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  • 1975-1979  (1,582)
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  • 1976  (1,582)
  • 1920  (551)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,159)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (703)
  • Engineering General  (143)
  • Electron microscopy  (128)
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  • 1975-1979  (1,582)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1920-1924  (551)
  • 1910-1914
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin glands ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy ; Frog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative study was undertaken on the innervation of mucous and granular glands in frog skin. Results obtained by the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique and cholinesterase staining indicated that both types of glands receive exclusively adrenergic innervation. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the innervation pattern at the ultrastructural level. The distribution of nerve terminals was found to differ in the two types of glands. In the mucous gland, terminals were found at a distance of about 0.5 μm from the basement membrane but never within the gland parenchyma. In the granular gland, the terminals were located between smooth muscle cells and also in direct contact with the secretory epithelium but never outside the basement membrane.
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  • 102
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior byssus retractor muscle ; Mytilus edulis (Mollusca) ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Serotonin, Dopamine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preliminary ultrastructural studies on the effects of 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus show degeneration of 2 types of monoaminergic nerves after 10 days of drug treatment. One type contained large granular vesicles (560–1,680 Å) while the other had small granular vesicles (200–640 Å). These axons may possibly represent serotonergic and dopaminergic nerves, thought to innervate this muscle. Two other types of profiles seemed to be unaffected by the drug. One conforms to cholinergic nerves while the other has a predominance of large opaque vesicles (1,200–2,500 Å). The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent observations on the neurotoxic effects of 5,6-DHT on vertebrate and molluscan nerves.
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  • 103
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Unicellular hatching gland ; Salmonid fish ; Hatching ; Secretory granule ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unicellular hatching glands (UHGs) of four species of salmonid fish, Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta, Salvelinus fontinalis and Salvelinus pluvius were studied by light and electron microscopy. The UHGs are distributed on the epidermis of head and yolk sac, and on the epithelium of the mouth and gills. Since these cells are large and include dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum from the primitive to the mature stages they are conspicuous. Around the Golgi complexes, there are consecutive figures showing synthesis of secretory granules with close relationships to the Golgi vesicles. The secretory granules grow in size and vary in density during maturation; some have enclosed cytoplasmic structures. At the hatching stage, they are discharged with some cytoplasmic structures from the UHG which is located in the superficial layer of epithelium. After exhaustion of the secretory granules, the remainder of the contents of UHGs is liberated.
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  • 104
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Annulate lamellae ; Electron microscopy ; Teleost
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A multilamellate body (MLB), bearing close resemblance to an array of annulate lamellae, has been observed in several adenohypophysial cell types of the teleost, Hemihaplochromis philander. In longitudinal section, each MLB comprises a ladder-like row of 12–50 sausage-shaped profiles, termed lamellae. A few lamellae in each section show connections with the endoplasmic reticulum. Apposition of paired lamellar membranes at regularly spaced intervals results in a beaded appearance, whereby sites of membrane apposition are probable pore sites. The MLB differs from annulate lamellae in having poorly developed pores and closer packing of lamellae. It is suggested that the MLBs described here, may represent annulate lamellae at a stage of development or break-down when pores are incomplete.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocytosis, endocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane particles, rosettes ; Neurohypophysis, neurosecretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Images have been obtained from freeze-etch replicas of neurohypophyses which are consistent with the view that orderly arranged aggregates of membrane particles occur in regions where fragments of membrane are being added to and taken away from the plasma membrane during secretion. Aggregates of particles included rosette-like and necklace-like patterns similar to those described by other authors at sites of exocytosis and endocytosis.
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  • 106
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 453-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drum muscles ; Therapon jarbua ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fibers of drum and trunk muscles of the Tigerfish, Therapon jarbua, differ greatly in diameter. The myofibrils of the trunk muscles are irregularly oriented, while those of the drum muscles are rolled into spiral or concentric bands. Both muscle types possess the sarcomere structure typical of cross-striated musculature. However, the myofibrils of the drum muscles differ greatly in sarcomere length and width from those in the trunk musculature. The trunk muscles contain few mitochondria, whereas in the drum muscles mitochondria are abundant. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the drum muscles takes the form of elongated tubes in both the A and the I region; that of the trunk musculature consists of small vesicles. Of the two muscle types, the drum muscle contains more SR. With respect to the form of the T system, the trunk musculature is of the Z type and the drum muscles of the A-I type. The drum muscle displays a considerably greater number of motor endplates; these lack typical junctional folds and have mitochondria with very few cristae. No fat could be demonstrated in either the drum or the trunk muscles. However, the concentration of glycogen is higher in the drum muscle than in the musculature of the trunk.
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  • 107
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary rootlets ; Cilium ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Thymus (Nude mouse) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In ciliated cells of thymic cysts in Nude mice, ciliary rootlets are constantly and closely related to smooth endoplasmic reticulum and clear vesicles. This special association suggests that this structure does not play only an anchoring role but must be involved in the general metabolism of the cilium.
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  • 108
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 361-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleolar differentiation ; Nassarius reticulatus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Nassarius reticulatus the nuclei and nucleoli undergo important morphological changes from the zygote to the 16-cell stage. In the zygote and in the trefoil (2-cell) and 4-cell stage, several agranular, fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies 1 μm diameter are present in the interphase nucleus. Granular nucleoli first appear at the 8-cell stage. These nucleoli have fibrillar and granular regions. The granular regions are made up predominantly of ribosome-like osmiophilic granules. From the 16 and 32-cell stage onwards, the one or two spherical nucleoli of each nucleus measure 2.5 μm in diameter and show a concentric organization with a very dense central region surrounded by a broad peripheral zone containing numerous granules, possibly of ribonucleoprotein. At the same time the number of ribosome-like particles increase in the karyoplasm and that of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. These findings are surprising because in eggs with radial cleavage, which have been subjected to more detailed analysis, the first granular nucleoli appear after the end of the cleavage, at the blastula or gastrula stage. The early appearance of granular nucleoli which seem to be characteristic of several eggs with spiral cleavage is discussed in connection with biochemical data on RNA-synthesis.
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  • 109
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    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Venous endothelium ; Adrenaline infusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the endothelium lining the femoral and mesenteric veins in the rabbit was examined following the infusion of concentrations of adrenaline varying from 0.5 to 5.0 μg/kg. Control animals were infused with saline. Vesiculation of the endothelial cells was observed following each infusion of adrenaline, the effect being most marked with the highest dose used. It is suggested that this vesiculation may be associated with the release of antihaemophilic globulin and/or plasminogen activator from the endothelial cells.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Saccus vasculosus ; Teleost (Anguilla anguilla) brain ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of coronet cells of the saccus vasculosus has been studied in specimens of Anguilla anguilla (L.) at different stages of its life cycle. At all the stages observed coronet cells are composed of a basal and an apical part, the latter bearing globules with primary vesicles. In the larva (a marine form) and in the fully metamorphosed small eel at the time of entry into freshwater the narrow lumen and the vesicles within the apical globules are filled with electron-dense material. In forms in which adaptation to freshwater has occurred, the saccus lumen appears expanded, the apical globules are better developed, and the electron-dense material has disappeared. It is suggested that the two situations observed represent different functional states of the organ, in relation to different conditions of environmental salinity.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 45-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine ; Noradrenaline ; Extraneuronal uptake ; Adrenal cortex ; Falck-Hillarp technique ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was shown to cause ultrastructural changes in adrenocortical cells of lizards and rats. These changes comprised the formation of dense bodies with lamellar and crystalloid patterns, a decrease in the number of mitochondria and structural alterations of mitochondria. Alterations in adrenocortical cells of lizards and rats differed in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Adrenomedullary cells were not affected as a rule. Only in young animals did 6-OHDA cause deposits of an electrondense material in medullary cells. An attempt was made to obtain information on amine uptake into cortical cells using the Falck-Hillarp technique to analyse the in-vivo and in-vitro uptake of noradrenaline (NA) into the adrenal cortex in adult rats. Extraneuronal uptake into heart and spleen was studied as well. Our results suggest that NA is taken up into cortical cells, particularly into nuclei, after exposure to 10-4 gm/ml in-vitro indicating that uptake of 6-OHDA is also likely. Investigations using labelled 6-OHDA are required for further elucidating its extraneuronal uptake.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 261-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cat ; Ciliary body ; ‘False’ transmitters ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ciliary body of the cat was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy in an attempt to clarify its sympathetic innervation. Subconjunctival doses of 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were given to establish the precise location of the sympathetic nerve terminals. The distribution of noradrenergic fibers and terminals was shown by fluorescence histochemistry to be sparse in the trabecular meshwork and the anterior portion of the ciliary muscle, but dense in the subepithelial tissue. The small and large dense core vesicles which occur in many nerve endings of the subepithelial tissue adjacent to the pigmented epithelial layer increased in electron density following the administration of 5-OHDA. Many degenerating nerve endings were found in the same region of animals treated with 6-OHDA. In contrast, there were few noradrenergic terminals in the ciliary muscle except for a portion of the smooth muscle which was shown to be dually innervated. The noradrenergic fibers in the subepithelial region and the trabecular meshwork may play an important role in aqueous secretion and outflow.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 287-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic complexes ; First visual ganglion ; Electron microscopy ; Fly, Musca domestica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the lamina ganglionaris, the first optic ganglion of the fly, the inventory of cell types as well as the patterns of their connections are well known from light microscopic investigations. Even the synaptic contacts are known with relative completeness. However, the structural details visible on electron micrographs are very difficult to interpret in functional terms. This paper concentrates on two aspects: 1) the synaptic complex between a retinula cell axon and four postsynaptic elements, arranged in a constant elongated array (it is suggested that all synapses in which the retinula cell is presynaptic are of this kind), and 2) the “gnarl” complex in which a presynaptic specialization in one neuron is separated from another neuron by a complicated glial invagination. The participation of glia at postsynaptic sites seems to be quite common in this ganglion. Occasionally it seems that a glia cell is the only postsynaptic partner facing a presynaptic specialization within a neuron.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 437-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Ovary surface epithelium ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit ovarian preovulatory follicles and in particular the overlying surface epithelium were studied by morphological and ultrahistochemical means at different times after mating. By light microscopy an increase of cytoplasmic granules was found in the surface epithelium at the follicle apex 4 h after mating. The granules increased in amount and showed maximal accumulation 8–9 h after mating. They then disappeared at the same time as the connective tissue elements in the underlying tunica albuginea and theca externa disintegrated. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the membrane-bounded granules or dense bodies fused with one another and by 8 h after mating they often changed character and appeared more electron lucent. Furthermore, open communications were found between altered granules and vacuoles and between vacuoles and the extracellular space below the epithelium. Acid phosphatase reaction product was localized to the granules and Golgi cisternae. Not all the dense bodies were enzyme positive. At later stages, close to the time of follicle rupture, the epithelial cells were attenuated and thin, with only a few granules. By scanning electron microscopy it was found that the epithelial cells at the follicle apex increased in size approaching the time of follicle rupture and that their microvilli decreased in number and in size. At 8 h and later, the contours of intracellular granules could be visualized. The results of this study were similar to those found when rabbits were induced to ovulate by HCG-stimulation. This further strengthens the hypothesis that the surface epithelium contributes proteolytic enzymes which help to disintegrate the follicle apex prior to rupture.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amphibian posterior pituitary ; Vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was demonstrated that the hormones of the posterior pituitary of Rana temporaria are located in separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of our previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level.
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  • 116
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Septate junctions ; Polychaeta ; Fine structure ; Cell junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidermal septate junctions of Nereis sp. and Cirriformia sp. fixed with OsO4 or glutaraldehyde/OsO4 display variable structure in electron micrographs. In transverse section the septa are often indistinct and obscured by opaque material that fills the junctional cleft. Septa (spaced at 180–280 Å) are more clearly defined in slightly oblique transverse section; they exhibit an electron lucent center and appear to be linked by arms. En face views of the junction show a honeycomb pattern. Cytoplasmic faces of junctional membranes are backed with plaques opposite the septa. Lanthanum used as a tracer delineates junctional structure in negative contrast. In transverse section a chain-like lattice is present in the junctional cleft. En face views show parallel rows of pleated elements often linked by arms into honeycomb arrays. Oblique sections demonstrate that these pleated elements are continuous with the chain-like lattice seen in transverse sections. Lanthanum does not pass entirely through the junction. Lanthanum reveals that the septa have a very intricate substructure, but it is difficult to visualize the architecture that could generate the various images presented by these junctions when seen in different orientations. However, it is clear that these junctions possess some features that are diagnostic of several supposedly different types of septate junctions in invertebrates.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 83-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine ; Extraneuronal effects ; Rat ; Adrenal ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) on rat adrenocortical cells in tissue culture were studied with phase contrast and electron microscopy. With 40 mg/l of 6-OHDA the first signs of alteration as revealed by microcinematography appeared in isolated cortical cells as early as 15 min after addition of the drug. There was a cessation of movement of cell organelles and an immobilisation of membrane undulations followed by the development of dark inclusion bodies. The cells underwent increasing shrinkage and collapsed by 11/2 h. Chromaffin cells were not affected until 45 min after exposure to the drug and neurons were the most resistant population. However 61/2 h after application of the drug most cells in the culture were dead. 6-OHDA applied in different doses and to adrenal expiants did not alter the sequence of events. Ultrastructurally cortex cells underwent damage along two lines: they either showed lytic changes or developed various types of dense bodies before reaching the lytic stage. Treatment of cortical cells with 40 mg/l 5-or 6-OHDA followed by exposure to buffered 2% glyoxylic acid and heat did not produce a fluorescence within the cells. Microspectrofluorimetry on amine models with noradrenaline, 5- and 6-OHDA revealed that neither 5-nor 6-OHDA are capable to form a fluorophore with glyoxylic acid.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Basal lamina ; Human reproduction ; Electron microscopy ; Testicular biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of testicular biopsies obtained from two adult males with tunica vaginal hydrocele revealed some protrusions from the basal lamina to the germinal epithelium in the seminiferous tubule. The protrusions were of three types: some between the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, some directly within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and others inside the spermatogonia. The protrusions inside the spermatogonia were only 0.5 μm deep whereas the other types were from 1–11 μm deep. Occasionally some cut off portions of these protrusions were seen inside the ground cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell without an apparent connection with the original stalk. The matrix of the protrusions contained a homogenous component (composed of a fine filamentous element) and granular and membranous components. These components closely resemble the materials found in the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. It has been suggested that under mild pathological conditions, i.e., hydrocele, the junctions between the seminiferous tubule epithelium and the basal lamina become somewhat more flexible. As a result, the protrusions become longer and a passage might be formed to allow the flow of raw materials in or out of the seminiferous tubule.
