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  • 1990-1994  (4,766)
  • 1920-1924  (1,159)
  • Organic Chemistry  (5,689)
  • MRI
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Material
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Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of arthritic pathology in the rat knee (1994)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 23 (1994), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Rat ; Knee ; MRI ; X-radiography ; histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to visualise the changes that occur in both soft tissue and bone during antigen-induced, monoarticular arthritis (AIMA) of the rat knee. Extensive optimisation studies were performed in order to minimise the time of the experiments and to maximise both the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast in the MR images. The study was cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and at each of the 13 time points studied during the progression of the disease, corresponding X-radiographs and histological sections were obtained. Interpretation of the spin echo MR images was aided by the use of chemical shift-selective imaging, magnetisation transfer contrast and relaxation time experiments, as well as by correlation with the histology and X-radiography data. The MR images clearly show invasion of the synovium by an inflammatory pannus which spreads over the articular cartilage and invades the bone, leading to erosion and later remodelling. Two distinct types of bony erosion were observed: focal erosions, especially at the margins of the joint, and subchondral erosions. It is concluded that MRI provides a sensitive, non-invasive method for investigating both early-stage inflammatory changes and late-stage bony changes in the knee joints of the arthritic rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204603
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of pseudomalignant osseous tumor of the hand (1994)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 23 (1994), S. 513-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: MRI ; Hand ; Myositis ossificans ; Florid reactive periostitis ; Pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Noninfectious, nonneoplastic reactive processes of the hand, such as myositis ossificans circumscripta, pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissue, and florid reactive periostitis, appear similar radiologically and histologically and are often difficult to differentiate. Magnetic resonance (MR) findings in two such lesions are reported. The extensive reactive change in the extraosseous soft tissue and the bone marrow and the relatively small extent of ossification may be characteristic. Although low-grade infection and small osseous neoplasms with reactive changes, such as osteoid osteoma, may still remain possible causes, MR imaging provides essential evidence for including noninfective, nonneoplastic reactive processes of uncertain cause in the list of differential diagnoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223080
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced myelopathy and vertebral necrosis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 405-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Radiation-induced myclopathy ; Bone necrosis ; Brown-Séquard syndrome ; Spinal cord ; MRI ; Gadolinium DTPA enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radiation-induced myelopathy is often a diagnosis of exclusion. In addition to the classic criteria needed to support the diagnosis, the presence of another radiation-induced lesion, such as aseptic vertebral necrosis, is useful to confirm the cause of the spinal cord lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612129
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI in subacute combined degeneration (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 408-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Subacute combined degeneration ; MRI ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a patient with clear lesions in the spinal cord on MRI due to subacute combined degeneration. T2-weighted images clearly showed abnormal high signals in the posterior columns, which disappeared on recovery from the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612130
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The value of MRI in angiogram-negative intracranial haemorrhage (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 422-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Angiogram negative intracranial haemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In one year, cerebral angiograms were performed for intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) on 334 patients. No cause for haemorrhage could be identified in 41 (12%), 30 of whom had predominantly subarachnoid (SAH) and 11 predominantly parenchymal haemorrhage (PH). These patients were prospectively examined by cranial MRI 1–6 weeks after the ictus. The MRI studies were positive in 7 patients (17%). In the 30 patients examined after SAH, 2 studies were positive, showing an aneurysm in one case and a brain stem lesion of uncertain actiology in the other. In those examined after PH, cavernous angiomas were shown in 2, a tumour in 1 and a vascular malformation in another; useful diagnostic information was thus obtained in 36% of this group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593674
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 446-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain ; Neoplasms ; Gliomas ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI showed a cortically-based partially cystic and markedly enhancing mass in the uncus of the right temporal lobe in a patient with long standing refractory partial complex seizures. Histopathological examination revealed a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, a rare, usually benign tumour thought to originate from subpial astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593680
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plaque-like meningioma involving the temporal bone, sinonasal cavities and both parapharyngeal spaces: CT and MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 629-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Meninges ; Neoplasia ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe an unusually extensive intracranial, skull base and cervical meningioma, whose clinical manifestations were minor; imaging revealed the true state of affairs and suggested the correct diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600427
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI-based quantitative assessment of the hippocampal region in very mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Possible Alzheimer's disease ; Probable Alzheimer's disease ; Hippocampus ; Parahippocampal gyrus ; Temporal lobe ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the hippocampal region in six patients diagnosed with possible Alzheimer's disease (AD), eight patients with probable AD, and eight agematched controls, using a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging technique. Coronal T1-weighted images were used for area measurements of the hippocampal formation (HF), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), and temporal lobe (TL), normalised to cranial area. Both the normalised HF and PHG were significantly smaller in both AD groups than in the controls, but did not differ between patients with possible and probable AD. The normalised TL was significantly smaller in patients with probable AD than in those with possible AD and controls, but did not differ in patients with possible AD and controls. We conclude that hippocampal and parahippocampal atrophy occurs in early AD, and is more useful than neocortical atrophy for early detection of the disease. At a more advanced stage, the neocortical area is involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599184
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in Niemann-Pick type C disease (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 20-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick type C disease ; Corpus callosum hypoplasia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two unrelated patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease MRI showed symmetrical cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. T2-weighted images in one showed high signal areas in the posterior white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599187
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI in a case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome confirmed by molecular analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 37-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Kearns-Sayre syndrome ; Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies ; Molecular analysis ; MRI ; White matter diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Few data are reported on imaging in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). We present the MRI findings in a case of KSS confirmed by mitochondrial DNA molecular analysis. MRI may prove useful in detection and delineation of this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599193
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI in intraspinal tuberculosis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spine ; Spinal cord ; Tuberculosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 20 patients with intraspinal tuberculosis (TB), to characterise the MRI features of tuberculous meningitis and myelitis. MRI leptomeningitis and intramedullary involvement in 11 patients, intramedullary lesions alone in 5, leptomeningitis alone in 2, and isolated extradural disease in 2. TB leptomeningitis was characterised by loculation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nerve root thickening and clumping (seen only in the lumbar region) or complete obliteration of the subarachnoid space on unenhanced images. Gd-DTPA-enhanced images proved useful in 6 cases, revealing linear enhancement of the surface of the spinal cord and nerve roots or plaque-like enhancement of the dura-arachnoid mater complex. Intramedullary lesions included tuberculomas (8), cord oedema (5) and cavitation (3). In seven cases of intramedullary tuberculoma multiple lesions with skip areas were seen, without significant cord swelling. One patient had an isolated lesion in the conus medullaris. The lesions were iso- or hypointense on T1-weighted images, iso-, hypo- or hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed rim or nodular enhancement with contrast medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599194
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related MRI changes at 0.1 T in cervical discs in asymptomatic subjects (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Cervical spine ; Intervertebral disc ; Disc degeneration ; Ageing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The age-dependent occurrence of cervical degenerative changes was studies using 0.1 T MRI in 89 asymptomatic volunteers aged 9 to 63 years. The degree of DD (disc darkening on T2*-weighted images), disc protrusions and prolapses, narrowing of disc spaces, dorsal osteophytes and spinal canal stenosis were assessed. Abnormalities were commoner in older subjects, 62% of being seen in those over 40 years old. In subjects aged less than 30 years there were virtually no abnormalities. DD was the most common abnormality, seen in 10% of discs; 57% DD was in subjects aged over 40. DD at the C5/6 level was the most common finding. No differences in abnormal findings between males and females was observed, nor any statistically significant association between DD and other abnormalities. Thus, DD begins later age in the cervical spine than in the lumbar region. Asymptomatic degenerative changes are common on MRI in the cervical spine after 30 years of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599196
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrasacral myxopapillary ependymoma (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 56-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Sacral neoplasm ; Ependymoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intrasacral ependymomas are rare, accounting for only a small fraction of primary sacral tumors. They are typically large at diagnosis, which is preceded by a long history of pain. We present a case discovered during investigation of infertility. MRI features of the myxopapillary subgroup are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599198
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinoblastoma: CT and MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Retinoblastoma ; Coats' disease ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of CT and MRI at 0.5 T in the diagnosis and staging of retinoblastoma, we studied 11 patients in whom retinoblastoma was clinically suspected. Nine of the eleven had surgically proven retinoblastoma; in the other two a diagnosis of Coat's disease was made. MRI was not as specific as CT for diagnosing retinoblastoma, due to its lack of sensitivity in detecting calcification; it did, however, have superior contrast resolution. On MRI, Coats' discase was reliably diagnosed and easily differentiated from retinoblastoma. Moreover, the greater ability of MRI to differentiate subretinal fluid from tumour also confers high accuracy in measuring tumour size. CT is still the study of choice in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma, but when MRI is available, it should be performed for better differentiation from lesions such as Coats' disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599199
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wilson's disease: MRI with clinical correlation (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Wilson's disease ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We tried to establish possible correlations between clinical data and MRI in a group of patients with Wilson's disease. Eleven patients (6 male, 5 female), aged between 11 and 50 years old, with a duration of illness from 5 months to 32 years, were submitted to MRI on a 1.5 T System. Three patients were asymptomatic, two had mild neurological disturbances, two were moderately affected and the remaining four had a severe form of the disease. All were receiving D-penicillamine at the time of the study. In the most symptomatic patients there were abnormalities in five or more sites on MRI. The putamen was affected in all symptomatic patients, including five with dystonia. A striking feature was the peripheral location of high signal putaminal lesions on T2-weighted images. In five cases, lesions in the corpus striatum or substancia nigra explained the patient's Parkinsonian features. MRI is an efficient method for studying involvement of the central nervous system in Wilson's disease, and allows some interesting anatomoclinical correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588068
