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  • 2000-2004  (21)
  • 1985-1989  (6,959)
  • 1975-1979  (3,315)
  • 1915-1919  (682)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (10,095)
  • Electron microscopy  (927)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of M cells as portals of entry for antigens in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue of humans (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 560-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words M cell ; HRP ; Nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are prominent components of human nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). However, the role of the nasopharyngeal tonsils in antigen uptake for initiation of the mucosal immune response is unknown. The aims of this study were to describe the ultrastructure and function of the M cells of the human nasopharyngeal tonsils and to clarify their capacity for antigen uptake. Tissues obtained from eight patients undergoing adenectomy were examined by light and electron microscopy. Lymphoepithelium covers the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue and consists of ciliary epithelium, non-ciliary epithelial cells, M cells, goblet cells, and many intraepithelial lymphoid cells. M cells have irregular and broad cytoplasm-containing microvilli on their surface and small vesicles in their cytoplasm. Many lymphoid cells were enfolded by M cells. The uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the tissue in organ culture was studied using histochemical techniques. Excised adenoid tissue was incubated in RPMI 1640 culture media with HRP for 10, 30, and 60 min. HRP which had adhered to the surface was taken up in vesicles and then transported in vesicles and tubules by M cells. The M cells of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue were ultrastructurally and functionally similar to those in human Peyer’s patches and colonic lymphoid follicles. These findings indicate that NALT bears similarities to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and its antigen uptake capacity may be important for initiation of immunity in the upper aerodigestive tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004289900177
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual prostatic adenocarcinoma with endocrine basophilic FSH-immunoreactive cells (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 628-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Prostate adenocarcinoma ; Endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; FSH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an unusual variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma with marked endocrine differentiation (mixed endocrine-exocrine adenocarcinoma). Endocrine cells accounted for 60% of the tumour cells, were positive with silver impregnation and for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase, and coexpressed the exocrine antigens prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic-specific antigen. Most of the endocrine cells were basophilic with haematoxylin-eosin and proved immunoreactive for alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone. The remaining endocrine cells were represented by eosinophilic cells positive for serotonin, and by calcitonin and serotonin-immunoreactive cells not identifiable in haematoxylin-eosin-stained sections. On ultrastructural analysis, two types of endocrine cells were identified. The most frequent cell type showed abundant cytoplasmic round, electron-dense neurosecretory granules, either small (212±44 nm) or large (471±114 nm), resembling those of gonadotropic pituitary cells. The second type of endocrine cells contained irregular electron-dense granules similar to those of serotonin-storing enterochromaffin cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004289900163
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ectopic calcification following tibial fracture: property analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Ectopic calcification ; Deep posterior compartment syndrome ; Computed tomography ; Carbonate-containing apatite ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a patient whose ectopic calcification following deep posterior compartment syndrome was studied by electron microscopy, chemical analyses, and X-ray diffraction. The patient complained of a toe flexion deformity following a tibial fracture which he sustained 18 years earlier. Damage to the peroneal artery was demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography, suggesting that the patient had had deep posterior compartment syndro-me in the past. A large radiopaque mass, identified in the flexor hallucis longus muscle by radiographs and computed tomography, was resected, resulting in a dramatic improvement of the toe deformity. The resected material was analyzed in detail. It included no osseous tissue, and was not birefringent under a polarizing microscope, being compatible with ectopic calcification rather than ossification. On electron microscopy the material was found to be an assembly of tiny rods. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses suggested a carbonate-containing apatite as the most probable substance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560000267
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect structure of the low temperature α-cristobalite phase and the cristobalite ⇆ tridymite transformation in (Si-Ge)O2 (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 386-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Cristobalite ; Tridymite ; Phase transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using minimum exposure techniques, it is feasible to perform high resolution electron microscopy on the α-cristobalite phase of (Si0.9 Ge0.1)O2, which is extremely radiation sensitive. Such images reveal atomic scale information of twins and tridymite-like stacking faults on (1 1 1)β planes, as well as of domain boundaries resulting from the β→α transition. Polytype structures are formed in certain cases. Morphological features suggest that the phase transformation cristobalite → tridymite proceeds by means of a zonal dislocation mediated synchro-shear process on (1 1 1)β planes; the geometry of this process is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002699900082
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Papillary glioneuronal tumour: clinicopathological and biochemical study of one case with 7-year follow up (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Papillary ; Glioneuronal tumour ; Electron microscopy ; NCAM ; L1 adhesion molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among the mixed glioneuronal tumours, a new variant called papillary glioneuronal tumour has recently been delineated. A case occurring in a 23-year-old man is reported. The tumour was cystic with a mural nodule enhanced by gadolinium injection. It was located within the left parieto-occipital lobe. Surgical excision showed a greyish friable tumour with cystic areas. Histopathological examination revealed a pseudopapillary component comprising a single layer of regular cells, arranged around hyalinised vessels. These cells were immunoreactive with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein and HNK1 antibodies. A neurocytoma-like component coexisted with round blind cells and focal fibrillary rosettes. These cells were immunostained by anti-neuron-specific enolase and anti-synaptophysin antibodies. Neither mitoses nor ganglioid cells were seen. HNK1, the three isoforms of NCAM, and the L1 adhesion molecule were detected by Western blot analysis. Ultrastructural study showed three different types of cells. The first contained gliofilaments, the second showed long processes with true synapses, and the third was poorly differentiated. However, all had identical nuclei and contained dense bodies. These findings suggest a common origin for the tumour cells derived from a bipotential neuroglial progenitor. As for other mature mixed neuroglial tumours, the prognosis is good. Our patient is free of disease 7 years after complete surgical treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007445
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indocyanine green (ICG) and laser irradiation induce photooxidation (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 292 (2000), S. 404-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Fluorescence ; Photodynamic therapy ; Bromosulphophthalein ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cellular uptake and subcellular localization of indocyanine green (ICG; absorption band 700– 850 nm), and cell survival and ultrastructural changes following ICG-mediated phototherapy were investigated in vitro in four different cell lines derived from human skin (SCL1 and SCL2 squamous cell carcinoma, HaCaT keratinocytes and N1 fibroblasts). The cellular uptake of ICG (1–50 μM, incubation times 1, 4, 24 h) was saturable, highly cumulative and could be inhibited by the addition of 250 μM bromosulphophthalein indicating the involvement of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). For HaCaT cells, the maximum cellular uptake (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) were 9.9 ± 1.1 mM and 47 ± 16 μM, respectively, following a 24-h incubation with ICG. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a cytoplasmic distribution of ICG, probably bound to glutathione S-transferase. Following irradiation with a cw-diode laser (805 nm, 80 mW/cm2) at doses of 24 or 48 J/cm2, the phototoxicity was determined using the MTT assay as a measure of cell viability. For all cell lines, ICG concentrations above 25 μM produced a significant phototoxic effect. The EC50 of ICG for HaCaT cells following irradiation at 24 J/cm2 was 20.1 ± 3.9 μM. Growth curves showed that even HaCaT cells treated at the EC50 were killed within a week following treatment. Electron microscopy 1 h after ICG-mediated phototherapy revealed cytoplasmic vesiculation, dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex and the perinuclear cisternae and the beginning of chromatin condensation in the nucleus. These ultrastructural findings are not consistent with a photothermal action of ICG-mediated phototherapy. Taken together with those of previous studies by our group these results support photooxidation as a major cell-killing mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030000147
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative morphometric evaluation of peripheral nerves and muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Sural nerve ; Muscle fiber diameter ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Myotonic ¶dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared peripheral nerve fibers and muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy (MD) using a computer-assisted device for morphometry. In the 17 cases with MD studied, the sural nerves of 14 cases (82%) showed various degrees of reduction of the myelin sheath area (MSA) per endoneurial area. Of these, 8 cases (47%) presented with a mild reduction of the MSA, 5 cases (29.4%) with moderate reduction, and one case (6%) with severe reduction. The number of myelinated nerve fibers was not significantly reduced in MD when compared with control nerves, due to clusters of small regenerated nerve fibers. The mean diameter of the muscle fibers in 6 of the 17 cases was less than 40 μm. Of these 6 severely affected cases, ¶5 revealed a considerable reduction of the MSA. Other cases, which appeared to be normal in respect to the diameter of muscle fibers, showed various degrees of reduction of the MSA. Thus, there is usually, but not always a morphometric correlation of the severity of changes between peripheral nerves and muscle. The severity of the peripheral neuropathy appears to depend largely on the patient’s age, the stage of the disorder, and the time of progression. Electron microscopic examination of sural nerves showed significant, though non-specific pathological changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007404
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulovesicular particles occur early in the incubation period of murine scrapie (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Tubulovesicular particles ; Scrapie ; Electron microscopy ; Prion protein ; Transmissible ¶spongiform encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tubulovesicular bodies are structures, apparently specific to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which are of unknown composition and significance. Prion protein (PrP) is absent from tubulovesicular bodies when tissues are examined by immunogold electron microscopy. In the F1 cross of C57 and VM mice (CVF1) infected with ME7 scrapie there is a marked degeneration of hippocampal CA1 neurons. In this model the earliest changes seen, at about 100 days post inoculation (dpi) are a degeneration of axon terminals and synaptic loss. Terminal disease is around 250 dpi. In blind coded trials we counted the number of tubulovesicular particles and estimated their density in 56–76 electron micrographs taken from the stratum radiatum of each of one or two CVF1 ME7-infected mice at 84, 100, 126, 154 and 181 dpi and from four normal brain inoculated control mice. Tubulovesicular particles were present from 98 dpi and the density of particles increased with increasing incubation period. The very early occurrence of tubulovesicular particles, before the presence of significant pathology, argues that tubulovesicular particles are a part of the primary disease and are not epiphenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for a shared database infrastructure: combining X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy (2000)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 29 (2000), S. 457-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words X-ray crystallography ; Electron microscopy ; Biological databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Advances in structural biology are opening greater opportunities for understanding biological structures from the cellular to the atomic level. Particularly promising are the links that can be established between the information provided by electron microscopy and the atomic structures derived from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Combining such different kinds of structural data can result in novel biological information on the interaction of biomolecules in large supramolecular assemblies. As a consequence, the need to develop new databases in the field of structural biology that allow for an integrated access to data from all the experimental techniques is becoming critical. Pilot studies performed in recent years have already established a solid background as far as the basic information that an integrated macromolecular structure database should contain, as well as the basic principles for integration. These efforts started in the context of the BioImage project, and resulted in a first complete database prototype that provided a versatile platform for the linking of atomic models or X-ray diffraction data with electron microscopy information. Analysis of the requirements needed to combine data at different levels of resolution have resulted in sets of specifications that make possible the integration of all these different types in the context of a web environment. The case of a structural study linking electron microscopy and X-ray data, which is already contained within the BioImage data base and in the Protein Data Bank, is used here to illustrate the current approach, while a general discussion highlights the urgent need for integrated databases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490000089