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  • 119
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 185-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, Pars distalis ; Cyclostomes, Actinopterygians ; Nongranulated cells ; Function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the nongranulated cells in the sea lamprey adenohypophysis and similar cells of the rostral pars distalis in a number of actinopterygian fishes was examined with the aim of determining the role(s) of these cells in pituitary function. A number of possible roles are proposed for the nongranulated cells. In salmonids and Amia calva the cells may be involved in the active movement of material into or from the follicle lumina. The structure of the nongranulated cells in in vitro cultured and in in vivo transplanted trout rostral pars distalis also suggests a phagocytotic role for these cells. In teleosts with a non-follicular rostral pars distalis the nongranulated cells appear to play roles in the release of granules from the prolactin cells and in the subsequent dispersal of the hormone (and/or carrier substance) into the peripheral circulation.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinohypothalamic projection (mouse) ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Electron microscopy ; Cobalt chloride-iontophoresis technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The problem of the direct retinohypothalamic projection in mammals (Moore, 1973) was reinvestigated in the laboratory mouse by electron microscopy and cobalt chloride-iontophoresis. The time-course of the axonal degeneration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was studied 3, 6 and 12 h, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 days after unilateral retinectomy. Specificity of the degenerative changes was controlled by investigation of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. The ratio of crossed to uncrossed optic fibers could be determined by counting degenerating structures (axons and terminals) in the optic chiasma and the ipsilateral and contralateral areas of the optic tract, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the superior colliculus. The number of degenerating axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus showed a maximum one day after unilateral retinectomy and was, at all stages studied, two to three times higher in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral nuclear area. In the optic tract and in the superior colliculus the number of degenerating profiles was three times higher in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral area. Retinohypothalamic connections and crossing pattern of retinal fibers were studied light microscopically using impregnation with cobalt sulfide in whole mounts of brains. Most of the optic fibers in the laboratory mouse are crossed (70–80%). A bundle of predominantly crossed optic fibers runs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Squalus ; Rectal gland ; Salt-secretion ; Na+-K+-ATP'ase ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue from the digitiform rectal gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, was fixed briefly by formaldehyde perfusion and studied for the specificity and localization of p-nitrophenyl phosphatase (NPP'ase) activity. The enzymatic activity was K+-dependent (56%) and ouabain-sensitive (67% inhibition). The electron-dense reaction product (SrPO4) of the cytochemical reaction (Ernst, 1972b) was localized along the inner surfaces of the basolateral membranes of the secretory cells. It was absent from mitochondria, nuclei, vesicles, and other organelles. The luminal surface of the secretory cells was slightly reactive. On the basis of (1) this pattern of localization for the sodium transport system, (2) the presence of extensive intercellular labyrinthine channels (Bulger, 1963) that would facilitate “standing gradients” (Diamond and Bossert, 1968), and (3) the specific distribution of the energy-providing mitochondria, we conclude that the concentration and electrochemical gradients recorded from the secreting gland (Hayslett et al., 1974) are maintained across the domains of the basolateral surfaces of the secretory cells.
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  • 122
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (Human) ; Capillaries ; Tight junctions ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of human placental capillaries was investigated using perfusion fixation and the freeze-fracturing technique. The capillaries have a continuous endothelium especially rich in microfilaments, whereas micropinocytotic vesicles are exceedingly scarce. The endothelial cells are connected by three types of junctions: (1) zonulae occludentes characterized by 2 to 4 focal regions of membrane contact in thin-sectioned specimens and an equal number of ridges on the membrane E-face in freeze-fractured specimens; (2) small gap junctions associated with the zonula occludens. (3) attachment plaques resembling zonulae adhaerentes in their fine structure. Endothelial cells are provided with long, circularly oriented pseudopodial extensions, which may be responsible for intermittent constrictions of the vessel lumen. These findings indicate that diaplacental transport at the level of the fetal capillary is controlled by the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells and probably occurs only to a very limited extent by way of micropinocytotic vesicles.
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  • 123
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglia ; Small granulated cells ; Interneurones ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat superior cervical and coeliac-mesenteric ganglia we have observed three types of small granulated (SG) cell: Type I cells are characterised by membrane-bounded cytoplasmic granules with a core of variable, moderate to low electron-density, whose limiting membranes are rounded in profile ranging from 50–150 nm in diameter. Type II SG cells contain numerous highly electron-dense, polymorphic cytoplasmic granules ranging from 100–300 nm in diameter. The haloes of Type II cell granules are variable in shape, and the core is often eccentrically located or fragmented. Type III SG cells contain membrane-bounded granules with a core of variable moderate to low electron-density. In profile these granules appear oblong or circular with average dimensions of 170 × 50 nm. All three SG cell types receive cholinergic-type pre-ganglionic terminals whose afferent nature is confirmed by their degeneration following pre-ganglionic neurectomy. Only Type I cells have been observed to donate efferent synapses to dendrites of principal ganglionic neurones and are thus interneuronal.
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  • 124
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 345-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mole heart ; SA node ; Innervation ; Neuromuscular relationship ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sinu-atrial node in the heart of the mole, Mogera wogera, contains myocytes which are devoid of atrial specific granules and which may be classified into two types: electron-lucent (majority) and dark (minority). Numerous unmyelinated axon terminals, containing synaptic vesicles, face the nodal myocyte surface with interspaces of less than 300 nm. There are about 6 terminals per myocyte profile and about 10 per profile at nuclear levels. Of a total of 2717 of these terminals 85.2% are 50–200 nm from the nodal myocytes, and 9.6% form closer neuromuscular junctions, with less than 50 nm interspace and some membrane specialization. Such specializations are almost exclusively found in relation to the dark, minority-type of nodal myocyte. Myelinated nerve fibers are also numerous within the mole SA node, and may terminate almost directly on a nodal myocyte. A few nerve fibers contain many mitochondria and may represent afferent endings. Nodal capillaries are smaller and fewer than capillaries in the juxtanodal myocardium, probably indicating a lesser blood supply to the SA node than to the ordinary myocardium.
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  • 125
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 541-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine glands ; Intestine ; Chick embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duodenum of 16-day Black Australorp chick embryos, and the duodenum, ileum, large intestine and caeca of 18-day embryos and of chicks within 30 h of hatching, have been studied by electron microscopy. Cells were found with secretory granules resembling those in mammalian EC, S, A-like, EG and D cells (terminology of Solcia et al., 1973), and were on this basis tentatively identified accordingly. The distribution and frequency of the chick cells in different parts of the tract correspond well to the situation in mammals.
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  • 126
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 553-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine glands ; Avian stomach ; Chick embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The proventriculus, gizzard and pyloric antrum (region between the gizzard and the duodenum) of 18-day Black Australorp chick embryos and of chicks within 30 h of hatching have been studied by electron microscopy. D and EC cells, and putative G, D1 and A-like cells were identified (terminology of Solcia et al., 1973) but no ECL cells. No endocrine cells of any kind were revealed in the gizzard.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Iridophore ; Leucophore ; Guppy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reflecting chromatophores in the integument of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus Peters, are of two distinct types, iridophores and leucophores. The iridophores are smaller and fixed, producing a metallic iridescent color. The cytoplasmic organelles involved in the coloration of iridophores are the reflecting platelets, as in the iridophores of other fish and amphibian species on which earlier reports have been made. Spherical granules of pleiomorphic internal structure, quite variable in size but generally 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm in diameter, are also numerous in the iridophores. The nature of these granules remains unknown. The leucophores are larger, and highly dendritic; their pigment granules are migratory and they exhibit a dull whitish color. Pigment granules of the leucophores are spherical in form, varying from 0.5–0.8 μm in diameter, with a double membrane enclosing the internal fibrous materials. Melamine-treatment of the fish caused degenerative changes in the pigment granules and also the other cytoplasmic organelles of the leucophores, whereas the other kinds of chromatophores, including the iridiophores, remained intact. Some problems in general characterization and classification between these two types of chromatophores were discussed.
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  • 128
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 214 (1976), S. 27-48 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS) ; Macrophages ; Rhinosinusitis ; Immunology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neither the concept of the Reticulo-Endothelial-System (RES) Aschoff's (1924) nor that of the Reticulo-Histiocyte-System (RHS) provides a satisfactory framework into which the present knowledge of the phagocytic mononuclear cells can be fitted. Current knowledge concerning morphology, histochemistry (peroxydase and esterase activity), immunology (specific surface antigens, receptors on the cell membranes), function (immune phagocytosis, pinocytosis), kinetics (3H-thymidine labelling) and culture makes it possible to place all highly phagocytic mononuclear cells and their precursors in one system, which is called the Mononuclear-Phagocytic-System (MPS) (Langevoort, Conn, Hirsch, Humphrey, Spector, van Furth, 1969). Kinetic studies with labelled cells have shown, that mononuclear phagocytes originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow (stem cell → monoblasts → promonocytes), than are circulating in the peripheral blood as monocytes and are transformed to tissue macrophages entering tissues. The MPS comprises following cells in following organs: connective tissue (histiocytes resp. macrophages); liver (Kupffer-cells); lung (alveolar macrophages); lymph nodes (free and fixed macrophages); bone marrow (macrophages); serous cavities (pleural and peritoneal macrophages); bone tissue (osteoclasts?); nervous system (microglial cells) (see Table 1). The reticular cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts (fibrocytes) can therefore not be included in the MPS. Besides differences in morphology, histochemistry and function, they derive from mesenchymal cells and not from the bone marrow as the MPS. The present investigation demonstrates the structure and significance of the MPS in various kinds of chronic-specific and non-specific rhinosinusitis. On semithin sections two kinds of macrophages can be distinguished light-microscopically: 1. Larger macrophages with many phagosomes (storage cells) (Fig. 1A), which can exhibit sometimes a ring-shape on sections embracing greater parts of the interstitium (Fig. 1B). Such forms are mainly found in chronic (maxillary) sinusitis and are interpretated as “scavenger” macrophages. 2. The second type consists of smaller macrophages with extremely ruffling of the cell surface, wich is interpretated as an expression of highly (specific?) stimulated states. These later macrophages can be seen mainly in edematous nasal polyps, which might be caused by allergic reactions of the anaphylactic type. The fine structure of the phagocytes is to some extend dependent on the actual development and functional state: there are “immature” macrophages, which are practically indistinguishable from blood monocytes (Fig. 2A); some of them can be stimulated and can therefore show many surface foldings and projections (Fig. 2B). The “mature” macrophage shows a well developped Golgi-area and many secondary lysosomes (Fig. 3). The storage type of the macrophages, which can predominate in some cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis, is characterized by many electron-lucent vacuoles (Fig. 4). The macrophages can transform unspecifically to epitheloid- and giant-cells, as it is shown in foreign bodys- and cholesterol-granulomas in maxillary sinusitis (Fig. 5A and 5B). This tranformation to epitheloid and giant-cells might also be induced specifically by stimulated T-lymphocytes in immunological reaction of the delayed type, for example in sarcoidosis (Fig. 6A) and tuberculosis (Fig. 6B) of the nose. The macrophage is not only of great importance as the carrier of the cellular immunity in the sense of Metschnikoff (1905), but he is also involved in the initiation and regulation of the specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These facts and the phagocytic and synthetic properties of the macrophages are discussed in regard to their significance for the etiology and course of chronic rhinosinusitis.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conformational Analysis, XIII1) Conversion of 1,6-Anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose Rings to Boat Conformations by Means of Polar 1,3-Diaxial Interactions Synthesis of 2,4-Diamino-1,6-anhydro-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranoseTreatment of 1,6:3,4-dianhydro-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β-D-galactopyranose (5) with hydrazine followed by hydrogenation leads to 2, 4-diamino-1,6-anhydro-2,4-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (8) with 85% yield. 1,6-Anhydro-2, 4-diazido-2, 4-dideoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (10) is obtained by reaction of 5 with sodium azide. Strong 1,3-diaxial interaction causes twisting of the pyranose ring in the 2,4-diazido compound 10 into the 1S0-Skew form 20, in the diammonium compound 9 into the 1.4B boat form 21
    Notes: 1.6:3,4-Dianhydro-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β-D-galactopyranose (5) ergibt mit Hydrazin und anschließender Hydrierung 2,4-Diamino-1, 6-anhydro-2,4-didesoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (8) zu 85%. Mit Natriumazid ist aus 5 1.6-Anhydro-2.4-diazido-2.4-didesoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (10) gewinnbar. Durch starke polare 1,3-diaxiale Wechselwirkung ist der Pyranosering in der 2,4-Diazido-Verbindung 10 zur 1S0-Skew-Form 20 in der Diammonium-Verbindung 9 zur1.4 B-Boot-Form 21 verdreht.
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  • 130
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 82-89 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of N3-(3-L-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine 5′-Monophosphate--a Modified Nucleotide from Transfer RNAN3-(3-L-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine-5-monophosphate (5b), an α-L-aminobutyrate-modified uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), which is found at position 47 in the extra loop of Escherichia coli tRNAphe, was prepared from N3-(3-L-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (5a) by phosphoryl chloride phosphorylation. Also described are the experimental conditions for the preparation of nucleoside 5a which was obtained by alkylation of isopropylideneuridine with ethyl α-L-benzamido-γ-bromobutyrate and after removal of the protecting groups from the intermediate 4. Comparison of the c. d. Spectra of 5b and UMP shows that the modified nucleotide under alkaline conditions has a geometry different from that in neutral or acidic media. This pH-dependent change, which is not observed with UMP itself, may influence the 3-dimensional structure of tRNA.
    Notes: N3-(3-L-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridin-5′-monophosphat (5b), ein durch den α-L-Aminobuttersäurerest modifiziertes Uridin-5′-monophosphat (UMP), das im Extraloop der Escherichia coli tRNAphe Position 47 einnimmt, wurde aus N3-(3-L-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridin (5a) durch Phosphorylierung mit Phosphoroxychlorid gewonnen. Die experimentellen Bedingungen für die Darstellung des Nucleosids 5a, das durch Alkylierung von Isopropylidenuridin mit α-L-Benzamido-γ-brombuttersäure-äthylester nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen aus der Vorstufe 4 erhalten wurde, werden beschrieben. Der Vergleich der CD-Spektren von 5b und UMP zeigt, daß das modifizierte Nucleotid im alkalischen eine andere Geometrie als im neutralen oder sauren Medium besitzt. Diese pH-abhängige Änderung, die bei UMP nicht beobachtet wird, beeinflußt vermutlich auch die räumliche Struktur der tRNA.
