of dark-adapted frogs. Frogs were reared under a cyclic illumination (light on at 8:00; light off at 20:00) and then exposed to one of two courses of dark adaptation: one started from 11:00 in the morning, and the other started from 20:00 in the evening. The synaptic clefts of red rods became wider at some places where spherical or polygonal lumps of dense material were accumulated. The frequency and sectional area of the lumps increased faster for the first hour in the regime starting from 20:00 than in the regime starting from 11:00, then they reached the similar saturation levels of about 0.6 (per ribbon) and 1.6 to 1.8×104 (nm2) in both the regimes. In greenrod synapses, plate-shaped lumps of dense material were present in synaptic clefts and interspaces between the processes of second-order neurons. In cone synapses at the end of about 1 h darkness, the frequency and area of the lumps reached maximum values of about 0.12 (per ribbon) and 9×103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 11:00 and, about 0.08 (per ribbon) and 4 × 103 (nm2) in the regime starting from 20:00. On exposure to light, the dense material abruptly disappeared from all types of photoreceptor synaptic clefts. Large dense-core vesicles, occasionally observed in light-adapted rod photoreceptor terminals, seem to participate in exocytosis of the dense material. The number of dense-core vesicles per synaptic ribbon in a terminal was about 0.55 at the end of 3 h light in the morning and about 1.28 at the end of 12 h light in the evening. The increased number of dense-core vesicles during the daytime may contribute to the faster accumulation of dense material in the synaptic clefts. Although the chemical identification or the functional significance of the electron-dense material remains unknown, it is interesting that this material showed a rise and fall in response to darkness and illumination. Also the fact that this material is clearly visible will be helpful for future analysis of frog photoreceptor synapses.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Insect ; Microvilli ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double plasma membrane (DPM) surrounding intestinal microvilli of the migratory milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is described. Mutant and wild types of the phytophagous insect have been studied by conventional SEM and TEM procedures with the use of membrane-enhancing staining methods. Longitudinal and transverse sections revealed a DPM surrounding microvilli and continuing over the apical portions of the intestinal cell. The outer membrane of the DPM contributes to an intestinal lining or peritrophic membrane (PTM), which apparently accumulates in layers. SEM studies reveal a rugose intestinal surface and complete PTM in both starved and fed insects. Only rarely are exposed microvilli seen by SEM. SEM examinations also enable the observation of numerous blebs on the luminal side of the PTM apparently held in position by a neck-like attachment and apparently derived from the outer membrane of the DPM. Preliminary TEM studies of microvilli revealed unique microvesicle-like structures, lying just inside the inner membrane of the DPM, which may be of membrane origin based on their typical trilaminar appearance after en bloc staining with uranyl acetate. Highly ordered microfilaments were observed to occupy the most central aspect of the microvilli.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dictyosome-like structures ; Golgi apparatus ; Phosphatidylcholine ; Laminated figures ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dictyosome-like structures (DLS) of guinea pig spermatocytes, when prefixed in mixtures of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid, exhibited laminated figures with a repeating periodicity of about 4.5 nm in the spaces between DLS saccules or in association with the surfaces of the DLS saccules. These laminated figures were similar to those figures derived from saturated lipids in other tissues. Alternatively, spaces between saccules were collapsed leaving only thin, electron-dense material separating adjacent saccules. These changes were not observed when the DLS were prefixed in glutaraldehyde before exposure to tannic acid. The presence of laminated figures following fixation with tannic acid and osmium tetroxide suggests that saturated lipids are present in, or associated with, the intersaccular regions of the DLS. The distribution of laminated figures in other membrane structures was not affected by post fixation with tannic acid nor were laminated figures comparable to those of the DLS observed between cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. These results support previous conclusions that DLS are distinct from Golgi apparatus and are a unique component of the germ cell cytoplasm.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Digestion ; Membrane flow ; Electron microscopy ; Sarcodina ; Actinophrys sol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of food in the heliozoonActinophrys sol is characterized by several distinct membrane events. Initially, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane providing the membrane for the nascent food vacuole. During this process a—presumably lytic—material is secreted. After complete forming of the food vacuole a second type of vesicles fuses with it, whereupon usually lysis of the prey occurs. After denaturation and coagulation of the food, fluid is removed from the food vacuole. This process is accompanied by a high cytotic activity around the periphery of the food vacuole. Following this step, the perinuclear Golgi region shows an active appearance and numerous lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. In consequence of this the food is degradated. The food vacuole shrinks continuously. Simultaneously vesicles filled with the digested material pinch off from the food vacuole, the content of which shows a more and more condensed mass of undigestible material. The undigestible residues are defecated eventually. The process of digestion is accompanied by an increase in volume and number of electron lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. These vacuoles gradually become filled with a filamentous material starting with the vacuoles in the cell periphery. As the digestion continues, the vacuolar contents become condensed successively. Synchroneously the vacuoles move towards the cell center. After completion of the digestion, the cytoplasmic vacuoles decrease in volume and number and do not show any longer electron dense contents.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracmres ; Thylakoid degradation ; Ultrathin-sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Photooxidative bleaching of the CyanobacteriumAnacystis nidulans was studied by electron microscopic investigation of both freezefractured and thin-sectioned samples. During bleaching four consecutive phases in degradation of photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) could be characterized: 1. No ultrastructural changes until photosystem II activity is lost. 2. Derangement of characteristic arrangement of thylakoids. 3. Thylakoids visible only in thin-sectioned but not in freeze-fractured samples. 4. Completely bleached cells, only traces in place of former thylakoids visible in thinsectioned samples. Bleaching did not cause lysis of the cells showing that the cytoplasmic membrane was not damaged. Polyhedral bodies also were still detectable in bleached cells.
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  • 40
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Electron microscopy ; Vicia faba ; Vicia narbonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a formalin fixation technique whole chromosomes from root tips ofVicia species were isolated into a buffer solution. Combining this technique with the use of a set of reciprocal translocations available for this species—Vicia faba— allowed each member of the karyotype to be isolated and identified. Such isolated chromosomes can be used for optical microscopy or for either transmission or scanning electron microscopy where critical point drying clearly reveals chromatin fibre.
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  • 41
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    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Parapharyngeal mass ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microprobe X-ray analysis ; Ciliate ; Homalozoon vermiculare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and elemental composition of the granules which make up the parapharyngeal mass of the ciliateHomalozoon vermiculare are analyzed. The mass is made up of two kinds of granules. One is not membrane-bounded and is composed of paraglycogen. The second type is comprised of concentric lamellae. It is rich in magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These results do not support the contention that the granules are directly involved in the process of food vacuole formation. The role of the parapharyngeal mass remains obscure.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell walls ; Electron microscopy ; Moisture ; Plastic embedding ; Seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aqueous fixatives caused dry seed tissues to swell; mashed peanuts, crushed to remove oil, swelled even more. Use of anhydrous, organic solvents as vehicles for fixatives enabled maintenance of dimensional stability during fixation of dry seed tissues; even crushed seed tissue did not swell significantly when processed anhydrously. However, anhydrously processed specimens proved difficult to section. The difficulty was due to imperfect permeation of plastic into the seed tissues during embedding. An explanation of why anhydrously processed dry seed tissues are so difficult to embed in plastic is offered.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes, XXVI. Cycloadducts from Aryl Isothiocyanates and 2,2-Disubstituted EnaminesAryl isothiocyanates 1 react with enamines 2 to give two types of 2:1 cycloadducts. Below 50°C, 1a - g and 2 give rise to 6-imino-1,3-thiazine-2-thiones 5, the constitutions of which are proved by an X-ray analysis of 5c. Above 50°C or starting from 4-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate (1h),2,4-dithiouracils 6 are formed. 1:1 cycloadducts of the reactants are detected spectroscopically; on workup, they hydrolyze to give 2-formylthiopropionanilides 9.
    Notes: Arylisothiocyanate 1 und Enamine 2 reagieren zu zwei Typen von 2:1-Cycloaddukten. Unterhalb von 50°C entstehen aus 1a - g und 2 6-Imino-1,3-thiazin-2-thione 5, deren Konstitution durch die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 5c bewiesen wurde. Oberhalb 50°C oder aus 4-Nitrophenylisothio-cyanat (1h) bilden sich 2,4-Dithiouracile 6. 1:1-Cycloaddukte der Reaktanten lassen sich spektroskopisch nachweisen; bei der Aufarbeitung hydrolysieren sie zu 2-Formylthiopropionaniliden 9.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 544-548 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Anthraquinonophane [2.0.0](1,4)Benzeno(1,8)anthraquinono(1,4)benzenophaneBoth phenylene rings in the [5.2]paracyclophane subunit of the anthraquinonophane [2.0.0](1,4)benzeno(1,8)anthraquinono(1,4)benzenophane (1) are tilted by 37.6°. They show a boat-like deformation. The carbonyl group pointing towards the interior of the molecule interacts with the paracyclophane system. From this a strong boat-like deformation of the quinone ring of the anthraquinone moiety results.
    Notes: Die beiden Phenylenringe in der [5.2]Paracyclophan-Untereinheit des [2.0.0](1,4)Benzeno(1,8)-anthrachinono(1,4)benzenophans (1) sind um 37.6° gegeneinander geneigt und wannenförmig deformiert. Die Wechselwirkungen der ins Molekülinnere zeigenden Carbonylgruppe mit dem Paracyclophan-System verursachen eine starke wannenförmige Deformation des Chinonringes in der Anthrachinon-Einheit.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Four- and Five-membered Phosphorus Heterocycles, 55. 1,2,4-Diazaphospholo-[1,2,3]diazaphospholes - Preparation by Phosphaalkene + Nitrilimine Cycloaddition, Decomposition by Nitrile Elimination, and Structural Comparison of Addend and Adduct2,5-Dimethyl-1,2,3-diazaphosphole (1a) reacts with N-Phenylbenzohydrazonoyl chloride (6a) and a base in a sequence of nitrilimine cycloaddition, benzonitrile elimination, and another cycloaddition to give in the second step the 4-anilino derivative 7 of 1a, in the first and third step the 7a-unsubstituted and 7a-anilino-substituted title compound, 3a and 8, respectively. - As shown by the molecular structures, determined by X-ray analysis, there is a 6 π delocalization in 7 which is lost in 8 with remarkably little geometrical change at the phosphorus. - Other nitrilimines add to 1a in the same direction, that is with PC- and CN-bond formation.
    Notes: 2,5-Dimethyl-1,2,3-diazaphosphol (1a) reagiert mit N-Phenylbenzohydrazonoylchlorid (6a) und einer Base in einer Folge von Nitrilimin-Cycloaddition, Benzonitril-Eliminierung und neuerlicher Cycloaddition. In der zweiten Stufe bilden sich dabei das 4-Anilinoderivat 7 von 1a, in der ersten und dritten Stufe entstehen die 7a-unsubstituierte und 7a-anilinosubstituierte Titelverbindung, 3a bzw. 8. - Die röntgenographisch bestimmten Molekülstrukturen zeigen für den Übergang von 7 in 8 die Aufhebung einer 6 π-Delokalisierung bei nur geringen geometrischen Veränderungen am Phosphor. - Auch andere Nitrilimine addieren sich an 1a in gleicher Richtung, also unter PC- und CN-Verknüpfung.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1415-1421 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of Ansarane, Ansarene and CubaneThe thermolysis and kinetics of decomposition of cubane 4 and of ring enlarged cubanes, the ansaranes 1 - 3, are described. The relief of strain which will be observed breaking specific bonds has been estimated by the aid of force-field calculations thereby disclosing probable reaction pathways. The gas phase pyrolysis of cubane 4 yields vibrationally excited cyclooctatetraene 5 which fragmentates to benzene and acetylene. The gas kinetics of cyclooctatetraene 5 is reported on as well.