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and innervation of regenerated intrafusal muscle fibres in heterochronous isografts of the fast rat muscle (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 435-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Muscle transplantation ; Muscle ¶regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Muscle spindles ; Motor innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from 2- to 28-day-old rats were grafted into EDL muscles of adult inbred recipients (n = 8). At 1–6 months after the operation, experimental muscles were excised and the ultrastructure and innervation of regenerated muscle spindles was examined. Regenerated muscle spindles (n = 36) in isografted EDL muscles contained 4.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± SEM) encapsulated muscle fibres. These “intrafusal” muscle fibres lacked nuclear bag and nuclear chain accumulations, which are characteristic of normal muscle spindles; thus, they rather resembled thin encapsulated extrafusal muscle fibres. In the same sample, myelinated axons were found in 33 (92%) muscle spindles, but no sensory terminals were found. These findings demonstrate that regenerated spindles in isografted EDL muscles were not reinnervated by spindle-specific sensory axons, but exclusively by motor axons. Typical intracapsular motor endplates (MEPs) were found in one third of regenerated spindles examined. Their motor terminals contained accumulated mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. As is characteristic for MEPs, axolemma and sarcolemma were separated by a synaptic cleft about 60 nm wide that contained a basal lamina. The underlying sarcolemma formed either small infoldings or none at all, and the subsynaptic area contained only small subsarcolemmal accumulations of mitochondria. It is apparent that the structures described here as “regenerated muscle spindles” do not perform their normal physiological function as stretch receptors because they lack the sensory innervation. The present results show that regeneration and reinnervation in heterochronous isografts corresponds to that previously described in autotransplanted free muscle grafts. The results also show that, during muscle spindle regeneration, intrafusal satellite cells develop into extrafusal-like muscle fibres, apparently due to their motor innervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010000194
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for stable grain boundary melt films in experimentally deformed olivine-orthopyroxene rocks (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 480-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Olivine ; Grain boundary ; Partial melt ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The microstructure of olivine-olivine grain boundaries has been studied in experimentally deformed (1200–1227 °C, 300 MPa) partially molten olivine and olivine-orthopyroxene rocks. In-situ melting produced ∼1 vol% melt in all samples studied. Grain boundary analyses were carried out using a number of transmission electron microscopy techniques. The grain boundary chemistry in undeformed olivine-orthopyroxene starting material showed evidence for the presence of an intergranular phase along some, but not all, of the olivine-olivine boundaries. In the deformed samples, ultrathin Si-rich, Al- and Ca-bearing amorphous films have been observed along all investigated olivine-olivine grain boundaries. The chemistry of the grain boundaries, which is considered to be indicative for the presence of a thin film, was measured with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and energy-filtering imaging. The amorphous nature of the films was confirmed with diffuse dark field imaging, Fresnel fringe imaging, and high-resolution electron microscopy. The films range in thickness from 0.6 to 3.0 nm, and EDX analyses show that the presence of Al and Ca is restricted to this ultrathin film along the grain boundaries. Because thin melt films have been observed in all the samples, they are thought to be stable features of the melt microstructure in deformed partially molten rocks. The transition from the occasional presence of films in the undeformed starting material to the general occurrence of the films in deformed materials suggests that deformation promotes the formation and distribution of the films. Alternatively, hot-pressing may be too short for films to develop along all grain boundaries. A difference in creep strength between the studied samples could not be attributed to grain boundary melt films, as these have been found in all deformed samples. However, a weakening effect of grain boundary melt films on olivine rheology could not be ruled out due to the lack of confirmed melt-film free experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690000090
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface changes in the rat vomeronasal epithelium during degeneration and regeneration of sensory receptor cells (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Pheromone ; Supporting cell ; Vomeronasal organ ; Olfaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate cell turnover in the vomeronasal epithelium we used electron microscopy to obtain quantitative measurements of changes observed at the surface of the sensory epithelium. Receptor cell degeneration was induced by sensory nerve transection and animals were examined at postoperative recovery times of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 35 and 60 days. We measured the number and density of receptor and supporting cells, and membrane length at the surface of the sensory epithelium. The number of receptor cells rapidly decreased during the degeneration period, reaching a minimum at 6 days. After 15 days of recovery the number and density of receptor cells returned to control levels. The surface membrane length for regenerated receptor cells was similar to that of controls, however the morphological appearance was characteristic of immature cells. In contrast to the receptor cells, the number and density of supporting cells did not change during degeneration and regeneration. However, there was a significant increase in the length of supporting cell-surface membranes. These results suggest that during receptor cell degeneration, supporting cell membranes compensate for the loss of receptor cells by expanding their surface membrane length to help to maintain the continuity of the epithelial surface. Thus, an important role of vomeronasal supporting cells may be to maintain the structural integrity of the epithelium during turnover of the receptor cell population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050333
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study with special reference to c-kit receptor antibody (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 234-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor ; Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor ; c-kit Receptor-antibody ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent studies indicate that a subgroup of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, including gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors (GANTs), originate from stem cells that differentiate toward a pacemaker-cell phenotype. These pacemaker cells form a complex network intercalated between the autonomic nerves and the muscle walls of the gastrointestinal tract and are called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The c-kit receptor (CD117) is a sensitive marker for ICC. The aim of our study was to support the hypothesis that GANTs show ICC differentiation. Seven GANTs without convincing smooth muscle or neural differentiation all showed homogeneous reactivity for the c-kit receptor. CD34 was positive in three cases. On electron microscopy, the typical features of GANT were present. Six tumors contained skeinoid fibers. Most tumors were related to the small bowel. They presented as single (two cases) or multiple (five cases) tumors. The presenting symptoms were abdominal bleeding (2), abdominal mass (2), anemia (1), and small-bowel perforation (1). In two cases, liver metastases developed. Because of the close immunohistochemical and electron microscopic similarities of these tumors to the interstitial cells of Cajal, the term gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor seems appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050036
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A back-scattered electron microscopy (BSEM) study of the tight apposition between bone and hydroxyapatite coating (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology 1 (2000), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-9999
    Keywords: Key words Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Interface ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed a back-scattered electron microscopy analysis of the interface between newly formed bone and hydroxyapatite coating, in an experimental rabbit model. Twenty cylinders made of Ti6A14V and coated with hydroxyapatite at different crystallinity were implanted in the distal femural canal and retrieved at 4, 8, 26 an 34 weeks. Crystallinity of the coating varied from 90% to 60% and thickness varied between 50 and 100 μm. Osteocytes were detectable a few micrometers in proximity of the coating. They produced new bone which was so tightly apposed to the coating that high magnification BSEM did not resolve any discontinuity at the interface. This was not observed in uncoated implants. Degradation of the hydroxyapatite coating is not a simple hydrolytic process because newly formed bone is remodelled in areas were a tight apposition with hydroxyapatite is present. The coatint itself is likely to be attacked by the resorptive action of multinucleated giant cells and osteoclasts. In conclusion, response to coated samples is morphologically characterized by tight apposition with bone. The substitution of areas of the coating by newly formed bone is possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012192
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: pathological features of bioptic specimens from 28 patients (2000)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words NCLs ; Peripheral biopsies ; Brain biopsy ; Blood lymphocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Pathological cytosomes ; Diagnostic criteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical findings and pathological features of 28 patients affected with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are reviewed. The patient group included 15 children affected with the late-infantile form of NCL (LINCL), 10 patients affected with the juvenile form (JNCL), and 3 adult cases. Ultrastructural examinations of 50 biopsies from 6 tissues were consistent with clinical features in all LINCL and JNCL cases but one. The importance of electron microscopic (EM) examination of blood lymphocytes in these forms is outlined, particularly when combined with molecular analysis of the CLN2 or CLN3 genes, respectively. This approach leads to a definite diagnosis of LINCL and JNCL is a relatively short time. In adult NCL, diagnosis still relies on pathological grounds, and difficulties in interpreting the osmiophilic storage bodies in different tissues are outlined. EM investigation of blood lymphocytes was not helpful in any case of adult NCL. Results of one stereotactic brain biopsy are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720070042
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of photic and thermal stress on distal and proximal rhabdomeres in the crayfish eye: why are the visual membranes of the 8th retinula cell more resilient than the others? (2000)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 210 (2000), S. 156-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Photoreceptor ; Visual membrane ; Photic radiation damage ; Retina ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Visual membranes of the crayfish eye either belong to the small, distally placed rhabdomere of retinula cell R8 or are part of the much more voluminous proximal rhabdom, made up of rhabdomeres belonging to cells R1–R7. Under various conditions of environmental stress (e.g., prolonged darkness, elevated temperature, bright light with and without a concomitant rise in temperature, flickering lights) the visual membranes of R8 prove far more resistant to structural damage than those of R1–R7. Membrane damage is known to occur when dormant lipoxygenases become activated, for example through heat. Since R8 is the only type of visual cell in the crayfish retina that does not contain grains of screening pigment, the view that screening-pigment granules could “aggravate” or even “trigger” membrane damage in times of stress is strengthened. Functionally, R8's strong resistance to physical damage when exposed to flickering lights points to a role of the distal rhabdom in the movement detection system of the crayfish eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276855
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biocompatibility of MPC: in vivo evaluation for clinical application (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of artificial organs 3 (2000), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-0904
    Keywords: Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (MPC) ; In vivo biocompatibility ; Artificial endocrine pancreas ; Electron microscopy ; Glucose sensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Biocompatibility is important to assure a mild body reaction to an implanted device and its long-term stability and functionality. In diabetes research, subcutaneously implanted glucose monitoring systems need biocompatible surfaces for long-term application. The biocompatibility of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (MPC), a material similar to the phospholipid layer of a cell membrane, was compared in vivo with the biocompatibility of polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and cuprophane (CUP). Needle-type glucose sensors and hollow-fiber probes used for microdialysis were coated with these four different biomaterials and implanted subcutaneously in 18 rats and 7 healthy volunteers. At set intervals, the implants and, in the case of the rats, also the surrounding tissue were removed and characterized by light and electron microscopy. MPC-coated sensors and hollow-fiber probes showed smooth and thin deposits in flat layers, whereas the surface deposits on PU- and PVA-coated sensors and those on CUP hollow-fiber probes appeared as rough, irregular, and dense attachments of aggregated cells and protein. This study confirmed results from earlier in vitro tests by showing the biocompatibility and reliability of MPC. Even though the amount of protein and cells attached to the MPC surface was not as low as expected from in vitro experiments, the biocompatibility and long-term stability of the implanted devices were superior to those of PU, PVA, and CUP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02479925
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chordoid meningioma (2000)
    Springer
    Brain tumor pathology 17 (2000), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Chordoid meningioma ; Castleman syndrome ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic resonance image
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chordoid meningioma is a relatively rare variant that is often associated with peritumoral lymphoplasmacellular infiltration causing Castleman syndrome (CS). We present a 44-year-old woman with chordoid meningioma not associated with CS. The patient presented with epilepsy and right hemiparesis (Todd's palsy) on admission. The radiological findings revealed an extraaxial mass lesion in the premotor cortex. They were compatible with a preoperative diagnosis of meningioma. No physical abnormalities related to CS were detected. A left frontal craniotomy was performed. The tumor surface was gelatinous, and it was totally resected with the attached dura mater (Simpson grade I). The patient had an uneventful recovery, and her seizures subsided. The pathological findings of the specimens revealed nests and cords of spindle and epithelioid cells with abundant myxoid matrix, mimicking the features of chordoma. On the basis of radiological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings, chordoid meningioma was verified, and a review of the literature was performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02484287
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of pigmented purpuric dermatitis with special reference to fibrous long-spacing collagen (2000)