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  • 131
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal and Molecular Structure of C7H7RuC7H9 - (1-5-ν- Cycloheptadienyl)(1-5-ν-cyclohepatrienyl)ruthenium(II)The structure of the title compound 5 has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/n, a = 644.2 ± 0.1 pm, b = 01775.8 ± 0.2 pm., c = 989.9 ± 0.1 pm, β = 97.72 ± 0.02°, Z = 4 (R = 0.035). The ruthenium atom is coordinated by a cyclohephtadienyl and cycloheptatrienyl ligand, both functioning as five electron ligands. One double bond of the cycloheptarienyl ligand does not interact with the central atom.
    Notes: Mittels Röntgenanalyse wurde die Struktur der Titelverbindung 5 bestimmt. Der Komplex kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe p21/n, a = 644 ±0.1pm, b = 1775.8 ± 0.2pm, c = 989 ± 0.1pm, β = 97.72 ± 0.02°, Z = 4 (R + 0.035). Das Ruthenium ist im Komplex jeweils von einem Cycloheptadienyl- und Cycloheptarienylliganden koordiniert. Beide fungieren als 5-Elektronenliganden, wobei im Cycloheptarienylligand eine Doppelbindung nicht in Wechselwirkung mit dem Zentralatom ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 370-394 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Diazo Compounds and Azides, XXV1) Azide Additions on (Silylethynyl)-, (Germylethynyl)- and (Stannylethynyl)aminesThe lithium acetylides 1 react with trialkyl- and triphenylmetal halides 2 to form the (silylethynyl)-, (germylethynyl)-, and (stannylethynyl)amines 3. The ynamines add aryl-and sulfonyl azides to the 5-amino-1, 2,3-triazoles 4,5, and 7, which in the case of the sulfonyl azide adducts 5 and 7 isomerize largely to the diazoacetamidines 6 and 8, respectively. Water or deuterium oxide hydrolyze the carbon-metal bond of the diazo compounds 8 with formation of the [2-H1] - and [2-D1]diazoacetamidines 9 and 10.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Lithiumacetyliden 1 mit Trialkyl- und Triphenylmetallhalogeniden 2 werden (Silyläthinyl)-, (Germyläthinyl)- und (Stannyläthinyl)amine 3 synthetisiert. Diese Inamine addieren Aryl- und Sulfonylazide zu den 5-Amino-1,2,3-triazolen 4,5 und 7, die im Falle der Sulfonyladdukte (5 und 7)weitgehend zu den Diazoacetamidinen 6 bzw. 8 isomerisieren. Die Diazoverbindungen 8 spalten den Metallrest bei Einwirkung von Wasser oder Deuteriumoxid leicht ab unter Bildung der [2-H1]- und der [2-D1]Diazoacetamidine 9 und 10.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 133
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 433-443 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleoside Transformations, 1 Transformation of Adenosine into 2′-and 3′-Azido, -Amino and -Chloro Substituted Deoxyadenosines1)Direct SN2-displacement of the 3′- or 2′-iodogroup in the iodohydrines 2b and 3b by chloride ions yields after removal of the protecting groups 3′-chloro-3′-deoxy- and 2′-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (4d and 5d). The 3′- and 2′-azidoadenosines 14b and 15b are obtained from the adenosinelyxoepoxide 11 with azide followed by inversion of configuration at the neighboring hydroxygroup. Their catalytical reduction yields the amines 16, 17.
    Notes: Direkte SN2-Substitution des 3′- oder 2′-Jodatoms in den Jodhydrinen 2b und 3b mit Chloridionen liefert nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen 3′-Chlor-3′-desoxy- bzw. 2′-Chlor-2′-desoxyadenosin (4d bzw. 5d). Die 3′- und 2′ -Azidoadenosine 14b, 15b, sind aus dem Adenosinlyxoepoxid 11 mit Azid und anschließende Konfigurationsumkehr an der benachbarten Hydroxylgruppe zugänglich. Ihre katalytische Reduktion ergibt die Amine 16, 17.
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  • 134
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 466-472 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Binuclear Ylide Complex with Metal-Metal Bonding between Gold Atoms in the Oxidation State + II1)The [diethylphosphoniumbis(methylido)]gold(I) dimer 4 reacts with one equivalent of chlorine, bromine, or iodine to give a series of compounds 5a-c, for which a bicyclic structure with a remarkably short transannular gold-gold bond (259.7 pm) is demonstrated by means of analytical and spectral data as well as by an X-ray analysis of 5a. The two metals of formal oxidation state +II are separated by a very short distance.
    Notes: Die aus dem [Diäthylphosphonium-bis(methylido)]gold(I)-Dimeren 4 und äquimolaren Mengen Chlor, Brom oder Jod erhältlichen Verbindungen 5a-c besitzen nach analytischen und spektroskopischen Daten sowie nach einer an 5a durchgeführten Röntgenstrukturanalyse eine bicyclische Struktur mit transannularer, auffallend kurzer Gold-Gold-Bindung (259.7 pm). Die nur durch einen sehr kurzen Abstand getrennten Metalle besitzen formal die Oxidationsstufe +II.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 135
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 459-465 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaline Carboxylic Acid Elimination by Neighbouring Group Participation3-(2-Hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylphenyl)-3-methylphthalide (1) und 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylphthalide (2) react in alkali by way of intramolecular carboxylic acid elimination to give the 1,1-diphenylethylenes 3 and 4 in high yields. It is shown that this elimination reaction dominates over the saponification of the lactone ring by the neighbouring group effect of the phenolate oxygen. Only with higher concentrations of hydroxylic ions the saponification reaction becomes faster in the case of 2. This neighbouring group effect, though in a slow reaction, Causes β-elimination of water in the tert. alcohols 11 c, e yielding the 1,1-diphenylethylenes 12c, e.
    Notes: 3-(2-Hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylphenyl)-3-methylphthalid (1) und 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylphthalid (2) geben in Alkali unter intramolekularer Carbonsäure-Eliminierung in hohen Ausbeuten die 1,1-Diphenyläthylene 3 bzw. 4. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Eliminierungsreaktionen durch den Nachbargruppeneffekt des Phenolat-Sauerstoffes schneller ablaufen als die Verseifung der Lactonringe. Erst bei höheren Hydroxylionen-Konzentrationen wird im Falle von 2 die Verseifungsreaktion schneller. Dieser Nachbargruppeneffekt ermöglicht ferner - wenn auch in langsamer Reaktion - alkalische β-Eliminierung von Wasser aus den tert. Alkoholen 11c, e unter Bildung der 1,1-Diphenyläthylene 12c, e.
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  • 136
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 488-492 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,4,6,-Tribromo-1,3,5-tris(dibromoboryl)borazineThe title compound can be obtained by the reaction of N-chlorovanadium nitride trichloride, Cl3 VNCl, with excess boron tribromide. The compound is characterized by its spectra.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung 1 entsteht durch Umsetzung von N-Chlorvanadinnitridtrichlorid. CL3 VNCl, mit überschüssigem Bortribromid. Die Verbindung wird spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
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  • 137
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 518-530 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Light-Induced Reactions, X1) The Four Stereo Isomeric 3,8-Diphenyl-1,2-diaza-1-cyclooctenesThe complete set of configurationally isomeric 3,8-diphenyl-1-cyclooctenes covers species 1, 2, 3, and 4. The up to now unknown compounds (2 and 3) were prepared and identified, together with compound 4 hitherto thought to be 3. The configuration of 2 and 4 was unambigously determined by nonempirical n. m. r. analysis and X-ray diffraction, respectively; 1 and 3 are sufficiently characterized as photo isomers (with regard to orientation of ligands at the azo group) of 2 or 4.  -  The stereoisomeric 1,2-diaza-1-cyclooctenes 5 and 6 have been obtained in different ways and determined n. m. r. spectroscopically.
    Notes: Der vollständige Satz der konfigurationsisomeren 3,8-Diphenyl-1,2-diaza-1-cyclooctene umfaßt die Individuen 1, 2, 3, und 4. Die bislang unbekannten Verbindungen (2 und 3) wurden dargestellt und, zusammen mit der bisher als 3 angesehenen Verbindung 4, identifiziert. Die eindeutige stereochemische Zuordnung geschah bei 2 durch nichtempirische NMR-Analyse, bei 4 durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse; 1 oder 3 sind als Photo-Isomere (in bezug auf die Liganden an der Azogruppierung) von 2 oder 4 sicher charakterisiert. Die stereoisomeren 1,2-Diaza-1-cyclooctene 5 und 6 sind aud verschiedene Weise dargestellt und NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt worden.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Topography of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes, VII* X-Ray Analysis of α-Cyclodextrin. Krypton Pentahydrate. On the Inclusion Mechanism of the Model EnzymeWhen crystallized from water under krypton pressures of 43 PSI (A) and 200 PSI(B), α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) yields inclusion compounds of composition α-CD·(0.78 H2O, 0.48 Kr)·5H2O (A) and α-CD·(0.28 H2O, 0.74 Kr)·5H2O (B). Both the adducts are isomorphous, space group P212121. The structures were determined from about 3900 X-ray data and refined to an R-factor of 8.8%. Although Kr has nearly the same van der Waals diameter as H2O (4Å), the structures of the Kr and of the recently determined α-CD·2H2O adduct are different. In the latter, the 5.0 Å wide cavity of α-CD is diminished by rotation of two glucoses, rendering the α-CD conformation strained. in the almost hexagonal Kr-adduct, all six glucoses are approximately equivalent, the cavity is 5 Å in diameter and the Kr is statistically disordered over five positions. It is concluded that α-CD adducts are stabilized through release of conformation- and hydrogen bonding energy when the “empty” α-CD·2H2O adduct transforms into any other adduct. This mechanism explains why so many different guest molecules are enclosed and bears some relation to enzyme-substrate interactions.
    Notes: α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) liefert aus Wasser in Gegenwart von Krypton bei 3 und 14 atü kristalline Einschlußverbindungen der Zusammensetzung α-CD·(0.78H2O, 0.48 Kr)·5 H2O (A) und α CD·(0.28 H2O, 0.74 Kr)·5H2O (B). Beide sind isomorph, Raumgruppe P212121. Die Strukturen wurden aus etwa 3900 Röntgenreflexen gelöst und bis zu einem R-Faktor von 8.8% verfeinert. Obwohl Kr mit 4 Å van der Waals- Durchmesser etwa ebenso groß ist wie H2O3, sind die Strukturen der Kr-Addukte von der des reinen αCD·2H2O-Adduktes verschieden. Der 5.0 Å große Hohlraum im α-CD wird im H2O-Addukt durch Rotation zweier gegenüberliegender Glucosen zusammengezogen und dadurch gespannt. Im beinahe hexagonalen Kr-Addukt sind alle sechs Glucosen annähernd gleichwertig und das Kr besetzt statistisch fünf verschiedene Lagen, um den 5.0 Å weiten Innenraum auszufüllen. Es wird gefolgert, daß beim Austausch des Wassers gegen Gastmoleküle frei werdende Konformations- und Wasserstoffbrückenenergie die Addukte stabilisiert. Dieser Mechanismus erklärt, weshalb viele Gastmoleküle mit so unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften eingeschlossen werden und wird im Zusammenhang mit der Enzym-Substrat-Wechselwirkung diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 640-649 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Substituted Aldehydes with Diazoalkanes, IV1) Reactions of Monosubstituted Benzaldehydes with DiazomethaneThe step by step reaction of 2 molequiv. of o-cyano- and o-chlorobenzaldehydes 1 with diazo-methane gives besides 7b the ketones 3a, b and the β-ketols 4a, b. Whereas 4a isomerizes to the chalcone 5, dehydration of 5b yields the chalcone 6b. The m-substituted benzaldehydes 13 and diazomethane in the ratio 2:1 furnish the ketones 14a, b, the epoxides 15a, b and the β-ketols 16a, b; the last-named are dehydrated with acetic anhydride to the chalcones 17a, b. The p-substituted benzaldehydes 21 and half a molequiv. of diazomethane yield predominantly the ketones 24a, b and the β-ketols 22a, b and also small amounts of oxirane 25a, homologous β-ketol 27b and p-cyanophenylacetone 26a. With equivalent amounts of diazomethane and of two different aldehydes (o,m,p-cyanobenzaldehydes, chloral and p-nitrobenzaldehyde) one gets the “mixed” β-ketols 9, 12, 19, 29 as well as the oxiranes 20, 30, the “homogeneous” β-ketols 4a, 11, 16a, 22a and other ketones.
    Notes: Durch stufenweise Umsetzung von 2 Moläquivv. o-Cyan- bzw. o-Chlorbenzaldehyd 1 mit Diazomethan entstehen neben 7b die Ketone 3a, b und die β-Ketole 4a, b. Während 4a zum Chalkon 5 isomerisiert, dehydratisiert 4b zum Chalkon 6b. Die meta-substituierten Benzaldehyde 13 geben mit Diazomethan im Molverhältnis 2:1 die Ketone 14a, b, die Epoxide 15a, b und die β-Ketole 16a, b; die letzteren werden mit Acetanhydrid zu den Chalkonen 17a, b dehydratisiert. Die para-substituierten Benzaldehyde 21 lieferten mit einem halben Moläquiv. Diazomethan überwiegend die Ketone 24a, b und β-Ketole 22a, b neben kleinen Mengen von Oxiran 25a, homologem β-Ketol 27b und p-Cyanphenylaceton 26a. Aus äquivalenten Mengen Diazomethan und den äquivalenten Mengen zweier verschiedener Aldehyde (o,m,p-Cyanbenzaldehyde und Chloral bzw. p-Nitrobenzaldehyd) erhält man die “gemischten” β-Ketole 9, 12, 19, 29 sowie die Oxirane 20, 30 neben den “einheitlichen” β-Ketolen 4a, 11, 16a, 22a und anderen Ketonen.
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  • 140
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 710-722 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Derivatives of Hydrazine, 51) Preparation and Some Properties of Trimethylsilylated, -germylated, and -stannylated TosylhydrazinesWith the exception of TosN2H(SnMe3)2, all tosylhydrazines TosN2Hm(E′Me3)n(E″Me3)0-(E‴Me3)p(E′, E″, E‴= So, Ge, Sn; m + n + o + p = 3) have been synthesized and characterized. These were prepared mostly by silylation, germylation, or stannylation of tosylhydrazine, TosN2H3, with chlorides Me3ECl or amines Me3ENR2, and, in a few cases, by tosylation of hydrazines N2H2(EMe3)2 and N2H2(EMe3)3 with tosyl chloride. Amines Me3ENR2 react with these newly synthesized tosylhydrazines by an exchange of hydrogen or of E′Me3 for EMe3. The hydrazides TosN2Li(SiMe3)(EMe3), obtained by the reaction of LiN(SiMe3)2 with TosN2Li(SiMe3)(EMe3) (E=Si, Ge) decompose on heating into TosLi and the azo-compounds Me3Si—N=N—EMe3.