    Notes: Die Thermolyse und Zerfallskinetik ringerweiterter Cubane, der Ansarane 1 - 3, sowie des Cubans 4 selbst, werden beschrieben. Mit Hilfe von Kraftfeldrechnungen wird die Spannungserleichterung beim Bruch bestimmter Bindungen abgeschätzt, und wahrscheinliche Thermolysewege werden aufgezeigt. Das bei der Gasphasenthermolyse von Cuban 4 gebildete schwingungsangeregte Cyclooctatetraen 5 fragmentiert zu Benzol und Acetylen. Über die Gasphasenkinetik von Cyclooctatetraen wird ebenfalls berichtet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Existence of a Silaolefin: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Wittig and Diels-Alder Products in Reactions of Lithiated (Fluorosilyl)diazasilacyclopentenes with Benzaldehyde and MethacroleinLithium salts of 1,2-diaza-3-sila-5-cyclopentenes react with fluorosilanes and aminofluorosilanes to give 4-(fluorosilyl)-substituted compounds 1 - 4. By reaction with tert-butyllithium 1 - 4 themselves form lithium salts 5 - 8, which react with fluorosilanes in a second substitution giving 9 and 10.5 and 7 undergo a Wittig-type reaction with benzaldehyde to form the benzylidene derivative 11. Spirocyclic Diels-Alder adducts (12, 13) are obtained from the reaction of 5 and 6 with 2-methyl-2-propenal. The propenylidene derivative 14 is formed as a by product. With excess 2-methyl-2-propenal, 12 reacts as a dienophile giving the oligocyclic Diels-Alder adducts 15 and 16. The crystal structures of 11 and 15 are reported.
    Notes: Lithiumsalze der 1,2-Diaza-3-sila-5-cyclopentene reagieren mit Fluorsilanen und Aminofluorsilanen zu den 4-(Fluorsilyl)-substituierten Verbindungen 1 - 4. In Reaktion mit tert-Butyllithium bilden 1 - 4 erneut Lithiumsalze (5 - 8), die mit Fluorsilanen unter Zweitsubstitution zu 9 und 10 reagieren. In Wittig-analoger Reaktion reagieren 5 und 7 mit Benzaldehyd zum Benzyliden-Derivat 11. Spirocyclische Diels-Alder-Addukte (12, 13) werden aus 5 und 6 mit 2-Methyl-2-propenal erhalten. Als Nebenprodukt entsteht das Propenyliden-Derivat 14. Mit überschüssigem Dien (2-Methyl-2-propenal) reagiert 12 als Dienophil zu den oligocyclischen Diels-Alder-Addukten 15 und 16. Kristallstrukturen von 11 und 15 werden mitgeteilt.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 48
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 290-298 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Cyclic Silylhydrazines - Crystal Structure of a Five-membered Cross Dimerisation ProductN,N-Bis(fluorosilyl)amines (1 - 3) react with dilithiated hydrazines to give four- and five-membered silylhydrazine rings (4 - 8). The isomerisation of a 3-(tert-butylamino)-1,3-diaza-2,4-disilacyclobutane (8) to a 1,2,4-triaza-3,5-disilacyclopentane (9) has been demonstrated. Lithium salts of silylhydrazines react with fluorosilanes to give substitution products (10 - 15). Dilithiated hydrazine reacts with Me2SiF2 yielding N(SiFMe2)3 (16). The formation of isomeric N-(fluorosilyl)-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)- and N′-(fluorosilyl)-N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydrazines has been accomplished via ring-closure reactions (17 - 19) and confirmed by the crystal structure determination of a five-membered ring cross dimer (19). The ten-membered bicyclic ring system (22) is obtained by the reaction of (14) with dilithiated hydrazine.
    Notes: N,N-Bis(fluorsilyl)amine (1 - 3) reagieren mit dilithiierten Hydrazinen zu vier- und fünfgliedrigen Silylhydrazinringen (4 - 8). Präparativ gelang der Nachweis der Isomerisierung eines 3-(tert-Butylamino)-1,3-diaza-2,4-disilacyclobutans (8) zum 1,2,4-Triaza-3,5-disilacyclopentan (9). Lithiumsalze von Silylhydrazinen reagieren mit Fluorsilanen unter Substitution (10 - 15). Dilithiiertes Hydrazin reagiert mit Me2SiF2 zu N(SiFMe2)3 (16). Die Bildung von isomeren N-(Fluorsilyl)-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)- und N′-Fluorsilyl-N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydrazinen wird durch Ringschlußreaktionen (17 - 19) nachgewiesen und durch die Kristallstrukturuntersuchung eines Kreuz-Dimeren-Fünfrings belegt (19). Der zehngliedrige Bicyclus 22 entsteht in der Reaktion des N,N′-Bis(fluordimethylsilyl)-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydrazins(14) mit dilithiiertem Hydrazin.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 299-322 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Rearrangement of Substituted Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-enes. A Thermal “Walk”-RearrangementThe synthesis and the thermal behaviour of methyl 5-methyl-, 1,5-, and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carboxylates 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b, as well as of 1,5- and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carbonitriles 6a, 7a, b are reported. The “walk”-rearrangement which is degenerate in the cases of 3a, b could be detected experimentally with the aid of the dimethyl derivatives 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a, and 7a, b. Electrocyclic ring opening to the correspondingly substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes competes with the “walk”-rearrangements. Already at 0°C the “walk”-rearrangements 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b, and 6a → 7a proceed stereospecifically with inversion at the migrating carbon atom C-5 as postulated by Woodward and Hoffmann (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8, and 21.9 kcal/mol). We assume that the surprisingly low activation barriers do not only result from the resonance stabilization of an aromatic transition state but largely from the anomalously high ground-state enthalpy of the bicyclopentene system.
    Notes: Synthese und thermisches Verhalten der 5-Methyl-, 1,5-Dimethyl- und 2,5-Dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-en-5-carbonsäure-methylester 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b und -carbonitrile 6a, 7a, b werden beschrieben. Die in den Systemen 3a, b strukturell entartete „walk“-Umlagerung konnte am Beispiel der Dimethylderivate 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a und 7a, b experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Dazu konkurrierend finden elektrocyclische Ringöffnungen zu den entsprechend substituierten 1,3-Cyclopentadienen statt. Die „walk“-Umlagerungen 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b und 6a → 7a erfolgen bereits bei 0°C stereospezifisch mit der von Woodward und Hoffmann postulierten Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-5 (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8 bzw. 21.9 kcal/mol). Vermutlich resultieren die überraschend niedrigen Aktivierungsbarrieren nicht allein aus der Resonanzstabilisierung eines aromatischen Übergangszustandes, sondern wesentlich aus der anomal hohen Grundzustandsenthalpie des Bicyclopentensystems.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted Phosphanes, Arsanes, and Stibanes, XXXIII. (Bromomethyl)bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyllarsane: Synthesis and Metalation to Complexes with η1- or η2-Coordinated Arsinomethyl LigandThe pyrolysis of the trialkyldibromoarsorane (Me3SiCH2)3AsBr2 (1) under reduced pressure yields the (bromomethyl)arsane (Me3SiCH2)2AsCH2Br (2) with Me3SiBr elimination via the intermediate formation of the bromodialkylmethylenearsorane Br(Me3SiCH2)2As=CH2. 2 reacts with Na[M(CO)3Cp] (M=Mo, W) to give the transition metal substituted arsanes Cp(CO)3M-CH2As(CH2SiMe3SiMe3)2 (3a,b). These undergo cyclisation with loss of CO and formation of Cp(CO)2M[η2 CH2As(CH2SiMe3)2] (4a,b), the first complexes with an η2-bound arsinomethyl unit, either spontaneously (3a) or upon ultraviolet irradiation or prolonged standing at room temperature (3b). MeI quaternizes the arsane 3b to give the metalated arsonium salt [Cp(CO)3W - CH2As(Me)(CH2SiMe3)2]I (5). The NMR spectra indicate fluxional behaviour for the chiral metallacycles 4a, b. It is caused by a rapid change of the configuration at the metal centre, for which a mechanism, involving a rotation of the dihapto-coordinated ligand about an axis defined by the metal and the centre of the As—C(M) bond, is suggested.
    Notes: Die Pyrolyse des Trialkyldibromarsorans (Me3SiCH2)3AsBr2 (1) bei reduziertem Druck liefert unter Me3SiBr-Eliminierung über die intermediäre Stufe eines Bromdialkylmethylenarsorans Br(Me3SiCH2)2)2As=CH2 das (Brommethyl)arsan (Me3SiCH2)2AsCH2Br (2). Dieses reagiert mit Na[M(CO)3Cp] (M=Mo, W) zu den Übergangsmetall-substituierten Arsanen Cp(CO)3M-CH2As(CH2SiMe3)2 (3a,b), welche sich spontan (3a) bzw. bei UV-Bestrahlung oder längerem Stehenlassen bei Raumtemperatur (3b) unter CO-Verlust in Cp(CO)2M[η2-CH2As(CH2SiMe3)2] (4a,b), die ersten Komplexe mit η2-gebundener Arsinomethyl-Einheit, umwandeln. MeI quartärisiert das Arsan 3b zum metallierten Arsoniumsalz [Cp(CO)3W - CH2As(Me)(CH2SiMe3)2]I (5). Die NMR-Spektren zeigen für die chiralen Metallacyclen 4a, b fluktuierendes Verhalten an. Als Mechanismus für den dafür verantwortlichen schnellen Konfigurationswechsel am Zentralmetall wird die Rotation des dihapto-koordinierten Liganden um eine durch das Metall und den Mittelpunkt der As—C(M)-Bindung verlaufende Achse vorgeschlagen.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 360-366 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Evidence for 4-Homocubyl Carbenium Ions as Reactive Intermediates4-(Hexafluoroisopropoxy)homocubane (6) is the main product of the thermolysis reaction of N-(4-homocubyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide (9) and of the solvolysis reaction of 4-homocubyl bromide (5) in hexafluoro-2-propanol. This is experimental evidence for 4-homocubyl carbenium ions as intermediates in both reactions. The solvolysis rate of 4-homocubyl bromide at 120°C in the same solvent (k1120°C=1.3 · 10-7s-1) by far exceeds that of 1-norbornyl bromide which does not react at a detectable rate under these conditions. According to force field calculations the strain enthalpy is increasing by as much as 66 kcal · mol-1 in the ionisation of 4-homocubyl bromide. Therefore nonclassical stabilization of the 4-homocubyl carbenium ion is postulated.