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Pigmented purpuric dermatitis ; Endothelial cell ; Fibrous long-spacing collagen ; Intracellular structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of pigmented purpuric dermatitis (PPD) in a Japanese man aged 59 years is reported with an interesting ultrastructural finding. Clinically, the lesions, which consisted of telangiectatic puncta and pigmentation, were irregular in shape and occurred predominantly on the lower legs without pruritus. Histologically, lymphocytic perivascular infiltrates and extravasation of red blood cells were observed in the papillary dermis. Ultrastructurally, endothelial cells with ovoid nuclei showed swelling and the lumen of the capillary became narrowed. Several banded structures, so-called fibrous long-spacing collagen (FLSC), were observed in the cytoplasm. They were spindle shaped, about 5 μm in length, and showed crossbands of 300-nm-wide intervals with fine intraperiodic bands. These structures were not observed in dermal connective tissue and fibroblasts. These results suggested that FLSC was synthesized in endothelial cells rather than being phagocytosed by endothelial cells, which might be helpful in investigating the etiology of PPD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007950000006
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of titanium leak to bone tissue surrounding dental titanium implant: electron microscopic findings and analysis by electron diffraction (2000)
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Dental titanium implant ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis ; Electron diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the tissue response associated with dental titanium implants. The mandibular third and fourth premolars and first molar of three adult beagle dogs were extracted bilaterally. Healing was then allowed for 3 months. Six titanium implants were placed in the mandibles of a dog. Three weeks after the implantation, mandibular sections containing the implants were retrieved with the use of a bone saw and investigated by light and electron microscopy, X-ray microanalyzer, and electron diffraction. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed titanium particles on the implant–bone interface, and investigation by microanalyzer revealed titanium not only on the implant–bone interface but also in the bone tissue. Transmission electron microscopic observation and investigation by electron diffraction showed titanium in the bone matrix and cells other than macrophages. In this study, titanium particles from the dental implant were recognized morphologically in the surrounding bone tissue. Thus, study of the influence of titanium particles on the human body is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007950070008
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphologische und funktionelle Veränderungen der Nasenschleimhaut nach nCPAP-Therapie (2000)
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 747-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Obstruktives Schlafapnoesyndrom ; nCPAP Therapie ; Nasenschleimhaut ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Keywords Obstructive sleep apnea ; nCPAP-therapy ; Nasal mucosa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and objective. The treatment success of nCPAP therapy (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) depends partly on the relief of symptoms and partly on long-term patient acceptance and the related avoidance of complications.Nasal complaints constitute the most frequently reported side effects and, together with problems of mask application, are among the primary factors causing an nCPAP-therapy to be prematurely discontinued. Patients/Methods. To assess the morphological changes of the nasal mucosa during nCPAP-therapy, we excised specimens of nasal mucosa tissue in twelve patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) both before and 3–10 months after establishing nCPAP-mask acceptance. The specimens were examined by electron microscopy. Results. In all these patients, acceptance of the CPAP mask marked the initial part of therapy. In addition, mucociliary clearance was assessed by the saccharin test before and after therapy. In all patients, the nasal epithelium underwent fundamental changes upon CPAP therapy, which became manifest as modifications in the shape of epithelial cells, conglutination and clumping of the microvilli, and the appearance of immunocompetent cells. Once patients were nCPAP mask compliant, mucociliary clearance was distinctly prolonged in all cases. Conclusions. A successful therapeutic concept should provide normalization of room temperature and air humidity once nCPAP mask compliance has been achieved, and include regular assessment of the condition of the mucosa in the upper respiratory tract. Only by these measures can nasal complications be countered or therapy be applied at an early stage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Der Therapieerfolg einer nCPAP-Therapie (“nasal continuous positive airway pressure”) ist einerseits abhängig von der Linderung der Beschwerden und andererseits von der Langzeitakzeptanz und der hiermit verbundenen Vermeidung von Komplikationen. Nasale Beschwerden sind die häufigsten Nebenwirkungen und neben den Maskenproblemen die wichtigste Ursache, weshalb eine nCPAP-Therapie frühzeitig unterbrochen wird. Patienten/Methodik. Wir haben bei 12 Patienten mit einem obstruktivem Schlafapnoesyndrom Probeexzisionen aus der Nasenschleimhaut vor und 3–10 Monate nach Anpasssung der nCPAP-Maske entnommen und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei all diesen Patienten war die Anpassung der nCPAP-Maske die Ersttherapie. Darüber hinaus wurde vor und nach der Therapie die mukoziliäre Clearance mit Hilfe des Saccharintests beurteilt. Ergebnisse. Bei allen Patienten kam es nach der nCPAP-Therapie zur grundlegenden Veränderungen des Nasenepithels mit Veränderung der Epithelzellenform, Verklebungen und Verklumpungen der Mikrovilli und auftreten von immunkompetenten Zellen. In allen Fällen war die mukoziliäre Clearance nach Anpassung der nCPAP-Maske deutlich verlängert. Schlussfolgerungen. Ein erfolgreiches Therapiekonzept sollte die Normalisierung der Raumtemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit gleich nach der Anpassung der nCPAP-Maske und die regelmäßige Beurteilung der Schleimhautverhältnisse der oberen Atemwege beinhalten. Nur somit können nasale Komplikationen aufgehalten oder frühzeitig therapiert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050652
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural crest origin of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Clear cell sarcoma ; Melanosomes ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Nude mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the histogenesis of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (CCS), two cases of human and one nude mouse-transplanted CCS line were studied using an ultrastructural and enzyme cytochemical approach. Most of the tumour cells obtained from the primary and transplanted CCS demonstrated melanosomes in various stages of development within the cytoplasm, whereas no melanosomes could be identified in the metastatic CCS. However, cholinesterase and tyrosinase activities could be demonstrated not only in the melanotic primary and transplanted CCS but also in the amelanotic metastatic CCS. The results therefore support the hypothesis that CCS is a soft tissue tumour derived from the neural crest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718604
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the hypertrophied human papillary muscle cell with special emphasis on specific staining patterns, mitochondrial projections and association between mitochondria and SR (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human heart ; Papillary muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Mitochondria ; Specific staining ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy material of the hypertrophied human papillary muscle has been processed according to various electron microscopical techniques in order to study the mitochondrial ultrastructure and the association between mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).En bloc staining with a Cu-Pb citrate solution resulted in specifically contrasted mitochondrial and sarcotubular membranes, characterized by numerous, discrete, electron-dense particles. The differences in staining patterns between the perinuclear mitochondria and their subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar counterparts suggest differences in chemical properties and/or metabolic activities. The selectively contrasted mitochondrial particles may represent a conglomorate of extrinisic and intrinisic respiratory enzymes and other membrane-associated proteins, while the majority of the electron-dense particles of the sarcotubular membrane may represent positively stained Ca2+-pumps. Ultrastructural findings in the present study strongly indicate that the slender mitochondrial projections represent an initial stage in a process leading to the formation of large and pleomorphic mitochondria. Intimate contact between adjacent mitochondria as well as between mitochondria and SR are documented. In the contact regions some of the specifically contrasted particles of the adjacent membranes had fused with each other. It is suggested that these particles represent membrane-bound transport proteins providing a system for interorganelle exchanges of metabolites and/or ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00822022
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Carcinosarcoma ; Urinary bladder ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rhabdomyoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of urinary bladder carcinosarcoma (UBCS) is reported with light, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical findings. The tumour consisted of a squamous cell carcinoma, variable spindle cell stromal elements compatible with fibrosarcoma, and rhabdomyoblasts. Intermediate filament co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was shown by immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy (EM) confirmed the nature of the three components, and indicated some similarities between the three cell-types present. Comparisons with the previous UBCS in the literature are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718608
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and morphometric analysis of acinar zymogen granules in human acute pancreatitis (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human acute pancreatitis ; Zymogen granules ; Acinar cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study fine structural changes of acinar zymogen granules were investigated in human acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue was obtained at surgery from 6 patients, prepared for ultrastructural analysis, and stained immunocytochemically for trypsinogen. Stereological parameters of zymogen granules were evaluated. The density of the immunocytochemical labelling for trypsinogen was estimated over zymogen granules, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the acinar lumina. In acute pancreatitis the number of zymogen granules was diminished and their size reduced. The density of the labelling for trypsinogen was unchanged over zymogen granules but showed a significant reduction over the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the acinar lumina. In general the integrity of zymogen granules was well preserved. Focally degenerative changes of zymogen granules and large autophagosomes were observed. From the immunogold labelling a disturbance of enzyme synthesis and secretion was suggested. Evidence is given that a disruption of the zymogen granule membranes and a fusion with lysosomal bodies might contribute to the pathogenesis of human acute pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00784348
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early bronchopulmonary lesions in rat lung after normobaric 100% oxygen exposure and their evolution (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 135-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hyperoxia ; Lung broncho-vascular reaction ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the early phenomena involved in the lung reaction to hyperoxia, twenty adult male rats were exposed to 100% oxygen at 1 ATA. Morphological pulmonary lesions were detectable after only 24 h hyperoxia, and included vasoconstriction and perivascular oedema, bronchiolar constriction, and pericyte reaction. The lesions were irregularly scattered within the lung parenchyma and occurred preferentially in areas centred on bronchiolo-vascular stems. Even at the latest stages, pulmonary heterogeneity was obvious, from the coexistence of areas damaged at different times. Neuro-epithelial-bodies were found under the bronchiolar epithelium; the morphological aspect of the neuro-endocrine cells observed was consistent with hyperoxia-induced modulation of their secretory activity. Taken together, our findings show the speed of development of hyperoxia-induced pulmonary changes and raise some pathogenic considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718593
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and electron immunohistochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study, both morphological and immunohistochemical, has been carried out on eight thyroglobulin-positive and nine thyroglobulin-negative medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. The morphometric analysis of granule size showed that all tumours contained cells with small granules and cells with medium size granules, whereas eight tumours had additional cells with large granules. The small granules had an electron dense core, while the medium and large sized granules were both pale-cored and dense-cored. The cells with small, medium or large secretory granules were all immunoreactive for calcitonin and CGRP. No ultrastructural differences were observed between thyroglobulin-positive and thyroglobulin-negative cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718620
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liver parenchymal cell parasitism in human visceral leishmaniasis (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis ; L. donovani ; Parasitism ; Liver pathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver parenchymal cell parasitism with the amastigotes form ofL. donovani was detected by electron microscopy in human visceral leishmaniasis. Endocytosis was considered to be the mechanism by which the leishmania entered the cell. Evidence of well preserved parasites within hepatocytes suggest this parasitism as a possible reservoir for recrudescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718599
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemically defined non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showing intercellular junctions (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intercellular junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rare example of pleomorphic B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described in which tumour cells possessed simple intercellular junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00724918
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen secretion granules in reactive stromal myofibroblasts, with preliminary observations on their occurrence in spindle cell tumours (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 437-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Collagen secretion granule ; Myofibroblast ; Spindle cell tumour ; Electron microscopy ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Collagen secretion granules, representing stages in the intracellular packaging, transport and secretion of collagen-fibril precursor, have been studied by transmission electron microscopy in non-neoplastic human myofibroblasts and in neoplastic cells from a preliminary study of tumours exclusively or partly of spindle cell type. Vesicles, newly separated from Golgi saccules and containing finely fibrillar material, were identified as early presecretory granules, the most immature type of granule. Later stages exhibited longitudinally arranged, densely fibrillar bundles. Subsequently, secretory granules developed more homogeneously dense content. Fibril-containing cisternae near the plasma membrane were interpreted as either endocytotic or lysosomal structures, or as participants in the final stages of secretion. The features by which collagen secretion granules can be distinguished from other Golgi products, in particular melanosomes, Weibel-Palade bodies and lysosomes, are pointed out. The significance of these organelles for cell identification and tumour diagnosis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747745