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiological investigation of neurofibromatosis type 2 (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 107-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Neurofibromatosis ; NF2 ; Meningioma, multiple ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The radiological findings in six patients fulfilling the criteria of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) were reviewed. Subtle cutaneous lesions were found in three. All patients had bilateral acoustic schwannomas; two had small acoustic tumours and normal hearing. In these patients the presenting symptoms were caused by multiple intracranial meningiomas and spinal neurofibromas, respectively, whereas the remaining four patients presented with hearing loss. Two patients had other cranial nerve tumours. Three patients had rapidly growing multiple intracranial meningiomas; two had multiple spinal neurofibromas and one a spinal meningioma. NF2 is a rare disease with few cutaneous but frequent, typical radiological findings in the central nervous system. The presenting symptom is most commonly hearing loss due to acoustic schwannomas, although symptoms emanating from other intracranial or tumours are not uncommon. The discovery of multiple meningiomas or multiple spinal neurofibromas without cutaneous lesions should initiate a search for acoustic schwannomas even when the patient has normal hearing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588071
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between spinal cord MRI and clinical features in patients with demyelinating disease (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 130-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Spinal cord ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Localisation of spinal cord lesions by MRI was correlated with neurological symptoms and signs in 16 patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of multiple sclerosis. There was good correspondence between spinal cord lesions and motor tract signs. On the other hand, superficial or deep sensory disturbances correlated with spinal cord lesions in only about a quarter of the patients. MRI of the spinal cord appeared to explain the myelopathy in 11 patients, while in 3 there was strong clinical evidence of more extensive demyelinating lesions. In 7 of the 16 patients MRI of the brain was normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588078
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GM-2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's disease): two year follow-up by MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 152-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: GM-2 gangliodoses-Sandhoff's disease ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two children with GM-2 gangliosidosis type 0 (Sandhoff's disease) followed up by MRI at 1.5 Tesla for 1.8 years are reported. One was presymptomatic at the first MRI examination. As her neurological status deteriorated, MRI showed low signal in bilaterally, on T2-weighted images the white matter with involvement of the optic radiations. In the second, MRI correlated well with the clinical progression of the disease, showing in the different stages involvement of thalamus and basal ganglia. There was no contrast enhancement and the grey matter remained normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588086
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gadolinium ring enhancement and mass effect in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 221-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ; CT ; MRI ; Ring lesions ; Mass effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 9-year-old boy presented with a subacute history of optic neuritis followed by brainstem involvement, with fever and a lymphocytic pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. Gadolinium-enhancing ring lesions were demonstrate in the white matter of the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum on day 17 of the illness, all appearing simultaneously as part of a monophasic illness. A parietal lesion exerted mass effect. Needling and biopsy yielded no evidence of a pyogenic lesion, tumour or tuberculosis and showed vasculitis. There was insufficient material for myelin staining. Dexamethasone therapy lead to rapid improvement of the radiological lesions: MRI and CT on day 34 of the illness showed complete clearing of the lesions except for residual abnormality at the biopsy site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588135
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single focus of probable multiple sclerosis in the cervical spinal cord mimicking a tumour (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 234-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Multiple sclerosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of probable multiple sclerosis (MS) in the cervical cord without brain involvement, mimicking a tumour is reported. The patient had a progressive left Brown-Séquard syndrome. The diagnosis was suggested by MRI. In spite of intensive corticotherapy, the neurological status worsened, in parallel with the radiological findings. Biopsy excluded an intramedullary tumour and supported the diagnosis of MS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588140
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemiatrophy of the tongue due to hypoglossal schwannoma shown by MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 239-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Hypoglossal schwannoma ; MRI ; Tongue atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Schwannomas acount for 8.5% of all intracranial tumours; more than 90% arise from the 8th cranial nerve. Only 42 cases of schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve have been reported. A 59 year-old woman developed right hemiatrophy of the tongue, clearly demonstrated on MRI, as was a small hypoglossal schwannowa. High signal was seen in the atrophic side of the tongue on both T1- and T2-weighted dimages, as described in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588142
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient bifrontal solitary periventricular cysts in term neonates (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Neonates ; Ultrasound ; MRI ; Subependymal cysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe three children born at term investigated for neonatal seizures or transient apnoea. Cranial ultrasound and MRI unexpectedly revealed symmetrical periventricular cysts adjacent to the anterior horns. We found no evidence of prenatal viral infection, intraventricular or subependymal haemorrhage or hypoxic-ischaemic lesions. The lesions were not seen on MRI at 3 months of age, but there was no compensatory dilatation of the anterior horns nor secondary loss of white matter. The appearance and location of these transient cysts were different from those of the cystic changes which typically follow germinal matrix haemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia. Their pathogenesis and clinical significance remain to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588143
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI monitoring of experimental cerebral ischaemia: comparison of two models (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 264-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Experimental brain ischaemia ; Bengal Rose model ; Suture occlusion model ; MRI ; Blood-brain-barrier disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In experimental stroke research one of the key questions is whether animals models truly reflect human disease. One important reason for modelling stroke is to produce tissue changes that can be used to validate the correlation between the results of advanced radiological imaging and pathology. The aim of this study was to compare two minimally invasive rat models of focal ischaemic stroke as to their ability to simulate clinical stroke reproducibly. In one model a focal infarct was induced using the photochemical Rose Bengal technique. The second model was based on transvascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery using a cervical approach. In all animals we performed MRI at different times with two different paramagnetic contrast agents. The time course of blood-brain-barrier disruption in the Rose Bengal model differed entirely from that in human brain ischaemia. The experimental stroke showed marked contrast enhancement in the first hour after the onset of ischaemia. On the other hand, the MRI changes in the suture occlusion model were very similar to the changes observed in human brain ischaemia: no early disruption of the blood-brain-barrier and increased T2-signal 4–6 h after the onset of stroke. We hope that the suture occlusion model will be used for research not only by basic and clinical scientists but also by radiologists, who, using modern imaging methods, may greatly influence the diagnosis as well as the management of this devasting disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593255
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serial neuroradiological studies in focal cerebritis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebritis ; Brain abscess ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report serial neuroradiological studies in a patient with focal cerebritis in the head of the left caudate nucleus. On the day after the onset of symptoms, CT showed an ill-defined low density lesion. The lack of contrast enhancement appeared to be the most important finding for differentiating focal cerebritis from an encapsulated brain abscess or a tumour. MRI two days later revealed the centre of the lesion to be of slightly low intensity on T1-weighted inversion recovery (IR) images and very low intensity on T2-weighted spin echo images, which appeared to correspond to the early cerebritis stage of experimentally induced cerebritis and brain abscess. Ten days after the onset of symptoms, CT revealed a thin ring of enhancement in the head of the caudate nucleus, and a similar small ring was seen in the hypothalamus 16 days after the onset, corresponding to the late cerebritis stage. MRI nine days later revealed ill-defined high signal lesions within the involved area on the T1-weighted IR images. To our knowledge, this is the first published MRI documentation of the early cerebritis stage developing into an encapsulated brain abscess. The mechanisms underlying of these radiographic changes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593261
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical and histopathological study of factors affecting MRI signal intensities of pituitary adenomas (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; MRI ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pituitary hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to elucidate the factors which determine the MRI signal intensities of pituitary adenomas. We examined 51 patients with surgically-confirmed pituitary adenomas. Using a spin-echo pulse sequence (SE 500/15), coronal and sagittal images (3 mm slices) were obtained. Signal intensities on T1-weighted images were measured in the parenchyma of the adenoma and in normal grey matter. The relative intensity of the adenoma was assessed by calculating the ratio of its signal intensity to that of the normal grey matter of the same patient. Parafin-embedded sections were used for haematoxylin and eosin staining. The number of cells in a prescribed area was counted, and the mean of five such counts was taken as the cell density. Immunohistochemically stained sections using antibodies for various pituitary hormones were similarly examined; the ratio of the total number of hormone-positive cells to the overall total number of adenoma cells was calculated. Four independent variables were used in the analysis: the age of the patient, the maximum diameter of the adenoma, the cell density and the proportion of hormone-positive cells in the adenoma and, with the signal intensity ratio as the dependent variable, a multiple regression analysis was performed. This revealed that the the greatest influence upon the signal intensities on T1-weighted images was the proportion of hormone positive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593265
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The “dural tail” adjacent to meningiomas studied by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a comparison with histopathology (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Meningioma ; Dynamic contrast Enhancement ; Dural enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 32 patients with intracranial tumors (17 meningiomas, 8 neuromas, 7 pituitary adenomas) by conventional and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Our aim was to clarify whether the pathological dural contrast enhancement adjacent to meningiomas (the “dural tail”) is specific to meningiomas and, more important, whether it represents neoplastic dural infiltration or hypervascularization as a tumor accompanying reaction. A “dural tail” was found in 9 of 17 meningiomas. None of the other extra-axial tumours (neuromas, pituitary adenomas) showed comparable dural enhancement. Dynamic examinations with an ultrafast single slice imaging technique (snapshot-FLASH) after a bolus injection of contrast medium showed a “dural tail” in seven out of these nine meningiomas, while in two cases the “dural tail” turned out to be a cortical vein with a characteristic dynamic contrast enhancement pattern. In the dynamic study all seven “dural tails” were found to have earlier, steeper contrast enhancement than the corresponding tumours. All the tumours and part of the adjacent dura mater in four of the seven meningiomas with dural enhancement were examined histopathologically. In none of these four cases was neoplastic tissue found more than 2 mm away from the main tumour. The results strongly support the suggestion that the “dural tail” adjacent to meningiomas represents a hypervascular, non-neoplastic dural reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593266
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the pathological grade of astrocytic gliomas using an MRI score (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 308-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Astrocytic gliomas ; Pathological grade ; MRI ; MRI score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the usefulness of an MRI score for identifying tumour tissue characteristics, 41 histologically verified supratentorial astrocytic gliomas, including 13 low-grade astrocytomas (LGA) 14 anaplastic astrocytomas (AA) and 14 glioblastoma multiformes (GBM), were examined with a 0.5T superconductive MR imager. Nine MRI criteria were used: heterogeneity (HET), cyst formation or necrosis (CN), haemorrhage (HEM), crossing the midline (CM), oedema or mass effect (EM), border definition (BD), flow void (FV), degree (CE-D) and heterogeneity (CE-HET) of contrast enhancement; Gd-enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained in 32 cases (10 LGA, 10 AA, and 12 GBM). Each of the criteria was scored and analysed statistically. The mean values of LGA, AA and GBM were 0.45±0.31, 1.18±0.20, and 1.47±0.22, respectively. The MRI score increased with the pathological grades (P〈0.01–0.001). LGA had significantly lower values than AA in five (HET, CN, EM, BD, CE-D) of the nine criteria (55.6%) and lower values than GBM in all except HEM (88.9%). Three criteria (33.3%): HET, CN, and FV were significantly higher in GBM than AA. CE-D, HET, EM, CN, and CE-HET proved to be related to the pathological grade by a multiple regression analysis (P〈0.001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593267
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intradural chordoma: case report and review of the literature (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Chordoma ; MRI ; Ecchordosis physaliphora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chordomas are rare neoplasms arising from notochordal remnants found predominantly in the clivus and the sacrococcygeal regions. Most clivus chordomas show extradural extension and bone destruction. Such a tumour can rarely be intradural. This report is concerned with the radiological findings in prepontine intradural chordoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593269