    Notes: Bei der Thermolyse von N-(4-Homocubyl)-N-nitrosoacetamid (9) und bei der Solvolyse von 4-Homocubylbromid (5) in Hexafluor-2-propanol entsteht 4-(Hexafluorisopropoxy)homocuban (6) als Hauptprodukt. Dies beweist das Auftrete von 4-Homocubyl-Carbenium-Ionen als Zwischenstufen beider Reaktionen. Die Solvolysegeschwindigkeit von 4-Homocubylbromid bei 120°C in Hexafluor-2-propanol (k1120°C = 1.3 · 10-7 s-1) ist wesentlich höher als die von 1-Norbornylbromid, dessen Solvolyse unter diesen Bedingungen nicht nachweisbar ist. Da die Ionisation von 4-Homocubylbromid nach Kraftfeldrechnungen mit 66 kcal · mol-1 Ansteigen an Spannungsenthalpie verbunden ist, wird für das 4-Homocubyl-Carbenium-Ion eine nichtklassische Stabilisierung angenommen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with Aliphatic Dialdehydes, XXXVII, Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a [3.3.3.]Decamethinium Cyanine Dye, with Indoline End GroupsThe reaction of the trisaldehyde trisacetal 4 with 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline (7) and its tetrafluoroborate 8 yields either the δ-substituted heptamethinium cyanine dye 9 or the [3.3.3]decamethinium cyanine dye 10, depending on the reaction conditions. Configuration and conformation of both polymethine dyes have been determined by means of spectroscopic data as well as by X-ray analyses. - The UV/Vis-spectroscopic 〈trimethine shift“ of trinuclear, Y-Conjugated, methinylogous guanidinium ions is compared with the “vinylene shift” of dinuclear, linear-conjugated, vinylogous amidinium ions (Table 1).
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung des Trisaldehyd-trisacetals 4 mit 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-methylenindolin (7) und dessen Tetrafluoroborat 8 werden je nach Reaktionsbedingungen entweder der δ-substituierte Heptamethinium-Cyaninfarbstoff 9 oder der [3.3.3]Decamethinium-Cyaninfarbstoff 10 erhalten. Konfiguration und Konformation beider Polymethinfarbstoffe werden spektroskopisch sowie durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmungen ermittelt. - Der UV/Vis-spektroskopische „Trimethinsprung“ trinuclearer, Y-konjugierter, methinyloger Guanidinium-Ionen wird mit dem „Vinylensprung“ dinuclearer, linear-konjugierter, vinyloger Amidinium-Ionen verglichen (Tab. 1).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Sulfur Ylide Complexes, XVIII. The Deoxygenation of anti-Tricarbonyl(1-methyl-3,5-diorganyl-λ6thiabenzene oxide)chromium,-molybdenum, and -tungsten as a Novel Synthetic Route to λ4-Thiabenzene ComplexesFrom the reaction of anti-configurated λ6-thiabenzene oxide complexes 5a-e, 6e, and 7e with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride λ4-thiabenzene complexes 2a-e, 3e, and 4a are obtained. The hitherto unknown ylidic heterocycles in the novel complexes behave as significantly stronger donor ligands as the related λ6-thiabenzene oxides as is inferred from spectroscopic data.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion der anti-Konfigurierten λ6-Thiabenzoloxid-Komplexe 5a-e, 6e und 7e mit Natrium-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminiumhydrid werden die λ4-Thiabenzol-Komplexe 2a-e, 3e und 4e erhalten. Nach den Spektren sind die bisher unbekannten ylidischen Heterocyclen in den neuartigen Komplexen deutlich stärkere Donorliganden als die entsprechenden λ6-Thiabenzoloxide.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 669-680 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Reduction of Benzvalene Ozonide to cis-1,3-Cyclobutanedimethanol with LiAIH4On treatment with LiAlH4 at -30°C the polymeric ozonide of benzvalene (1) gives bicyclo-[1.1.0]butane-endo,endo-2,4-dimethanol (7). At higher temperatures cis-1,3-cyclobutanedimethanol (4) is formed. The stereochemical course of this unusual C—C hydrogenolysis has been elucidated by means of deuterated substrates. For this purpose a complete analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of the labeled cis-1,3-cyclobutanedicarboxylic anhydrides 9a-c had to be carried out. The dialcohol 7 and its bismethyl ether 16 add thiophenol across the central bond to form the cis products 18 and 19, respectively. Acids or Ag+ ions isomerize 7 via cleavage of a lateral bond into the ethers 21.
    Notes: Das polymere Ozonid des Benzvalens (1) wird mit LiAlH4 bei -30°C in Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan-endo,endo-2,4-dimethanol (7) übergeführt, bei höherer Temperatur entsteht cis-1,3-Cyclobutan-dimethanol (4). Mit deuterierten Verbindungen wurde der stereochemische Ablauf dieser ungewöhnlichen C—C-Hydrogenolyse aufgeklärt. Dazu mußte eine vollständige Analyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren der markierten cis-1,3-Cyclobutandicarbonsäureanhydride 9a-c durchgeführt werden. 7 und sein Bismethylether 16 addieren an der zentralen Bindung Thiophenol zu den cis-Produkten 18 bzw. 19. Säure oder Ag+-Ionen überführen 7 unter Öffnung einer seitlichen Bindung in die Ether 21.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Photoelectron Spectrum of 1,1-Diethoxy-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)allene. The Effect of Trifluoromethyl Groups on Cumulative SystemsThe He(I) photoelectron(PE) spectra of 1,1-diethoxy-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-butadiene [1,1-diethoxy-3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)allene] (1), tetraethoxyallene (3), and tetrakis-(trifluoromethyl)allene (5) have been recorded. A comparison between the PE spectra of 1, 3, and 5 shows that the first band of 1 (8.93 eV) is due to an ionization from the diethoxyethylene fragment and the second band of 1 (11.0 eV) is due to ionization from the bis(trifluoromethyl)-ethylene fragment. The effect of CF3 groups has also been discussed by comparing the PE spectra of bis(trifluoromethyl)ketene (6) and bis(trifluoromethyl)thioketene (7) with the parent compounds. The interpretation is aided by comparing the measured ionization potentials with orbital energies derived from a MINDO/3 or MNDO calculation.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren von 1,1-Diethoxy-4,4,4-trifluor-3-(trifluormethyl)-1,2-butadien [1,1-Diethoxy-3,3-bis(trifluormethyl)allen] (1), Tetraethoxyallen (3) und Tetrakis-(trifluormethyl)allen (5) wurden gemessen. Der Vergleich zwischen den PE-Spektren von 1, 3 und 5 zeigt, daß das 1. Ionisationspotential von 1 (8.93 eV) der Ionisation aus dem Diethoxyethylen-Fragment, das 2. Ionisationspotential von 1 (11.0 eV) der Ionisation aus dem Bis(trifluormethyl)ethylen-Fragment entspricht. Der Effekt der CF3-Gruppen wird zusätzlich anhand eines Vergleichs der PE-Spektren von Bis(trifluormethyl)keten (6) und Bis(trifluormethyl)thioketen (7) mit den unsubstituierten Verbindungen diskutiert. Die Interpretation erfolgt durch Vergleich zwischen den gemessenen Ionisationspotentialen und berechneten Orbitalenergien nach der MINDO/3-oder MNDO-Methode.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2896-2902 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: cis-Dinitrosylmetal Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten with Sulfur-Containing Chelating LigandsOctahedral complexes of the type cis-[M(chelate)2(NO)2] (M = Cr, Mo, W) were prepared by the reactions of the solvent-stabilized dihalogenodinitrosylmetal fragments [MX2-(NO)2]solv (MX2 = CrCl2, MoBr2, WBr2; solv = acetone or acetonitrile) with dithio chelating anions (chelate- = (CH3)2AsS2-, (CH3)2PS2-, (CH3O)2PS2-, (CH3)2N—CS2-). The compounds were characterized by their spectra. Additional chromium complexes, cis-[M(chelat)2(NO)2], were obtained using the chelating ligands Y—CS2- (Y = CH3, CH3S, CH3O), (CH3)2N—COS-, CH3-COS- and (CH3)2N—COSe-.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der solvensstabilisierten Dihalogenodinitrosylmetall-Fragmente [MX2-(NO)2]solv (MX2 = CrCl2, MoBr2, WBr2; solv = Aceton oder Acetonitril) mit Dithiochelat-Anionen (chelat- = (CH3)2AsS2-, (CH3)2PS2-, (CH3O)2PS2-, (CH3)2N—CS2-) wurden oktaedrische Komplexe des Typs cis-[M(chelat)2(NO)2] (M = Cr, Mo, W) dargestellt und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Weitere Chrom-Komplexe cis-[Cr(chelat)2(NO)2] wurden mit den Chelatliganden Y—CS2- (Y = CH3, CH3S, CH3O), (CH3)2N—COS-, CH3-COS- und (CH3)2N—COSe- erhalten.
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2914-2919 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 7,9-Dimethylbicyclo[4.3.1]deca-2,4,8-trien-7-yl Cation: A Bridged Dihomotropylium IonThe 7,9-dimethylbicyclo[4.3.1]deca-2,4,8-trien-7-yl cation (3) has been generated. Clearly, the two methyl groups disturb but don't suppress the dihomoaromatic delocalization. The question mentioned in the preceding paper1) cannot be answered unequivocally whether two methyl groups in 1,3-position stabilize the allylic cation of the tricyclic ion 1 so strongly that no trihomoaromatic delocalization takes place.
    Notes: Das 7,9-Dimethylbicyclo[4.3.1]deca-2,4,8-trien-7-yl-Kation (3) wird dargestellt. Die beiden Methylgruppen schwächen eindeutig die dihomoaromatische Delokalisierung, unterbinden sie aber nicht. Die in der voranstehenden Arbeit1) gestellte Frage, ob zwei Methylgruppen in 1,3-Anordnung das Allylkation im tricyclischen Ion 1 so stark stabilisieren, daß die trihomoaromatische Delokalisierung unterbunden wird, läßt sich nicht eindeutig beantworten.
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2903-2913 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 8-Methyl- and 8,10-Dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.04,ii]undeca-2,5,9-trien-8-yl Cation: A Contribution to the Question of a Bridged Trihomotropylium IonThe methylcyclohexenyl cation 9 is a short lived intermediate. The thermodynamically more stable cyclopentenyl cations 10a and 10b are generated via hydride shift. 10b finally dominates the equilibrium mixture. The dimethylcyclohexenyl cation 16 shows contrary to 9 no hydride shift. The question of a homoaromatic character in 16 has been denied unequivocally due to a comparison of relevant NMR data between 16 and its tetrahydro derivative 17.
    Notes: Das Methylcyclohexenylkation 9 ist eine kurzlebige Zwischenstufe. Es bildet unter Hydriverschiebung die thermodynamisch stabileren Cyclopentenylkationen 10a und 10b, von denen schließlich 10b das Gleichgewichtsgemisch beherrscht. Im Gegensatz zu 9 zeigt das Dimethylcyclohexenylkation 16 keine Hydridverschiebung. Ein NMR-spektroskopischer Vergleich zwischen 16 und seinem Tetrahydroderivat 17 verneint eindeutig die Frage nach einem trihomoaromatischen Charakter von 16.
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2931-2935 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Are Pyramidal Structures Involved in the Decomposition of Aryl-substituted Cyclopentadienyl Cations?Tetra- and pentaaryl-substituted cyclopentadienyl cations undergo dissociation to diaryl-substituted acetylenes and substituted cyclopropenylium ions without any significant skeleton isomerization involving pyramidal or polycyclic carbocation structures.
    Notes: Tetra- und pentaarylsubstituierte Cyclopentadienyl-Kationen zeigen nur eine geringe Tendenz, vor ihrem Zerfall zu Diarylacetylen und substituierten Cyclopropenylium-Ionen Gerüstumlagerungen zu pyramidalen oder polycyclischen Kationen einzugehen.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2958-2971 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of Rearrangement Reactions of Cyclic Allyl and Pentadienyl AnionsBicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl anion (1) and bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenyl anion (2) rearrange in THF to monocyclic pentadienyl anions, whereas bicyclo[3.3.0]octenyl anion 3 is stable under the reaction conditions. 3 in contrary is formed by the known electrocyclic ring closure of cyclooctadienyl anion 7. Rearrangements of cyclopentenyl anion and pentadienyl anion are not detected. Cyclic allyl anions are alkylated by ethene, formed by cleavage of THF with base or independently added. 6,6-Dimethylcyclohexadienyl anion undergoes slow fragmentation to toluene at room temperature.