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivary gland myoepithelioma variants (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 416 (1989), S. 25-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Myoepithelioma ; Neoplasm ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytoplasmic filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histological and ultrastructural features of five major salivary gland tumours, which have little or no evidence of duct- or gland-type differentiation in routine sections, are described. Four of the cases have the tumour cells organized as narrow, anastomosing cords of cells separated by a myxoid and vascularized stroma; we have designated such lesions as reticular-type myoepitheliomas. The fifth case has a solid growth pattern and is largely composed of hyaline cells, that is, a plasmacytoid myoepithelioma. Ultrastructurally, one reticular myoepithelioma reveals myoepithelial cell differentiation with microfilament aggregates, while the other three examples are composed of modified myoepithelial cells displaying widened intercellular spaces, prominent synthesis of extracellular glycosaminoglycans, distinct basal lamina development, and obvious accumulations of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. In electron micrographs, the modified myoepithelial cells of the plasmacytoid variant closely resemble the tumour cells in the reticular form. Three cases had expression of both glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and vimentin, but only one of the myoepitheliomas contained muscle-specific actin. At least focally, each of the cases exhibited a considerable spectrum of cytokeratin filaments. Using double-labeled immunofluorescent microscopy of one reticular variant and the plasmacytoid myoepithelioma, there was individual tumour cell co-expression of GFAP and vimentin focally in the plasmacytoid myoepithelioma, but co-expression of cytokeratins 13, 16 and GFAP were not noted in either case. As expected, co-expression of high- and low-molecular weight cytokeratin filaments was wide-spread in both myoepitheliomas. Most described myoepitheliomas have a solid growth pattern and are composed of spindle and plasmacytoid cells, but based on cytological features and growth patterns in this series, it is apparent that polygonalshaped cells with novel architecture can occur in myoepitheliomas. The results also indicate the close relationship between pleomorphic adenoma and such variants of myoepithelioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606467
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histopathological study on the prognosis of childhood IgA nephropathy and glomerular basement membrane lesions (1989)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 3 (1989), S. 242-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: IgA nephropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Glomerular basement membrane lesions ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-three patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAGN), under the age of 15 years at the time of the discovery of the disease, were investigated with respect to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) lesions. Irregular attenuation or widening of GBM, especially on the epithelial side, was observed in 28 cases (38%). These two changes are referred to aslysis of GBM and were considered to be the primary and specific changes among the GBM lesions in IgAGN. GBM thickening with layering of lamina densa was found in 37 of 73 cases (51%), but this change has been observed in other types of glomerular diseases. GBM lesions similar to those seen in IgAGN were also observed in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN). Lysis of GBM was observed only in IgAGN, HSPN and PSAGN. Subepithelial and intramembranous deposits appeared to have an important role in the development of these GBM lesions. The presence of GBM lesions was correlated with a high incidence of cellular crescents but not with other clinical or light microscopic findings. The presence of these GBM lesions in IgAGN does not have a significant effect on the prognosis, at least in childhood. The affected GBM seemed to recover without leaving any significant residual damage in most cases. In the long-term prognosis of the disease non-immunological factors, such as ageing or hypertension, seem to be important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858523
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion barrier properties of the perineurium: an in vivo ionic lanthanum tracer study (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Lanthanum ; Diffusion barriers ; In vivo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary While the perineurium as a diffusion barrier has been extensively investigated by light and electron microscopy, copy, such studies have been largely restricted to the use of protein tracers. In the present study the permeability of the perineurium to a physiologically more relevant ionic tracer has been assessed. In vivo the rat sural or tibial nerve was either microinjected with lanthanum nitrate solution for endoneurial application or bathed in the lanthanum solution for epineurial application. The findings generally demonstrated an effective barrier to the tracer which failed to penetrate the inner layers of the perineurium. Only at the highest lanthanum concentration and longest time intervals employed did trace quantities occasionally penetrate the barrier and then only in the presence of some cytopathological changes to the outermost perineurial cells. The usefulness of the microinjection method was limited by the slight but unavoidable trauma to the perineurium. The findings are related to those of other studies which have used electron dense tracers, also to studies using physiological including electrophysiological techniques and morphological including freeze-fracture methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315882
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Netherton's syndrome: ultrastructure of the active lesion under retinoid therapy (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Netherton's syndrome ; Retinoid therapy ; Etretin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A young female patient, expressing the symptom triad of Netherton's syndrome, i.e., ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl, trichorrhexis invaginata and other hair shaft defects, and atopic diathesis, has been treated successfully with the new retinoid preparation Etretin. Our electron microscopical study especially focused on the ultrastructural effect on the characteristic, active part of the skin lesions, which is only found within a narrow borderline just preceding the lesion's margin. In untreated skin, this part is characterized by dermal inflammation, immigrating inflammatory cells, and specific keratinization disturbances: synthesis of keratinization proteins is suppressed, serum exudates invade the epidermis, either filling the intercellular spaces of the upper spinous and the granular layer as finely granular, amorphous material, or they are partly phagocytosed and lie within intracellular, round-oval inclusions. The portions of the lesions lying towards the center are unspecific and represent recovery stages, ultrastructurally resembling stages of normal wound repair. Oral therapy with Etretin did not heal the basic defect, but drastically reduced exoserosis and the deposition of intra- and extracellular material. Keratinization seemed to normalize. The condition of the hair was also improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456387
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Senile plaque-like structures: observation of a probably unknown type of senile plaque by periodic-acid methenamine silver (PAM) electron microscopy (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaque-like structure ; Periodicacid methenamine silver (PAM) method ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous diffuse senile plaque-like structures (SPLSs) were found in the cerebral cortex from cases with dementia of the Alzheimer type by means of the methenamine-Bodian method. SPLSs varied in shape and size. They were never recognized in the original Bodian, PAS and Congo red preparations, but were positive with anti-β-protein immunostaining and periodic-acid methenamine silver (PAM) methods, which are thought to specifically stain amyloid substance. With PAM electron microscopy, we found sparse aggregations of amorphous, often ramified, structures with fine granular silver deposits in SPLS. Routine electron microscopic examination on the same portion where SPLS were confirmed by PAM electron microscopy revealed amorphous, partially fibrous structures. These structures might be amyloid or amyloid-precursor substance. In SPLSs only a few degenerated neurites and astrocytic processes with glycogen granules were seen. We consider SPLSs to be a kind of senile plaque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688201
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    Electronic Resource
    Hypomyelination in the neonatal rat central and peripheral nervous systems following tellurium intoxication (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 301-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Schwann cell ; Oligodendrocyte ; Electron microscopy ; Myelin ; Optic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonatal rats were exposed to Tellurium (Te), via the mother's milk, from the day of birth until sacrifice at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Light and electron microscopy revealed Schwann cell and myelin degeneration in the sciatic nerves at each age studied. These changes were similar to those described in weanling rats as a result of Te intoxication. In the CNS, hypomyelination of the optic nerves was convincingly demonstrated at 14, 21, and 28 days of age, accompanied by some evidence of myelin degeneration. These changes were also seen in the ventral columns of the cervical spinal cords, although less markedly, and were confirmed by quantitative methods. There was little evidence of oligodendrocyte pathology in the CNS, and it appears that degeneration of these cells is not the primary cause of the CNS hypomyelination, in contrast to the PNS where Schwann cell degeneration has been shown to precede the myelin pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687760
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    Electronic Resource
    The astroblastoma and its possible cytogenic relationship to the tanycyte (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 472-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astroblastoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Organ culture ; Tanycytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two examples of cerebral astroblastoma have been studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, one of them having been maintained in vitro in an organ-culture matrix system for 8 months and the explants studied by light and electron microscopy at different time intervals. The fine structural characteristics were those of a glial cell type with features intermediary between those of astrocytes and ependymocytes. They recapitulated the structure of the tanycyte, a glial precursor cell which is normally found scattered along the ependymal lining of the embryonal and neonatal mammalian brain, but is distinct from epithelial ependymocytes. The possible origin of some astroblastomas from such a cell would account for a number of characteristics in this enigmatic type of glioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687708
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myelin breakdown in the posterior funiculus of the kitten after dorsal rhizotomy (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Wallerian degeneration ; Myelin breakdown ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Marchi staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological aspects of myelin breakdown in the posterior funiculus during Wallerian degeneration were studied in kittens subjected to lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomies 6–8 days after birth. The first sign of myelin breakdown was characterized by swollen or shrunken nerve fibers. Shortly thereafter there was an increased occurrence of collapsed myelin sheaths and later of rounded myelin bodies. Myelin was clearly seen in microglial cells. Correlative observations on Marchi-stained material indicated the simultaneous and frequent appearance of Marchi-positive bodies (MPB:s) and myelin bodies. Due to the rapidity of the degeneration process in the kitten, the increase in the occurrence of Marchi-positive granules (MPG:s) seemed to start concomitantly with increased occurrence of MPB:s. However, the frequent occurrence of MPG:s outlasted that for MPB:s. The findings indicate that the MPB:s may be the counterpart to myelin bodies and the MPG:s to lipid droplets. Microglial cells may be responsible for the primary uptake of degenerating myelin and the subsequent transformation of myelin bodies to lipid droplets. The much faster breakdown of myelin and elimination of lipid material in the degenerating posteror funiculus of the kitten, as compared to the adult, seemed to be due not only to the lower myelin content in the kitten, but also to a higher density of microglia and a greater efficiency in the myelin breakdown process in the degenerating posterior funiculus of the kitten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315885
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pick bodies in the locus ceruleus (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 10-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Locus ceruleus ; Pick bodies ; Lewy bodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In classical Pick's disease with typical Pick bodies, inclusions resembling those present in the cerebral cortex are frequently found in the locus ceruleus. In three such cases Pick bodies were studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with Lewy bodies, inclusions more commonly found in this location. In contrast to the situation in the cerebral cortex, nerve cells with multiple Pick bodies were often found in the locus ceruleus, but in other respects definite light and electron microscopic differences between Pick bodies and Lewy bodies were present. Pick bodies were slightly basophilic and never had a central core or a peripheral halo. They were intensely argyrophilic. Differences in immunocytochemical reactions were especially marked with antibodies to tau and to paired helical filaments. Pick bodies displayed an intense reaction with these two antibodies, contrasting with that of Lewy bodies, which either lacked reactivity or reacted in a peripheral band. By electron microscopy the Pick bodies were composed of random filaments with smooth contour, whereas typical Lewy bodies had fuzzy deposits on filaments that radiated from a central core. Pick bodies in the locus ceruleus therefore maintained their immunocytochemical and electron microscopic characteristics and did not take on the character of Lewy bodies. Such differences point to a different pathogenesis and perhaps etiology of these two types of inclusions and attest to the marked difference clinically and pathologically between Pick's and Parkinson's diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308950