    Notes: Mit Ausnahme von TosN2H(SnMe3)2 konnten alle Tosylhydrazine TosN2Hm(E′Me3)n(E″Me3)0-(E‴Me3)p(E′, E″, E‴=Si, Ge, Sn; m + n + o + p = 3) synthetisiert und charakterisiert werden. Ihre Darstellung erfolgte in den meisten Fällen durch Silylierung, Germylierung oder Stannylierung von Tosylhydrazin, TosN2H3, mit Chloriden Me3 ECl oder Aminen Me3ENR2, in einigen Fällen durch Tosylierung von Hydrazinen N2H2(EMe3)2 und N2H(EMe3)3 mit Tosylchlorid. Amine Me3ENR2 reagieren mit den neu dargestellten Verbindungen unter Austausch sowohl von Wasserstoff als auch von E′Me3 gegen EMe3. Die aus TosN2H)SiMe3)(EMe3) (E=Si, Ge) mittels LiN(SiMe3)2 erhältlichen Hydrazide TosN2Li(SiMe3)(EMe3) liefern bei höheren Temperaturen unter TosLi-Abspaltung die Azoverbindungen Me3Si—N=N—EMe3.
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  • 141
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 740-752 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Physical Properties of Mesoionic 1,3-Dithiolones1)1,3-Dithiolylium-4-olates 3a-1 are preparatively interesting mesoionic 6π Arenes. Their synthesis from the corresponding dithioester derivatives 1a-1 and their infrared, electronic, and mass spectra are described. 3a, b, and f possess as sydnone analogues compounds relatively high dipole moments of 5.00, 5.54, and 5.98 D, respectively.
    Notes: 1,3-Dithiolylium-4-olate 3a-1 sind präparativ interessante mesoionische 6π-Aromaten. Ihre Synthese aus den entsprechenden Dithiocarbonester-Derivaten 1a-1 sowie Infrarot-, Elektronen- und Massenspektren werden beschrieben. Als Sydnon-Analoga besitzen 3a, b und f relativ große elektrische Momente von 5.00, 5.54 bzw. 5.98 D.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 769-776 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Mechanism of the Reaction of 1,6-Methano-[10]annulene with Electrophiles1)Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate reacts with 1,6-methano-[10]annulene (1) to give only the substitution product 7; cycloaddtion products are not observed. The formation of the dibromo dichloro adduct 10 by bromination of 1 with Br2 in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride as a competitive nucleophil provides evidence for a two-step addition via a cationic intermediate. Upon nitration of 1 with dinitrogen pentoxide at -110°C addition products are formed which can be characterized by n.m.r. spectroscopy. With collidine/nitronium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1 is nitrated almost exclusively in the 2-position to form 5. With other nitration agents, however, mixtures of 5 and 6 are formed.
    Notes: Mit Chlorsulfonylisocyanat reagiert 1,6-Methano-[10]annulen (1) ausschließlich unter Bildung des Substitutionsproduktes 7; ein Cycloadditonsprodukt ist nicht nachzuweisen. Beweisend für eine zweistufige Additionsreaktion von Brom an 1 über kationische Zwischenverbindungen ist die Bildung des Dibrom-dichlor-Adduktes 10 in Gegenwart von Triäthylbenzylammoniumchlorid als Konkurrenznucleophil. Bei der Nitrierung von 1 mit Distickstoffpentoxid bei -110°C entstehen NMR-spektroskopisch nachweisbare Additionsprodukte. Mit Collidin/Nitronium-trifluormethansulfonat wird 1 nahezu ausschließlich in 2-Stellung nitriert, während mit anderen Nitrierungsagentien Gemische aus den Isomeren 5 und 6 entstehen.
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  • 143
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 788-790 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, LIV1) New Terpene Aldehyde Esters from Peucedanum luxurians TamamschThe roots of Peucedanum luxurians Tamamsch contain besides already known terpenes five new aldehydes with mixed ester groups (3, 6-8, 10 and 13. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
    Notes: Die Wurzeln von Peucedanum luxurians Tamamsch enthalten neben bereits bekannten Terpenen fünf neue Aldehyde mit gemischten Estergruppen (3, 6-8, 10, und 13), deren Strukturen durch spektroskopische Methoden geklärt werden.
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  • 144
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 793-795 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 145
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 801-804 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 146
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 819-825 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occuring Terpene Derivatives, LVI: New Furanoeremophilanes from Mexican Senecio SpeciesThe investigation of two Mexican Senecio species yields, besides known sesquiterpenes, several new ones, their constitutions being elucidated mainly by spectroscopic methods (2, 3, 6-9, 14-16, 21, 22).
    Notes: Die untersuchung von zwei mexikanischen Senecio-Arten ergibt neben bekannten Sesquiterpenen mehrere neue, deren Konstitutionen hauptsächlich durch spektroskopische methoden geklärt werden (2,3,6-9, 14-16, 21, 22).
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  • 147
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 848-854 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring-cleaving Cycloadditions, II: Reaction of Heterocumulenes with 5-Ethoxy-3-phenylimino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazoleReaction of acyl and imidoyl isothiocyanates with 5-ethoxy-3-phenylimino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole (2) led to opening of the heterocyclic ring and formation of cycloadducts of the 1,2,4-dithiazolidine series (4,5). The corresponding reaction with two alkyl isocyanates afforded 1,2,4-thiadiazolidines (8).
    Notes: Reaktion von Acyl-und Imidoyl-isothiocyanaten mit 5-Äthoxy-3-phenylimino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazol (2) ergab unter Ringöffnung Cycloaddukte der 1,2,4-Dithiazolidinreihe (4,5). Die entsprechende Umsetzung mit zwei Alkylisocyananten führte zu Derivaten des 1,2,4-Thiadiazolidins (8).
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  • 148
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 884-895 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, LXXIV: Stabilisation of Diborylamines: (Borolanylamino)boranes and (Diazaborolidinylamino) boranesThe thermal decomposition of diborylamines into a borane and a borazine derivative becomes considerably more difficult when the boron atoms of diborylamines are incorporated into a five-membered ring system. This type of diborylamines is represented by (1-borolanylamino)-boranes as well as by (1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2-diazaborolidin-2-Ylamino)boranes whose structure and bonding are discussed on the basis of spectroscopic data.
    Notes: Durch Einbau der Boratome eines Diborylamins in ein fünfgliedriges Ringsystem wird die thermische Zersetzung der Diborylamine in ein Boran-und ein Borazin-Derivat beträchtlich erschwert. (1-Borolanylamino)borane und (1,3-Dimethyl-1,3,2-diazaborolidin-2-ylamino)borane repräsentieren diese Diborylamin-Typen, deren Struktur und Bindungsverhältnisse aufgrund spektroskopischer Daten diskutiert werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 149
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 896-900 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Biologically Important Carbohydrates, 3: Very Simple Synthesis of DL-AmicetoseSorbic acid (1) reacts with peracetic acid to form 4,5-epoxy-DL-threo-hex-2-enic acid (2). Ring fission yields 2,3,6-trideoxy-DL-erythro-hex-2-enoic acid (3) which after hydrogenation to 2,3,6-trideoxy hexonic acid 4 forms the amicetonolactone (5). Reduction of 5 by diisobutyl aluminium hydride gives an anomeric mixture of the furanoic and pyranoic antibiotic sugar DL-amicetose (2,3,6-trideoxy-erythro-hexose) (6).
    Notes: Sorbinsäure (1) reagiert mit Peressigsäure zur 4,5-Epoxy-DL-threo-hex-2-ensäure (2) Anm. b. d. Korr. (15. 1. 1975): Die Enantiomeren 2 lassen sich mit opt. akt. 1-Phenyläthylamin leicht trennen., die nach Ringöffnung zur 2,3,6-Tridesoxy-DL-erythro-hex-2-enonsäure (3) und Hydrierung zur 2,3,6-Tridesoxy-hexonsäure 4 das Amicetonsäurelacton (5) liefert. reduktion von 5 mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid führt zum Anomerengemisch des pyranoiden und furanoiden Antibiotikumzucker DL-Amicetose (2,3,6-Tridesoxy-erythro-hexose) (6).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 150
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 965-969 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of the α-Methylene Group in (Glycinato)platinum(II) Chelate ComplexesThe reaction of the glycinato complex (n-Bu3P)Pt(Cl)NH2CH2CO2) (1)with aldehydes or alkylating agents (dimethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride) affords the chelate compounds 3-6 with substituted α-amino acids.
    Notes: Der Glycinato-Komplex (n-Bu3P)Pt(Cl)NH2CH2CO2) (1) setzt sich mit Aldehyden oder Alkylierungsmitteln (Dimethylsulfat, Benzylchlorid) zu entsprechenden Chelat-Verbindungen 3-6 mit Höheren α-Aminosäuren um.
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  • 151
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 922-946 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylation reactions of Thioamides, II: Investigations of E/Z Isomerism and Intramolecular Mobility in ThioimidatesA Series of N-substituted thioimidates A was prepared and investigated by n. m. r. spectroscopy. It is shown by direct thermal stereomutation and dynamic n. m. r. spectroscopy that an inversion mechanism and an imine-enamine tautomerism are pathways of the E/Z isomerization in A (ΔG≠=51.5 to 92.9 kj/mol).
    Notes: Es wurde eine Anzahl N-substituierter Thioimidsäureester A dargestellt und NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Durch direkte thermische Isomerisierung und dynamische NMR-Messungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß der Inversionsmechanismus und die imin-Enamin-Tautomerie Wege der E/Z-Isomerisierung bei A(ΔG≠= 51.5 bis 92.9 kj/mol) darstellen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 956-964 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: SelenoimidatesThe new selenoimidates 3a-f were prepared and compared with imidates and thioimidates concerning their E/Z isomerism and barriers to isomerization.
    Notes: Die neuen Selenoimidsäureester 3a-f wurden dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer E/z-Isomerie und Isomerisierungsbarrieren mit Imidsäure- und Thioimidsäureestern verglichen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 970-993 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Transition Metal Complexes with Nucleic Acid bases and NucleosidesThe isolation of carbonylmetal complexes W(CO)5L (1), [W(CO)5L]- (2), [Mo(CO)3enL]- (3), (π-CH3C5H4)Mn(CO)2L (4), Rh(CO)2(CI)L (5), (H)(CO)(PPh3)2L2 (6), M(CO)(PPh3)2L (M = Rh, Ir) (7,8) and of phosphine and amine containing monomeric and polynuclear palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes (9-14 with various neutral and anionic nucleic acid bases and nucleosides L is reported. Using i. r. and 1H n. m. r. data a tentative assignment of the coordination sites of the ambidentate ligands is given. The reaction of 1,3,7,9-tetramethylxanthinium perchlorate with Hg11 acetate affords the C-8 mercurated complex 15.
    Notes: Die Darstellung von Carbonylmetallkomplexen W(CO)5L (1), [W(CO)5L]- (2), [Mo(CO)3enL] (3)-, (π-CH3C5H4)Mn(CO)2L (4), Rh(CO)2(Cl)L (5), Ir(H)(CO)(PPh3)2L2 (6), M(CO)(PPh3)2L (M = Rh, Ir) (7,8) und von phosphin- und amin-haltigen monomeren sowie mehrkernigen Palladium(II)-und Platin(II)-und Platin (II)-Komplexen (9-14) mit einer Reihe von neutralen und anionischen Purin und Pyrimidin-Basen und Nucleosiden L wird beschrieben. Mit Hilfe von IR- und 1H-NMR- Daten wird versucht, die Koordinationsstellen der ambidenten Nucleinbasen zu bestimmen. 1,3,7,9-Tetramethylxanthinium-perchlorat wird mit Quecksilber (II)-acetat am C-8 metalliert (15).
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1002-1010 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Steric Interactions of Inner Atoms in Cyclic Compounds, XXIV: Consequences of Replacing CH2-Groups by Hetero Atoms in Ring CompoundsThe method described allows to estimate the size of the cavity in crown ether type molecules. Dynamic 1H n. m. r. studies of the crown ether systems 2b, 2 and 3b, 3 show that by replacement of CH2 bridge members throught —S— as a rule the ring inversion barrier (ΔGC≠ decreases. In the ring system 2 replacing one CH2-group by one oxygen atom leads to higher (ΔGC≠-values. Whereas in 3b γ the barrier also is higher compared with 3aγ, 3bβ exhibits a lower (ΔGC≠-value than 3aβ. An interpretation is given in terms of several partly compensating effects, e. g. the loss of space filling hydrogen atoms proceeding from oligomethylene to hetero atom containing bridges, and repulsive steric interaction between the intraanular substituent X and the heteroatoms in the bridge.
    Notes: Die beschriebene Methode erlaubt eine vergleichende Abschätzung der Hohlraumgröße von Kronenäthern. Durch untersuchung der neuen Cyclen 2b, 2c und 3b, 3c mittels dynamischer protonenresonanz wird gefunden, daß bei Ersatz eines CH2- Brückenglieds durch —S— die Ringinversionsbarriere (ΔGC≠) abfällt. Ersatz einer einzelnen CH2-Gruppe durch —O— (vgl. 2aα, 2bα erhöht die Ringinversionsschwelle. Einführung zweier durch eine Äthylenbrücke getrennte Äther-Sauerstoffatome hat für X = NO2 (in 3b) einen Anstieg, für X = Cl (in 3bβ) jedoch eine Abnahme von ΔGC≠ zur Folge, Zur Deutung werden verschiedene sich teilweise kompensierende Effekte herangezogen: Am wichtigsten erscheinen der Wegfall der Raumbeanspruchung der H-Atome beim Übergang zu den heteroatom-haltigen Ringen sowie abstoßende sterische Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem intraanularen Substituenten X und Heteroatomen in der Brücke.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1038-1045 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 6-Fluorobenz[a]anthracene Derivatives6-Fluoro-(12 and 6-Fluoro-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene(11) are prepared in several steps starting with 2-bromo-3-fluoronaphthalene (1). 6-Fluorobenz[a]anthracen-127H)-one (8) predominantly occurs in the enol form 9. Efforts to synthesize 6-fluoro-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (10) are described.