    Notes: Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl-Anion (1) und Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenyl-Anion (2) lagern sich in THF in die monocyclischen Pentadienyl-Anionen um, während für Bicyclo[3.3.0]octenyl-Anion (3) unter den Reaktionsbedingungen keine Ringöffnung beobachtet wird. Statt dessen geht das Cycloocta-dienyl-Anion 7 den bekannten Ringschluß zu 3 ein. Umlagerungsreaktionen für das Cyclopentenyl-Anion und das offenkettige Pentadienyl-Anion treten nicht ein. Cyclische Allylanionen lassen sich mit Ethen, entstanden aus der Spaltung von THF mit Base oder unabhängig zugeführt, alkylieren. Das 6,6-Dimethylcyclohexadienyl-Anion fragmentiert bei Raumtemperatur langsam zu Toluol.
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  • 61
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2920-2930 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Methylenecyclopropanes, VII. Nickel(0)-catalysed Cycloadditions of Methylenecyclopropanes with Alkyl AcrylatesCycloaddition reactions of methylenecyclopropane (1) and of the ring-methylated methylene-cyclopropanes 5, 9 and 12 with alkyl acrylates are performed at nickel(0) catalysts, such as bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel unter mild conditions (0-50°C). Depending on the degree of methylation of the three-membered ring, 1 and 5 give only alkyl 3-methylenecyclopentane-carboxylates (4 and 6), whereas 9 leads to a mixture of the methylenecyclopentane derivative 10 and the alkyl spiro[2.3]hexanecarboxylate 11, and 12 react to form only the spiro[2.3]hexane derivative 13. With 12 isomerisation to 2,3,3-trimethyl-1,4-pentadiene (15) also takes place. In the case of 9 the ratio of methylenecyclopentane to spiro[2.3]hexanecarboxylate can be influenced by the size of alkyl groups. - In the Ni0-catalysed reactions of 1 with substituted acrylates (methyl crotonate or diethyl maleate) codimerisation to 16 and 17 competes with cyclodimerisation to 2 and 3.
    Notes: An Nickel(0)-Katalysatoren, bevorzugt Bis(1,5-cyclooctadien)nickel, gelingen Cycloadditionen von Methylencyclopropan (1) und dessen am Ring methylierten Derivaten 5, 9 und 12 mit Acrylsäure-alkylestern unter milden Bedingungen (0-50°C). In Abhängigkeit von dem Methylierungsgrad des Dreirings entstehen aus 1 und 5 nur 3-Methylencyclopentancarbonsäure-alkylester (4 bzw. 6), aus 9 Gemische dieser Methylencyclopentan-Derivate (10) mit einem Spiro[2.3]hexancarbonsäure-alkylester (11) oder aus 12 nur das Spiro[2.3]hexanderivat 13. Mit 12 tritt auch Isomerisierung zu 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1,4-pentadien (15) ein, Bei 9 kann das Methylencyclopentan-/Spiro[2.3]-hexancarbonsäureester-Verhältnis durch die Größe des Alkylrestes im Acryl beeinflußt werden. - Dagegen konkurrieren bei den Ni0-katalysierten Reaktionen von 1 mit substituierten Acrylsäureestern (Crotonsäure-methylester, Maleinsäure-diethylester) Cyclodimerisierung zu 2 und 3 mit der Codimerisierung zu 16 und 17.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Aziridines (Aziranes), 29. N-Acylated or N-Sulfonated Esters of 2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid by Means of Base Catalyzed Amidoethylation of Diesters of Phosphoric Acid with Activated AziridinesThe sodium salts 2 of diesters of phosphoric acid 1 are amidoethylated at phosphorus with N-acylaziridines 3 or N-sulfonylaziridines 13 under proper reaction conditions at room temperature. In this manner a broad variation of N-acylated or N-sulfonated esters of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acids (5a-u, 15a-i) are obtained, mostly in good yields. 2-Methylated 2-aminoethyl-phosphonic esters are formed selectively in two cases by reaction of 2-methylated activated aziridines.
    Notes: In Form ihrer Natriumsalze 2 lassen sich Phosphorigsäurediester 1 bei Raumtemperatur unter geeigneten Bedingungen mit N-Acylaziridinen 3 oder N-Sulfonylaziridinen 13 am Phosphoratom amidoethylieren. So werden N-acylierte oder N-sulfonierte 2-Aminoethylphosphonsäureester (5a-u, 15a-i) in großer Variationsbreite mit meist guten Ausbeuten erhalten. Ringmethylierte Aziridine führen dabei in zwei Fällen selektiv zu 2-methylierten 2-Aminoethylphosphonsäureestern.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Elektronenstruktur von Phosphor-Verbindungen mit Nortricyclan-Struktur. - Modell-Rechnungen und PhotoelektronenspektrenDie unterschiedliche Reaktivität der Phosphor-Verbindungen P4[Si(CH3)2]3 (1) and P7(CH3)3 (2) wird anhand eines einfachen MO-Schemas diskutiert. Das MO-Schema basiert auf semiempirischen Rechnungen (MINDO/3, MNDO) und auf He(1)-photoelektronenspektroskopischen Untersuchungen an 1 und 2. Die Elektronenstruktur ähnlich gebauter Käfigverbindungen mit Nortricyclangerüst wie P73-, P4S3 und P7[Si(CH3)3]3 wird mit 1 und 2 verglichen.
    Notes: The different reactivity of P4[Si(CH3)2]3 (1) and P7(CH3)3 (2) is discussed in terms of a simple MO scheme. This scheme is based on semiempirical calculations (MINDO/3, MNDO) and on He(1) photoelectron spectroscopic investigations on 1 and 2. The electronic structure of similar cage compounds with the nortricyclane skeleton like P73-, P4S3, and P7[Si(CH3)3]3 is compared with 1 and 2.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2983-2993 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: cis,trans,cis- und trans,trans,trans-l,2,3,4-Tetravinylcyclobutan - Darstellung und einige spektroskopische EigenschaftenDie Titel-Verbindungen 1 und 2 werden mit Hilfe von bekannten Reaktionsfolgen dargestellt. Die He(1) PE-Spektren von 1 und 2 zeigen eine starke Wechselwirkung (β = -1.9 eV) zwischen den Vinylgruppen und dem Vierring. Die räumliche Wechselwirkung zwischen den Vinylgruppen ist nicht meßbar.
    Notes: The title compounds 1 and 2 are prepared using standard procedures. The He(1) PE spectra of 1 and 2 show strong interaction (β = -1.9eV) between vinyl groups and the four-membered ring. The through space interaction between the vinyl groups is found to be minute.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2994-2999 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On a Diazadiboretidine as Four-Electron Donor against Chromium and TungstenThe iminoborane Bu—B = N-tBu (1) is dimerized to the diazadiboretidine 2 by the catalytic action to tert-butyl isonitrile, being trimerized to the borazine 3 without a catalyst. The coordination compounds η4-[BuBN(tBu)]2 · M(CO)4 (4a, b) are formed from (OC)5M(THF) (M = Cr, W) and either 1 and 2. The chromium atom in 4a is coordinated by four CO groups and the two nitrogen atoms of a non-planar molecule 2 at the vertices and by the two boron atoms of 2 above two adjoining faces of a distorted octahedron.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3205-3211 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Platinum(II) Complexes of Vinylogous Amino IsocyanidesIsocyanide platinum(II) complexes trans-[(Ph3P)2LPtCl]+Cl- (2) (L = vinylogous aminoisonitrile are formed from cis-(Ph3P)2PtCl2 and L; the cations of 2 have been isolated as PF6- salts (3). At higher temperatures the salts 2 give the neutral complexes cis-(Ph3P)LPtCl2 (4) and PPh3. Treatment of 4 with amines HNR2R3 affords the diaminocarbene complexes cis-[(Ph3P)[(R1R3N)C]PtCl(amine)]+Cl- (isolated as PF6- salts 5) which on heating give the compounds cis-(Ph3P)[R1HN)(R2R3 N)C]PtCl2 (7).
    Notes: Isocyanid-Platin(II)-Komplexe trans-[Ph3P)2LPtCl]+Cl- (2) (L = vinyloges Aminoisonitril entstehen aus cis-Ph3P)2PtCl2 und L; sie werden als stabile PF6--Salze (3) isoliert. Die Verbindungen 2 spalten beim Erhitzen Ph3P ab unter Bildung der neutralen Komplexe cis-(Ph3P)LPtCl2 (4), die sich mit Aminen HNR2R3 zu den Diaminocarben-Komplexen cis-(Ph3P)[R1HN)(R2R3 N)C]PtCl(amine)+Cl2 (7) umsetzen, wobei als Zwischenstufen ionische Verbindungen [(Ph3P)[R1HN)(R2R3N)C]PtCl(amin)] +PF6- (5) gefaßt wurden.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Alkyl and Aryl Compounds, XXX. Preparation and Crystal Structure of Bis[μ-phenylethynyl-(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine)lithium], (PhC≡CLi·tmpda)2, a Dimeric Compound with Phenylethynyl BridgesThe title compound has been prepared from n-butyllithium, phenylacetylene and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (tmpda) and its structure determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It represents a first example containing phenylethynyl bridges between alkali metal atoms and is isostructural to the phenyl compounds (PhLi·tmeda)2.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung wurde aus n-Butyllithium, Phenylacetylen und N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-1,3-propandiamin (tmpda) dargestellt und ihre Struktur röntgenographisch bestimmt. Sie stellt ein erstes Beispiel von Phenylethinyl-Brücken zwischen Alkalimetall-Atomen dar und ist isostrukturell zur Phenylverbindung (PhLi·tmeda)2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of 2-(Aminomethylene)cyclohexanone Derivatives with DichloroquinonesReaction of dichloro-p-benzoquinones 1 with 2-[(arylamino)methylene]cyclohexanone derivatives 2 yield dibenzofuranone derivatives 4. The structure is proven spectroscopically and by oxidation to 6, which is hydrolysed to 7. The course of the reaction via the intermediate 10 can be proved by its isolation and reaction to 4a.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Dichlor-p-benzochinonen 1 mit 2-[(Arylamino)methylen]cyclohexanon-Derivaten 2 werden die Dibenzofuran-Abkömmlinge 4 erhalten. Ihre Struktur wird spektroskopisch belegt und durch Oxidation zu 6 sowie anschließende Hydrolyse zu 7 chemisch bewiesen. Der Verlauf der Reaktion über das Zwischenprodukt 10 kann durch dessen Isolierung und Umsetzung zu 4a bewiesen werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 70
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 136-145 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Radical Anions, I. Synthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic Silylated 1,2-EthenediaminesReactions of radical anions obtained by the reduction of glyoxal diimines RN=CH—CH=NR 3 (3a: R = tert-butyl; 3b: R = 2,6-xylyl) with chlorotrimethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, and dichloromethylsilane afford acyclic N-mono and N,N′-disilylated ene-diamines 6, 8, 9, and cyclic diazasilacyclopentenes 10, 11, 13, respectively. C-Silylation is a minor side-reaction. 13C NMR, IR, and PE data are consistent with a non-planar E-configuration for 8 and Z-configuration for 6. In agreement with MS data and the very low 1. ionisation potentials, the planar heterocycles 10 and 13 on oxidation yield stable, delocalized radical cations, which are characterized ESR-spectroscopically.