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete spontaneous thrombosis of a giant intracranial aneurysm (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 316-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Intracranial aneurysm ; MRI ; Spontaneous thrombosis ; giant aneurysm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a 23-year-old woman CT demonstrated a patent giant intracranial aneurysm. MRI, CT and angiography one month later demonstrated complete spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm. The diagnosis was confirmed surgically and pathologically. This case demonstrates that a normal angiogram can be associated with a thrombosed giant aneurysm, and that this diagnosis should be considered in cases of angiographically-occult cerebral vascular malformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593270
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histiocytosis X of the petrous bone in the adult: MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 330-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Histiocytosis X ; Petrous bone ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of histiocytosis X in young adults with involvement of only the petrous bone are reported. In the first symptoms and signs consisted of a seventh nerve palsy of gradual onset over 3 years, and in the second, of pulsatile tinnitus associated with otorrhoea of clear fluid and impaired vestibular function. CT revealed large lytic lesions of the petrous bone. T1-weighted MRI before and after gadolinium confirmed the presence of a mixed tumour of the petrous bone with marked uptake of contrast medium. Spin echo images demonstrated the absence of extradural extension, and the patency of the arterial and venous network, therefore enabling differential diagnosis from extensive glomus jugulare tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593274
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of CSF dynamics and venous flow in the superior sagittal sinus by MRI in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a preliminary study (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 350-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; CSF flow ; CSF production ; Blood flow, superior sagittal sinus ; Pseudotumour cerebri ; Benign intracranial hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A velocity-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phase-mapping method was used for noninvasive study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the cerebral aqueduct, for indirect calculation of supra-tentorial CSF production, and for measurement of blood flow in the superoor sagittal sinus (SSS). We examined 12 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (HH; pseudotumour cerebri), and 10 healthy volunteers. The peak caudal and rostal CSF flow in the aqueduct during the cardiac cycle did not differ significantly between the patients and the volunteers. A significant correlation was found between the CSF volume flow amplitude and the resistance to cerebrospinal fluid out-flow in the patients (p〈0.05). The calculated mean supratentorial CSF production rate was 0.79 ml/min in the patients and 0.70 ml/min in the controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, the MRI measurements suggested CSF hypersecretion in three patients, whereas increased transependymal passage of CSF could have been the cause of negative calculated CSF production rates in two others. A tendency towards lower mean blood flow in the SSS (mean 345 ml/min) in the patients than in the controls (mean 457 ml/min) was found, and in two patients showed very low values. We showed that MRI phase-mapping may be used to study the relative importance of the pathophysiological factors thought to play a role in the development of IIH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612116
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperintense posterior pituitary lobe in central diabetes insipidus (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 380-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Neurohypophysis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a young child with central diabetes insipidus in whom the posterior lobe of the pituitary gave the high signal on T1-weighted MRI not generally seen in this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612123
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroradiological features of intracranial and intraorbital meningeal haemangiopericytomas (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 440-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Intracranial haemangiopericytoma ; CT ; MRI ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuroradiological features of six intracranial and one intraorbital haemangiopericytomas (HP) are reviewed. CT was performed before and after IV contrast medium in 5 patients. In 2 patients MRI was performed before and after contrast medium; in another, only unenhanced images were obtained. Five patients were studied by selective external and internal carotid artery angiography. Women constituted 5 of the 7 patients, and the mean age was 50.5 years, thus the sex and age distribution did not differ from that of typical meningiomas. Contrary to previous reports, calcification was present in two of the intracranial HP, and bone erosion was clearly seen in one intracranial HP and the orbital lesion. On MRI the tumours showed no differences from angioblastic meningiomas. All 6 intracranial HP were aggressive; all recurred following treatment and extracerebral metastasis occurred in one case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593679
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    True proton density and T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences for routine MRI of the brain (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 591-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Brain ; Turbo spin-echo (TSE) ; Fast spin-echo (FSE) ; Proton-density contrast ; Rapid imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequences compared to a conventional dual-echo spin-echo (SE) sequence in routine brain MRI at 1.0 T. The following demands were made on TSE sequences: acquisition time-reduction of at least 50% and true proton density (PD) contrast (lowsignal cerebrospinal fluid). A conventional spin-echo and two single-echo TSE sequences were used in 150 patients, a dual-echo TSE sequence in addition in 50 patients. Demonstration of most anatomical structures and disorders was equivalent with TSE and SE sequences. Advantages of TSE were reduced flow artefacts on T2-weighted images, better lesion contrast on PD-weighted TSE images (especially in the dual-echosequence) and acquisition time reduction to about 5 min (single-echo TSE) and 3∶35 min (dual-echo TSE). Disadvantages of TSE were: reduced contrast of tron-containing substances such as heamosiderin and of areas of calcification. By virtue of the shorter acquisition time and diagnostic reliability dual-echo TSE proved the best sequence. If it is used with only one acquisition-whereby image quality but not diagnostic reliability is slightly decreased — acquisition time can be further reduced to 1∶48 min. Application of a susceptibility-sensitive gradient-echo sequence, such as FLASH, compensates for the disadvantages mentioned above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600415
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal cord sarcoidosis (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 627-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Spinal cord tumours ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of spinal cord sarcoidosis which resembled a disseminated intramedullary tumour. The case is unusual because the spinal cord is only rarely affected by sarcoidosis and the patient developed a neurological deficit as the first manifestation of the disease. This condition thus has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary intramedullary tumours, or metastatic disease with involvement of the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600426
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anterior choroidal artery syndrome (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Infarcts, anterior choroidal artery ; CT ; MRI ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed 12 cases of infarcts in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) on CT and/or MRI. In each case vascular occlusion in the region was verified angiographically. Although the extent of the lesion on CT/MR images was variable, all were located on the axial images within an arcuate zone between the striatium anterolaterally and the thalamus posteromedially. The distribution of the lesions on mutiplanar MRI conformed well to the territory of the AChA demonstrated microangiographically. The variability of the extent of the infarcts may be explained by variations in the degree of occlusive changes in the AChA or the development of collateral circulation through anastomoses between the AChA and the posterior communicating and posterior cerebral arteries. The extent of the lesion appeared to be closely related to the degree of neurological deficit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612114
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The normal brain stem from infancy to old age (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 364-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain stem ; Mesencephalon ; Pons ; Medulla oblongata ; Brain volume ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to develop a method of measuring the size of the brain stem by routine MRI and to determine brain stem dimensions in a normal population. We examined 174 subjects, aged 4 months to 86 years, with no known brain disease. Sagittal midline diameters of the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata were measured on sagittal T1-weighted images, coronal diameters from axial T2-weighted images. The adult midsagittal diameter of the mesencephalon was reached at the age of 6 years, and decreased slightly after 45–50 years. Pontine dimensions increased until the age of 20 years and did not subsequently decrease. The midsagittal and midcoronal diameters of the medulla oblongata stopped increasing at the ages of 6 and 8 years, respectively. Minimal reduction in the midsagittal diameter occurs after 50 years. Normal ranges for each dimension were recorded. Knowledge of the normal variation in size of the brain stem can be helpful in the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. The method described is rapid and needs no additional hard-or osoftware. An additonal finding was an increase in large vermian sulci in subjects over 50 years of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612119
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI and pathological examination of post-mortem brains: the problem of white matter high signal areas (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain ; Post-mortem ; MRI ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 21 brains from individuals more than 65 years of age by MRI and neuropathological methods to study the frequency and morphology of white matter changes. There were 16 brains from neurologically normal subjects (Group 1) while the remaining 5 (Group 2) had neurological disturbances. In Group 1 MRI showed high signal areas in the periventricular white matter in 12 brains and in the deep white matter in 9. All had focal areas, with confluent zones in 4; 3 cystic infarcts were also detected. Neuropathology in this Group showed periventricular changes of variable extent in all cases, vacuolated myelin around the perivascular spaces in 14 and degenerate myelin in 4. Macroscopic inspection showed 3 cystic lacunar infarcts, while areas of recent infarction were present on histology in 2. Four of the Group 2 brains had periventricular MRI changes; high signal areas in deep white matter were focal in 2 and confluent in 1. Cystic infarcts were detected in 3 cases. Neuropathology showed periventricular changes in all the brains; in 4 myelin around the perivascular spaces was vacuolated while degenerate myelin was demonstrated in 1. There were also old (1) and recent (2) lacunar infarcts. High signal areas in the white matter thus have different histological backgrounds but only in a minority of cases do they seem to be of pathological significance and, as a rule, they are not related to the presence of neurological disturbances. Correlative MRI-neuropathological studies are helpful for characterising abnormalities detected by techniques, like MRI, which are sensitive but not very specific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612126
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cystic lumbar meningioma presenting as a ring enhancing lesion on MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 460-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Cystic ; Intraspinal tumour ; Ring enhancing ; MRI ; Gd-DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a cystic lumbar meningioma which presented as a ring enhancing lesion on MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593684
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI and CT in Krabbe's disease: case report (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 477-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Krabbe's disease ; Globoid cell leukodystrophy ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of infantile Krabbe's disease was first recognised as areas of relatively increased density on CT in the thalamus lateral geniculate body and dentate nucleus. These sites were subsequently shown on MRI to have a paramagnetic effect, being characterised by short T2 and T1. Subsequent examinations showed development of atrophy and high signal in white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593688
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of the brain in muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 473-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Muscle-eye-brain disease ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease belongs to the spectrum of rare congenital syndromes with migration disorders of the brain and muscular dystrophy, along with the Walker-Warburg syndrome and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. Their features overlap, and differential diagnosis presents some difficulties. We examined the brain of 10 patients with MEB using highfield MRI and found a uniform pattern consisting of a pachygyria-type cortical migration disorder, septal and corpus callosum defects and severe hypoplasia of the pons in 7 of them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593687
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal epidural haematoma: report of 11 cases and review of the literature (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 456-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Extradural spinal haematoma ; Spinal haematoma ; MRI ; Spinal cord compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal epidural haematomas (SEH) are rare; most are caused by trauma, anticoagulant therapy, vascular anomalies, hypertension, blood dyscrasias, epidural anaesthesia or, rarely, spinal surgery. We report 11 cases and review the literature (16 cases). The clinical picture is that of acute spinal cord compression. MRI characteristics are quite specific. On sagittal sections, the SEH appears as a biconvex mass, dorsal to the thecal sac, clearly outlined and with tapering superior and inferior margins. The dura mater is seen as curvilinear low signal separating the haematoma from the cord. Within 24 h of onset, the haematoma is isointense with the cord on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous on T2-weighted images. Later, it gives high signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Differential diagnosis must include subdural haematoma, epidural neoplasm and abscess. Complete neurological recovery rapidly follows laminectomy and removal of the clot. In three of our cases, the haematoma resolved spontaneously. MRI is the best examination for diagnostic and follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593683