    Notes: Ausgehend von 2-Brom-3-fluornapthalin (1) werden über mehrere Stufen 6-Fluor-(12) und 6-Fluor-12-methylbenz[a]anthracen (11) dargestellt. 6-Fluorbenz[a]anthracen-12(7 H)-on (8) liegt vorwiegend in der Enolform 9 vor. Syntheseversuche für 6-Fluor-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracen (10) werden beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1095-1105 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemistry of Polyfunctional Ligands, XXXVI: About Halogeno- and Pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) Complexes of the Tritertiary Phosphine 1,1,1-Tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ [\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ + {\rm I}} ({\rm CO})_2 ({\rm R}_2 {\rm PCH}_2)_3 {\rm CCH}_3][\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ - {\rm I}} ({\rm Co})_4] $\end{document} (R = C6H5) 2 reacts with the alkali metal halides and pseudohalides MX(M = Na, K; X = Cl, Br, J) on ultraviolet irradiation to give the monomeric, paramagnetic (μeff ≍ 3 B.M.), tetrahedral cobalt(I) complexes XCo(R2PCH2)3CCH33 With CO the halogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3a-c) yield the ionic, diamagnetic dicarbonyl compounds [Co(CO)2(R2PCH2)3]X(X = Cl, Br, J) 5. On the other hand the pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3d,e give with CO the non-ionic complex Co(NCO)(CO)2(R2PCH2C(CH3)CH2PR2 6. The potentially tridentate ligand CH3C(CH2PR2)3 Serves in it as a bidentate monometallic ligand. The halogeno- and pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) complexes 3 are very air-sensitive. The forming of O2-complexes from the pseudohalogeno-cobalt(I) compounds 3d, e in the solid state has been shown qualitatively by the infrared spectra. In solution these O2complexes decompose to phosphine oxide-containing products. With 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, Co(NCO)(R2PCH2)3CCH3 (3d) gives also an oxidative addition product, the Paramagnetic Co(NCO)(C14H8O2(R2PCH2)2-C(CH3) CH2PR2 8 (μeff 2.97 B.M.). The compounds were characterized by their infrared and far infrared spectra.
    Notes: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ [\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ + {\rm I}} ({\rm CO})_2 ({\rm R}_2 {\rm PCH}_2)_3 {\rm CCH}_3][\mathop {{\rm Co}}\limits^{ - {\rm I}} ({\rm Co})_4] $\end{document} (R = C6H5) 2 setzt sich mit Alkalimetallhalogeniden und pseudohalogeniden MX (M = Na, K; X = Cl, Br, J, NCO, N3)unter UV-Bestrahlung zu den monomeren, paramagnetischen (μeff ≍ 3 B.M.), tetraedrischen Kobalt(I)-Komplexen XCo(R2PCH2CCH3 3um. Mit Co bilden die Halogeno-kobalt(I)-Komplexe 3a-c die ionischen, diamagnetischen Dicarbonylverbindungen [Co(CO)2(R2PCH2)CCH3]X (X = Cl, Br, J) 5. Die pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I)-Komplexe 3d, e reagieren dagegen mit CO jeweils zu dem nicht ionischen CO(NCO)(CO)2(R2PCH2C(CH3)CH2PR2 6 Der potentiell dreizähnige Ligand CH3C(CH2PR2)3 wirkt dabei lediglich zweifachkoordinierend-monometallisch. Die halogeno und Pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I) Komplexe 3 sind sehr oxidationsempfindlich. Bei den pseudohalogeno-kobalt(I)Komplexen 3d-e gelang es, im Festzustand die Bildung von O2-Komplexen qualitativ IR-spektroskopisch nachzuweisen. In Lösung zerfallen diese O2-Komplexe zu phosphinoxidhaltigen Produkten. 9,10-Phenanthrenchinon wird oxidativ an Co(NCO)(R2PCH2)3CCH3(3d) addiert. Es entsteht das paramagnetische Co(NCO)(C14H8O2)(R2PCH2)2C(CH3)CH2PR2 8 mit einem mittleren Spin von 2.97B. M. Die Verbindungen wurden IR- unf FIR- spektroskopisch untersucht.
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  • 157
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1158-1162 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rotational Barrier for the Geometrical Isomerization of cis-and trans-1,4-DimethylbutatrieneThe synthesis of cis(3a) and trans-1,4-dimethylbutatriene (3b) is described. The activation parameters for the mutual interconversion of the geometrical isomers have been determined: Ea = 31.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol; A= 1.1 × 1013S-1 (ΔH125°C≠ = 31.0 kcal/mol; ΔH125°C≠ = -1.5 cal/grad × mol). The equilibrium constant was found to be K = 1 in the temperature range 100-150°C.
    Notes: Die Synthese von cis-(3a) und trans-1,4-Dimethylbutatrien (3b) wird beschrieben. Für die wechselseitige Umlagerung der geometrischen isomeren wurden Aktivierungsparameter von Ea = 31.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol und A= 1.1 × 1013 S-1 (ΔH125°C≠ = 31.0 kcal/mol; ΔS125°C≠ = -1.5 cal/Grad × mol) bestimmt. Im bereich von 100-150°C ist die Gleichgewichtskonstante dieser Reaktion K=1.
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  • 158
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1184-1194 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anisotropy Effects of Conjugated Cyclic Systems, I: N.M.R. Spectra of Mesityl- and (9-Anthryl)-substituted Aromatic CompoundsThe chemical shift differences Δδ of the n. m. r. signals of o-and p-methyl-groups in mesityl-substituted ring system are a measure of the magnetic anisotropy of aromatic systems. The same applies to the Δδ of the 1-H and 4-H signals of (9-anthryl)-substituents, but to a greater extent. The Δδ values for benzene, mesitylene, and anthracene as well as for pyrimidine, pyrazole, and isoxazole are reported and discussed.
    Notes: Die Differenz der chemischen Verschiebung Δδ von o-und p-Methylgruppen-Signalen in den NMR-Spektren mesitylsubstituierter Ringsysteme ist ein brauchbares Maß für die magnetische Anisotropie aromatischer Verbindungen. Das gleiche gilt noch verstärkt für die 1-H- und 4-H-Signale eines (9-Anthryl)-Substituenten. Δδ-Werte für Benzol, Mesitylen und Anthracen sowie Pyrimidin, Pyrazol und isoxazol werden mitgeteilt und besprochen.
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  • 159
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1309-1323 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleophilic Thioacylation with Thiocarbamoyllithium Derivatives of sec. AminesThe possibilities of direct H/metal-exchange at formyl groups to give unmasked nucleophilic acylating reagents C are considered. In contrast to nitrosamines of sec. amines which show CH-acidity at the saturated carbon next to nitrogen, thioformamides 1 are smoothly metalated at the formyl carbon (lithium diisopropylamide, THF-solvent, -100°C). The title compounds 2 thus available react in good yields especially with carbonyl compounds to produce thioamides 3 and 4 of higher α-hydroxycarboxylic acids. We did not succeed in generating stable lithiocarbamoyls 2d and 2j derived from phenyl substituted thioformamides. As Shown in scheme 1, the diphenylthioformamide anion 2j could be trapped in situ, while it appears to dimerize to 9 in the absence of electrophiles. The isolated products 11-13 can be considered as derivatives of 9.
    Notes: Die Möglichkeiten des direkten H/Metall-Austauschs an Formylgruppen zu unmaskierten nucleophilen Acylierungsmitteln C werden erörtert. Im Gegensatz Nitrosaminen sekundärer Amine wie, F, die neben dem Stickstoff am gesättigten Kohlenstoff CH-acid sind, werden Thioformamide 1 bei Temperaturen um -100°C in Tetrahydrofuran von Lithiumdiisopropylamid glatt am Formyl-C-Atom metalliert. Die so zugänglichen Thiocarbamoyllithium-Verbindungen 2 setzen sich in guten Ausbeuten vor allem mit Carbonylverbindungen um. Bei phenylsubstituierten Thioformamiden gelingt es nicht, für kurze Zeit stabile Lithiumcarbamoyle wie 2d oder 2j zu erzeugen. Wie in Schema 1 gezeigt, kann man das Diphenylderivat 2j aber in situ abfangen; in Abwesenheit eines Elektrophils entsteht offensichtlich ein Dimeres 9. dessen Folgeprodukte 11-13 isoliert wurden.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Light-Induced Reactions, XI: Photochemical Cleavage of Linearly Conjugated Cyclohexadienones Affording seco-Isomeric Dienyl KetenesThe light-induced cyclo/seco-isomerization of linearly conjugated cyclohexadienones has been studied taking 6,6-dimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone (1) as an example. The dienyl ketene 4, kinetically unstable at room temperature, is produced in a spectroscopically simple reaction by u.v. irradiation of 1 in aprotic solvents and can be trapped at temperatures 〈 -60°C. The structure of the transient as well as the heat-induced seco/cyclo-isomerization reforming 1 is proved by means of i.r., n. m. r., and electronic absorption spectroscopy at 〈 -60°C. In addition to or instead of recyclizing 4 adds protic nucleophiles. When 1 is irradiated with u.v. light in the presence of water or cyclohexylamine, 2a or b is formed in a spectroscopically simple reaction in yields of 〉 95%. The constitution of 2a,b and the orientation of ligands at the doubly substituted double bond follow unambiguously from reaction products and spectroscopic data. Since 1* does not show any detectable emission other evidence has to be used to identify the photoreactive electronic isomer and the corresponding spin isomer. The quantum yield, which is independent of the wave length of the exciting light (313 nm: π*, π excitation; 365nm: π*,n excitation), is in accord with the formation of the energetically lower π*,n electronic isomer; the observation that the photoreaction is not quenched by piperylene indicates the occurrence of the singlet spin isomer, although an extremly short-lived triplet spin isomer cannot be rigorously excluded.  -  The equipment for the determination of quantum yields and the i.r. cell for use at variable temperatures are presented in detail.
    Notes: Am Beispiel von 6,6-Dimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienon (1) wurde die lichtinduzierte Cyclo/seco-Isomerisierung linear-konjugierter Cyclohexadienone studiert. Durch UV-Bestrahlung von 1 in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln bei Temperaturen 〈-60°C läßt sich das in einer spektroskopisch einheitlichen Reaktion entstehende, bei Raumtemperatur kinetisch instabile Dienylketen 4 „einfrieren“. Ir-, NMR- und Elektronenabsorptions-Spektroskopie bei 〈-60°C belegen die Struktur des Transienten sowie die praktisch vollständig verlaufende, wärmeinduzierte seco/cyclo-Isomerisierung zu 1. Zusätzlich zu oder statt der Fähigkeit zu recyclisieren lagert 4 protische Nucleophile an. Wird 1 in Gegenwart von Wasser oder Cyclohexylamin mit UV-Licht bestrahlt, so erhält man in einer spektroskopisch einheitlichen Reaktion 2a oder b mit Ausbeuten von 〉 95%. Ihre Konstitution und Ligandenorientierung an der zweifach substituierten Doppelbindung wurden durch Folgeprodukte und Spektren sichergestellt. Da 1* keine nachweisbare Emission erkennen läßt, müssen für die Identifizierung des photoreaktiven Elektronenisomeren sowie des zugehörigen Spinisomeren andere Indizien herangezogen werden. die von der Wellenlänge des eingestrahlten Lichts (313 nm: π*, π-Anregung; 365 nm: π*, n-Anregung) unabhängige Quantenausbeute spricht für das Energetisch tiefer liegende π*, n-Elektronenisomere, die nicht stattfindende Reaktionslöschung durch Piperylen für das Auftreten des Singulett-Spinisomeren, Ohne daß ein extrem kurzlebiges Triplett-Spinisomeres ausgeschlossen werden kann. Die Apparatur zur Bestimmung der Quantenausbeute sowie die Küvette zur spektroskopischen Messung im IR-Bereich bei variabler Temperatur werden in einzelnen beschrieben.
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  • 161
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1395-1406 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleoside Transformations, 2: Selective Oxirane Ring Opening of 9-(2,3-Anhydro-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-and 9-(2,3-Anhydro-β-D-lyxofuranosyl)adenineOxirane ring opening of 9-(2,3-anhydro-β-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine (1) with hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide yields 3′-chloro-or 3′-bromo-3′-deoxy-xylo-adenosine (2 or 4). The corresponding 3′-iodo compound 6 was obtained by treating 1 with sodium iodide in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate. Treatment of 9-(2,3-anhydro-β-D-lyxofuranosyl)adenine (8) with boron trifluoride etherate/alkali metal halides gives mixtures of the 3′- and 2′-halogenonucleosides: lithium chloride yields 9 and 10, lithium bromide 11 and 12, sodium iodide 13 and 14. In the mixtures the 3′-halogeno isomers 9, 11 and 13 predominate. The best yield (18%)of a 2′-halogenonucleoside (12) was obtained using lithium bromide. The bromohydrines 11 and 12 can be converted into the epimers of 3′-deoxy- and 2′-deoxyadenosine 15, 16 by treatment with tributyl tin hydride.
    Notes: Oxiranringöffnung von 9-(2,3-Anhydro-β-D-ribofuranosyl)adenin (1) mit Chlor- bzw. Bromwasserstoff gibt 3′-Chlor- bzw. 3′-Brom-3′-desoxy-xylo-adenosin (2 bzw. 4) Die entsprechende 3′-Jodverbindung 6 wird aus 1 durch Einwirkung von Natriumjodid in Gegenwart von Bortrifluorid ätherat erhalten. Die Bortrifluorid-ätherat/Alkalihalogenid-Mischung, auf 9-(2,3-Anhydro-β-D-lyxofuranosyl)adenin (8) angewandt, führt zu einem Gemisch an 3′- und 2′-Halogennnucleosiden: Lithiumchlorid ergibt 9 und 10, Lithiumbromid 11 und 12 Natriumjodid 13 und 14. In den Gemischen überwiegen die 3′-Halogenisomeren 9, 11 bzw. 13 und der größte Prozentsatz (18%) an 2′-Halogennucleosid (12) entsteht mit Lithiumbromid. Die beiden Bromhydrine 11 und 12 lassen sich mit Tributylzinnhydrid in die Epimeren von 3′-Desoxy-und 2′-Desoxyadenosin 15, 16 überführen.
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  • 162
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1436-1445 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, 58: Constituents of the Genus BrickelliaBesides a dehydronerolidol derivative (2) and a benzofuran derivative (14) several new diterpenes (3, 9, 17, 18, 27, and 28) have been isolated. Their structures are elucidated by spectroscopic methods and some chemical reactions. 9 is an new type of degraded diterpene which, however, is closely related to 3.
    Notes: Neben einem Dehydronerolidol-Derivat (2) und eine, Benzofuran-Derivat (14) werden mehrere neue Diterpene (3, 9, 17, 18, 27 und 28) isoliert. Ihre Strukturen werden durch spektroskopische Methoden und einige chemische Reaktionen geklärt. 9 ist ein neuer Typ eines abgebauten Diterpens, der jedoch in enger Beziehung zu 3 steht.