    Notes: Durch Reduktion der Glyoxaldiimine RN=CH—CH=NR 3 (3a: R = tert-Butyl; 3b: R = 2,6-Xylyl) erhältliche Radikalanionen reagieren mit Chlortrimethylsilan, Dichlordimethylsilan und Dichlormethylsilan zu offenkettigen N-mono- bzw. N,N′-disilylierten En-diaminen 6, 8, 9 bzw. zu cyclischen Diazasilacyclopentenen 10, 11, 13. C-Silylierung wird nur als Nebenreaktion beobachtet. 13C-NMR-, IR- und PE-Daten belegen eine nicht-planare E-Konfiguration für 8 und Z-Konfiguration für 6. Die planaren Heterocyclen 10 und 13 bilden in Übereinstimmung mit den MS-Daten und der geringen 1. Ionisierungsenergie stabile, delokalisierte Radikalkationen, die ESR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert werden.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 159-175 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylruthenium(II) Compounds and their β-H-Elimination into (η-2Alkene)hydridoruthenium ComplexesReaction of Cp(PPh3)2RuCl (1) with primary alkylmagnesium halides (alkyl = Et, Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu) leads to the corresponding alkylruthenium complexes 4-7. Above 50°C 4-7 lose a PPh3 molecule and form by Ru-β-H-elimination the (η2-alkene)hydridoruthenium complexes 9-12. With R = isobutyl the intermediately formed, coordinatively unsaturated Cp(PPh3)Ru—R complex can be stabilized by complexation with ethylene (50 bar) as (η2-ethylene)isobutylruthenium complex 15. Mechanistic investigations of the [2-D3]ethyl complex 16 indicate that the Ru-β-H-elimination is reversible. - Rotation of the η2-alkene ligand in 9-12 leads to temperaturedependent 1H NMR spectra. The 31P chemical shifts of 1, 2, 4-7 and 9-12, respectively, are characteristic for the corresponding type of complexes.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Cp(PPh3)2RuCl (1) mit prim. Alkylmagnesiumhalogeniden (Alkyl = Et, Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu) werden die entsprechenden Alkylruthenium-Komplexe 4-7 erhalten. Ab ca. 50°C spalten 4-7 ein PPh3 ab und bilden durch Ru-β-H-Eliminierung die (η2-Alken)hydridoruthenium-Komplexe 9-12. Das intermediär entstehende, koordinativ ungesättigte Cp (PPh3)Ru—R wurde bei R = Isobutyl mit Ethylen (50 bar) als (η2-Ethylen)isobutylruthenium-Komplex 15 abgefangen. Aus mechanistischen Untersuchungen mit dem [2-D3]Ethylkomplex 16 folgt die Reversibilität der Ru-β-H-Eliminierung. - Die Rotation des η2-Alken-Liganden in 9-12 bedingt temperaturabhängige 1H-NMR-Spektren. Die 31P-chemischen Verschiebungen sind bei 1, 2, 4-7 bzw. 9-12 jeweils charakteristisch für den Verbindungstyp.
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  • 72
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 176-185 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkenylruthenium(II) ComplexesThe Cp(PPh3)2Ru—[CH2]nCR=CH2 complexes 2-4 (n = 0.2. R = H; n = 3, R = CH3) are prepared by treatment of the chloride 1 with the appropriate organomagnesium halides. The vinyl complex 2 eliminates a PPh3 ligand above 100°C and reacts with ethylene (20-30 bar) by insertion into the Ru - vinyl bond to give the (η3-1-methylallyl)ruthenium complex 6a. The 3- and 4-alkenyl compounds 3 and 4 isomerize at 80-100°C after dissociation of one PPh3 via an (η2-alkadiene)hydridoruthenium intermediate, e.g. 7, to form the η3-allyl complexes 6, 8, and 9, respectively. The stable (η1,η2-4-alkenyl)ruthenium compounds 10-12 are formed if isomerization by β-H-elimination is prevented by E-configuration of Ru and β-H in a conformatively inflexible cyclopropyl system. The 31P chemical shifts of 2-4 and the (η1-allyl)ruthenium complexes, of 10-12, and of the η3-allyl complexes 6a, 8, 9, 13a are characteristic for the corresponding type of compounds.
    Notes: Die Cp(PPh3)2Ru—[CH2] nCR=CH2-Komplexe 2-4 (n = 0, 2, R = H; n = 3, R = CH3) werden durch Umsetzung des Chlorids 1 mit den entsprechenden Organomagnesiumhalogeniden dargestellt. Die Vinylverbindung 2 spaltet oberhalb 100°C einen PPh3-Liganden ab und reagiert mit Ethylen (20-30 bar) unter Insertion in die Ru - Vinyl-Bindung zum (η3-1-Methylallyl)ruthenium-Komplex 6a. Die 3- und 4-Alkenylverbindungen 3 und 4 isomerisieren bei 80-100°C nach Abspaltung eines PPh3 über (η2-Alkadien)hydridoruthenium-Zwischenstufen, z. B. 7, zu η3-Allyl-Komplexen 6 bzw. 8 und 9. Stabile (η1,η2-4-Alkenyl)ruthenium-Verbindungen 10-12 werden erhalten, wenn die Isomerisierung über β-H-Eliminierung durch E-Konfiguration von Ru und β-H in einem konformativ starren Cyclopropyl-System verhindert ist. Die 31P-chemischen Verschiebungen von 2-4 und den (η1-Allyl)ruthenium-Komplexen, von 10-12 bzw. den η3-Allylverbindungen 6a, 8, 9 und 13a sind jeweils charakteristisch für den Verbindungstyp.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 186-196 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Heterocyclic Onium Salts with Electron-rich Multiple Bond SystemsThe N-phenylquinolinium salt 4 reacts with ketene diethyl acetal (5) by angular anellation to give 6. On the contrary, with ynamine 2 an open-chain 1:2 adduct (14) with cross-conjugated cyanine structure is obtained which is proved by X-ray analysis. With 1,2,4-triazolium salts and 2 [3+ + 2] cycloaddition-cycloreversion as well as [4+ + 2] cycloaddition are observed. With tetrazolium salt 28 and 2 deprotonation and cycloelimination of N2 occurs. The 5-aryl-substituted tetrazolium salt 32 suffers dealkylation with 2.
    Notes: Das N-Phenylchinoliniumsalz 4 reagiert mit Keten-diethylacetal (5) unter angularer Anellierung zu 6. Mit dem Inamin 2 hingegen gibt 4 ein offenkettiges 1 : 2-Addukt (14) mit kreuzkonjugierter Cyaninstruktur, die durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen ist. Bei 1,2,4-Triazoliumsalzen werden mit 2 sowohl [3+ + 2]-Cycloaddition/Cycloreversion als auch [4+ + 2]-Cycloaddition beobachtet. Das Tetrazoliumsalz 28 wird durch 2 deprotoniert und cycloeliminiert N2. Das 5-arylsubstituierte Tetrazoliumsalz 32 wird durch 2 desalkyliert.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Sulfur Ylide Complexes, XIV. π-Complexes of 1-Alkyl-3,5-diphenyl-λ4-thiabenzenes with Dicarbonylnitrosylchromium1-Alkyl-3,5-diphenyl-λ4-thiabenzene chromium complexes 2a-f are oxidized by NOPF6 in CH2Cl2 at -70°C, yielding the cationic dicarbonylnitrosyl complexes 3a-f. The temperature dependence of the 1H NMR spectra of 3a-f is consistent with a hindered rotation of the ring ligands. The X-ray structure analysis of 3b shows that the molecule in the solid state possesses no local Cs-symmetry.
    Notes: Die 1-Alkyl-3,5-diphenyl-λ4-thiabenzol-Chromkomplexe 2a-f werden durch NOPF6 in CH2Cl2 bei -70°C unter Bildung der kationischen Dicarbonylnitrosyl-Spezies 3a-f oxidiert. Die temperaturabhängigen 1H-NMR-Spektren dieser Komplexe deuten auf gehinderte Rotation der Ringe um das (CO)2(NO)Cr+-Fragment hin. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 3b zeigt, daß das Molekül im Kristall keine lokale Cs-Symmetrie mehr besitzt.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereologous Crown Ethers: π-Donor Participation in the Complexation of Cations?In the framework of the “stereology concept” the new crown ethers 8, 9, and for comparison 11 have been synthesized and their stability constants with Ag+ ions determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results may be interpreted as evidence for a π-participation of aromatic nuclei of the ligands in the complexation of certain cations.
    Notes: Im Rahmen des „Stereologie-Konzepts“ wurden die neuartigen Kronenether 8, 9 und zum Vergleich 11 synthetisiert und deren Komplexkonstanten gegenüber Ag+-Ionen 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch ermittelt. Die Befunde machen eine π-Donorbeteiligung aromatischer Kerne bei der Komplexierung bestimmter Kationen wahrscheinlich.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2408-2417 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: AcenazulenedionesReactions of 8-methoxyheptafulvene (1) and quinones 2 give in [8+2]-cycloadditions hydroacenazulenediones 3, which are immediately transformed to acenazulenediones 4 and 5. The yields in the reaction sequence depend on the half-wave-reduction-potentials (E1/2) of 2. Only compounds 2 with E1/2 (in acetonitrile, vs s.c.e.) lower than - 0.5 V lead to cycloadducts in reasonable yields. Properties of the ground and excited states of 4 and 5 are characterized by spectroscopic methods and molecular-orbital-calculations.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindungen 4 und 5 werden über [8+2]-Cycloadditionen aus 8-Methoxyheptafulven (1) und den Chinonen 2 dargestellt. Die Ausbeuten an 4 und 5 hängen von den Halbstufen-Reduktionspotentialen (E1/2) der Chinone 2 ab. Die Cycloadditionen werden nur bei Chinonen mit E1/2 〈 -0.5 V (in CH3CN, vs SCE) beobachtet; stärker oxidierende Chinone führen zur Polymerisation von 1. Die Grundzustandseigenschaften und Eigenschaften der angeregten Zustände von 4 und 5 werden durch spektroskopische Methoden und Berechnungen charakterisiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2437-2446 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Titanium Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,5-HexadienesCp2TiCl (1) and Cp2TiCl2 (2) combined with isopropylmagnesium bromide (molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2, resp.) catalyze the conversion of 1,5-hexadiene into a mixture of the five-membered ring compounds 3 and 4 as well as the linear isomeric hexadienes 5, 6, and 7. THF is most effective in both promoting cyclization as well as suppressing isomerization (3 → 4 and 5 → 6 or 7). The ratio of cyclic to linear products in reactions involving substituted 1,5-hexadienes is found to be dependent upon the position of the substituents. Substitution in the 2- or 2- and 5-position leads to the formation of the open-chain isomers 11 and 12 or 13 and 14, while 3,4-substituted 1,5-hexadienes react to give 〉 99% of the five-membered ring systems 15 and 16 or 17 and 18. A reaction mechanism is discussed which involves Cp2TiH and Cp2(alkenyl)Ti intermediates.