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic and Golgi study in a case of hemimegalencephaly (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 664-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hemimegalencephaly ; Golgi study ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathological findings in a case of hemimegalencephaly are presented. Hemispherectomy, performed because of intractable seizures, allowed an electron microscopic and Golgi study. Glial abnormalities consisted of hyperplasia of glia cells with giant astrocytes often containing several nuclei and proliferation of numerous Rosenthal fibers. Golgi stain showed many giant neurons with a perikaryon covered by perisomatic processes, and a complex dendritic tree. Glial abnormalities could be correlated with the firmness of the hemisphere and intense hypersignal on magnetic resonance imaging. Giant neurons were associated with an increase in size of the perikaryon and dendritic tree; this pattern suggests a polyploidy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687896
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological studies on cerebral cortical lesions induced by transient ischemia in Mongolian gerbil —Diffuse and peripheral pallor of the neuronal perikarya (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Ischemic neuronal injury ; Long-term recovery ; Mongolian gerbil ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unilateral transient cerebral ischemia was produced in Mongolian gerbils by clipping the left common carotid artery for 1h. About 60% of the gerbils with neurological symptoms had post-ischemic seizures. The majority of those that had seizures died within a few days, and sections of their cerebral cortices contained many dark and shrunken neurons. However, the gerbils that did not have seizures survived without any severe complications. In the cerebral cortex of the latter, the neurons with diffuse or peripheral pallor of the perikarya were seen along with a small number of dark and shrunken neurons. Diffuse pallor occurred within a few hours following ischemia in layers III, V and VI, and disappeared 1 or 2 days after recirculation. Electron microscopically, these neurons showed dispersion of ribosomes, simple and elongated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (r-ER), clustered vacuoles, and mild to moderate mitochondrial swelling. Occasional net-like tubulomembranous structures, probably derived from r-ER, were observed. On the other hand, peripheral pallor became apparent after 5 days following ischemia, usually involving layer II first and gradually extending to the deeper layers. Concomitantly, the amount of neuropil decreased and the dendrites exhibited tortuosity and irregularity in layer II. Electron microscopically, these neurons showed marked swelling of peripheral perikarya and polyribosomes and organelles were located peripherally to the nuclei. In addition, numerous degenerated axon terminals and distended dendrites were observed around the neurons. These observations indicate that diffuse pallor represents damage directly induced by ischemia and subsequent recirculation, while peripheral pallor is the delayed and remote effect of ischemia, probably due to degeneration of neuronal processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687395
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sporadic motor neuron disease with Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sporadic motor neuron disease ; Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions were immunocytochemically and electron microscopically investigated in a patient with sporadic motor neuron disease. The hyaline inclusions were chiefly observed within the perikarya of both normal-looking and chromatolytic anterior horn cells in the lumbar spinal cord, but some were detected in the axons and dendrites. Usually, a single inclusion was found in the perikaryon, but in rare cases two or more were observed. Immunocytochemically, these inclusions were intensely immunostained with anti-ubiquitin anti-body. Ultrastructurally, the hyaline inclusions were chiefly composed of randomly arranged linear structures associated with ribosome-like granules, varying from compactly arranged linear densities to more loosely packed ones. They contained scattered vesicles of various sizes and occasionally a focal accumulation of randomly arranged 10-nm neurofilaments or 13–25-nm filamentous structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687719
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disseminated human neurocysticercosis (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 594-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurocysticercosis ; Pathogenesis ; Histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was based on two cases of disseminated human neurocysticercosis from India. The material availabel was examined grossly, and by light microscopy, histochemistry, immunomorphology and electron microscopy. The results showed that the parasites commonly embolized to the anatomically discernable gray-white matter junction of the brain and were located in cavities, the walls of which were dilated vascular channels. The parasite-nutrition process was through endocytosis and microtrichal activity. To camouflage themselves from the host-defense mechanisms, the parasites apparently covered themselves with host-tissue-like material. Host reactivity to the parasite was heralded morphologically by the physical anchoring of the parasite by activated endothelial cells, loss of the host-tissue-like cover and an acute polymorphonuclear leucocytic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691286
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melanotic paraganglioma of the orbit: a case report (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 340-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Paraganglioma ; Melanin ; Orbit ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A paraganglioma of the orbit in a 21-year-old woman is presented, containing oculo-cutaneous melanin in many tumor cells, occasionally adjacent to neurosecretory granules, and in macrophages. This tumor expands the list of neuroectodermal tumors with potential melaninization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294673
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Synaptogenesis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 243-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Synapse formation ; Synaptic glomerulus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapse formation and maturation were examined in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) from birth to adulthood. Examination of animals, whose ages were closely spaced in time, showed that the maturation of the synaptic organization of the nucleus takes place chiefly during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life. This period of maturation may be divided into 3 broad stages. During the first stage, which spans the first 4 days of life, there are only a few immature synapses scattered throughout the nucleus; occasionally aggregates of 3 or 4 synapses are encountered. Dendrodendritic synapses first appear at the end of this stage. The second stage, which lasts from the end of the first stage through day 8, is characterized by intensive synaptogenesis as well as extensive growth and degeneration. For the first time, large boutons resembling retinal terminals form multiple synaptic contacts with dendrites and dendritic protrusions; these synaptic arrangements are partially covered by glial processes. A feature characteristic of the developing dLGN during the first 2 postnatal weeks, and particularly during the second stage, is the presence of membrane specializations that resemble vacant postsynaptic densities. These specializations, which may be unapposed or opposite another neuronal process, decrease in frequency as the number of synapses increases. It is not known whether these densities are converted to synapses or whether they result from loss of presynaptic elements. The third stage in the process of synaptogenesis, which spans a period between days 10 and 20, is characterized by myelination and by the diminution of growth cones, degenerating profiles and vacant postsynaptic densities. There is also a very significant increase in the number and maturation of synapses including synaptic glomeruli. However, it is not until the end of this stage that synapses appear qualitatively indistinguishable from synaptic arrangements identified in adult animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315883
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Biologic roles of the innermost cell layer of the outer root sheath in human anagen hair follicle: further electron microscopic study (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 254-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Innermost cell layer ; Tonofilaments ; Huxley's cells ; Henle's cells ; Anagen hair follicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the biologic roles and further cytologic characteristics of the innermost cell (IMC) layer of the outer root sheath (ORS), human anagen hair follicles were ultrastructurally examined. In the lower follicle, the transeversely running tonofilaments in the inner side of the cytoplasm of the IMCs showed a massive accumulation, facing the keratinized part of a Huxley's cell protruding through a Henle's pore. In a rare instance, a spindle-shaped cell was seen between the IMC layer and the keratinized Henle's layer. At the lower isthmus portion, some of the IMCs containing a large number of tonofilaments showed a partial degeneration of the inner side of the cytoplasm. More distally, intercellular spaces between the keratinized IMCs and keratinized Henle's cells were partly dilated and contained amorphous substances. It is suggested that the IMCs in the lower follicle may play a role to support and cover the inner hair structures, tightly as hoops of a barrel. In the isthmus portion, the IMCs may loosely support and guide the keratinized Henle's cells undergoing degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431059
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal axons innervate the embryonic chick diencephalon in an in-vivo-like pattern in expiant co-cultures (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 563-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Diencephalon ; Co-culture ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explants of chick embryo diencephalon co-cultured with explants of retina display areas of complex neuropil containing large retinal-like endings which establish synaptic contact with conventional and presynaptic dendrites. Transection of fibre bundles linking retinal to diencephalic explants results in the degeneration of endings of this type, suggesting that axons of extrinsic (retinal) origin innervate the diencephalic explants in an in-vivo-like manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249907
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative analysis of the synaptic development of the lobus parolfactorius of the chick (Gallus domesticus) (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 425-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Avian forebrain ; Synapses ; Stereology ; Disector ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lobus parolfactorius (LPO) of the chick has been shown to undergo an increase in the mean synaptic numerical density (Nv syn) in response to one-trial passive avoidance learning (Stewart et al. 1987). The present study was undertaken in order to describe the pattern of normal development of synapses in the LPO, to further investigate the significance of this plastic response. The LPO's from each hemisphere of pre-hatch (16 days), and post-hatch (1 day, 9 day and 22 day old) chicks were processed for electron microscopy. Synapses were classified into asymmetric spine, asymmetric shaft, symmetric spine, and symmetric shaft synapses, on the basis of the density of the post-synaptic thickening and the nature of the post-synaptic target. A 3-dimensional stereological probe was used (the ‘disector’) to calculate Nv syp, and mean projected height (H syp) of the post-synaptic density (PSD). Mean values for each age and hemisphere were compared with a 2-way analysis of variance test using paired samples. A six-fold increase in Nv syp was seen between 16 days in ovo, and 9 days post-hatch. There was a hemispheric asymmetry at 9 days post-hatch, with the left hemisphere LPO containing 1.6 times as many synapses per μm-3. There was a subsequent period of reduction in synaptic density in the left hemisphere LPO between 9 and 22 days post-hatch. The Nv of all classes of synapse increased with age, but the proportions of the symmetrical synapses with respect to the total number of synapses, decreased with age. This decrease was of a similar magnitude for each hemisphere. A hemispheric difference was seen in post-hatch asymmetric synapses, with a greater proportion of asymmetric spine synapses in the left hemisphere. The magnitude of the hemispheric asymmetry was constant throughout the 3 week period of post-hatch development, but was not present in pre-hatch chicks. The PSD increased in length in each hemisphere by approximately 40% between post-hatch day 1 and post-hatch day 9. These data show that the LPO contains a synaptic population which undergoes substantial modification during the first week post-hatch. An asymmetry exists at post-hatch day 9 which is not present at the earlier ages investigated, nor indeed after 22 days post-hatch. This may have significance with regard to studies of passive avoidance learning in the one-day old chick, where an increase in both the size and number of synapses in the LPO has been demonstrated (Stewart et al. 1987). It is possible that ‘training’, in this situation, may simply enhance the timing of synaptic events that result as a consequence of normal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228916
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    Electronic Resource
    Rodent and primate adrenal medullary cells in vitro: phenotypic plasticity in response to coculture with C6 glioma cells or NGF (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; C6 glioma cells ; Chromaffin cells histofluorescence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to maintain a chronic supply of growth factor for medulla cells in vitro, chromaffin cells from rat, African green monkeys and man were co-cultured with C6 glioma cells, which secrete growth factors that sustain sympathetic neurons in vitro. The response of chromaffin cells to coculture was compared to treatment of medullary cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) alone. Dispersed chromaffin cell preparations were obtained by a trypsin-collagenase procedure, and subjected to differential plating on collagen-coated surfaces. With both human and monkey tissue, non-chromaffin cells did attach to the culture plates and an enriched chromaffin cell population could be replated. Rat adrenal medulla cells survived very poorly in vitro and were not enriched in this procedure. Cultured human and monkey chromaffin cells survived as epithelial cells (50%) and showed neuritic outgrowth on 55 to 66% of the cells after eight days when treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells showed strong catecholamine histofluorescence, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity. In contrast, only ten percent of adult rat chromaffin cells survived in culture, although NGF treatment rescued an additional 20% of the cells and induced neuritic outgrowth after one week in vitro. C6 glioma cells were treated with mitomycin C bromodeoxyuridine to inhibit mitosis and were plated with the various medulla cells in a one to one ratio. Both human and monkey chromaffin cells expressed extensive and enhanced neuritic arborization within eight days of co-culture, (64–82% respectively) and exhibited intimate contact with the glioma cells as seen at the ultrastructural level. Importantly, survival of adult rat adrenal medulla cells was enhanced to 50% or more with 40% of the cells extending neurites when co-cultured with glioma cells for seven days. Chromaffin cells from all three species reacted for TH, DBH and PNMT in co-culture and were histofluorescent. The majority of these cells were also immunoreactive for serotonin and enkephalin, while only 37% of chromaffin cells indicated the presence of NPY. These data indicate that adrenal medulla can be maintained in vitro as the neuronal phenotype when co-cultured with growth factor producing cells and that this strategy may be useful for in vivo transplantation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253621