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  • 163
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1453-1464 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylcobalt Compounds with NOn-Chelating Ligands, III: Dimethyltris(trimethylphosphine)cobalt(II)and its DerivativesSyntheses and properties of the pentacoordinated d7 -complexes CoX2L3 (L = (CH3)3 P; X = Cl, Br, I, CH3) are reported. Pentacoordination is also attributed to a hydride CoHL4⊕ Cl⊖. The title compound is oxidized by bromine or iodine to give methylcobalt(III) complexes. Weak acids HX cleave both Co-C bonds to form coordination polymers of the composition CoX2 (X = OCH3, OC6H5, acac). As Intermediates the methylcobalt (II) complexes [CoCH3(OCH3)L2]2 and CoCH3(acac)L2 (L = (CH3)3P) are isolated. From the reaction of the title compound with NO diamagnetic methylcobalt complexes are obtained. Primarily formed Co(CH3)2(NO)L2 rearranges via NO insertion into a Co—C bond to give [CoCH3(CH3NO)L2]2 (L = (CH3)3P), a dinuclear complex containing nitrosomethane bridge. The carbonylation reaction yields diamagnetic compounds Co(COCH3)(CO)2L2 and [Co(CO)2L2]2 (L = (CH3)3P) besides acetone.
    Notes: Es wird über Darstellung und Eigenschaften der pentakoordinierten d7-Komplexe CoX2L3 (L = (CH3)3P X = Cl, Br, J, CH3 berichtet. Pentakoordination wird auch einem Hydridkomplex CoHL4⊕Cl⊖ zugeschrieben. Die Oxidation der Titelverbindung mit Brom oder Jod führt zu Methylkobalt(III)-Komplexen. Schwache Säuren HX spalten beide Co—C-Bindungen und bilden Koordinationspolymere der Zusammensetzung CoX2 (X = OCH3, OC6H5, acac). Als Zwischen-stufen werden die Methylkobalt(II)-Komplexe [CoCH3(OCH3)L2]2 und CoCH3(acac)L2 (L = (CH3)3P) isoliert. Aus der Reaktion dr Titelverbindung mit NO erhält man diamagnetische Methylkobaltkomplexe. Primär gebildetes Co(CH3)2(NO)L2 lagert sich unter NO_Einschiebung in eine Co-C-Bindung zu [CoCH3(CH3NO)L2] (L = (CH3)3P) um, einem Zweikernkomplex mit brückenbildenden Nitrosomethan-Liganden. Die Carbonylierung ergibt die diamagnetischen Verbindungen Co(COCH3)(CO)2L2 und [Co(CO)2L2]2 neben Aceton.
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  • 164
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes of Tetrapyrrole Ligands, XVII: Octacoordinate Zirconium and Hafnium Porphines Containing Axial 1,3-Diketonate LigandsNew (1,3-diketonato)Metalloporphyrins Zr(OÄP)(acac)2 (3a), Hf(OÄP)-(dbm)2 3c, Hf(OÄP)(dbm)2 (3d), and Zr(OÄP)(acac)OPh (5)2 are prepared and characterized spectroscopically. By analogy to the structurally secured acetato complexes, e. g. Zr(OÄP)(OAc)2 (2a), the central metal ions in 3a-d are regarded as octacoordinate with bidentate axial ligands. This follows from the i.r. and 1H n.m.r. spectra. The cis-configurations 3A of 3a-d and 5A are compared with the configuration 1A, 2A, and 4A of related species.
    Notes: Neue (1,3-Diketonato)metallporphyrine Zr(OÄP)(acac)2 (3a), Hf(OÄP)(acac)2 (3b), Zr(OÄP)-(dbm)2 (3c), Hf(OÄP)(dbm)2 (3d) und Zr(OÄP)(acac)OPh (5) 2 werden dargestellt und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. In Analogie zu den strukturell gesicherten Acetatkomplexen, z. B. Zr(OÄP)(OAc)2 (2a), wird den Zentralmetall-lonen in 3a-d die Koordinationszahl 8 mit zweizähnig gebundenen Axial-Liganden zugeschrieben. Dies ergibt sich aus den IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren. Die cis-Konfigurationen 3A von 3a-d und 5A werden mit den Konfigurationen 1A 2A und 4A einiger verwandter Spezies verglichen.
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  • 165
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1497-1505 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Phosphorane-Phosphine-Rearrangement; Mechanism and StereochemistryOrganylbis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenylylene)phosphoranes 6 rearrange Thermally to two types of phosphines 7 and 13. Stereochemically these can be treated as bridged biphenyl system or tetrabenzophosphonine systems on the one hand and as biphenyl systems which are substituted in their 2,2′-position by large groupe on the other hand.
    Notes: Organylbis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenylylen)phosphorane 6 lagern thermisch zu zwei Phosphin Typen 7 und 13 um, die stereochemisch als verbrückte Biphenyl-Derivate oder Tetrabenzophosphonin-System einerseits und als mit großen Gruppen 2,2′-disubstituierte Biphenyl-Derivate andererseits behandelt werden können.
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  • 166
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1446-1449 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, 59: On New Diterpenes from Dimorphotheca pluvialis Moench.Besides small amounts of known acetylenes the investigated plant contains five new diterpenic acids (5, 7, 9, 11 and 12), their structures being elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The relationship to these compounds to the diterpenes in other genera of the same tribe are discussed.
    Notes: Neben kleinen Mengen bekannter Acetylene enthält die untersuchte Pflanze fünf neue Diterpen-säuren (5, 7, 9, 11 und 12 deren Strukturen durch spektroskopische Methoden geklärt werden. Die Beziehungen dieser Verbindungen zu den Diterpenen in anderen Gattungen der gleichen Tribus werden diskutiert.
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  • 167
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1465-1476 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes of Tetrapyrrole Ligands, XVI: Methoxonitrosyl(octaethylporphinato)osmium(II)and related Osmium Complexes of OctaethylporphineThe new diamagnetic nitrosyl(octaethylporphinato)osmium (II) derivatives Os(OÄP)NO· L′(2c-e; L′ = NO, OMe, or F)2 are prepared and characterized spectroscopically. According to the electronic absorption, i.r., and 1H n.m.r. spectra fo the bis(methoxo)osmium(IV) derivative Os(OÄP)(OMe)2 (2f) and of the nitrosyls 2d, e, the latter contain OsII with an linear N≡O⊕ group and an anion OMe⊖ or F⊖ in the trans position. The strong π-acceptor NO⊕ and the strong π-donator OMe⊖ (or F⊖) effect a push-pull stabilization of the system. The dinitrosyl 2c probably shows the rare trans-array of linear M — N ≡ O⊕ and an bent M — N = O⊖ unit. The porphine ligand acts as a probe of the π-acceptor capacity of the axial ligands; in the series Py 〈 N2 〈 CO 〈 NO⊕ an increasing bathochromic shift of the α-band in the spectral region from 510 to 580 nm obtains.
    Notes: Neue, diamagnetische Nitrosyl(octaäthylporphinato)osmium(II)-Derivate OS(OÄP)NO· L′(2c bis e; L′ = NO, OMe oder F)2 werden dargestellt und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Nach einem Vergleich der Elektronenanregungs-, IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren des Bis(methoxo)osmium(IV) Derivats Os(OÄP)(OMe)2 (2f) und der Nitrosyl 2d, e liegt in der letzteren Os11 mit linearer N ≡ O⊕-Gruppierung und trans-ständigem Anion OMe⊖ oder F⊖ vor. Der starke π-Acceptor NO⊕ und der starke π-Donator OMe⊖ (oder F⊖) bewirken eine „push-pull“ -Stabilisierung des Systems. Im Dinitrosyl 2c light wahrscheinlich die seltene trans-Anordnung einer Linearen M—N≡O⊕- und einer gewinkelten M—N=O⊖-Einheit vor. Der Porphin-Ligand wirkt als Sonde für die π-Acceptorstärke der axialen Liganden; in der Reihe Py 〈 N2 〈 CO 〈 NO⊕ erfolgt eine zunehmend bathochrome Verschiebung der α-Bande im Spektralbereich von 510 bis 580 nm.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1506-1515 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclobutenediones, XLII: Reactions of Diphenylcyclobutenedione with MethylenephosphoranesDiphenylcylobutenedione (1a) reacts with the methylenephosphoranes 4a-z to give the substituted 4-methylene-2,3-diphenyl-2-cyclobuten-1-ones 5a-p, t-z and 5u′-z. Structural proof of the products is given by spectroscopic methods. The unsubstituted compound 5r is not obtained. Wittig reaction of (2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)phenylcyclobutenedione (1d) with 4u proceeds nearly stereoselectively to give 9D.
    Notes: Diphenylcyclobutendion (1a) reagiert mit den Methylenphosphoranen 4a-z zu substituierten 4-Methylen-2,3-diphenyl-2-cyclobuten-1onen 5a-p, t-z bzw. 5u′-z, deren Struktur spektroskopisch gesichert wird. Die Synthese des Grundkörpers 5r gelingt nicht. Die Wittig-Reaktion am (2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl) phenylcyclobutendion (1d) mit 4u verläuft annähernd stereoselektiv zu 9D.
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  • 169
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1569-1571 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 170
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1584-1585 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 171
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereospecific Br/O Ac-Substitution at syn- and anti-11-Bromo-2.3-benzotricyclo[4.4.1.0] undecen-4-one. The Retentive Substitution at CyclopropanePossible mechanisms A - G of the nucleophilic substitution at cyclopropane carbons are discussed. Special attention is given to the retentive replacements D and E which hitherto have not been observed. A smooth, stereospecific Br/OAc-substitution under typical SN2-type conditions is described for the syn/anti-isomers 6a and 7a. From the n.m.r. spectra of the four compounds 6a, b and 7a, b it is concluded that these substitutions occur under retention of configuration which is confirmed by X-ray analysis of the crystalline pair 7a, b.
    Notes: Mögliche mechanismen A - G der nucleophilen Substitution an Cyclopropanen werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der bisher nicht beobachteten Retention nach D oder E diskutiert. Am Beispiel der syn/anti-Isomeren 6a und 7a wird eine Br/OAc-Substitution beschrieben, die stereospezifisch unter typischen SN2-Bedingungen erfolgt. Aus den NMR-Spektren der vier Verbindungen 6a, b und 7a, b kann man schließen diese Substitutionen unter Retention der Konfiguration ablaufen. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse des kristallinen Paares 7a, b bestätigt dies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1575-1576 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on the Chemistry of Berbans, III. Regiospecific Synthesis of Depyrroloyohimbinone by Dieckmann Condensation of unsaturated EstersDieckmann-ring closure of unsaturated-saturated esters (1-4) leads to products (6-10) whose stereochemistry is predominantly controlled by the configuration of the starting material. The reaction is useful for the regio-and stereoselective construction of berban derivatives.
    Notes: Untersuchungen des Dieckmann-Ringschlusses von gesättigt-ungesättigten Dicarbonsäureestern (1-4) zeigen, daß die Produkte (6-10) vor allem von der Konfiguration des Ausgangsmaterials abhängen. Die Reaktion ist zum regioselektiven und stereoselektiven Aufbau von Berban-Derivaten sehr nützlich.
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  • 174
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1759-1768 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbene Reactions, VI. Addition of Dimethoxycarbene to HeterodienesDimethoxycarbene (2) has been added to N-acylimines of hexafluoroacetone (6) forming oxazolines 7. It has been shown by competition experiments, that free dimethoxycarbene is generated in the reactions of 6 with trimethyl orthoformate (3).
    Notes: Dimethoxycarben (2) addiert sich an eine Reihe von N-Acyliminen des Hexafluoracetons (6) zu den Oxazolinen 7. Durch Konkurrenzversuche konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei der Einwirkung von 6 auf Orthoameisensäureester (3) freies Dimethoxycarben (2) auftritt.
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  • 175
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1856-1867 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement of Bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,4-diene Derivatives by AcidsThe addition of acids to bicyclo [5.1.0] octa-2,4-dienes mat proceed with rearrangement to bicyclo-[3.2.1] oct-2-enes. A donor substituent at C-8 is essential for this transformation, as shown by the decreasing tendency of 1 (NHCOCH3), 19 (OCH3), and (33) H) to form bicyclo [3.2.1] octenes. Cycloheptadienylmethyl derivatives are formed in a competing reaction. Regardless of the configuration of the starting material (19a, b), 4-exo-8-anti-substituted bicyclo [3.2.1] oct-2-enes are obtained. Configurations were established by n. m. r. and by unequivocal synthesis of 25. The reaction is thought to involve protolysis of the cyclopropane ring to a homoallyl cation 36 which undergoes cyclization to 38 (formally a 1,4 shift).
    Notes: Die Addition von Säuren an Bicyclo[5.1.0] octa-2,4-diene kann unter Umlagerung zu Bicyclo [3.2.1] oct-2-enen verlaufen. Ein Donor-Substituent an C-8 ist Voraussetzung für diese Umwandlung, wie aus der abnehmenden Tendenz von 1 (NHCOCH3), 19 (OCH3) und 33 (H) zur Bildung von Bicylo [3.2.1] octenen hervorgeht. In einer konkurrierenden Reaktion entstehen Cycloheptadienylmethyl-Derivate. Unabhängig von der Konfiguration des Ausgangsmaterials (19a, b) werden 4-exo-8-anti -substituierte Bicyclo [3.2.1.] oct-2-ene erhalten. Die Konfigurationen wurden durch NMR und eindeutige Synthese von 25 festgelegt. Die Reaktion beginnt wahrscheinlich mit der Protolyse des Cyclopropanrings zum Homoallylkation 36, das zu 38 cyclisiert (formal eine 1,4-Verschiebung).
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  • 176
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1918-1927 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [1,5]-Sigmatropic Ester Shift in the Pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadiene System5-Alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienes (1) equilibrate at 100°C with 1-alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienes (2) via 1,5-sigmatropic ester shifts. At higher temperatures a further ester shift generates the 2-alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienes (3). The intramolecular character of the rearrangement is demonstrated by crossover experiments.
    Notes: 5-Alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadiene (1) äquilibrieren bei 100°C durch [1,5]-sigmatrope Esterverschiebung mit 1-Alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienen (2). Bei höheren Temperaturen führt eine weitere Esterverschiebung zu 2-Alkyl-pentakis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienen (3). Der intramolekular Verlauf der Umlagerung wurde durch Kreuzungsversuche gesichert.
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  • 177
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1911-1917 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphazenes, LIV. Synthesis and Structure of 2,2′-Dimethyl-octaphenyl-2,2′-bi[cyclotri(phosphazen)yl]Metallation fo the hydrido-cyclophosphazene 1 and subsequent reaction with the chloro-cyclo-phosphazene 4 yields the title compounds 6. This is also obtained by reduction of 4 and from the disproportionation of the phosphino-cyclophosphazen 5. 6 has a centrosymmetric structure (determined by X-ray analysis), which may be compared to that of N3P3(C6H5)6 in respect to the phosphazene rings and to (CH3)4P2S4 as far as the central diphosphane part is concerned. I. r., 31 P, and 1 H n. m. r. spectra are discussed.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung 6 wird aus dem Hydrido-cyclophosphazen 1 durch Metallieren und Umsetzen mit dem Chlor-cyclophosphazen 4 dargestellt. Sie bildet sich auch durch Reduktion von 4 und Disproportionieren des Phosphino-cyclophosphazens 5. 6 besitzt zentrosymmetrische Struktur (durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt), die sich bezüglich des Ringgerüsts mit N3P3(C6H5)6 und bezüglich der zentralen Diphosphan-Gruppierung mit (CH3)4P2S2 vergleichen läßt. IR-, 31P- und 1H-NMR-Spektren werden diskutiert.