    Notes: Cp2TiCl (1) bzw. Cp2TiCl2 (2) und Isopropylmagnesiumbromid (Molverhältnis 1:1 bzw. 1:2) katalysieren die Umwandlung von 1,5-Hexadien in ein Gemisch der Fünfringverbindungen 3 und 4 sowie der offenkettigen isomeren Hexadiene 5,6 und 7. In THF ist die Cyclisierung am stärksten bevorzugt und die Isomerisierung (3 → 4 oder 5 → 6 bzw. 7) am langsamsten. Bei substituierten 1,5-Hexadienen hängt das Verhältnis cyclischer zu offenkettigen Produkten vom Ort der Substitution ab. Bei Substitution in 2- oder 2- und 5-Stellung entstehen praktisch ausschließlich die offenkettigen Isomeren 11 und 12 bzw. 13 und 14, während in 3,4-Stellung substituierte 1,5-Hexadiene zu 〉 99% die entsprechenden Fünfringverbindungen 15 und 16 bzw. 17 und 18 bilden. Es wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus mit Cp2TiH- und Cp2(Alkenyl)Ti-Zwischenstufen diskutiert.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2474-2485 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Norpinyl-Norbornyl Rearrangements: 2-Methyl- and 2,exo-6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.l.l]heptane DerivativesSolvolyses of 2-methylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl-4-nitrobenzoate (9), the nitrous acid deamination of the corresponding amine (4e), and acid-catalyzed rearrangements of various 2-methylbicyclo-[3.1.1]heptane derivatives (4a - c) have been investigated. 2-Methylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl (4) and 1-methyl-endo-2-norbornyl (10) products prevailed; minor quantities of 2-methyl-exo-2-norbornyl derivatives (12) were also obtained. The product distributions were independent of the precursor but were strongly affected by the nucleophilicity of the solvent. Our observations are consistent with the 7-bridged norbornyl cation 6 as the predominant intermediate. Further stabilization of 6 by exo-3-methyl substitution is indicated by the results of the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 2,exo-6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-ol (17).
    Notes: Solvolysen von 2-Methylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl-4-nitrobenzoat (9) die Desaminierung des entsprechenden Amins 4e und säurekatalysierte Umlagerungen verschiedener 2-Methylbicyclo-[3.1.1]heptan-Derivate (4a - c) wurden untersucht. 2-Methylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl- (4) und 1-Methyl-endo-2-norbornyl-Produkte (10) überwogen, daneben wurden kleinere Mengen an 2-Methyl-exo-2-norbornyl-Derivaten (12) erhalten. Die Produktverteilungen waren vom Ausgangsmaterial unabhängig, wurden aber durch die Nucleophilie des Lösungsmittels stark beeinflußt. Unsere Resultate sprechen für das 7-verbrückte Norbornylkation 6 als vorherrschende Zwischenstufe. Eine weitere Stabilisierung von 6 durch exo-3-Methylsubstitution deuten die Ergebnisse der säurekatalysierten Umlagerung von 2,exo-6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-ol (17) an.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 79
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2492-2523 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: cis,trans-Oxaaza-bis-σ-homobenzenes - 4H-1,4-OxazocinesThe cis-oxaaza-bis-σ-homobenzene framework has been synthesised via two routes starting from readily accessible materials (11, 25). As expected the N-SO2R derivatives 3a, b are sufficiently stable to be isolated; on heating, they readily and quantitatively undergo [π2 + σ2 + σ2]-cycloreversion to the 4H-1,4-oxazocines 6a, b (3b: t1/2 (60°C) = 33.2 min; ΔG≠ = 104.0 kJ·mol-1). The latter prefer a non-planar, folded conformation. Using a precursor of 3b (27a), the thermally stable trans-oxaaza-bis-σ-homobenzene 9 was obtained in very small yield (2-6%) by two alternative pathways.
    Notes: Mit jeweils gut zugänglichen Ausgangsmaterialien (11, 25) werden zwei Synthesen für das cis-Oxaaza-bis-σ-homobenzol-Gerüst entwickelt. Die erwartungsgemäß isolierbaren N-SO2R-Derivate 3a, b gehen beim Erwärmen rasch und einheitlich die [π2 + σ2 + σ2]-Cycloreversion in die 4H-1,4-Oxazocine 6a, b ein (3b: t1/2 (60°C) = 33.2 min; ΔG≠ = 104.0kJ. mol-1). Letztere bevorzugen eine nicht-planare, gefaltete Konformation. Ausgehend von einem Synthesezwischenprodukt (27a) wird in zwei Varianten und in jeweils sehr geringer Ausbeute (2-6%) auch das thermisch beständige trans-Oxaaza-bis-β-homobenzol 9 hergestellt.
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  • 80
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 970-979 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Reaktivität von 2-Aroylbenzoesäuren, III. 2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)benzoesäureDurch Friedel-Crafts 2-Carboxybenzoylierung von 2,6-Xylenol mit Phthalsäureanhydrid wurde eine neue Verbindung vom p-Acylphenol-Typ erhalten: 2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)benzoesäure (1) (Ausbeute 74%). In einer analogen Reaktion von 2,6-Xylenol mit Tetrabrom- und Tetrachlorphthalsäureanhydrid wurden die Benzoesäure-Derivate 13 bzw. 14 dargestellt. 1 wurde auch mit 93% Ausbeute durch Semi-Stieglitz-Umlagerung von 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)phthalid (9) gewonnen. Verschiedene Reaktionen der Säure 1 führten zu den Derivaten 2-12.
    Notes: Friedel-Crafts 2-carboxbenzoylation of 2,6-xylenol with phthalic anhydride resulted in the formation of a new p-acylphenol type compound: 2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid (1) (74% yield). Similar reactions of 2,6-xylenol with tetrabromo- and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride gave the benzoic acid derivatives 13 and 14, respectively. Another practical and efficient (93%) method for preparation of compound 1 was semi-Stieglitz rearrangement of the known 3,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)phthalide (9). Reactions of the acid 1 have been investigated, leading to its derivatives 2-12.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2564-2573 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: C-Silyl Derivatives of QuinolizinesThe cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (1) to the C-silylated pyridines 2b - f leads to the corresponding partially very labile C-silylated tetramethyl 9aH-quinolizine-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylates 3b - j, which are rearranged into the isomeric tetramethyl C-silyl-4H-quinolizine-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylates 4b - g. From 4b - d the silylated dimethyl 3-methoxalyl-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-1,2-dicarboxylates 6b - d are formed via the quinolizinium perchlorates, from which the perchlorate 5b was isolated.
    Notes: Die Cycloaddition von Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester (1) an die silylierten Pyridine 2b - f führt zu den entsprechenden, z. T. sehr labilen, C-silylierten 9aH-Chinolizin-1,2,3,4-tetracarbonsäure-tetramethylestern 3b - j, die in die isomeren C-Silyl-4H-chinolizin-1,2,3,4- tetracarbonsäure-tetramethylester 4b - g umgelagert werden können. Aus 4b - d entstehen-über die Chinolizinium-perchlorate die silylierten 3-Methoxalyl-4-oxo-4H-chinolizin-1,2-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester 6b - d, wobei das Perchlorat 5b isoliert wurde.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1107-1117 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement with Oxygen-Insertion in Azabicyclic Hydroxylamine DerivativesN-Hydroxy-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene (1) is rearranged to the oxaazabicyclic compounds 3, 4, and 8 by the reaction with either tosyl or benzoyl chloride. The structure of 3 was proved by X-ray analysis. Experiments with [18O]tosyl chloride as well as products of the intermediate 12 with methanol are consistent with a heterolysis in the intermediate 11 formed by N-tosylation  -  in contrast to the homolytic1) Meisenheimer rearrangement.
    Notes: N-Hydroxy-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en (1) wird bei der Umsetzung mit Tosyl- und Benzoylchlorid umgelagert zu den Oxaazabicyclen 3, 4 und 8. Die Struktur von 3 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen. Versuche mit [18O]Tosylchlorid sowie die Abfangprodukte mit Methanol sprechen für eine ionische Spaltung in dem durch N-Tosylierung gebildeten Intermediären 11, im Gegensatz zum radikalischen Ablauf der sonst analogen Meisenheimer-Umlagerung.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1132-1153 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrazaboles: Electrophilic Substitutions and Studies of Their Crystal and Molecular StructuresElectrophilically induced substitution reactions at the boron atoms of pyrazaboles, [R2Bpz]2, using 10BBr3 proceed without exchange of the boron atoms. All four substituents R may be exchanged for Br, with the exception of R = C2H5, and variously substituted pyrazaboles are detected by 11B NMR as intermediates. Some of these were isolated. Based on NMR data obtained for the reaction of [(C2H5)2Bpz]2 with BBr3, ionic intermediates are proposed for these exchange reactions. A stepwise interaction also occurs on treatment of the pyrazabole 1a with pyrazole; this is documented by the isolation of the monopyrazol-1-ylpyrazabole 1e.  -  The central B2N4 ring of pyrazaboles adopts a chair, a boat, or a planar conformation in the solid state as shown by X-ray structural studies on five different pyrazaboles. Therefore, packing effects seem to determine the ring conformation.
    Notes: Elektrophil induzierte Substitutionsreaktionen an den Boratomen der Pyrazabole [R2Bpz]2 mit 10BBr3 erfolgen ohne Austausch von Boratomen. Alle vier Substituenten R werden gegen Br substituiert (Ausnahme R = C2H5), wobei 11B-NMR-spektroskopisch verschieden substituierte Pyrazabole als Zwischenprodukte nachgewiesen und in einigen Fällen isoliert wurden. Dabei weisen die NMR-Daten der Umsetzung von [(C2H5)2Bpz]2 mit BBr3 auf eine ionische Zwischenstufe für diese Austauschreaktion hin. Eine schrittweise Substitution erfolgt auch bei der Umsetzung des Pyrazabols 1a mit Pyrazol, wie die Isolierung von Monopyrazol-1-ylpyrazabol 1e zeigt.  -  Nach Röntgenstrukturuntersuchungen an fünf Pyrazabolen liegt der zentrale B2N4-Ring in der Sessel-Boot- oder planaren Konformation vor. Danach scheinen Packungseffekte die jeweilige Konformation im festen Zustand zu bestimmen.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1118-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deamination Reactions, 38. The Ring Expansion Route to 2-Norbornyl Cations2-Norbornyl cations have been generated by ring expansion reactions of bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-ylmethanediazonium ions (29, 37). The exo isomer 37 yielded exclusively exo-2-norbornanol (30) while the endo isomer 29 produced an exo: endo (30:31) ratio of 6. In both cases 30 was derived from a symmetrical (bridged or rapidly equilibrating) 2-norbornyl cation, as shown by scrambling of a deuterium label. The ring expansion reactions of 1-(bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-yl)ethanediazonium ions (50, 58) proceeded stereoselectively, 50 giving rise to exo-3-methyl-2-norbornyl cations (52, 54), and 58 to endo-3-methyl-2-norbornyl cations (60). These observations are explained in terms of conformational preferences of the bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane derivatives. The endo precursor 50 afforded a large fraction of exo-3-methyl-endo-2-norbornanol while the ring expansion of 58 was associated with an exceptional extent of 3,2-hydride shift. 1-(Bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-yl)-1-methylethyl cations (68, 72) did not rearrange with formation of 3,3-dimethyl-2-norbornyl cations (69). The unconventional reactions of the 2-norbornyl cations are attributed to distorted conformations which improve overlap of the vacant p orbital with otherwise unfavorably oriented σ bonds. The distorted 2-norbornyl cations intervene in the course of ring expansion but are not thought to represent potential minima.