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of aggregation substances of Enterococcus faecalis after induction by sex pheromones (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aggregation substance ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Electron microscopy ; Field emission scanning electron microscopy ; Immunogold labelling technique ; Sex pheromone system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of sex pheromone induced aggregation substance was studied on the cell surface of various Enterococcus faecalis strains. In the accompanying paper we have shown that the aggregation substance appears as a layer of hairlike structures. Using direct and indirect immunogold technique, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy we investigated the appearance and distribution of the aggregation substance. The “hairs” increase in number with increasing exposure to sex pheromones (maximum density: 1300/μm2). We show that these structures are unequally distributed over the cell surface, even if the cells were induced by sex pheromones for a long period of time. Statistical analysis of the unequal distribution indicates that aggregation substance is incorporated into pre-existing “old” cell-walls and that this incorporation shows a saturation ca. 40 min after addition of sex pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454864
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Human fetal endometrium -light and electron microscopic study (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 246 (1989), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Human fetal endometrium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human fetal endometrium was examined by light and electron microscopy. Our study shows the following new morphological aspects: (1) Glands are already present. (2) Endometrium undergoes a maturation process during gestation and at late gestational age resembles late proliferative endometrium. (3) The nuclear bodies are present in cell nuclei throughout gestation. (4) Nucleolar channel systems (NCS) sometimes appear at a late gestational age. (5) Cells with the same morphology as that of endocrine cells are found in the basal layers of endometrium at a late gestational age. The significance of these morphological aspects is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00934078
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Synovial lining cells (1989)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 9 (1989), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Synovium ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells making up the lining of the synovium have long been known as type A and B synoviocytes, with an intermediate form sometimes also described. Accumulating evidence shows that the type A cells are macrophages and the type B cells are fibroblasts. Recently, a definite orientation of these cells within the synovial lining has been observed. The number of synovial lining cells increases in joint disease, and this now seems more likely to be due to cellular recruitment rather than local proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270244
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with pilovacuolar inclusion or phenocopy with mitochondrial artefact? (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 236 (1989), S. 361-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; MELAS ; Mitochondrial inclusion ; Pilovacuolar inclusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The case of a 33-year-old man with clinical features of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is presented. He suffered from recurrent cerebral infarctions, cerebellar ataxia, deafness, retinopathy, weakness, and cardiac and renal disorders. Biochemical and light microscope investigations of skeletal muscle did not show any mitochondrial abnormality. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a hitherto unreported peculiar “pilovacuolar” inclusion in numerous mitochondria, composed of an electron dense pile or rod within a vacuole, while globular or crystalline inclusions were absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314383
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  • 54
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    An experimental study of mucociliary pathology of the eustachian tube in otitis media with effusion induced by irradiation (1989)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 246 (1989), S. 428-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otitis media with effusion ; Mucociliary system ; Eustachian tube ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the function and fine structure of the mucociliary system of the eustachian tube in an experimental study of otitis media with effusion induced by X-ray irradiation. Functional examination demonstrated that the ciliary activity was diminished in such a condition, while morphological observations showed pathological findings including compound cilia, vacuolation of ciliated cells and expansion of intercellular space. These findings show that irradiation-induced otitis media with effusion results in impairment of the mucociliary system. As evidenced by these studies, the mucociliary system in the eustachian tube has an important role in the clearance of fluid produced in the tympanic cavity as well as affording improvement in this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464303
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120201
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    Actomyosin organization during cytokinesis: Reversible translocation and differential redistribution in Dictyostelium (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 78-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; actin and myosin ; agar-overlay method ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synchronized cultures of Dictyostelium discoideum were used to study organizational changes of the cytoskeleton during mitotic cell division. The agar-overlay technique (Yumura et al.: J. Cell Biol. 99:894-899, 1984) was employed for immunofluorescence localization and video microscopic observation of living mitotic cells. The mitotic phase was defined by changes in chromosome configuration by using a double stain with the fluorescent dye DAPI.This study showed that the actin- and myosin-containing cytoskeleton was reversibly redistributed between the cortical ectoplasm and the endoplasm during prophase and telophase. Both actin and myosin filaments were dissociated from the cell cortex in prophase. Most of the actin and myosin was filamentous and remained in the endoplasm until telophase. Saltatory movements of organelles stopped suddenly, coincident with the breakdown of the cytoplasmic microtubule network. This change in the microtubule system was temporally coupled with the disappearance of actomyosin from the cortex. At the same time, the local vibrating movement of particles almost stopped, suggesting that the viscoelastic nature of the endoplasm was altered. In the late anaphase, actin and myosin relocalized to the cortical ectoplasm. Early in this phase, myosin filaments were localized specifically at the anticipated cleavage furrow region of the cleavage furrow, whereas actin filaments were redistributed more uniformly in the cell cortex, with an extremely large accumulation in the polar pseudopods. Subsequently the actin formed an orderly parallel array of cables along with myosin filaments in the contractile ring.The spatial segregation of actin and myosin in late anaphase was clearly demonstrated by multipolar cell division of artificially induced giant cells. Actin was relocalized in both the polar and the proximal constricting regions whereas myosin was only localized in the center of each pair of daughter microtubule networks where the cleavage furrow was formed. This study demonstrates that actin and myosin are reorganized by a temporally coordinated but spatially different mechanism during cytokinesis of Dictyostelium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120203
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    225-Kilodalton phosphoprotein associated with mitotic centrosomes in sea urchin eggs (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 90-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindles ; microtubule-organizing centers ; antiphosphoprotein antibodies ; phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Protein phosphorylation during development of sea urchin eggs from fertilization to first cleavage was examined by labeling cells with specific antiphosphoprotein antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antithiophos-phoprotein antibody (Gerhart et al.: Cytobios 43:335-347, 1985) has revealed that nuclei as well as centrosomes, kinetochores, and midbodies were specifically thiophosphorylated in developing eggs incubated with adenosine 5′-O (3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γ-S). The phosphorylation reaction required Mg2+ but was not dependent on cAMP or calmodulin in detergent-extracted models. Centrosomes were purified by fractionation of isolated mitotic spindles with 0.5 M KCl extraction. The thiophosphoproteins were retained in the purified centrosomes and the antibody recognized a major 225-Kd polypeptide on immunoblots. In an independent preparation, a monoclonal antiphosphoprotein antibody (CHO3) was found also to react with mitotic poles and stained a 225-Kd polypeptide, confirming the centrosome specificity of this protein. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the 225-Kd thiophosphoprotein was found at mitotic poles associated with granules to which mitotic microtubules were directly attached. Unlike centrosomes in permeabilized eggs, those in isolated spindles could not be thiophosphorylated, possibly due to inactivation or loss of either phosphorylation enzymes or cofactors, or both, during isolation. The immunofluorescence labeling of thiophosphate could be inhibited by ATP and AMP-PNP in a concentration-dependent manner. Exogenous ATP could abolish thiophosphate-staining more effectively when added with phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting a dynamic state in which centrosomal proteins are being phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in rapid succession by the action of protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120204
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    Rapid kinetochore movements in Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes: Action of antagonistic chromosome fibres (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 212-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: meiosis ; live observation ; oscillatory movements ; microtubule assembly-disassembly ; spindle forces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chromosome movements in Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes were studied using conventional video light microscopy. Kinetochore regions of the three bipolarly oriented bivalents displayed periodic back and forth movements directed to both poles at metaphase I, leading to periodic lenght changes of the bivalents. Velocity was 8-10 μm/min (maximum 17 μ/min), about one order of magnitude higher than the normal meiotic or mitotic chromosome movements of other species. One cycle of movement lasted for about 100 seconds. The movement of kinetochore regions implies that the antagonistic chromosome fibres periodically grow (assemble) and shorten (disassemble) at comparable rates. Poleward movements must be caused by forces generated in disassembling fibres, whereas movements away from the poles, accompanied by fibre growth, are probably brought about by the internal elastic force of the chromosomes. Antagonistic fibres of a bivalent can operate in or out of phase. The movements of the three kinetochore regions are coordinated insofar as growing and shortening fibres coexist in a half-spindle at almost any time [Fuge, H. (1987): European Journal of Cell Biology 44:294-298]. These observations are discussed in terms of microtubule dynamics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130308
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    2-Chloro adenosine triphosphate as substrate for sea urchin axonemal movement (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sperm ; nucleotide analog ; kinetics ; Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus ; reactivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The 2-substituted ATP analog 2-Chloro ATP was tested for its capacity to support axonemal movement. The movement of sea urchin axonemes reactivated with 2-CI ATP appeared very similar to that with ATP. Detailed waveform analysis indicated that bend angle and shear amplitude were not significantly different for ATP and 2-CI ATP. Although wavelength differs at particular nucleotide concentrations, if normalized to the beat frequency, it is similar for ATP and 2-CI ATP. The main difference in the movement with the two analogs was seen in beat frequency and sliding velocity. The Vmax for beat frequency and mean sliding velocity was lower for 2-CI ATP. The apparent Km for beat frequency and sliding velocity was much lower for 2-CI ATP. The ratio of these two effects, that is, (Vmax/Km) is higher for 2-CI ATP. Thus 2-CI ATP is a good substrate for axonemal movement. The significantly lower Km of 2-CI ATP was also demonstrated by its ability to support oscillatory motion at concentrations below that for ATP. The observations identify the structures and conformation of substrate necessary to support axonemal movement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130403
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    A model for slow axonal transport and its application to neurofilamentous neuropathies (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: reversible binding ; computer simulation ; transport rates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model for slow axonal transport is developed in which the essential features are reversible binding of cytoskeletal elements and of soluble cytosolic proteins to each other and to motile elements such as actin microfilaments. Computer simulation of the equations of the model demonstrate that the model can account for many of the features of the SCa and SCb waves observed in pulse experiments. The model also provides a unified explanation for the increase and decrease of neurofilament transport rates observed in various toxicant-induced neuropathies.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120107
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    Calmodulin is associated with microtubules forming in PTK1 cells upon release from nocodazole treatment (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindle ; kinetochore ; centrosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the association of calmodulin (CaM) with microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic apparatus (MA), the distributions of CaM and tubulin were examined in cells in which the normal spindle organization had been altered. A fluorescent CaM conjugate with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (CaM-TRITC) and a dichlorotriazinyl aminofluorescein conjugate with tubulin (tubulin-DTAF) were injected into cells that had been treated with the MT inhibitor nocodazole. With moderate nocodazole concentration (0.3 μg/ml, 37°C, 4 h) in live cells, CaM-TRITC and tubulin-DTAF concentrated identically on or near the centrosomes and kinetochores. In serial sections of these cells, small MT segments were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the regions where fluorescent protein had concentrated. When a higher drug concentration was used (3.0 μg/ml, 37°C, 4 h), no regions of CaM-TRITC or tubulin-DTAF localization were observed, and no MTs were observed when serial sections were examined by TEM. However, following release from the high-concentration nocodazole block, CaM-TRITC colocalized with newly formed MTs at the kinetochores and centrosomes. Later in the recovery period, when chromosome-to-pole fibers had formed, CaM association with kinetochores diminished, ultimately attaining its normal pole-proximal association with kinetochore MTs in cells that progressed through mitosis. We interpret these observations as supporting the hypothesis that in the MA, CaM attains a physical association with kinetochore MTs and suggest that CaM-associated MTs may be inherently more stable.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120206