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  • 178
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2164-2174 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Thio-CannabinoidsThe base-catalyzed reaction of pulegone (3) with the thiophenols 4a-d yields the γ-ketothioethers 5a-d, the cyclization of which produces the dibenzo[b,d]thiopyrans 6a-c. The cyclization of 5a and b also produces the thioxanthenes 7a, b as by-products. The thiopyrans 6a-c as well as 6a-c can be oxidized to the sulfones 10a-c with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. 6a-c can be demethylated to the free thio-analogous Δ6a(10a)-cannabinoid derivatives 11a-f by sodium ethanethiolate. Dehydrogenation of 11a-c by sulfur yields the analogous cannabinoids 15a-c. The structures of the compounds obtained are characterized by n. m. r., i. r., and mass spectra.
    Notes: Pulegon (3) wird basenkatalysiert an die Thiophenole 4a-d zu γ-Ketothioäthern 5a-d addiert, deren Cyclisierung Dibenzo[b,d]thiopyrane 6a-c liefert. Als Nebenprodukte entstehen bei der Cyclisierung von 5a und b auch die Thioxanthene 7a, b. Die Thiopyrane 6a-c lassen sich mit m-Chlorperbenzoesäure zu den Sulfonen 10a-c oxidieren. Sowohl 6a-c als auch 10a-c Können mit Natrium-äthanthiolat zu den freien thioanalogen Δ6a(10a)-Cannabis-Derivaten 11a-f demethyliert werden. Mit der Dehydrierung von 11a-c durch Schwefel erhält man die analogen Cannabinole 15a-c. Die Strukturen der erhaltenen Verbindungen werden durch NMR-, IR- und MS-Spektren Charakterisiert.
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycarbonyls, XVI. Synthesis and Structure of the Sulfur Analogue of Squaric Acid Dianion K2[C4S4·H2O]Sulfhydrolysis of 1,2- or 1,3-dithiosquaric acid diamides yields the sulfur analogue 4 of squaric acid dianion, the first member of the „thioxocarbons“. Spectroscopic data and intramolecular distances determined by X-ray diffraction indicate a symmetrical, delocalised electron system with C—C- and C—S-bond orders of n - 1.25 and 1.5, resp.
    Notes: Durch Sulfhydrolyse von 1,2- bzw. 1,3-Dithioquadratsäure-bisamiden entsteht das Schwefelanalogon 4 des Quadratsäure-Dianions, der erste Vertreter der „Thioxokohlenstoffe“. Spektroskopische Daten und die aus einer röntgenographischen Strukturbestimmung erhaltenen innermolekularen Bindungslängen weisen auf ein symmetrisches, delokalisiertes Elektronensystem mit C — C- bzw. C — S-Bindungsordnungen von n = 1.25 bzw. 1.5 him.
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  • 180
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Borabenzene Derivatives, VIII: A New Route to Alkalimetal Borinates. Syntheses of Ruthenium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Platinum Compounds with Borinate LigandsDegradation of bis(borinato)cobalt complexes Co(C5H5B — R)2(R = C6H5, CH3) with alkalimetal cyanides MCN (M = Na, K) yields alkalimetal borinates M[C5H5B — R]. These are versatile synthetic intermediates as demonstrated by the syntheses of Ru(C5H5B — R)2 (R = C6H5, CH3), Os(C5H5B — C6H5)2, Rh(1,5-C8H12)(C5H5B — R), and Pt(CH3)3(C5H5B — C6H5).
    Notes: Der Abbau von Bis(borinato)kobalt-Komplexen Co(C5H5B — R)2 (R = C6H5, CH3) mit Alkalimetallcyaniden MCN (M = Na, K) liefert Alkalimetallborinate M[C5H5B — R]. Diese sind vielseitige Synthesezwischenprodukte, wie mit der Darstellung von Ru (C5H5B — R)2 (R = C6H5,CH3), Os(C5H5B — C6H5)2, Rh(1,5-C8H12)(C5H5B — R) und Pt(CH3)3((C5H5B — C6H5) gezeigt wird.
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  • 181
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2442-2455 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Condensation Reactions of Sulfur Tetrafluoride with IminophosphoranesThe reaction of iminophosphoranes with SF4 is qualified for the syntheis of symmetric and unsymmetric substituted sulfur diimides 1a, b and bis(sulfur diimides) 4a - d, bis(iminosulfurdifluorids) 3a - e, cyclic sulfur diimides 6a - d, f, and 1,2,5-thiadiazoles 10a - e. Some reactions of the new substances are described.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Iminophosphoranen mit SF4 eignet sich zur Darstellung von symmetrisch und unsymmetrisch substituierten Schwefeldiimiden 1a, b und Bis(schwefeldiimiden) 4a - d, Bis(iminoschwefeldifluoriden)3a-e, cyclischen Schwefeldiimiden 6a -d, f und 1,2,5-Thiadiazolen 10a - e. Einige Reaktionen der neuen Substanzklassen werden hier beschrieben.
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  • 182
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2351-2369 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Behavior of Epoxides in the Presence of Halide Ions, IV. gem-Difluorocyclopropanes from Difluorocarbene, Generated from Chlorodifluoromethane and Alkoxide Ions in Small Concentrationgem-Difuorocyclopropanes are formed in high yields from chlorodifluoromethane, alkanolate ions, and reactive alkenes (table 1), provided that the concentration of alkanolate is small. Alkanolates of the necessary small concentration are found in a solution of halide ions in epoxides(eq. (3)). Suitable epoxides are (chloromethyl)oxirane and oxirane (ethylene oxide). The conversion is increased by increasing concentration of chloride ions (fig. 1, curve A) and decreased by increasing concentration of alcohol (tab. 4). With less reactive olefines are formed not only the desired gem-difluorocyclopropanes but also the products of reaction between difluorocarbene and alcohols (compounds 9, 11, 12). The structures both of the gem-difluorocyclopropanes and of the by-products are determined mainly by n.m.r. (1H, 13C, 19F).
    Notes: gem-Difluorcyclopropane entstehen in hohen Ausbeuten aus Chlordifluormethan, Alkanolat und reaktiven Alkenen (Tab. 1), sofern die Konzentration an Alkanolat sehr klein ist. Die Alkanolat-lonen in der erforderlichen geringen Konzentration enthält eine Lösung von Halogenid-Ionen in Epoxiden (Gi. (3)). Gebräuchliche Epoxide sind (Chlormethyl)oxiran und Oxiran (Äthylenoxid). Der Umsatz wird durch zunehmende Chlorid-Ionen-Konzentration erhöht (Abb. 1, Kurve A)und durch Zunehmende Alkohol-Konzentration Herabgesetzt (Tab. 4). Mit weniger reaktiven Alkenen erhält man nicht nur die gewünschten gem-Difluorcyclopropane, sondern auch Produkte der Umsetzung zwischen Difluorcarben und Alkoholen, wobei die Verbindungen 9, 11 und 12 entstehen. Die Strukturen der gem-Difluorcyclopropane und der Nebenprodukte werden hauptsächlich durch die NMR-Spektren (1H, 13C, 19F) belegt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2405-2419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Stereochemistry of 1,2,3,4,9-Pentaphenyl-9H-tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepinThe synthesis of conformational isomeric tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepin oxides (7A, B) has been achieved by transition metal-catalysed trimerisation of the triarylphosphinoxide bisacetylene 4. The use of dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium affords the novel palladium phosphinoxide complex 8. The free enthalpie of activation for the conformational change is determined in the case of the tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepin oxides. Reduction with trichlorosilane affords the conformationally isomeric tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepins 11A,B. The steric course of this reduction is discussed in detail. The kinetic data of the ringinversion are determined by the use of 31 P n.m.r. spectroscopy. With methyl iodide, the phosphonium salts 12A, B are formed from the tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepins, which correspond formally to the tribenzotropylium cation. The lowered free enthalpie of activation of the ring inversion is interpretable by a cyclic conjugation in the transition state.
    Notes: Durch übergangssmetallkatalysierte Acetylen-Trimerisierung des Triarylphosphinoxid-Bisacetylens 4 mit Tolan gelingt die Darstellung konformationsisomerer Tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepinoxide (7A,B). Die Verwendung von Bis(benzonitril)palladiumdichlorid führt zu dem bisher unbekannten Phosphinoxid-Palladium-Komplex 8. Die Freie Aktivierungsenthalpie für die Konformations-änderung der Tribenzo[b,df]phosphepinoxide wird bestimmt. Mit Trichlorsilan erhält man die konformationsisomeren Tribenzo[b,df,]phosphepine 11A, B wobei der sterische Reduktionsverlauf näher diskutiert wird. Die kinetischen Daten der Ringinversion werden mit Hilfe der 31P-NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Die Tribenzo[b,d,f]phosphepine liefern mit Methyljodid Phosphoniumsalze (12A, B), die formal dem Tribenzotropylium-Kation entsprechen. Eine Erniedrigung der Freien Aktivierungsenthalpie bei der Ringinversion deutet auf eine cyclische Konjugation im Übergangszustand.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2462-2468 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycyanobenzenes, V: An Easy Access to Tetracyanohydroquinone. Preparation of the 1,4-Dihalogeno-tetracyanobenzenesChloranil (6), bromanil (1), 2,5-dibromo-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (4), and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (8) react with cyanide ions to give the corresponding ortho-dicyanosubstituted hydroquinones 2,5, and 7 as well as tetracyanohydroquinone (3). With phosphoryl halides/pyridine, 3, its dimethyl ether 3a, and its diacetate 3b yield 1,4-dichloro- (15) and 1,4-dibromo-2,3,5,6-tetracyanobenzene (16). Similarly 1,3,5-tricyano-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene (17) is converted into 1,3,5-tribromo-24,6-tricyanobenzene (18). Reaction of 15 with potassium fluoride or potassium iodide yields 1,2,4,5-tetracyano-3,6-difluorobenzene (19) and 1,2,4,5-tetracyano-3,6-diiodobenzene (20), resp.
    Notes: Chloranil (6), Bromanil (1), 2,5-Dibrom-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzochinon (4) und 2,3-Dichlor-5,6-dicyan-p-benzochinon (8) reagieren mit Cyanid-Ionen zu den entsprechenden ortho-dicyan-substituierten Hydrochinonen2,5 und 7 sowie zum Tetracyanhydrochinon (3). Durch Einwirkung von Phosphorylhalogenid/Pyridin auf 3, dessen Dimethyläther 3a oder das Diacetat 3b entsteht 1,4-Dichlor-(15) bzw. 1,4-Dibrom-2,3,5,6-tetracyanbenzol (16). Nach der gleichen Methode wird aus 1,3,5-Tricyan-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzol (17) das 1,3,5-Tribrom-2,4,6-tricyanbenzol (18) erhalten. Die Umsetzung von 15 mit Kaliumfluorid bzw. Kaliumjodid ergibt 1,2,4,5-Tetracyan-3,6-difluorbenzol (19) bzw. 1,2,4,5-Tetracyan-3,6-dijodbenzol (20).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2490-2502 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Metabolites of Microorganisms, XI: Flexirubin, a Novel Pigment from Flexibacter elegansUp to now only carotinoid pigments have been found in ‘gliding bacteria’ of the Flexibacter/Cytophaga-type. The main pigment of Flexibacter elegans was now isolated by chromatographic separation and named flexirubin. Its structure was deduced to be 7. Flexirubin is the first member of a new class of bacterial pigments. In respect to the chemical structure this class is characterized by a polyene-carboxylic acid chromophore, which is esterified with a phenol carrying a long aliphatic side chain.
    Notes: Bisher wurden in den „Gleitenden Bakterien“ vom Typ Flexibacter/Cytophaga nur Carotinoide aufgefunden. Chromatographische Trennung des Farbstoffkomplexes aus Flexibacter elegans führte nun zur Isolierung des Hauptpigmentes Flexirubin, für das Struktur 7 abgeleitet wird. Flexirubin ist der erste Vertreter einer neuartigen Gruppe von Bakterienpigmenten, die sich strukturell durch einen Polyencarbonsäure-Chromophor in Esterbindung mit einem Phenol, das eine lange Alkyl-Seitenkette trägt, auszeichnet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2524-2532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stable Methylnickel Compounds, VII: Reversible Transformation into Acetylnickel CompoundsReaction of the methylnickel complexes trans-L2(CH3)NiX and L(CH3) Ni(acac) with carbon monoxide under normal conditions leads to the likewise square-planar σ-acetylnickel complexes trans-L2(CH3CO)NiX and L(CH3CO)Ni(acac), resp. (L = (CH3)3 P; X = Cl, Br, J, O2CCH3). Tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)nickel mobilizes and abstracts CO from the acetylnickel function with formation of carbonyltris(trimethylphosphine)nickel leading back to the corresponding methylnickel complexes. The rate of decarbonylation increases in the order acac 〈 O2CCH3 〈 Cl 〈 Br 〈 I. Strong protic acids liberate CO and CH4, from the NiCOCH3 group, but not acetaldehyde. The oxidative addition of acetyl chloride to trimethylphosphine complexes of zerovalent nickel is modified to give exclusively L2(CH3CO)NiCl.
    Notes: Die Reaktion der Methylnickelkomplexe trans-L2(CH3)NiX und L(CH3)Ni(acac) mit Kohlenmonoxid führt unter Normalbedingungen zu den gleichfalls quadratisch-planaren σ-Acetylnickelkomplexen trans-L2(CH3CO)NiX und L(CH3CO)Ni(acac) (L = (CH3)3P;X = Cl, Br, J, O2CCH3). Tetrakis(trimethylphosphin)nickel mobilisiert und übernimmt CO aus der Acetylnickelfunktion, wodurch neben Carbonyltris(trimethylphosphin)nickel der entsprechende Methylnickelkomplex zurückgebildet wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Decarbonylierung wächst in der Reihe acac 〈 O2CCH3 〈 Cl 〈 Br 〈 J. Beim Angriff starker Protonensäuren auf die NiCOCH3-Gruppe entstehen CO und CH4, nicht aber Acetaldehyd. Die oxidative Addition von Acetylchlorid an Trimethylphosphinkomplexe des nullwertigen Nickels wird so modifiziert, daß nur L2(CH3CO)NiCl entsteht.