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of haemorrhagic lacunes on MRI in patients with hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and intracerebral haemorrhage (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 504-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: MRI ; Intracerebral haemorrhage ; Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to determine the frequency and signifcance of haemorrhagic lacunes (HL) on MRI in patients with a history of, or at risk for intracerebral haemorrhage. We examined 72 patients with old spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) using T1-and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences. MRI studies of 137 consecutive patients with cerebrovascular disease but no known ICH were also reviewed. Both groups showed about the same degree of age-related white matter change and nonhaemorrhagic lacunar infarcts, whereas the ICH group had a higher frequency of HL (12/72 patients) than the non-ICH group (6/131 patients,p〈0.01). These results correlate well with reported pathological findings. We conclude that haemorrhagic lacunes found on MRI studies of patients with cerebrovascular disease may suggest a higher risk of intracerebral haemorrhage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593508
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: CT and sonographic spectrum (1994)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Liver, diseases ; Liver, neoplasms ; Computed tomography ; Ultrasound ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen patients with pathologically proven focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver had abdominal computed tomography (CT) (15) and ultrasound (11). In seven patients, the lesions were incidentally found during gallbladder or renal examination, whereas the other eight had a primary neoplasm and the liver was studied for possible metastasis. In 11 unenhanced CT scans, the ratio of isodense to hypodense lesions was 8 to 3. In 15 contrasten-hanced CT scans, seven were isodense, six were hypodense, and in two, the lesion enhanced (hyperdense). In seven patients a hypodense lesion on unenhanced CT became isodense with contrast injection. Delayed images in three showed the lesions appearing as hypodense in two and displaying a rim of enhancement in one. In one case, unenhanced CT was normal and only enhanced CT showed an area of homogeneous increased density. Ultrasound was done in 11 patients, the lesion was hypoechoic to the liver in five, echogenic in four, and isoechoic in two. Findings of central scar were seen on CT and ultrasound in three cases. Pathologic diagnosis was available in all cases, seven by needle aspiration and eight by surgical resection. In our experience, FNH has many CT and sonographic features that can mimic hemangioma or metastasis. While the presence of a central scar increases the specificity, in a cancer patient, the findings should be interpreted with caution and needle aspiration should be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02165858
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiographic features in lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas (1994)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 232-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Lymphoepithelial cyst, pancreas ; CT ; MRI ; US
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of pancreatic lymphoepithelial cyst are presented. Abdominal ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated cysts containing keratinized material, indicative of this diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203514
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meningiomas: Correlation between MRI characteristics and operative findings including consistency (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 129 (1994), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Tumour consistency ; meningiomas ; MRI ; T 2-weighted image
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 73 surgically verified intracranial meningiomas were correlated with their histology and consistency during resection. T 1-weighted imaging was least useful since most of the tumours were iso-intense, similar to cortical grey matter regardless of histology or tumour consistency. The signal intensity on T 2-weighted images was found to best correlate with both the histology and consistency of the meningioma. Generally, the low intensity portion of the tumour on T 2-weighted images indicated a more fibrous and harder character, while the higher intensity portions indicated a more soft character. Most of the fibroblastic meningiomas showed the features of a hard tumour while angioblastic tumours showed the features of soft tumours. Tumours predicted to be harder on MR imaging generally took longer to resect than softer ones, and this relationship was shown best for the larger tumours. Using linear regression analysis, it appears that operative time for soft tumours is more affected by factors other than tumour consistency. Blood loss during surgery was also unrelated to the consistency of the tumour. These results suggest that the histology and consistency of meningiomas may be predictable from findings on T 2-weighted imaging, and this may also predict the difficulty and time required for resection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01400871
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tectal plate gliomas part II: CT scans and MR imaging of tectal gliomas (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 127 (1994), S. 48-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: CT ; MRI ; tectal plate astrocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary CT scans and MR images were analized in 12 patients with histologically proved tectal plate gliomas. In an attempt to identify the nature of these lesions, their radiological characteristics were correlated with the histological results. In four of our patients CT scan failed to show the tumour. MR imaging demonstrated the tectal distorsion in all cases. Contrast enhancement, calcification, cystic portions, exophytic nature were observed in both high and low-grade gliomas. We conclude that in the case of intrinsic tectal tumours, the most probable diagnosis is that of low-grade astrocytoma while in the case of exophytic tectal tumours, the differential diagnosis from pineal region tumour is required and a histological verification is necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01808546
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Imaging diagnosis and follow-up of infantile hepatic haemangioendothelioma: A case report (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 100-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: CT ; Infantile hepatic haemangioendothelioma ; MRI ; Ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 4-week-old male infant was admitted to the hospital with acute gastrointestinal bleeding and marked coagulopathy secondary to vitamin K malabsorption in the presence of cholestasis. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and cutaneous haemangiomas. Ultrasonography, CT, and MRI demonstrated a multifocal vascular process and allowed the diagnosis of infantile hepatic haemangioendothelioma to be made without the use of more invasive diagnostic procedures. To avoid high-output congestive heart failure, the patient was treated with oral corticosteroids. After 5 months, rapid involution of the vascular malformations ensued. At age 2 years, a magnetic resonance scan confirmed complete resolution of the hepatic haemangioendothelioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959217
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Successful pregnancy in a patient with endometrial carcinoma treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 255 (1994), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Endometrial cancer ; MRI ; Medroxyprogesterone acetate ; Delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 32-year infertile Japanese woman suffered from endometrial cancer, which was treated with repeated endometrial curettage and medroxyprogesterone acetate for 6 months. The patient then became pregnant and was delivered of a live-born male infant at 37 weeks gestation by cesarean section for placenta previa. At cesarean section there were no abnormal findings in the uterine cavity or other pelvic organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391803
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early depiction of brain ischaemia with MRI and dysprosium-dota injection (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 445-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; Experimental brain ischaemia ; Paramagnetic contrast agents ; Perfusion imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of a pure shift reagent (dysprosium-DOTA [Dy-DOTA]) and a relaxation agent (gadolinium-DOTA [Gd-DOTA]) administered as IV bolus (1 mmol/kg) were compared to visualize early stroke in a feline model of middle-cerebral-artery occlusion. The T2-weighted fast sequences showed a transient decrease of 44% ± 19 (mean ±SD; P = 0.009) in the intensity of the normal cortex after Dy and 28% ± 7 (P = 0.014) after Gd (vs 5% ± 8 and 5% ± 6 nonsignificant decrease in the intensity of the injury). This allowed depiction of the damaged zones within the first hour of ischaemia. Although the changes in signal intensity are less pronounced after Gd than after Dy, this difference did not reach statistical significance in this group. Nevertheless, this difference, smaller than expected only from the magnetic moments, suggests that the T2 relaxation effect specific to Gd is also partly responsible for the signal loss, and that the commercially available Gd chelates should be suitable for MRI of brain vascularity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212819
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Suprasellar cavernous haemangioma: an important differential diagnosis in the diencephalic tumours (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 470-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Arteriovenous malformation, cerebral ; Cavernous haemangioma, central nervous system ; CT ; MRI ; Optic chiasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present three cases of suprasellar cavernous haemangioma with characteristic high-field MRI features. Clinical, CT and MRI data were retrospectively analysed. The patients had progressive neurological, endocrinological and visual complaints. In the three cases CT revealed a high-density suprasellar mass. In all cases the combination of a reticulated core of mized signal intensity with a surrounding rim of decreased signal on T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans suggested the presence of a cavernous haemangioma. Two patients underwent surgical biopsy after their first MRI examination. Cavernous haemangiomas located in the suprasellar area may show typical MRI features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212824
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Inflammatory pseudotumour of the spleen: CT and MRI findings (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 271-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: CT-Inflammatory pseudotumour of the spleen ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the CT and MRI findings of an inflammatory pseudotumour of the spleen, which is an extremely rare benign inflammatory lesion. CT scans obtained 1 h after contrast administration and T2-weighted MRI images clearly demonstrated the central fibrosis and peripheral granuloma of this lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606462
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CSF pulsation patterns in occlusive hydrocephalus (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: CSF flow ; Hydrocephalus ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen patients with solid and cystic occlusions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation pathways were examined with MRI using an ECG retrogated two-dimensional FISP sequence to determine whether there are certain defined pathological CSF flow patterns in these patients. All patients were clinically still compensated. The results of the measurements of CSF flow velocities at different locations in the CSF system were compared with the results from 8 healthy volunteers. In all patients with occlusive processes of the intraventricular CSF pathways (4 aqueduct stenoses, 1 membranous occlusion of the fourth ventricular outlets, 1 solid tumour at the foramen of Monro and 1 solid fourth ventricular tumour) we observed hyperdynamic CSF pulsation above the lesion. This was transmitted into the spinal canal. Close by a solid occlusion within the aqueduct the flow velocity curve over the RR cycle was typically shifted, resulting in a mirroring of the flow velocity curve compared with normals. In cystic lesions (n = 4) there was transmission of the pulsation wave through the lesion and therefore no mirroring of the flow velocity curve. This technique allows very good delineation of cystic structures in the peripineal region (n = 4), also due to the opposite direction of flow within the cyst compared with the surrounding CSF spaces, depending on the extent of communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231199
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI in stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix: evaluation of residual uninvolved myometrium and pericervical tissues (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 190-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; Uterine neoplasms ; MRI ; Uterine neoplasms, staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present prospective study was, to determine the efficacy of MRI in predicting extracervical tumour invasion on the basis of the presence of a very thin (〈 3 mm) univolved cervical stromal ring. Forty-seven consecutive patients with uterine cervical carcinoma (FIGO stages Ib–IIa) were examined with axial and sagittal T2-weighted MRI sequences. Pathological proof after hysterectomy was obtained in all women. On he basis of the MRI visualisation of a thinned stroma (〈3 mm), the sensitiivity in predicting extracervical involvement was 94.1% and the specificity 73.3% (accuracy 80.85%). On the basis A the detection of complete stromal disruption the MRI sensitivity ill predicting extracervical involvement was 76.5% and specificity 93.3% (accuracy 87.23%). The results of our study indicate that in the interpretation of MRI findings, the visualisation of an uninvolved cervical stromal ring at least 3 min thick can predict the presence of extracervical tumour with very high sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606446