    Notes: 2-Norbornylkationen wurden durch Ringerweiterung aus Bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-ylmethandiazonium-Ionen (29, 37) erzeugt. Das exo-Isomere 37 lieferte ausschließlich exo-2-Norbornanol (30), während das endo-Isomere 29 ein exo/endo-Verhältnis (30/31) von 6 ergab. In beiden Fällen entstand 30 aus einem symmetrischen (verbrückten oder rasch äquilibrierenden) 2-Norbornylkation, wie durch die Verteilung einer Deuterium-Markierung gezeigt wurde. Die Ringerweiterungsreaktionen der 1-(Bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-yl)ethandiazonium-Ionen (50, 58) verliefen stereoselektiv; 50 führte zu exo-3-Methyl-2-norbornylkationen (52, 54) 58 zu endo-3-Methyl-2-norbornylkationen (60). Dies wird durch die Vorzugskonformationen der Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanderivate erklärt. Die endo-Vorstufe 50 ergab einen hohen Anteil an exo-3-Methyl-endo-2-norbornanol, während die Ringerweiterung von 58 mit 3,2-H-Verschiebung in ungewöhnlichem Ausmaß verbunden war. 1-(Bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-5-yl)-1-methylethylkationen (68, 72) zeigten keine Umlagerung zu 3,3-Dimethyl-2-norbornylkationen (69). Die ungewöhnlichen Reaktionen der 2-Norbornylkationen führen wir auf verdrillte Konformationen zurück, welche die Überlappung zwischen dem leeren p-Orbital und sonst ungünstig angeordneten σ-Bindungen verbessern. Die verdrillten 2-Norbornylkationen werden im Zuge der Ringerweiterungsreaktionen durchlaufen, doch dürften ihnen keine Potentialminima zuzuordnen sein.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1195-1208 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carboxylic Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydrides as Highly Effective Acylation Agents.  -  Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acid Catalyzed Acylation of ArenesArene- and alkanecarboxylic trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydrides 2 and 5 are highly effective acylation agents, which react without Friedel-Crafts catalysts even with deactivated aromatics to yield aryl ketones 3 and 6, respectively. Acylation of arenes with carbonyl chlorides 4 and catalytic amounts of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid gives ketones 3 and 6, resp., in good yields. Under similar conditions other strong Brønsted acids show a considerably smaller degree of catalytic effect.
    Notes: Aren- und Alkancarbonsäure-trifluormethansulfonsäure-anhydride 2 bzw. 5 sind starke Acylierungsagentien, die auch mit wenig reaktiven Aromaten, ohne Zusatz von Friedel-Crafts-Katalysatoren, Arylketone 3 bzw. 6 ergeben. Eine mit guten Ausbeuten verlaufende Aromatenacylierung mit Carbonsäurechloriden und katalytischen Mengen Perfluoralkansulfonsäure wird beschrieben. Die katalytische Wirksamkeit anderer starker Brønsted-Säuren unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen ist wesentlich schwächer.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2711-2713 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus, 127. Synthesis of the Hetero Tricyclophosphanes (RP)P4(C2H4)2 (R = Me, Et) und (Me2Si)P4(C2H4)21,2,5,6-Tetraphosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (1a) or its dilithium salt (1b) react with geminale element dihalogen compounds such as MePCl2, EtPCl2 or Me2SiCl2 to the hitherto unknown 9-organyl-1,2,5,6,9-pentaphosphatricyclo[3.3.1.02,6]nonanes (2a, 2b) and 9,9-dimethyl-1,2,5,6-tetraphospha-9-silatricyclo[3.3.1.02,6]nonane (3), respectively. This is the first directed synthesis of tricyclophosphane skeletons from a bicyclophosphane.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane Ringopening; Thermolysis of Tricyclo[3.2.0.02,4]heptane DerivativesThermolysis of the anti-tricyclic compounds 6, 22 and 34 proceeds preferentially by concerted [σs2+σa2]-reactions and leads to cis,trans-olefines 8, 24 and 37. The rearrangement of the syn-isomers on the other hand seems to be a nonconcerted reaction yielding the diradicals 15, 27 and 36.
    Notes: Die Thermolyse der anti-Tricyclen 6, 22 und 34 erfolgte bevorzugt im Sinne einer konzertierten [σs2+σa2]-Reaktion und führt zu den cis,trans-Olefinen 8, 24 und 37, während für die Umlagerung der syn-Isomeren ein zweistufiger Verlauf über die intermediären Diradikale 15, 27 bzw. 36 wahrscheinlich gemacht wird.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2765-2774 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Direct Metal Exchange in Phosphinidene-Bridged FeCo2 ClustersThe reactions of the clusters RPFeCo2(CO)9 (1a, R = Me; 1b, R = t-Bu) with [CpNiCO]2 (2) yielded product mixtures which originate from metal exchange reactions as well as from cluster rearrangement and ligand exchange. The crystal structures of the resulting clusters (μ4-MeP)2-Fe2CoNiCp(CO)8 (4) and (μ3-t-BuP)FeCoNiCp(CO)6 (5) were determined.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung der Cluster RPFeCo2(CO)9 (1a, R = Me; 1b, R = t-Bu) mit [CpNiCO]2 (2) führte zu Produktgemischen, die sowohl aus Metallaustauschreaktionen als auch aus Cluster-Umlagerung und Ligandenübertragung resultieren. Von den dabei entstehende Clustern (μ4-MeP)2-Fe2CoNiCp(CO)8 (4) und (μ3-t-BuP)FeCoNiCp(CO)6 (5) wurden Kristallstrukturanalysen durchgeführt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2738-2747 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Attempted Halogen Exchange in Methyl Substituted Mono- and DibromocyclobutanesReactions of AgBF4 with 1-bromo-1-methyl- (1a) and with 1,3-dibromo-1,3-dimethylcyclobutanes (2a, 3a) afforded a partial or complete exchange of bromine for fluorine, depending on the reactant ratios. In 1,3-dibromo-1,2-dimethyl- (4a-7a) and in 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dimethylcyclobutanes (8a), however, only one bromine substitutent was exchanged for fluorine. From 8a products having cyclopropane structures (9, 10) and acyclic dihalo compounds (11a, b) were also formed. Reactions of SbCl5 with 1,3-dibromo-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (2a, 3a) afforded a complete, reactions with 1,3-dibromo-1,2-dimethyl- (7a) and with 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dimethylcyclobutane (8a), however, only a partial exchange of bromine for chlorine. From 8a acyclic products were additionally formed.
    Notes: Umsetzungen von AgBF4 mit 1-Brom-1-methyl-(1a) und mit 1,3-Dibrom-1,3-dimethylcyclobutanen (2a, 3a) führten je nach dem Reaktandenverhältnis zu einem teilweisen oder vollständigen Austausch von Brom gegen Fluor. In 1,3-Dibrom-1,2-dimethyl- (4a-7a) und 1,2-Dibrom-1,2-dimethylcyclobutanen (8a) wurde jeweils nur ein Bromsubstituent gegen Fluor ausgetauscht. Aus 8a entstanden zusätzlich noch Folgeprodukte mit Dreiringstrukturen (9, 10) und acyclische Dihalogenverbindungen (11a, b). Umsetzungen von SbCl5 mit 1,3-Dibrom-1,3-dimethylcyclobutan (2a, 3a) führten zum völligen, mit 1,3-Dibrom-1,2-dimethyl- (7a) und 1,2-Dibrom-1,2-dimethylcyclobutan (8a) dagegen nur zum teilweisen Austausch von Brom gegen Chlor. Aus 8a entstanden daneben auch acyclische Folgeprodukte.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2748-2764 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chid PFeCoM Clusters: Preparation by Metal Exchange and Investigation of the Optical ActivityThe clusters RPFeCo2(CO)9 (1, R = Me, t-Bu, Ph) react with the organometal dimethylarsenides Cp(CO)3M—AsMe2 (3, M = Mo, W) to form the substitution derivatives RPFeCo2(CO)8-AsMe2-M(CO)3Cp (4, M = Mo; 5, M = W) and the hetero clusters RPFeCoMCp(CO)8 (6, M = Mo; 7, M = W). With R = tert-butyl the tetranuclear clusters t-BuPFeCo2M(AsMe2)Cp(CO)8 (8, M = Mo, W) are isolated as reaction intermediates. From t-BuPCo3(CO)9 (2) and Cp(CO)3Mo-AsMe2 the cluster t-BuPCo2Mo(AsMe2)Cp(CO)6 (9) is formed. The structures of the molybdenum containing clusters 6a and 9 were determined. The compound MePFeCoWCp(CO)8 (7a) is separated into its enantiomers via substitution with the phosphane ligand (-)-menthyl-O—PPh2. The ORD data of these show little resemblance with those of the corresponding sulfurbridged clusters.
    Notes: Die Cluster RPFeCo2(CO)9 (1, R = Me, t-Bu, Ph) setzen sich mit den Organometall-dimethyl-arseniden Cp(CO)3M—AsMe2(3, M = Mo, W) zu den Substitutions-Derivaten RPFeCo2(CO)8-AsMe2 - M(CO)3Cp (4, M = Mo; 4, M = Mo; 5, M = W) und zu den Hetero-Clustern RPFeCoMCp(CO)8 (6, M = Mo; 7, M = W) um. Für R = tert-Butyl können dabei als Zwischenstufen die Vierkerncluster t-BuPFeCo2M(AsMe2)Cp(CO)8(8, M = Mo, W) isoliert werden. Aus t-BuPCo3(CO)9(2) entsteht mit Cp(CO)3Mo-AsMe2 der Cluster t-BuPCo2Mo(AsMe2)Cp(CO)6 (9). Von den molybdänhaltigen Clustern 6a und 9 wurden die Strukturen bestimmt. Die Verbindung MePFeCoWCp(CO)8 (7a) läßt sich mit dem Phosphanliganden (-)-Menthyl-O—PPh2 in die Enantiomeren zerlegen. Deren ORD-Daten zeigen wenig Verwandtschaft mit denen der entsprechenden schwefelverbrückten Cluster.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2775-2784 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Azulene Rearrangements. Synthesis and Thermolysis of [6-13C]AzuleneA specific synthesis of [6-13C]azulene (24) is described. The synthetic sequence outlined in scheme 3 begins with the construction of [4-13C]toluene (17) which is performed in 8 steps starting from [13C]-paraformaldehyde. The suspected scrambling of the label in the dehydrogenation step 16 → 17 can be suppressed by suitable reaction conditions. After extension of the side chain by 3 carbon atoms to give 1-diazo-4-([4-13C]phenyl)-2-butanone (21), the labelled azulene is obtained according to Scott's azulene synthesis (21 → 22 → 23 → 24). The vacuum thermolysis of 24 (1050°C, 10-3-10-2 torr) yields [β-13C]naphthalene (25) as the main produkt (91% of the naphthalene formed) in accordance with the norcaradiene-vinylidene mechanism. The remaining 9% consist of [α-13C]naphthalene. Besides the formation of naphthalene (15% conversion), 24 suffers automerisation to a small extent yielding [5-13C]- and [1-13C]azulene (ca. 3 and 1%, respectively).