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    Cellular morphogenesis and the formation of marginal bands in amphibian splenic erythroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axolotl ; cell differentiation ; cell shape ; cytoskeleton ; nucleated erythrocyte ; microtubule ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spleen of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) larvae develops as a closed sac containing differentiating nucleated erythrocytes, and is typically isolated from the general circulation for about 10 days post-hatching. Beginning 3-4 days posthatching, it can be removed intact for examination of the morphology and cytoskeletal structure of the erythropoietic cells. In the smallest (earliest) spleens, spheroidal cells predominate, while older ones contain a preponderance of cells exhibiting the flattened elliptical morphology typical of all non-mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes. Most striking in the splenic erythroid population are cells with singly or doubly pointed morphology. Though common in the developing spleen and circulation of young larvae, pointed cells are less frequently encountered in the circulation of older larvae, indicating that they are intermediate stages in the differentiation of spheroids to flattened ellipsoids. This is supported by structural observations on cytoskeletons prepared from the splenic cells. Incomplete singly and doubly pointed marginal bands of microtubules are observed, many of which contain a pair of centrioles within or close to a pointed end, suggestive of organizing center function. The observations are consistent with a sequence of changes in cell morphology from spherical to doubly pointed to singly pointed to flattened ellipse, causally linked to stages of marginal band biogenesis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120305
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    Myofibril assembly is linked with vinculin, α-actinin, and cell-substrate contacts in embryonic cardiac myocytes in vitro (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myofibril assembly ; focal contacts ; vinculin ; α-actinin ; connectin ; immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship of nascent myofibrils with the accumulation of adhesion plaque proteins and the formation of focal cell contacts was studied in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes in vitro. The cultures were double-stained with various combinations of the specific antiactin drug phalloidin and antibodies against vinculin, α-actinin, connectin (titin), myosin heavy chain, fibronectin, and desmin and examined under fluorescence and interference reflection microscopy.In the areas of myofibril assembly, vinculin and α-actinin plaques were formed at the ventral sarcolemmae. These areas overlapped with the sites of cell-to-substrate focal contacts and extracellular fibronectin. Because the myofibrils always ran in a straight line between these sites, polarized lines appeared to be generated within the cells in response to their physical (e.g., stress) and/or biochemical environment (e.g., adhesion plaque proteins). The possible presence of other factors cannot be ruled out for the proper alignment of myofibrils. As soon as myofibrils came to span between these adhesion sites, they exhibited typically mature cross-striated characteristics. Thus, the formation of these inferred lines has some relation to or is in fact necessary for the maturation of myofibrils, in addition to the directional arrangement of sarcomeric proteins.Additionally, synthesis and distribution of myosin and connectin were tightly linked during early developmental (premyofibril and myofibril) stages. The spatial deployment of desmin was not coupled with vinculin. Thus, connectin and desmin do not appear to form the initial scaffold of sarcomeres.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120402
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    Erratum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 283-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120409
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    Differential localisation of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated α-tubulins in neurites and growth cones of dorsal root ganglion neurons (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 273-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; microtubules ; axons ; sensory neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The comparative distribution of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated α-tubulins was examined in neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture using immunofluorescence microscopy. Phase contrast observations of single neurones revealed that the neurites were actively motile, and rhodamine phalloidin staining of actin filaments showed the extent of lamellopodia and microspike projections from the growth cones. From double-labelling experiments using antibodies against tyrosinated, detryrosinated, or acetylated α-tubulin, it was found that the three different isoforms were differentially localised in neurites and growth cones. Detyrosinated and acetylated forms of α-tubulin were in the main restricted to the neurites extending no further than the base of the growth cones. Tyrosinated α-tubulin was, however, distributed throughout the body of the growth cone and into the base of some microspikes. Following treatment with taxol to promote microtubule assembly, detyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulins were found to be colocalised with tyrosinated α-tubulins throughout the growth cones of all cells examined. These results would be consistent with axonal transport of tyrosinated α-tubulin followed by assembly in the growth cone and subsequent detyrosination and acetylation. In addition the presence of unmodified α-tubulin in the growth cone may be necessary for the provision of labile microtubules for growth cone motility and extension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120408
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    Chemoattractant-elicited translocation of myosin in motile Dictyostelium (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 158-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; cAMP ; cytoskeleton ; ameba ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of myosin was studied in amebae of the Ax-3 and NC-4 strains of Dictyostelium migrating at room temperature, using indirect immunofluorescence of aggregation-competent amebae and the agar-overlay technique. Amebae were fixed in methanol-formaldehyde or absolute acetone at -15°C before or after stimulation with micromolar cyclic AMP at room temperature (20-25°C). Myosin was detected by monoclonal antibodies to Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain followed by a fluorescent secondary antibody that had been preabsorbed to remove nonspecific staining. In both strains there was a striking increase in intensity of anti-myosin immunofluorescence in the cortex where it appeared as a continuous ring 30 seconds after addition of cyclic AMP. This correlated with a rounding up of the cell body. Sixty seconds after stimulation there was a clear reduction of cytoplasmic myosin rods in conjunction with the increased cortical localization. At this time extensions of largely hyaline cytoplasm were observed that extended beyond the cortical shell of myosin. Two minutes after the stimulus the immunofluorescence remained as a distinct line at the cortex, but the cells began to resume in elongated shape. By 3 minutes (NC-4 strain) or 5 minutes (Ax-3 strain) the amebae had largely returned to the control shape, and myosin had returned to its control distribution. Counts of the treated cells at different time points substantiated the observations of individual cells. The time course of translocation of myosin in the Ax-3 strain parallels the time course of myosin phosphorylation reported in previous studies. The results are interpreted in terms of a working hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130304
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    Immunolocalization of pericentriolar material in algal mitotic spindles (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosome ; DAPI ; immunofluorescence ; immunoperoxidase ; microtubules ; mitosis ; scleroderma serum ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Double-label immunofluorescence of tubulin and preicentriolar material (PCM) was carried out with mitotic nuclei in the coenocytic green alga Ernodesmis. Spindle poles are heavily labeled with serum 5051 (anti-PCM) from midprophase through mid- to late anaphase, and bright fluorescence is also evident at the tips of the elongated interzonal spindle in telophase nuclei. Very faint labeling with anti-PCM is also detected throughout the spindle (and/or its matrix) at all mitotic stages. Control treatments demonstrated that nonspecific surface labeling of chloroplasts with anti-PCM may be due to some naturally occurring component of human sera rather than to specific labeling by the anti-PCM serum. Ultrastructural work indicates that the centrosome is always associated with spindle poles through anaphase, but not with the tips of the interzonal telophase Immunoper-oxidase electron microscopy verifies that anti-PCM labels the centrosomes of mitotic nuclei in these cells. However, labeling is also present inside the presistent nuclear envelope at the spindle poles, during metaphase, anaphase, and at the tips of the interzonal spindles. Regions of heaviest labeling correspond with amorphous material near the centrioles and at the spindle poles, as evident in conventional electron microscope preparations. The origin of intranuclear amorphous material that labels with anti-PCM is unclear, but the ends of many spindle microtubules are embedded in it, especially at anaphase, and the tips of microtubules near the amorphous material are often labeled with the antiserum. These results indicate for the first time that serum 5051 does indeed label PCM at the poles of centric spindles in plant cells. Although the location of the labeled material suggests it is associated with the nucleation of spindle microtubules, this conclusion requires more information about microtubule dynamics in these cells. Caution is also warranted in interpreting variant anti-PCM labeling patterns in other plant cells because of spurious labeling of the spindle itself and other cytoplasmic organelles.
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    Biological roles of actin-binding proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum examined using genetic techniques (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140114
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    Application of antisense RNA to the study of the cytoskeleton: Background, principles, and a summary of results obtained with myosin heavy chain (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140118
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    Human molecular genetics and the elucidation of the primary biochemical defect in duchenne muscular dystrophy (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140127
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140201
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    Editorial (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 177-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140202
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    Membrane-bound myosin-l provides new mechanisms in cell motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140203
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    Structure of the myosin head (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140204
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    Altering the vector of polarity of BHK syncytia changes their motile behavior (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosphere ; locomotion ; MTOC ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have previously shown that BHK syncytia have the ability to locomote provided the centrospheres are clustered and located adjacent to the cluster of nuclei. This article reports that experimental reorganizations of the centrospheres or the nuclei change the motile behavior of BHK syncytia in a way that is consistent with our previous observations: When fusion of the multiple nuclei occurred in stationary syncytia whose multiple nuclei encircled the centrosphere cluster, the centrospheres were expelled from the ring of nuclei. Consequently, locomotion was initiated in these syncytia even if they had been previously stationary for up to 5 days. Conversely, when a 2-hour incubation in 5 μg/ml cytocholasin B caused the cluster of nuclei to surround the centrosphere cluster, the locomotion of the syncytia was inhibited. Similarly, the dispersal of the centrosphere cluster induced by a 4-hour incubation in 1 μg/ml of colcemid resulted in the long-term cessation of locomotion in motile syncytia.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140205
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    Analysis of cell division using fluorescently labeled actin and myosin in living PtK2 cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 201-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; microinjection ; cleavage furrow ; mitosis ; midbody ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Actin and the light chains of myosin were labeled with fluorescent dyes and injected into interphase PtK2 cells in order to study the changes in distribution of actin and myosin that occurred when the injected cells subsequently entered mitosis and divided. The first changes occurred when stress fibers in prophase cells began to disassemble. During this process, which began in the center of the cell, individual fibers shortened, and in a few fibers, adjacent bands of fluorescent myosin could be seen to move closer together. In most cells, stress fiber disassembly was complete by metaphase, resulting in a diffuse distribution of the fluorescent proteins throughout the cytoplasm with the greatest concentration present in the mitotic spindle. The first evidence of actin and myosin concentration in a cleavage ring occurred at late anaphase, just before furrowing could be detected. Initially, the intensity of fluorescence and the width of the fluorescent ring increased as the ring constricted. In cells with asymmetrically positioned mitotic spindles, both protein concentration and furrowing were first evident in the cortical regions closest to the equator of the mitotic spindle. As cytokinesis progressed in such asymmetrically dividing cells, fluorescent actin and myosin appeared at the opposite side of the cell just before furrowing activity could be seen there. At the end of cytokinesis, myosin and actin were concentrated beneath the membrane of the midbody and subsequently became organized in two rings at either end of the midbody.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140207
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    Distribution of phosphorylated spindle-associated proteins in the diatom Stephanopyxis turris (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: phosphorylation ; MPM-2 ; mitotic spindle ; microtubule-associated protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic spindles isolated from the diatom Stephanopyxis turris become thiophosphorylated in the presence of ATPγS at specific locations within the mitotic apparatus, resulting in a stimulation of ATP-dependent spindle elongation in vitro. Here, using indirect immunofluorescence, we compare the staining pattern of an antibody against thiophosphorylated proteins to that of MPM-2, an antibody against mitosis-specific phosphoproteins, in isolated spindles. Both antibodies label spindle poles, kinetochores, and the midzone. Neither antibody exhibits reduced labeling in salt-extracted spindles, although prior salt extraction inhibits thiophosphorylation in ATPγS. Furthermore, both antibodies recognize a 205 kd band on immunoblots of spindle extracts. Microtubule-organizing centers and mitotic spindles label brightly with the MPM-2 antibody in intact cells. These results show that functional mitotic spindles isolated from S. turris are phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro. We discuss the possible role of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins in the control of mitotic spindle function.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120105