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Aberrant carotid vessels as a cause of pseudotumour of the pharynx: CT, MRI and angiographic findings (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 324-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Aberrant carotid artery ; Angiography ; CT ; MRI ; Pharyngeal mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aberrant internal carotid arteries presenting as pharyngeal masses are described in the literature. Eight patients were evaluated by CT, angiography or MRI. Our studies indicated that the phyaryngeal pseudo masses were due to aberrant carotid vessels. Unlike the previous reports, in tour of our eight cases both common and internal carotid arteries were the cause of the suspected mass. Contrast-enhanced CT studies consistently demonstrated the abnormalities. MRI may be done if patients have a contraindication to intravenous iodinated contrast administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599064
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI in diagnostic evaluation of osteomyelitis in children (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Osteomyelitis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several MRI investigations for detecting or excluding acutre and non-post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis were performed in 31 children, osteomyelitis was evident in 21 patients. The sensitivity of MRI for osteomyelitis was 90%, and specificity was 100%. In children with confirmed osteomyelitis 23 follow-up investigations were carried out in order to evaluate duration of the medullary edema. in uncomplicated cases only in treated by antibiotics edema regression was evident after 4 weeks and completed after 12–16 weeks. In cases in whom extended concomitant soft-tissue infection was depicted regression of edema was prolonged independent of surgical intervention. The study reveals that at onset of acute osteomyelitis in children MRI can replace technetium 99m-labeled scintigraphy and reduce plain-film investigations. The results support the usefulness of MRI in discrimination of isolated soft-tissue infection and noninfectious diseases of bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599069
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of ultrasound, CT and MRI in the assessment of parotid masses (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 549-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Parotid Gland CI ; Parotid gland, masses ; Parotid gland ; MRI ; arotid gland, US
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to compare the advantages and failings of the current imaging procedures used for the staging of parotid masses, 121 patients were investigated: 30 with ultrasound (US) and CT, 55 with US and MRI, and 36 with US, CT and MRI. The accuracy of the three imaging modalities was evaluated in detecting parotid lesions; in assessing their location (intra- or extraglandular) and nature (benign or malignant); and in defining their intraglandular extent (superficial or deep lobe) as well as their relationship with surrounding structures. The imaging findings were related to the cytohistological data from US-guided biopsy or from surgical resection. In the 36 patients studied with all three modalities the diagnostic accuracy (excluding double errors in the same patient) was 77.7% for US, 86.1% for CT and 94.4% for MRI. US was thus shown to be less accurate than CT or MRI, and MRI not significantly superior to CT. US with fine-needle aspiration cytology should be the first-line imaging technique; CT and MRI have to be- considered for lesions more than 3 cm in diameter or for masses arising in the deep lobe of the gland. The results of this series show that MRI provides better results than CT in displaying the relationship of the mass with contiguous structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226828
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Synovial cysts of the lumbar spine: CT and MRI correlations (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 332-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Spine ; Synovial cysts ; CT ; MRI ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraspinal synovial cysts were diagnosed in six patients during a 5-year period and retrospectively studied. Plain films of the lumbar spine showed degenerative changes in all patients. Lumbar myelography showed a posterior and lateral defect caused by extradural compression. Using CT without constrast enhancement established the diagnosis in five of the six-patients. in four cases MRI was performed, three before and after injection of gadolinium diethyline-triamine penta-acetic acid )Gd-DTPA). Including the patient with a false negative CT, MRI was positive in all patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599066
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Leptomeningeal metastasis: a CT and MRI study (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Meningeal neoplasms ; MRI ; CT ; Oncology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated 35 patients with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) that was proved by repatd positive cytology (33 patients) and/or autopsy (10 patients) with T1-weighted Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI and contrast-enhanced CT. The patients (20 women and 15 men) ranged in age from 5–77 years (mean 56 years). Tumour histology included 26 carcinomas, 1 sqrcoma, 6 leucaemias, 1 medullo-blastoma and 1 primary CNS lymphoma. Intracranial abnormalities were noted in 58% of cases by CT and 88% by MRI, and included hydrocepahlus, meningeal or ependymal enhancement, subarachnoidal or intraparenchymal nodules. Leptomeningeal metastasis was detected by MRI is equal or superior to CT in demonstrating meningeal or ependymal enhancement and quantifying enhanced subrachnoidal or parenchymal nodules. However, in the evaluation of leptomeningeal metastasis both modalities had a high incidence of false-negative studies, 89% (31 of 35) by CT and 24% (4 of 17) by MRI. In contrast, two patients with initially negative cytology had pathological MRI findings. Our data indicate that Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is the preferrd imaging modality in letomeningeal metastasis, and suggest that CT does not add significant additional information. However, LM is primarily a histological diagnosis by detecting tumour cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599067
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Hyaline articular cartilage: relaxation times, pulse-sequence parameters and MR appearance at 1.5 T (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; Hyaline carltilage ; Pulse sequences ; Relaxation times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to optimize the parameters for the best visualization of the internal architecture of the hyaline articular cartilage a study both ex vivo and in vivo was performed. Accurate T1 and T2 relaxation times of articular cartilage were obtained with a particular mixed sequence and then used for the creation of isocontrast intensity graphs. These graphs subsequently allowed in all pulse sequences (spin echo, SE and gradient time (TR), echo time (TE) and flip angle (FA) for optimization of signal differences between MR cartilage zones. For SE sequences maximum contrast between cartilage zones can be obtained by using a long TR (〉 1,500 ms) with a short TE (〈 30 ms), whereas for GRE sequences maximum contrast is obtained with th shortest TE (〈 15 ms) combined with a relatively long TR (〉 400 ms) and an FA greater than 40°. A trilaminar appearance was demonstrated with a superficial and deep hypointense ozne in all sequences and an intermediate zone that was moderately hyperintense on SET1-weighted images, slightly more hyperintense on proton density Rho and SE T2-weighted images and even more hyperintense on GRE images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599070
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  • 61
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    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging and MR angiography in preoperative evaluation of intracranial meningiomas (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 538-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; MRA ; Meningiomas ; Arterial displacement ; Tumor-feeding vessels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of 41 patients with intracranial meningiomas were examined by MR imaging (MRI) and MR angiography (MRA) to assess the. clinical value of MRA in the preoperative evaluation of these patients. The results of MRA were compared with the results of intraarterial cerebral catheter X-ray angiography (XRA; n = 19) and with the operative findings (n = 41 ): Our results showed a good correlation between MRA and XRA/surgery in demonstrating the relationship between the tumor and adjacent venous and arterial structures. Use of MRA was also helpful in demonstrating the degree of intrinsic tumor vascularity. It also supplied important information for operative planning Adjunct XRA was mandatory if detailed information about tumor-feeding vessels was requested by the neurosurgeon, especially in highly vascularized angiomatous meningiomas and in meningiomas suspected of tumor feeding by vessels of the internal carotid artery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226826
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    Long-term follow-up of patients with primary amyloidosis with MRI (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 452-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: MRI ; Amyloidosis ; Relaxation times ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of chemotherapy on subjects with primary amyloidosis (AL-amyloidosis) were studied with MRI in five patients. The MRI was performed every 3–5 months for 23–60 months, and the T1 and T2 relaxation times were determined in liver and subcutaneous fat. In the patients as a whole T1 was significantly prolonged (P 〈 0.05), whereas T2 was within normal range. On follow-up with repeated MRI increasing T1 values could be measured in progressive disease (one patient) whereas decreasing T1 values seemed to parallel clinical improvements in four patients. The effect of different treatment schedules in AL-amyloidosis may be evaluated with MRI and the amount of amyloid deposits may be quantified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212820
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    CT and MRI demonstration of cerebral edema in preeclampsia: a report of two cases (1994)
    Springer
    European radiology 4 (1994), S. 487-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Brain ; Preeclampsia ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two patients with visual disturbances occurring in preeclampsia CT and MR imaging findings are discussed. Clinical and radiological follow-up indicate reversible edema formation as the most probable cause of the neurological symptoms described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212829
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  • 64
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    Electronic Resource
    Computation of eyeball growth by magnetic resonance imaging (26.11.93) (1994)
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 16 (1994), S. 113-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Eyeball growth ; MRI ; Neuro-ocular plane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évaluation de la courbe de croissance oculaire permet d'envisager de nombreuses applications en pathologie oculo-orbitaire. une étude anatomique et en résonance magnétique a été réalisée pour évaluer la croissance oculaire. L'étude anatomique a permis de définir les meilleures séquences contrastées en résonance magnétique pour calculer une surface oculaire, puis la surface oculaire a été calculée dans le plan neuro-oculaire sur les résonances magnétiques foetales et d'enfants âgés de 0 à 13 ans. La courbe de croissance oculaire permet de mettre en évidence une phase de croissance rapide in utero et jusqu'à l'âge de 18 mois puis une phase de croissance lente. Cette technique de calcul permet d'obtenir une mesure en deux dimensions qui nous paraît complémentaire de l'échographie pour la recherche de certaines malformations.
    Notes: Summary The computation of eyeball growth has a wide field of applications in orbital and ocular pathology. An anatomic and MRI study to compute eyeball growth has been done. The anatomic study was made to determine the best MRI parameters to calculate the ocular surface; then this surface was computed by MRI in the neuro-ocular plane in fetuses and children aged from 0 to 13 years. The curve of eyeball growth shows rapid growth in utero and until 18 months, followed by a phase of slower growth. This method allows measurement in two dimensions, which we find complementary to ultrasound in the antenatal search for certain congenital malformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01627934
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  • 65
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    Electronic Resource
    Giant adrenal myelolipomas: CT and MRI findings (1994)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 165-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Myelolipoma, adrenal gland ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of three giant myelolipomas of the adrenal gland are presented in two patients. CT demonstrates large, fatty retroperitoneal tumors that may be confused with retroperitoneal liposarcoma or very large renal angiomyolipoma. MRI with coronal and sagittal imaging is more sensitive than CT in defining the most likely origin of these tumors as the adrenal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203496
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Leiomyosarcoma of abdominal veins: Value of MRI with gadolinium DTPA (1994)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Leiomyosarcoma ; MRI ; Gadolinium ; Retroperitoneal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary leiomyosarcomas of the retroperitoneum are rare tumors, the vast majority of which are malignant. Prognosis is largely dependent upon adequacy of surgical resection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to the evaluation of these neoplasms because of multiplanar imaging capability, inherent signal intensity differences of tissues, and flow-void, flow enhancement techniques to assess vessel patency. Recent advances which include fat suppression, suspended respiration sequences, and Gadolinium enhancement, have further improved image quality. Accurate pre-operative assessment of tumors is possible with MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198192
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  • 67
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    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging of posteromedial and posterolateral stabilisers of the knee: anatomic basis and patterns of lesions in knee injuries (1994)
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 16 (1994), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: MRI ; Posteromedial and posterolateral stabilisers ; Anatomic study ; Knee injuries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les points d'angle sont des structures ligamentaires et tendineuses qui renforcent la capsule postéro-médiale et postéro-latérale et participent à la fixation des cornes postérieures des ménisques. Leurs lésions, fréquentes au cours des traumatismes aigus, sont généralement associées à des ruptures des ligaments croisés et des ligaments collatéraux et peuvent être source d'une aggravation de la laxité. Nous rapportons, en corrélation avec l'anatomie en coupe, l'aspect normal de ces structures, et en corrélation avec les données de l'arthrotomie et du testing les aspects lésionnels observés au cours des traumatismes : ruptures complètes, incomplètes et désinsertions méniscales associées.