    Notes: Es wird eine gezielte Synthese von [6-13]Azulen (24) beschrieben. Die angegebene Synthesesequenz (Schema 3) erfordert zunächst den Aufbau von [4-13C]Toluol (17), der ausgehend von [13C]Paraformaldehyd in 8 Stufen erfolgt. Die auf der Dehydrierungsstufe 16 → 17 zu befürchtende Verteilung der 13C-Markierung im Benzolring kann durch geeignete Reaktionsbedingungen unterdrückt werden. Nach Verlängerung der Seitenkette um 3 Kohlenstoffatome zu 1-Diazo-4-([4-13C]phenyl)-2-butanon (21) wird entsprechend der Scottschen Azulensynthese (21 → 22 → 23 → 24) das markierte Azulen erhalten. Die Vakuumthermolyse von 24 (1050°C, 10-3-10-2 Torr) liefert in Übereinstimmung mit dem Norcaradien-Vinyliden-Mechanismus als Hauptprodukt [β-13C]Naphthalin (25) (91% des gebildeten Naphthalins). Die restlichen 9% entfallen auf [α-13C]Naphthalin. Neben der Naphthalin-Bildung (15% Umsatz) erleidet 24 in geringem Umfang eine Automerisierung zu [5-13C]- und [1-13C]Azulen (ca. 3 bzw. 1%).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2827-2834 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XXXI. Electron Donor-Acceptor [3.3]Paracyclophanes with N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) as Donor UnitThe electron donor-acceptor [3.3]paracyclophanes 1 and 2 which contain the combination of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and p-benzoquinone were synthesized starting from 3 and 4 via 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, respectively. Charge transfer(CT) absorptions of the pair of isomers 1 and 2 differ considerably as a consequence of the orientation dependence of CT transitions. Based on an X-ray structure analysis, special features of the molecular and crystal structure of 2 are discussed.
    Notes: Die Elektron-Donor-Acceptor-[3.3]Paracyclophane 1 und 2, die die Kombination N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamin und p-Benzochinon enthalten, wurden ausgehend von 3 und 4 über 5, 7, 9, 11 und 13 bzw. 6, 8, 10, 12 und 14 synthetisiert. Die Charge-Transfer(CT)-Absorptionen des Isomerenpaars 1 und 2 zeigen als Folge der Orientierungsabhängigkeit des CT-Übergangs beträchtliche Unterschiede. Die Molekülstruktur und Gitterpackung von 2 werden anhand einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3427-3437 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoextrusion of Nitrogen from 1-Alkenyl-4-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-5H-tetrazol-5-ones and -thiones. Diaziridinones and Carbodiimides with Alkeyl SubstituentsTo test the possibility that tetrazolones and tetrazolthiones photoextrude nitrogen producing intermediates which can be trapped via intramolecular [3 + 2]-cycloaddition to C=C double bonds, several tetrazolones 8 and -thiones 13 with alkenyl substituents were synthesized and subjected to photolysis. On 254 nm photolysis of the tetrazolones 8 in [D3]acetonitrile, [D12]cyclohexane, and [D14]methylcyclohexane as solvents, nitrogen was extruded and diaziridinones 17 were formed in 80-90% yield besides small amounts of by-products (〈 10%). When the photolysis was carried out in [D3]acetonitrile, the latter were identified as urea 18 (photoreduction product) and as the hydrolysis product of 17. The thiones 13 photoextruded nitrogen and sulfur producing carbodiimides. Trapping of an intermediate via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition was not observed.
    Notes: Um zu prüfen, ob aus Tetrazolonen und Tetrazolthionen durch photochemische Stickstoff-Eliminierung Zwischenstufen entstehen, die sich durch intramolekulare [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition an C=C-Doppelbindungen abfangen lassen, wurden einige Tetrazolone 8 und -thione 13 mit Alkenylsubstituenten dargestellt und photolysiert. Mit Licht von λ = 254 nm erhielt man aus den Tetrazolonen 8 in [D3]Acetonitrile, [D12]Cyclohexan und [D14]Methylcyclohexan Stickstoff und 80-90% Diaziridinone 17 neben geringen Mengen Nebenprodukten (〈 10%), die sich in [D3]Acetonitril als Photoreduktionsprodukt, Harnstoff 18, und als Hydrolyseprodukt von 17 erwiesen. Die Thione 13 eliminierten beim Belichten Stickstoff und Schwefel und gaben Carbodiimide. In keinem Fall beobachtete man intramolekulare [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition einer Zwischenstufe.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Butenolide Syntheses, II. Simple Synthesis of 4-Substituted 2,2-Diethoxy-5-alkylidene-2,5-dihydrofurans, 3-Substituted 4-Alkylidene-2-butene-4-olides or 5,6-Dihydro-2-pyonesReaction of the (2,2-diethoxyvinylidene)triphenylphosphorane (5) with enolizing 1,2-diketones 3 via the (2,2-diethoxyvinyl)triphenylphosphonium enolates 6 yields the orthoesterphosphoranes 7, which in an intramolecular Wittig reaction spontaneously give the orthoesters 8, whose acidic hydrolysis affords the 4-alkylidene-2-butene-4-olides 4. - Under appropriate conditions 5 reacts with 3 to give also 4-acetyl-6-(1,1-diethoxyethyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-2-pyrone (12). 12 is formed via a four step reaction cascade by coupling of aldol addition, Michael addition, Wittig reaction and orthoester-ketone/ester-ketal interconvertion.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von (2,2-Diethoxyvinyliden)triphenylphosphoran (5) mit den enolisierenden 1,2-Diketonen 3 entstehen über die (2,2-Diethoxyvinyl)triphenylphosphonium-enolate 6 die Orthoesterphosphorane 7. Diese liefern spontan in einer intramolekularen Wittig-Reaktion die Orthoester 8, deren saure Hydrolyse glatt zu den 4-Alkyliden-2-buten-4-oliden 4 führt. - Unter geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen gelingt aus 5 und 3 außerdem die Synthese von 4-Acetyl-6-(1,1-diethoxyethyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-2-pyron (12). 12 entsteht über eine vierstufige Reaktionskaskade durch Kopplung von Aldol-Addition, Michael-Addition, Wittig-Reaktion und Orthoester-Keton/Ester-Ketal-Umwandlung.
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3461-3481 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,4-Dialkyl Substituted Carbono- and Thiocarbonohydrazides, Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds2,4-Dialkyl substituted carbono- and thiocarbonohydrazides (4) were prepared from alkylhydrazines and phosgene or thiophosgene. Mono carbonyl compounds reacted with 4 (molar ratio 1 : 1) to yield hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines (9, 14; exception 13). Aldehydes in excess generally afforded dihydrazones (3); formaldehyde, however, yielded 1,1′-methylenebis(hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines) (10) as well as the bicyclic compounds 11 and 12. The constitution of 11 was confirmed by X-ray analysis of 11b. Dialdehydes and aliphatic or alicyclic α-diketones reacted with 4 to give double hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives (19), aryl substituted α-diketones on the other hand yielded cyclic dihydrazones (15) and/or mono-hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines (16).
    Notes: 2,4-Dialkylsubstituierte Carbono- und Thiocarbonohydrazide (4) wurden aus Alkylhydrazinen und Phosgen bzw. Thiophosgen hergestellt. Monocarbonylverbindungen reagierten mit 4 (Molverhältnis 1:1) zu Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinen (9, 14; Ausnahme 13); im Überschuß ergaben Aldehyde gewöhnlich Dihydrazone (3), Formaldehyd jedoch lieferte 1,1′-Methylenbis(hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) (10) sowie die bicyclischen Verbindungen 11 und 12. Die Konstitution von 11 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 11b gesichert. Dialdehyde und aliphatische bzw. alicyclische α-Diketone reagierten mit 4 zu doppelten Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-Derivaten (19), arylsubstituierte α-Diketone dagegen lieferten cyclische Dihydrazone (15) und/oder Monohexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (16).
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3438-3460 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions, 90. Diphenylnitrilimine and Substituted Butadienes; Substituent Effects and Rate of Cycloaddition1-Substituted butadienes accept diphenylnitrilimine (2) not at the 1,2- but rather at the 3,4-double bond; the regiospecific cycloaddition furnishes 5-substituted 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazolines. The relative addition rates, measured in competition experiment, reveal the long-range electronic effects of the trans-1-substituents disentangled from steric effects. In accordance with the MO perturbation model, one finds for the reactions of the nucleophilic-electrophilic 1,3-dipole a modest rate range and an acceleration by electron-attracting and -releasing substituents; alkoxybutadienes constitute the minimum. - 2-Substituted butadienes add diphenylnitrilimine preferentially at the 3,4-double bond. The extent of 1,2-addition depends on the substituent: C6H529%, CH3 20%, Cl 7%, C2H5O 2.5%.
    Notes: 1-Substituierte Butadiene nehmen Diphenylnitrilimin (2) nicht an der 1,2-, sondern nur an der 3,4-Doppelbindung auf; aus der regiospezifischen Cycloaddition gehen 5-substituierte 1,3-Diphenyl-2-pyrazoline hervor. In den relativen Additionsgeschwindigkeiten, in Konkurrenzversuchen gemessen, kommt die von sterischen Faktoren befreite, elektronische Fernwirkung des trans-1-Substituenten zur Geltung. Im Einklang mit dem störungstheoretischen Modell findet man für die Reaktionen mit dem nucleophil-elektrophilen 1,3-Dipol 2 einen bescheidenen Geschwindigkeitsbereich mit Beschleunigung durch elektronenanziehende und -liefernde Substituenten; das Minimum liegt beim 1-Alkoxybutadien. - 2-Substituierte Butadiene addieren 2 vornehmlich an der 3,4-Doppelbindung; das Ausmaß der 1,2-Anlagerung hängt vom Substituenten ab: C6H5 29%, CH3 20%, Cl 7%, C2H5O 2.5%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3516-3517 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ether cleavage with Chlorosulfonyul Isocyanate (CSI): Tropylium N-(Chlorosulfonyl) O-Methyl Carbamate from CSI and 7-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatrieneThe reaction between 7-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (1) with CSI at -40°C gives colorless crystals, which in acetonitrile have the “ionogenic” structure 2 and in acetone the structure of an C-7 monosubstituted cycloheptatriene 4.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3513-3515 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies in the Field of Pyridazine Compounds, 16. Electrophilic Substitution of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazineFormylation and bromination of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (1) gave the 3-substituted derivatives although HMO and CNDO/2 calculations predicted no activation at this position. An electrostatic potential map of the ring system suggested however a direct effect by lone pairs of electrones at the triazole nitrogens and indicated that a distance of 15 pm above the molecular plane the lowest potential which is associated with C-3.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3504-3512 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloarene, eine neue Klasse aromatischer Verbindungen, II. Molekülstruktur und spepktroskopische eigenschaften von KekulenDie Molekülstruktur von Kekulen (1) wurde durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse bestimmt. Aus den Bindungslängen von 1 wird auf eine bemerkenswerte Lokalisation von aromatischen Sextetts und Doppelbindungen im Sinne der Formulierung 1b geschlossen. - Das Problem der annulenoiden oder benzoiden Diatropie von 1 wird an Hand der 1H-NMR-Spektren diskutiert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse stützen in Übereinstimmung mit neueren theoretischen Berechnungen die Annahme einer vorherrschenden Ringstrom-Induktion in den benzoiden-Untereinheiten von 1 und schließen einen wesentlichen Beitrag annulenoider Strukturen wie 1a aus. - Absorptions-und Emissionsspektren von 1 sowie Nullfeld-Aufspaltungsparameter des angeregten Triplettzustands von 1 werden diskutiert.
    Notes: The molecular structure of kekulene (1) was determined by X-ray structure analysis. From the bond lengths of 1 a remarkable localisation of aromatic sextets and double bonds is concluded (cf. formula 1b). - The problem of annulenoid versus benzenoid diatropicity in 1 is discussed on the basis of 1H NMR absorptions. These data, in agreement with recent theoretical calculations, support a predominant ring-current induction in the benzenoid subunits of 1 and rule out a significant contribution of annulenoid structures like 1a. - Absorption and emission spectra of 1 are discussed as are the zero-field splitting parameters of the excited triplet state of 1.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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