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  • 187
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2547-2557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes, XIII: Syntheses and Properties of mer-Tricarbonylhalogeno(methylcarbyne)(timethylphosphine or -arsine, -stibine)chromium Complexescis-Tetracarbonyl(methoxymethylcarbene)(trimethylphosphine or -arsine, -stibine)chromium(0) complexes react with boron trihalides BX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) under splitting off of the methoxy group and substitution of a CO ligand by a halide ion. In the resulting carbyne complexes the CO groups are meridionally arranged. The halogen atom is trans-positioned to the carbyne ligand. The spectroscopic data of the new compounds are discussed.
    Notes: cis-Tetracarbonyl(methoxymethylcarben)(trimethylphosphin bzw. -arsin, -stibin) chrom(0)-Komplexe reagieren mit Bortrihalogeniden BX3 (X = Cl, Br, J) unter Abspaltung der Methoxygruppe und Substitution eines CO-Liganden durch ein Halogenid-Ion. In den so erhältlichen Carbinkomplexen sind die CO-Gruppen meridional angeordnet, das Halogenatom befindet sich in trans-Stellung zum Carbinliganden. Die spektroskopischen Daten der neuen Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbiological Transformations of Nonsteroidal structures, VIII: Microbiological Transformations of (±)-8-Hydroxy-6α, 11α-dimethyl-3-alkyl-or-3-acyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-3-benzazocins±-8-Hydroxy-6α, 11α-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin (1) is transformed microbiologically to the 3′-hydroxy-compound (2). The N-benzoate of the corresponding 3-desalkyl-compound is hydroxylated by several fungi in 1α-position (9). The hydroxylation of the 4- and 4′-position (11, 12), the oxidation to a 3- (3,4-epoxy-1,5-cyclohexadiene-carbonyl) structure (13) and the formation of a 8-pentosyl glycoside (10) are sidereactions. The fermentation of the N-cyclohexylcarbonyl derivative (14) leads to hydroxylations of the cyclohexylring in the axial 3′-and 4′(15 and 17) and in the euqatorial 4′ -position (16).
    Notes: ±-8-Hydroxy-6α, 11α-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin (1) wird mikrobiologisch zur 3′-Hydroxyverbindung (2) umgewandelt. Das N-Benzoylderivat (8) der entsprechenden 3-Desalkylverbindung wird durch unterschiedliche Fungi in 1α-Stellung (9) hydroxyliert. Die Hydroxylierung der 4- und 4′-Stellung (11,12), die Oxidation zu einer 3-(3,4-Epoxy-1,7-cyclohexadiencarbonyl)-struktur (13) und die Bildung eines 8-Pentosylglycosids (10) treten als Nebenreaktionen auf. Bei der Fermentation des N-Cyclohexylcarbonyl-Derivates (14) entstehen Hydroxylierungsprodukte des Cyclohexylrestes in den axialen 3′- und 4′-Positionen (15 und 17) und in der äquatorialen 4′-Position (16).
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  • 189
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3017-3024 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Redox Reactions between Tri-tert-butylphosphine and Element(IVb)-Tetrachlorides: Tri-tert-butylchlorophosphonium SaltsTri-tert-butylphosphine reacts with equimolare amounts of germaniumtetrachloride or tintetrachloride yielding new compounds with the formula (t-C4H9)3PMCl4 (M=Ge, Sn). The Comparison of n. m. r., infrared-, and raman spectra as well as the conductivities with the corresponding data of tri-tert-butyldichlorophosphorane, prepared, using tri-tert-butylphosphine and Chlorine, indicates, that all these compounds are tri-tert-butylchlorophosphine salts. Tri-tert-butyl-chlorophosphonium salts are also available, by the reaction of tri-tert-butyldichlorophosphorane with various element chlorides.
    Notes: Tri-tert-butylphosphin reagiert mit Germaniumtetrachlorid und Zinntetrachlorid im Molverhältnis 1:1 zu neuen Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung (t-C4H9)3PMCl4 (M=Ge, Sn). Der Vergleich von Kernresonanz- und Schwingungsspektren sowie von Leitfähigkeiten mit den entsprechenden Daten von Tri-tert-butyldichlorphosphoran, das aus Tri-tert-butylphosphin mit elementarem Chlor erhalten wurde, zeigt, daß die Verbindungen als Tri-tert-butylchlor-phosphonium-Salze vorliegen. Weitere Verbindungen dieses Typs sind aus Tri-tert-butyldichlor-phosphoran mit verschiedenen Elementchloriden zugänglich.
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  • 190
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3486-3488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 191
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3480-3485 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N. M. R. Spectroscopic Investigations on Boron Compounds. XI14N- and 11B-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on Borazines14N and 11B chemical shifts of 30 borazines can be interpreted in terms of delocalised pz electron pairs of the nitrogen atoms in the ring system. Calculated π charge densities at the N-atoms correlate linearly with δ14N. Substituents effects are discussed.
    Notes: Die 14N- und 11B-chemischen Verschiebungen von 30 Borazinen lassen sich im Sinne einer Delokalisierung der pz-Elektronenpaare der Stickstoffatome im Ringsystem interpretieren. Berechnete π-Elektronendichten an den N-Atomen korrelieren linear mit δ14N. Substituenten. effekte werden diskutiert.
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  • 192
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3492-3495 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 193
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3825-3836 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXI Stereoselective Total Syntheses of GeissoschizineStereoselective techniques of the construction of the sp2- as well as the sp3-hybridized centers of geissoschizine (1) are reported. The exocyclic E-configurated double bond may principally be installed by an elimination process, higher stereoselectivity is gained by an α-methylene lactame rearrangement.
    Notes: Es werden stereoselektive Techniken zum gezielten Aufbau der sp2 - und der sp3-hybridisierten Zentren des Geissoschizins (1) angegeben. Die exocyclische E-konfigurierte Doppelbindung kann prinzipiell über einen Eliminierungsprozeß, mit ausgeprägter Stereoselektivität jedoch über eine α-Methylen-Lactam-Umlagerung eingeführt werden.
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  • 194
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3864-3868 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Protophanes and Polyaromatics, XXII Nucleophilic Alkylation and Arylation of 2,2′-Bipyridyl2,2′-Bipyridyl was alkylated by nucleophilic substitution for the first time. The reaction with methyl or n-butyllithium yielded very selectively either the 6-alkyl- or the 6,6′dialkyl compound (41 - 64%) depending on the conditions. Applying relatively low temperatures it was possible to prepare 6-aryl-2,2′-bipyridyls (aryl = phenyl, 2-pyridyl) in medium yields. In a competition experiment with n-butyllithium 2,2′bipyridyl was significantly more electrophilic than pyridine.
    Notes: 2,2′-Bipyridyl konnte erstmals nucleophil alkyliert werden. Bei der Umsetzung mit Methyl- und n-Butyllithium entstand je nach den Bedingungen sehr selektiv die 6-Alkyl- oder 6,6′-Dialkyl Verbindung (41 - 64%). Die Anwendung relativ tiefer Temperaturen erlaubte in mittlerer Ausbeute auch die Darstellung von 6-Aryl-Verbindungen (Aryl = Phenyl, 2-Pyridyl). Im Konkurrenzversuch zeigte 2,2′-Bipyridyl gegenüber n-Butyllithium deutlich höhere elektrophile Aktivität als Pyridin.
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  • 195
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3907-3914 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 3,6-Dideoxy-uloses and 3,6-Dideoxy-3-halo-ulosesMethyl 2,3-anhydro-6-deoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranoside-4-ulose (1) reacts with sodium iodide in acetone under mild conditions to yield quantitatively methyl 3,6-dideoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranoside-4-ulose (2). By this general method α,β-epoxy-uloses can be transformed into α-deoxy-uloses as shown in the reactions of 13, 14 and 15. In contrast reaction of α,β-epoxy-uloses 1, 13, 14, and 15 with lithium halides in ether leads to α-halo-α,β-eno-uloses 8, 16, and 17.
    Notes: Methyl-2,3-anhydro-6-desoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranosid-4-ulose (1) reagiert mit Natriumiodid in Aceton nahezu quantitativ unter milden Bedingungen zu Methyl-3,6-didesoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranosid-4-ulose (2). Mit dieser allgemeinen Methode können α, β-Epoxy-ulosen in α-Desoxy-ulosen übergeführt werden, wie die Umsetzung von 13, 14, 15 zeigt. Mit Lithiumhalogeniden in Ether reagieren α,β-Epoxy-ulosen 1, 13, 14, 15 dagegen zu α-Halogen-α-β-eno-ulosen vom Typ 8, 16, 17.
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  • 196
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3915-3928 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Photochemistry, X Photoreactions of 3,3-Bis(arylthio)phthalides, of the Isomeric S, S'-Diaryl Dithiophthalates and of 3-(p-Tolylthio)Phthalides in SolutionU. v. irradiation of 3,3-bis(arylthio)phthalides 1, of the isomeric S, S'diaryl dithiophthalates 2, and of 3,3-bis(ethoxythiocarbonylthio)phthalide (12) leads to the formation of trans-Biphthalidylidene (4) via the photolabile intermediates 3,3-bis(arylthio)- or 3,3′bis(ethoxycarbonylthio)-3,3′-biphthalidyl (3 or 13), respectively. These intermediates can be isolated under certain conditions. 4. does not arise from reactions of the phthalidyl carbene C. Furthermore, a photochemical reversible isomerisation of 1 and 2 is described. U. v. irradiation of 3-mono-(p-tolylthio)phthalides 16 produces 3,3′-biphthalidyl derivatives 17 which are not transformed into 4. The phthalides 1, 2, 12, and 16 as well as the 3,3′-biphthalidyl derivatives 3 and 13 show parallel behaviour in their electron impact and photo inudced reactions.
    Notes: Die Bildung von trans-Biphthalidyliden (4) aus den 3,3-Bis(arylthio)phthaliden, ihren isomeren Dithiophthalsäure-S,S'-diarylestern 2 und 3,3-Bis(ethoxythiocarbonylthio)phthalid (12) im UV-Licht verläuft über die photolabilen Zwischenstufen 3,3′-Bis(arylthio)- bzw. 3,3′-Bis(ethoxythiocarbonylthio)-3,3′-biphthalidyl (3 bzw. 13), die unter bestimmten Bedingungen isolierbar sind. Die trans-Biphthalidyliden-Bildung erfolgt nicht über das Phthalidylcarben C. Ferner wird eine photochemisch reversible Isomerisierung von 1 und 2 beschrieben. Photolysen der 3-Mono(p-tolythio)phthalide 16, führen zu den 3,3′-Biphthalidyl-Derivaten 17, welche nicht zu 4 weiterreagieren. Die Phthalide 1, 2, 12 und 16 sowie die 3,3′-Biphthalidy-Derivate 3 und 13 zeigen Parallelität in ihren elektronenstoß- und photoinduzierten Reaktionen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3953-3955 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 198
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3958-3963 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 199
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3707-3727 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Catalytic Oxidations, XXXVIIPlatinum Catalyses as Hydride Mechanism: Catalytic Oxidation of Nitrogen and Oxygen HeterocyclesThe reaction of model nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles with platinum catalyst and oxygen as dehydrogenating agent in liquid phase was investigated. Model compounds were piperidine (5), pyrrolidine (12), the piperidazines 16a, b, the cyclic ethers 19, 25, 31, 34, 40, and the cyclic acetals 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 57, 59 and 60. The course and mechanism of the oxidations is discussed on the basis of product analyses. The experimental results are in agreement with a hydride transfer mechanism of the catalytic oxidation, platinum acting as a hydride abstractor. This has been substantiated by treating the dioxolane 60b with platinum and oxygen in the presence of BF3. It was possible to trap the ionic intermediate and to isolate the crystalline acetoxonium tetrafluoroborate 61b.
    Notes: Das Verhalten stickstoff- und sauerstoffhaltiger Heterocyclen bei der katalytischen Oxidation in flüssiger Phase mit Platin als Katalysator und Sauerstoff als Dehydrierungsmittel wurde an Modellsubstanzen untersucht. Als solche dienten Piperidin (5), Pyrrolidin (12), die Piperidazine 16a, b, ferner die cyclischen Äther 19, 25, 31, 34 sowie 40 und schließlich die cyclischen Acetale 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 57, 59 sowie 60. An Hand der Produktanalyse der Oxidationsansätze wird der jeweilige Verlauf der Oxidation diskutiert und mechanistisch gedeutet. Die experimentellen Befunde lassen den Schluß zu, daß die katalytische Oxidation einem Hydridabspaltungsmechanismus folgt, wobei dem Platin die Funktion eines Hydridabstraktors zukommt. Dies konnte durch Behandlung des Dioxolans 60b mit Platin und Sauerstoff in Gegenwart von BF3 bestätigt werden. Es läßt sich die ionische Zwischenstufeabfangen und als kristallines Acetoxonium-tetrafluoroborat 61b isolieren.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 3728-3734 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal and Molecular Structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilane-2,2′-BipyridylThe title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a (Z = 4). The monomeric complex molecule contains one tetrahedrally and one octahedrally bonded Si-atom Cl2MeSi-SiCl2MeN2. The bond lenghts Si - Si = 2.367 Ä and Si-CH3 = 1.90 Å correspond to normal tetrahedral bond lenghts. On the other hand the distances Si - Cl in the octahedral group (2.274 and 2.392 Å) are clearly lengthened compared with the distances Si - Cl in the tetrahedral group (2.081 Å). The two rings of the bipyridyl ligand are slightly bent against each other while the angles and distances correspond to those of the free bipyridyl molecule despite the transition from trans to cis configuration. - Per two of the complex molecules maximally one molecule of the solvent acetonitrile is incorporated.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/a (Z = 4). Das monomere Komplex-Molekül besitzt ein tetraedrisch und ein oktaedrisch gebundenes Siliciumatom Cl2MeSi-SiCl2MeN2. Die Bindungslängen. Dagegen sind die Si - Si = 2.367 Ä und CH3 = 1.90 Å entsprechen den normalen tetraedrischen Bindungslängen. Dagegen sind die Si - Cl-Abstände in der Oktaedergruppe (2.274 und 2.392Å) gegenüber den Si - Cl-Abständen in der Tetraedergruppe (2.081 Å) deutlich verlängert. Die beiden Ringe des Bipyridyl-Linganden sind leicht gegeneinander geknickt, dabei entsprechen Winkel und Abstände trotz des Übergangs von der trans-zur cis-Konfiguration denen im freien Bipyridyl-Molekül - Pro zwei der Komplex-Moleküle ist maximal ein Molekül Acetonitril (Lösungsmittel) eingelagert.
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