    Notes: Summary The angular points are the ligamentous and tendinous structures that reinforce the posteromedial and posterolateral capsule of the knee and share in fixation of the posterior horns of the menisci. They are often damaged in acute injuries and this is usually associated with ruptures of the cruciate and collateral ligaments and may add to the degree of laxity. We describe the normal appearance of these structures in terms of the sectional anatomy, correlated with the lesional appearances of complete and incomplete ruptures and associated meniscal detachments as shown by clinical testing and arthrotomy findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01627685
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  • 68
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    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of septic sacroiliitis (1994)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 23 (1994), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: MRI ; Septic sacroiliitis ; Arthritis ; Gadolinium-enhanced ; Pyogenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five cases of septic sacroiliitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are presented. Imaging was performed between 2 and 14 days after onset of symptoms and consisted of varying combinations of coronal short tau inversion recovery (STIR), axial T2-weighted spin echo (SE), and coronal and axial pre- and postcontrast T1-weighted SE scans. Abnormalities included demonstration of sacroiliac joint effusions, bone oedema and adjacent inflammation as high signal on STIR and T2-weighted SE scans, and identification of abscesses in two cases as rim-enhancing lesions anterior to the joint on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted SE scans. The role of MRI and other forms of imaging in septic sacroiliitis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02412363
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  • 69
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the geometric parameters of the aortic bifurcation from magnetic resonance images (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: MRI ; Abdominal aorta ; Geometry ; Aortic bifurcation ; Branch angle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method for measuring arterial geometryin vivo using MRI. The approach was validated using MR images of three perfused compliant casts of human aortic bifurcations whose geometry was known. Preliminary human studies demonstrated the reproducibility of the technique. The approach was applied to 20 normal individuals to study the effects of age, race, and gender on the geometry of the aortic bifurcation. The results show that older people tend to have a smaller bifurcation angle, lower planarity, and larger angular asymmetry than younger people. Asians have larger bifurcation angles than whites. The bifurcation of males is more asymmetric than that of females. These results may have implications regarding the heritability of arterial geometry, the similarities of cardiovascular risk within families, and differences in risk among groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02368230
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  • 70
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    Electronic Resource
    NMR flow imaging of Newtonian liquids and a concentrated suspension through an axisymmetric sudden contraction (1994)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 267-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Flow contraction ; concentrated suspension ; magnetic resonance imaging ; MRI ; flow imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) flow imaging to examine fluid motions at constant velocities or flows that change relatively slowly has been well-documented in the literature. Application of this technique to accelerative flows, on the other hand, has been limited. This study reports the use of an NMR flow imaging method, for which acceleration is not explicitly compensated in the NMR pulse sequence, to measure axial and radial fluid motions during flow through an axisymmetric sudden contraction. In this flow geometry, both velocity and acceleration are spatially dependent. The flow contraction ratio was 2:1. The method was first applied to examine Newtonian liquids at low and high Reynolds numbers under laminar flow conditions. The measured axial and radial velocity profiles, without accounting for acceleration effects in the data analysis, across the contraction are in excellent qualitative agreement with previous experimental data and theoretical calculations reported in the literature. Quantitative comparison of the axial and radial velocities with numerical results indicates that the maximum error from acceleration effects is about 10%. The method has also been used to examine the flow of a concentrated suspension (50% by volume of solid particles) through the contraction. The flow kinematics of the suspension at creeping flow conditions appear to mimic those of the Newtonian fluid with some slight differences. NMR images taken immediately following the cessation of flow suggest a slight degree of particle migration toward the center of the pipe downstream of the contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366953
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  • 71
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    Electronic Resource
    Strain-related long-term changes in the menisci in asymptomatic athletes (1994)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 2 (1994), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: MRI ; Menisci ; Asymptomatic athletes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract In 82 asymptomatic subjects aged 8–62 years we evaluated the menisci by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI; L0 tesla; spin-echo (SE 700/20), PS (partial saturation: 500/10), STIR (short time inversion recovery sequence: 1600/130/30)]. For grading the degeneration of the meniscus we used a standard classification (grades 0–4). MR findings were correlated with the patients' age, weight, profession, and athletic activity. Statistic analysis revealed a correlation between athletic activity and meniscal degeneration of both anterior horns and the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. Especially the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus seems to be loaded during athletic activities. Correlation of meniscus degeneration with subjects' age showed an increase in grade 3 and grade 4 lesions with advancing age. Among subjects older than 50 years, grade 3 and 4 lesions were present in the SE sequence in 28.5% of cases, in PS sequences in 40.7% of cases, and in STIR sequences in 25% of cases.Clinical relevance: Athletic activity seems to load the anterior knee compartments, especially the lateral compartment. MRI shows meniscal lesions in a significant number of asymptomatic subjects, especially those older than 50 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552647
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  • 72
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI findings of the upper eyelid and their relationship with single- and double-eyelid formation (1994)
    Springer
    Aesthetic plastic surgery 18 (1994), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: MRI ; Double eyelid ; Single eyelids ; Sunken eye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Before the invention of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it was impossible to observe an architectural deformation of the eyelid because of its movement. The authors observed MRI films of 15 eyelids in both closed and opened positions and obtained new information on the architecture of the upper eyelid and also the mechanism of single and double eyelids, and sunken eye formation. (1) Orbital fat is transposed when the lid moves. If the fat can not return into the orbit when the lid opens, it droops and interferes with the fold formation of the lid. (2) The thickness of the eyelid skin is associated with double-eyelid formation. The skin fold is observed at the junction between thick skin with subcutaneous fat and thin skin without it. (3) We could not confirm Doxanas and Anderson's assertion that septal insertion was lower in Orientals. However, we observed pretarsally drooped or herniated orbital fat in many slit-eye Orientals. (4) There are three angles at the tarso-levato-aponerotic line: one at the junction with transverse ligament, one at the point of septal insertion, and another at the aponeurotic terminal on the tarsus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454480
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  • 73
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    Electronic Resource
    Gastric motility measurement by MRI (1994)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 39 (1994), S. 20S 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: gastric emptying ; liquids ; mechanisms ; antrum ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The motor mechanisms associated with gastric emptying of nutrient liquids are unclear. Gastric emptying and motility were determined in seven healthy volunteers using an MRI technique following ingestion of 500 ml of (1) 10% and (2) 25% dextrose labeled with 1 mM Gd-DOTA. Emptying was determined with transaxial scans and motility during fast coronal scans 1.2 sec apart. Emptying was slower after ingestion of 25% dextrose. Following both meals, proximal gastric diameter remained relatively constant, while antral contractile frequency and depth varied markedly. These variations were greater after 10% dextrose. These studies suggest that antral motility changes contribute to slowing of gastric emptying by nutrient meals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02300363
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  • 74
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of gastric emptying and gastric motility by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1994)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 39 (1994), S. 101S 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: MRI ; gastric emptying ; gastric motility ; scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hitherto it has been impossible to measure noninvasively gastric emptying and motility from multiple regions of the stomach in humans. We describe the development of a novel methodology to achieve this using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial validation studies performed in five healthy volunteers demonstrated similar gastric emptying curves and secretion rates after ingestion of 10% dextrose labeled with [Gd]DOTA, assessed by MRI ([Gd]DOTA as meal marker) and a simultaneous double-indicator technique. Comparison between MRI and scintigraphy in five patients also gave similar results. Application of newer MRI technology allowing a series of coronal scans 1.2 sec apart permitted quantification of wall motion in the proximal and distal stomach in seven healthy volunteers. These results indicate that MRI provides new insights into the mechanisms responsible for both normal and disordered emptying.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02300384
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  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adult patient with cerebellar ganglioglioma (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 18 (1994), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: ganglioglioma ; gangliocytoma ; cerebellum ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We encountered a very rare patient with cerebellar ganglioglioma. To our knowledge, there are 17 reported patients with this disease, of whom ours (a 53-year-old male) was the oldest. The tumor was totally resected, but radiotherapy was also performed to prevent recurrence. He is completely symptom-free 9 months after operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01328952
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  • 76
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    Electronic Resource
    Radiotherapy response of cerebral metastases quantified by serial MR imaging (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 21 (1994), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain neoplasms ; metastasis ; MRI ; quantification ; radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with cerebral metastases, treated with radiotherapy, underwent serial gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. The MR images were quantified using home developed software to evaluate the changes in volumes of tumor mass and edema after radiotherapy (mean precision of the quantification technique less than 5%). The decrease in tumor volume and edema observed after radiotherapy preceded clinical improvement. The presented technique can be used to accurately assess, more directly than using clinical scales, the effect of putative therapies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052901
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  • 77
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    Electronic Resource
    CT and MRI features of intracranial germ cell tumors (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 19 (1994), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: intracranial germ cell tumor ; neuroradiological imaging ; MRI ; CT scan ; histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of 73 histologically proven primary intracranial germ cell tumors were analysed. CT images were available for all 73 patients, and 22 of them were also examined by MRI. The tumors were classified as germinoma, mature teratoma, immature or malignant teratoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma and mixed type. Germinoma was revealed as a high or slightly high-density area on plain CT scan, and was enhanced homogeneously. MRI revealed iso or slightly low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and iso-or high intensity on T2-weighted images. Mature teratoma, which had a clear margin on neuroradiological images, was characterized by mixed density on CT scans, often showing large cysts and area of calcification. Immature or malignant teratoma had a similar pattern to that of mature teratoma, but the cystic components and area of calcification tended to be less and smaller respectively. The tumor margin was obscure in malignant teratoma, and perifocal edema was observed in some cases. The shape of yolk sac tumors was irregular. Plain CT scan revealed an iso or low-density mass with good heterogeneous enhancement. Perifocal edema was observed in some cases. In mixed germ cell tumors, MRI imaging was useful for detecting teratomatous components, particularly fatty components. Although definite histological diagnosis cannot be achieved by CT and/or MRI alone, detailed analysis of neuroradiological images are useful for predicting the histological diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053275
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  • 78
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    Electronic Resource
    Short-echo-time magnetic resonance phase-shift velocity mapping for assessment of heart valve and great vessel stenoses: three years' experience (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 339-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; velocity mapping ; stenosis ; hemodynamics ; coarctation ; valve disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shortening the echo times of magnetic resonance (MR) sequences used for phase-shift velocity mapping to 3.6 ms has extended use of the technique to measurement of velocities in turbulent, poststenotic jet flows. We used a 0.5-T MR machine and field even-echo rephasing (FEER) sequences with 3.6 ms echo times for jet velocity mapping.In vitro trials used continuous flow through a phantom with a 6-mm stenosis. Fifteen patients with mitral and/or aortic valve stenosis and 20 patients with repaired aortic coarctation were studied prospectively, with Doppler ultrasonic measurement of peak jet velocity performed independently on the same day. The clinical contribution of MR jet velocity mapping, used during a 3-year period in 306 patients with congenital and acquired disease of heart valves, great vessels, and conduits, was assessed retrospectively. The 3.6-ms sequence allowed accurate measurement of jet velocities up to 6 m s−1 in vitro (r=0.996). Prospective studies in patients showed good agreement between MR and Doppler measurements of peak velocity:n=38; range, 1.2–6.1 m s−1; mean, 2.7 m s−1; mean of differences (Doppler-MR), 0.22 ms−1; standard deviation of differences, ±0.38 m s−1 (±14%). MR jet velocity mapping proved particularly valuable for assessment and localization of stenoses at sites where ultrasonic access was limited. The technique represents a diagnostic advance which can obviate the need for catheterization in selected cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705266
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  • 79
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    Electronic Resource
    Differential diagnostics of portal hypertension studied by MR imaging (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 475-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; portal hypertension syndrome ; portal vein thrombosis ; liver cirrhosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study has examined the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reveal the features of intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal circulation in portal hypertension syndrome (PHS). A retrospective analysis of the abdominal MRI examinations of 96 patients was performed. The spin-echo imaging technique was used to obtain coronal, transaxial, and sagittal images for all patients. The main distinctive features of revealed extrahepatic PHS in nine patients were the thrombosed lumen of the portal vein, the widespread net of collateral vessels around the portal vein, and the widened hepatic artery. The smooth liver surface without evident disturbances of the architectonics of intrahepatic vasculature was depicted in all patients and the caudal lobe hypertrophy was observed in five patients. The widening of the azygos vein was displayed in six of nine patients and hemiazygos vein was delineated in one case. Typical morphologic features of liver cirrhosis and different degrees of the stenosis of the intrahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) (10–30%) were found in 28 patients. More than 30% stenosis of the IVC was displayed in 7 of 18 patients (average 28%) with the preascitic liver cirrhosis and in all patients with ascites (average 47%). In two patients the Budd-Chiari syndrome was characterized by the reduced caliber or by the absence of hepatic veins, the comma-shaped intrahepatic collateral vessels, and the constriction of the intrahepatic IVC. The primary ascending thrombosis of the IVC (1 patient) and the occlusion or direct extensions of tumor (16 patients) were usually well seen on MR images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705301
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Near real-rime MRI of interstitial laser photocoagulation ofin vivo rat liver (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; laser surgery ; ILP ; real-time ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is showing considerable promise as a monitor for interventional procedures. Laser surgery is “MRI compatible, ” and temperature-sensitive imaging techniques can be usefully applied to these procedures. We have been investigatingT 1derived temperature-dependent imaging as a monitor for interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) in rat liver.In vitro experiments suggested that temperature calibration may be achieved. We have investigated ILPin vivo using short TR spin-echo imaging sequences taking one set of images every 30 s during and after the procedure. Our resultsin vivo suggest that this simple model may be inadequate for temperature mapping as the biological reaction to the ILP is on a similar time scale to that of the procedure. Nonetheless, MRI shows well-defined, repeatable signal changes that can be related to histological borders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705257
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  • 81
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    Electronic Resource
    Clinical magnetic resonance imaging study of focal cerebral ischemia (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; CT ; cerebral revascularization nonferromagnetic clip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Of the 47 patients with focal cerebral ischemia (FCI), 26 patients had completed stroke, 5 suffered from severe head injury, and 16 patients had anterior circulation aneurysms. Twenty-one stroke patients underwent bypass surgery and all traumatic patients underwent cerebral revascularization by omental graft. Aneurysm patients were surgically treated by neck clipping. In seven of them, aneurysm were occluded by nonferromagnetic (NFM) Ni-Ti alloy clips. In each case, comparative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and angiography (AG) findings were evaluated both before and after operation. MRI was much more sensitive than CT for detecting the ischemic tissue in all groups of patients. The difference in infarct area appreciated by MRI and CT in stroke patients turned out to be determined by the time between the onset of ictus and examination. MRI was particularly valuable for following up patients with FCI after cerebral revascularization by bypass surgery and omental graft. MRI was capable of replacing both postoperative AG and CT in patients operated on with NFM clips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705263
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  • 82
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI correlates of disease course and activity in multiple sclerosis (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: multiple sclerosis ; MRI ; image analysis ; lesion volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have carried out a comparative cross-sectional study of patients with relapsing and remitting MS (multiple sclerosis) (RRMS) (n=9), primary progressive MS (PPMS) (n=7), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (n=10) using image analysis techniques to determine the number and volume of Gd-DTPA-enhancing lesions. RRMS patients had more lesions than either PPMS or SPMS (ns), and the mean volume of the lesions (p=0.006) and the total volume of enhancing lesions (p〈0.03) were significantly larger in patients with RRMS compared with PPMS. The prevalence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown appears to be similar in PPMS and SPMS, with the higher rate in RRMS suggesting a suppressive effect of disease duration (and/or age). Similarly, the volume of the lesion load overall was negatively correlated with disease duration (p −0.56,p〈0.003). Differences between PPMS and RRMS/SPMS patients in the volume of the enhancing lesions may reflect differences in the ability of these patients to suppress the immune-mediated damage to axons which may follow episodic BBB breakdown and which is not visualized on conventional magnetic resonance imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705262
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    Mr and the pathogenesis of musculoskeletal disease (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; meniscal tears ; tendonosis ; tendonitis ; spontaneous osteonecrosis ; rotator cuff tears
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract NMR imaging has become an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disease. However, its ability to evaluate pathogenic mechanisms of disease may eventually have even a greater impact on patient care. NMR imaging has significantly affected our understanding of the clinical significance of meniscal tears and appropriate patient management. It has also extended our understanding of the prevalence and importance of X-ray and arthroscopically occult bone, tendon, and ligament injuries. By knowing the pathogenic mechanisms of disease, we can more reliably diagnose and treat pathology. In particular, many horizontal degenerative tears in older patients may be asymptomatic and are best left in place. Many acute tears may be best treated with immediate meniscal repair. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can reliably differentiate these tear types with noninvasive imaging. The ability of MR to detect bone injuries may lead to aggressive early non-weight-bearing therapy on injured bone, thereby preserving the subchondral bone from collapse and the joint from secondary osteoarthrosis. The ability of MRIs to detect and stage degenerative tendonosis of tendons and ligaments, such as the rotator cuff, may lead to arthroscopic decompression or debridement which provides symptomatic relief and may preserve and protect the intact cuff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705245
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of peripheral vascular disease and muscle atrophy in diabetes (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 401-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; diabetes ; muscle atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the state of tissue hydration in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy as a result of diabetes is important in their treatment. Further, because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is uniquely able to generate information about soft tissues and their water content, it is ideal for studying disorders of this kind. The feet and hands, often affected in diabetes, are ideal for studying fundamental aspects of the disease state and the response of patients to treatment. In this preliminary study, two related areas are reported: the measurement of diffusion coefficients in the finger and the visualization of the distribution of edema and muscle atrophy in the feet of people suffering from diabetes. Diffusion coefficients of water have been measured in the normal finger as a baseline study for a current patient study. It was found that the measured diffusion coefficient increased with subject age; this is not consistent with a direct-hydration model and it is conjectured that this could be linked to structural changes in proteins. Linked to this study, we have also imaged the feet of patients suffering from diabetes. Magnetization transfer has clearly demonstrated changes in muscle tissue with atrophy caused by motor neuropathy—in general, the amount of tissue water is increased as muscle volume decreases. Further, it is evident that these changes can be related to changes in cross-linking of protein and collagen molecules as muscle fibers become thinned, thus relating these studies to the diffusion coefficient measurements. The studies of the feet have also revealed artifacts in the images, consistent with the deposition of ferrous material in tissues. It is surmised that this is caused by hemosiderin deposits at ulcer sites associated with progress of the disease. MRI could be a useful tool for monitoring the distribution of ulcers below the skin surface and provide a means of determining the response of patients to treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705283
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    Clinical experience of osteoarticular MRI using a dedicated system (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 545-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; techniques ; joints (disease) ; extremities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a significative impact on diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases. At present, joint diseases are evaluated with total-body systems, this fact representing an obstacle to MR diffusion in the osteoarticular field. The last technological advances have allowed the development of a cost-effective, compact and easy-to-install MR system. The system is constituted by a 0.2-T permanent unit, weighing 800 kg. The unit is used only for limb examination. To verify the diagnostic accuracy of the new system a study based on 1902 lower limb examinations was carried out between October 1992 and February 1994. Of these patients, 301 underwent surgery during which the MR findings were verified. Quite satisfying overall results were obtained, particularly in case of knee trauma, comparable to those provided by total body units with higher magnetic field. It must be noted, however, that in 3% of the investigated knee diseases, the examinations could not be performed due to technical limitations related to the magnet size. The authors believe that the limited field of view (11 cm) does not allows accurate staging of the malignant lesions concerning soft tissue and bone, which require a wider loco-regional staging. They also believe that the particular structure of the magnet allows for a comfortable management of pediatric, elderly, and acute patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01766090
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    A simple switching unit for gradient reorientation in fast projection-reconstruction NMR imaging (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 559-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; projection-reconstruction ; fast gradient-echo sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This note describes a simple unit dedicated to monitor the three gradient values during a projection-reconstruction NMR imaging sequence. Typically, the unit can be used to acquire two- or three-dimensional fast gradient-echo images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01766092
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  • 87
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI of ischemic lesions in gerbil brain (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: global forebrain ischemia ; MRI ; histology ; gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Brain temperature was varied during global forebrain ischemia in adult male Mongolian gerbils to produce a graded response to the ischemic insult. The severity of damage in the dorsal hippocampus was then quantified 4 days after the event withT 2-weighted 2DFT images and with histology. Statistically significant correlation was observed between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) score and brain temperature and between MRI score and the area of the CA region in the dorsal hippocampus measured by histology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705273
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Stereological estimation of the total volume of MR visible brain lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; Matheron formula ; multiple sclerosis ; nugget effect ; point counting ; stereology volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Point counting represents a convenient and efficient technique for estimating the area of transects through multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions on magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained for sections through the brain. When sectioning has been performed according to the Cavalieri method, unbiased estimates of the total volume of MR-visible MS plaques can be obtained with a precision of 3–5% in 5–10 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705276
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    A simulator for teaching MR image contrast behavior (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: MRI ; continuing education ; training ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computer program to create magnetic resonance images simulating the main features of a magnetic resonance imaging (MR) machine was developed on a personal computer. The simulated MR images are calculated using the relevant equations describing a chosen pulse sequence on the basis of proton density,T 1 andT 2 images acquired from whole-body MR equipment. The imaging parameters (i.e., TR, TE, TI, etc.) are provided by the user. This program produces highly realistic simulated images and includes features such as choice of echo time, inversion time, repetition time and flip angle, as well as standard features of image display programs such as setting of window level/width, zooming and region of interest definition. A novel additional feature is the ability to define artificial pathologies in user-defined areas by specifying changes in the relaxation times and proton density. The simulator has been developed for teaching and training purposes. A prototype version has been used for teaching MRI with extremely positive reactions from students.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01766086
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The correlation between muscle magnetic resonance images and histopathological findings in a patient with myotonic dystrophy (1994)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 27 (1994), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Myotonie dystrophy ; MRI ; Histopathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the correlation between magnetic resonance images (MRI) and histopathological findings in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Tl-weighted images showed more severe abnormalities in the distal muscles than in the proximal muscles in the lower extremity. Histopathological examination showed the progression of muscle disorganization, degeneration, necrosis and atrophy in areas in which the distribution of high intensity signals was increased on Tl-weighted images. Our findings suggest that histopathological changes in the muscles of patients with myotonic dystrophy can be evaluated using Tl-weighted images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348179
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HPLC with carbohydrate carbamate chiral phases: Influence of chiral phase structure on enantioselectivity (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: amylose ; cellulose ; phenylcarbamate ; 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate ; 3,5-dimethoxyphenylcarbamate ; trans-stilbene oxide ; chiral sulfoxides ; resolution ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioselective resolution of trans-stilbene oxide and of 23 chiral sulfoxides was investigated on cellulose and amylose tris(arylcarbamate) stationary phases coated on aminopropylated 7 μm spherical silica with 500 Å diameter pores. Cellulose tris-(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) showed good resolving power for many of the sulfoxides and amylose tris-(3,5 dimethoxyphenylcarbamate) showed advantages for the resolution of certain sulfoxides which were not separated on other phases. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060214
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (1′R,2′S,5′R)-Menthyl-(5R)-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolan-(2R)-carboxylate: Synthesis and isomeric purity determination by HPLC (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 156-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chemoselective reduction ; disiamylborane ; (-)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine ; (1′R,2′S,5′R)-menthyl-(5R)-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolan-(2R)-carboxylate ; Lamivudine ; 3TCTM ; chiral HPLC ; chiral stationary phase ; Pirkle β-GEM 1 column ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemoselective reduction of one isomer of the 1-menthylester of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one-2-carboxylic acid produces a mixture of four lactol diastereomers from which the title compound was isolated after acylation. The isomeric purity and absolute stereochemistry were determined by spectroscopic methods, chiral HPLC techniques, and conversion to (-)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine (Lamivudine, 3TCTM). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060217
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of chirality in protein amino acids (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chirality ; chemical evolution ; phase transitions ; optical activity ; spontaneous symmetry breakdown ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We discuss the origin of the chirality of protein amino acids from the point of view of a phase transition from a racemic mixture into an optically pure state. We assume that Bose-Einstein condensation may act as an amplification mechanism. The original theory is due to Salam. We suggest a new role for the phase transition. Following Quack we distinguish parity violation of two kinds (de facto and de lege symmetry breaking). While the Salam phase transition corresponds to parity violation of the second kind (de lege), the phase transition we discuss in this work corresponds to parity violation of what we may call a third kind. This is suggested by recent experimental phenomena which correlate chiral symmetry breaking and pattern formation (spontaneous symmetry breaking that separates an initial racemic mixture into right- and left-handed space domains by means of a substrate). Tentative comments are given on the eventual design of possible experiments that may test this new hypothesis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060302
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Input rate-dependent stereoselective pharmacokinetics: Effect of pulsatile oral input (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: stereoselective pharmacokinetics ; stereoselective bioavailability ; bioequivalence of chiral drugs ; nonlinear pharmacokinetics ; Michaelis-Menten kinetics ; computer simulation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Computer simulation was used to test the effects of pulsatile oral input on the stereoselectivity in the area under the blood concentration-time curves (AUCs) of the enantiomers of racemic drugs. The effects of input rate determinants, namely, dose, dosage interval, and formulation on the stereoselectivity were investigated under both steady-state and nonsteady-state conditions. Simulations were carried out for drugs undergoing Michaelis-Menten hepatic metabolism with different enantiomeric maximum velocity (Vmax) or constant (Km) values. With pulsatile input, the enantiomeric AUC ratios of both types of drugs were dependent on all the determinants of input rate. However, in most cases, the direction of input rate-dependent changes in the enantiomeric AUC ratios for drugs with different enantiomeric Vmax was opposite of that for drugs with different enantiomeric Km. The direction and magnitude of changes in the enantiomeric AUC ratios were also dependent on the selected dose, dosage interval, and formulation. Further, different conclusions could be reached based on the nonsteady-state and steady-state data. Additional simulations were then performed to test the effects of input rate-dependent stereoselective pharmacokinetics on the bioequivalence of chiral drugs with nonlinear metabolism. These simulations suggested that bioequivalence studies based on the racemic drug measurement may result in erroneous conclusions for the individual enantiomers. The results of this study may be used as a tool for the design of experiments to test the input rate dependence of stereoselective pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of racemic drugs in animals and humans. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060305
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoselective hydrolysis of ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane) and ICRF-186 by dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 213-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: ICRF-187 ; ICRF-186 ; ICRF-159 ; dexrazoxane ; doxorubicin ; dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enzymatic ring-opening hydrolyses of the doxorubicin cardioprotective agents (+)-(S)-ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane), (-)-(R)-ICRF-186, and rac-ICRF-159 by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase (DHPase) have been studied. ICRF-187 underwent enzymatic ring-opening hydrolysis by DHPase 4.5 times faster than did ICRF-186. It was also shown that DHPase opens only one ring of ICRF-186 and does not act on this one-ring open hydrolysis product, as has been observed for ICRF-187. Differences in the rates at which the two optical isomers are acted upon by DHPase suggest that they could have differing protective effects. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060309
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060401
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular modelling of the inclusion complexes between β-cyclodextrin and (R)/(S)-methylphenobarbitone and its application to HPLC (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: HPLC ; reverse-phase additive ; β-cyclodextrin ; methylphenobarbitone ; molecular mechanics ; complex stability ; chiral separation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular modelling of β-cyclodextrin and optimisation of its potential energy suggests that a favoured conformation is that distorted from a symmetrical torus. The inclusion of water molecules into the torus cavity simulates the increased stability in an aqueous solvent. Complexes of β-cyclodextrin with (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of methylphenobarbitone have been modelled and energetically optimised by the application of molecular mechanics. The simulations suggests that the guest molecules adopt an orientation in which the phenyl ring is projected into the torus cavity, with in each case the plane of the ring parallel to a longer axis of the distorted torus and slightly displaced from the axis through the torus cavity. It is suggested that the asymmetry in the macrocyclic ring contributes to chiral recognition as a result of additional discriminatory binding to the barbiturate ring residue of each enantiomer, which occupy different 3D geometries. The enantiomers form complexes of different minimum potential energies. The resulting difference in complex stability can be related to the behaviour of β-cyclodextrin, as a mobile phase additive in reverse-phase HPLC to effect chiral separation of rac-medthylphenobarbitone during chromatography. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060405
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    π-Facial hydrogen bonding in the chiral resolving agent 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)-ethanol and its racemic modification (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: intermolecular association ; hydrogen-bonding ; π-facial ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-(9-anthryl)-ethanol (TFAE) has been extensively used, in its pure enantiomeric forms, as a chiral solvating agent in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). It has also played an important role in the development of chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography (LC). X-ray crystallography of the enantiomeric and racemic crystals shows, in both cases, the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the O—H and the π-face of one of the rings of the anthracene aromatic system.1 Few examples of such hydrogen bonding have been published previously, and those that have are not as clear cut as in this case. An explanation for the hydrogen bonding is sought using molecular modelling via the PM3 analytically derived molecular electrostatic potentials. Using NMR and dynamic lineshape analysis, the barrier to rotation about the aryl-carbon bond is estimated, indicating the C—CF3 bond to be perpendicular to the anthracene axis in nonpolar solution. This conformation is identical to the conformation in the crystal. Evidence is also presented to support the formation of intermolecular π-facial hydrogen bonding in TFAE solutions. It is thought that such hydrogen bonding may be implicated in chiral recognition using this compound. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060406
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of free D-glutamate in processed foods (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: D-amino acids ; D-glutamate ; monosodium glutamate ; food analysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is added to many processed foods at significant levels for flavor enhancement. It is also naturally occurring at high levels in some foods. The enantiomeric composition of free glutamate in foods was examined and all foods analyzed were found to contain D-glutamate. The relative percent of D-glutamate in the food products studied depended on the origin of the glutamate. Foods to which MSG was added by the manufacturer had a high total level of MSG but a lower relative percentage of the D-enantiomer (usually less than 0.8%). In comparison, fermented foods tend to have high relative levels of D-glutamate but a lower total amount of the amino acid. The relative percent of D-glutamate in nonfermented foods containing no added MSG was also found to be low compared to fermented products. In some cases the percent D-glutamate could be related to the relative amounts of other food ingredients such as cheese. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060410
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technique in optical resolutions (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 6 (1994), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: amphetamine ; distillation method ; clathrate ; optical activation of bases ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The present paper illustrates the development of an advanced technique in optical resolution. Both of the amphetamine enantiomers can be obtained by a two-step distillation in nearly quantitative yield without any loss of the resolving agent. It is proved that the second-order interactions (H-bond) are sufficient for separation of enantiomers by distillation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530060415
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