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    Announcements (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120108
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    Binding of kinesin to stress fibers in fibroblasts under condition of microtubule depolymerization (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; colchicine ; cold-treatment ; kinesin localization ; EBTr cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The localization of kinesin in EBTr (bovine embryonic trachea fibroblast) cells was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using an affinity-purified antibody against bovine adrenal kinesin.It has already been shown that in interphase cells a part of kinesin is located on microtubules and the rest diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm [Murofushi et al., 1988]. When microtubules were depolymerized with cold or colchicine treatment, antikinesin antibody-stained fibrous components distinct from microtubules. These fibrous structures were considered to be stress fibers because they were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin and because the fibrous staining with antikinesin antibody was completely lost by treating the cells with cytochalasin D along with colchicine. When cold-treated cells in which a major part of kinesin had been localized on stress fibers were incubated at 37°C, kinesin reappeared on reconstituted microtubules. These observations strongly suggest that kinesin has affinity not only to microtubules but also to stress fibers in culture cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120202
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120207
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    Immunocytochemical studies of spectrin in hamster cardiac tissue (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spectrin ; hamster ; cardiac tissue ; cytoskeletal-membrane ; myofibrils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spectrins are a family of cytoskeletal-membrane proteins that have a wide tissue distribution. In the present study, we employed polyclonal antibodies made against mammalian and avian erythroid spectrins as well as mammalian brain spectrin to assess their presence and distributions in the mammalian heart. Western blot analyses revealed that all three antibodies were specific for a 240,000 molecular weight α-spectrin subunit found in hamster erythrocyte ghost homogenates, whole hamster heart, and isolated hamster cardiac myofibril homogenates. Spectrin staining was absent from the Triton X-100-extracted supernatant fraction of myofibril preparations, suggesting that the protein is linked to the myofibril precipitate after exposure to the detergent. Frozen, unfixed, 2-μm-thick; sections of adult, Syrian golden hamster cardiac tissue exhibited strong immunofluorescent staining of intercalated discs and Z-bands using all three antibodies. In addition, the mammalian erythroid spectrin antibodies showed staining of the sarcolemma, and in cross section, revealed a delicate internal network of staining that appears to surround individual myofibrils. This may be T-tubule-associated staining. Myofibrils isolated from cardiac myocytes using Triton X-100 show positive Z-band staining using all three antibodies. Double staining with Texas Red-labeled monoclonal desmin and FITC-labeled polyclonal spectrin antibodies revealed that both stained the myofibrillar Z-line regions. These results demonstrate that spectrin is closely associated with the membranes, myofibrils, and intermediate filaments in the mammalian heart.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120303
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    Direct visualization of bipolar myosin filaments in stress fibers of cultured fibroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: stress fibers ; fibroblasts ; myosin ; bipolar filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors examined the molecular organization of myosin in stress fibers (microfilament bundles) of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts. To visualize the organization of myosin filaments in these cells, fibroblast cytoskeletons were treated with gelsolin-like protein from bovine brain (hereafter called brain gelsolin), which selectively disrupts actin filaments. As shown earlier [Verkhovsky et al., 1987], this treatment did not remove myosin from the stress fibers. The actin-free cytoskeletons then were lightly sonicated to loosen the packing of the remaining stress fiber components and fixed with glutaraldehyde.Electron microscopy of platinum replicas of these preparations revealed dumbbell-shaped structures of approximately 0.28 μm in length, which were identified as bipolar myosin filaments by using antibodies to fragments of myosin molecule (subfragment I and light meromyosin) and colloidal gold label. Bipolar filaments of myosin in actin-free cytoskeletons were often organized in chains and lattices formed by end-to-end contacts of individual filaments at their head-containing regions. Therefore, after extraction of actin, it was possible for the first time to display bipolar myosin filaments in the stress fibers of cultured cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120304
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120401
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    Copurification of kinesin polypeptides with microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase activity and kinetic analysis of enzymatic properties (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 195-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mechanochemistry ; fast axonal transport ; cytoskeleton ; vesicle ; motor protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determination of kinetic properties for kinesin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a proposed motor for transport of membranous organelles, requires adequate amounts of kinesin with a consistent level of enzymatic activity. A purification procedure is detailed that produces approximately 2 mg of kinesin at up to 96% purity from 800 g of bovine brain. This protocol consists of a microtubule affinity step using 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP); followed by gel filtration, ion exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatography; and then sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The microtubule-activated ATPase activity of kinesin coeluted with kinesin polypeptides throughout the purification. Highly purified kinesin had a Vmax of 0.31 μmol/min/mg in the presence of microtubules, with a Km for ATP of 0.20 mM. The kinetic constants obtained in these studies compare favorably with physiological levels of ATP and microtubules. Variations in buffer conditions for the assay were found to affect ATPase activity significantly. A study of the ability of kinesin to utilize a variety of cation-ATP complexes indicated that kinesin is a microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase, but kinesin is able to hydrolyze Ca-ATP, Mn-ATP, and Co-ATP as well as Mg-ATP in the presence of microtubules. In the absence of microtubules, Ca-ATP appears to be the best substrate. Studies with several inhibitors of ATPases determined that vanadate inhibited kinesin ATPase at the lowest concentrations of inhibitor, but significant inhibition of the ATPase also occurred with submillimolar concentrations of AMP-PNP. Other inhibitors of kinesin include N-ethylmaleimide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphate. Further characterization of the kinetic properties of the kinesin ATPase is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms for transport of membranous organelles along microtubules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120403
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    Changes in the association of actin-binding proteins with the actin cytoskeleton during chemotactic stimulation of Dictyostelium discoideum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ABP-120 ; myosin ; actin polymerization ; amoeboid chemotaxis ; cAMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons were isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum AX3 cells prior to and following stimulation with 2′deoxy cyclic adenosine monophos-phate (cAMP). Temporal changes in the content of actin and a 120,000 dalton actin-binding protein (ABP-120) in cytoskeletons following stimulation were monitored. Both actin and ABP-120 were incorporated into the cytoskeleton at 30-40 seconds following stimulation, which is cotemporal with the onset of pseudopod extension during stimulation of amoebae with chemoattraciants. Changes in the content of total cytoskeletal protein and cytoskeletal myosin were determined under the same experimental conditions as controls. These proteins exhibited different kinetics from those of cytoskeletal ABP-120 and actin following the addition of 2′deoxy cAMP. The authors concluded that the association of ABP-120 with the cytoskeleton is regulated during cAMP signalling. Furthermore, these results indicate that ABP-120 is involved in cross-linking newly assembled actin filaments into the cytoskeleton during chemoattractant-stimulated pseudopod extension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130107
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    Cytoskeletal features of the syncytial epidermis of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; ultrastructure ; tegument ; syncytium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A hallmark feature of parasitic platyhelminths is a cytoarchitecturally unusual syncytial epidermis composed of a peripheral layer of continuous cytoplasm (the ectocytoplasm) connected to underlying nucleated cell bodies by small cytoplasmic bridges. The helminth epidermis, or tegument, plays important roles in protection and nutrient acquisition; cestodes, in fact, completely lack a gastrointestinal tract and absorb all nutritive material through the tegument. Perhaps not surprisingly, the cestode tegument bears certain resemblances to the mucosal epithelium of the vertebrate small intestine, including the possession of a microvillous brush border upon the surface of the ectocytoplasm. In contrast to the intestinal epithelial cell, however, very little is known concerning the nature and organization of the cytoskeleton within the helminth epidermis. Therefore, a number of different microscopical preparative techniques were used to examine the tegument of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta for the presence and distribution of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It was found that both actin-containing microfilaments and intermediate-sized filaments are present but are restricted to specific locations along the plasmalemmae of the ectocytoplasm. In contrast, microtubules are found throughout the tegument, and are concentrated in the supranuclear regions of the perikarya and in the cytoplasmic bridges interconnecting the perikarya and ectocytoplasm. Unlike brush borders of most other epithelia, the cestode epidermal brush border lacks a filamentous terminal web and is instead associated with microtubules. A network of fine filaments, 5-8 nm in diameter but distinct from actin-containing microfilaments, runs throughout the ectocytoplasm and appears to interlink tegumental vesicles. These fine filaments may represent the primary “skeletal” system responsible for maintaining the structure of the tegumental cytoplasm.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130106
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    Use of a novel Chlamydomonas mutant to demonstrate that flagellar glycoprotein movements are necessary for the expression of gliding motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; membrane ; glycoproteins ; concanavalin A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As an alternative to swimming through liquid medium by the coordinated bending activity of its two flagella, Chlamydomonas can exhibit whole cell gliding motility through the interaction of its flagellar surfaces with a solid substrate. The force transduction occurring at the flagellar surface can be visualized as the saltatory movements of polystyrene microspheres. Collectively, gliding motility and polystyrene microsphere movements are referred to as flagellar surface motility. The principal concanavalin A binding, surface-exposed glycoproteins of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar surface are a pair of glycoproteins migrating with apparent molecular weight of 350 kDa. It has been hypothesized that these glycoproteins move within the plane of the flagellar membrane during the expression of flagellar surface motility. A novel mutant cell line of Chlamydomonas (designated L-23) that exhibits increased binding of concanavalin A to the flagellar surface has been utilized in order to restrict the mobility of the concanavalin A-binding flagellar glycoproteins. Under all conditions where the lateral mobility of the flagellar concanavalin A binding glycoproteins is restricted, the cells are unable to express whole cell gliding motility or polystyrene microsphere movements. Conversely, whenever cells can redistribute their concanavalin A binding glycoproteins in the plane of the flagellar membrane, they express flagellar surface motility. Since the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the major surface-exposed flagellar proteins, it is likely that most of the signal being followed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-concanavalin A is attributable to these high molecular weight glycoproteins. Therefore, it is likely that the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the ones that must move laterally in the plane of the flagellar membrane in order for the cell to express whole cell gliding motility and microsphere movements along the flagellar surface. This study represents one of the first demonstrations, in any cell type, that whole cell locomotion requires glycoprotein movement within the plane of the plasma membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130102
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    Immunocytochemical studies with antibodies to three proteins prominent in the isolated microtubule cytoskeleton of a trypanosomatid (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 145-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; membrane ; sytoskeleton ; Trypanosomatidae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of Crithidia fasciculata consists of a corset of paralle microtubules enclosing the cell body and closely underlying the plasma membrane. Distinct sets of crosslinks appear to connect tubules to each other and to membrane. Our objective is to determine the composition of these crosslinks and to elucidate the basis of this spectacular example of membrane-microtubule interaction. We purified three proteins (designated COP-33, -41, and -61 by their subunit Mr), which were consistently abundant in highly purified cytoskeletons. All three bound strongly to microtubules in vitro, and the first two induced bundles through periodic crosslinking. Polyclonal antibodies against each have been used to try to localize these proteins in thin sections of cells or whole mounts of cytoskeletons. Antibodies to COP-41 bound sepcifically to glycosomes, organelles that encapsulate many glycolytic enzymes in these protozoa, and COP-41 has been identified as glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130303
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    Specialized cytoskeletal elements in mammalian eggs: Structural and biochemical evidence for their composition (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 104-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: embryo ; hamster ; detergent extraction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mammalian eggs and embryos contain an extensive detergent-resistant cytoskeletal network, including many elements which have been referred to as sheets in hamster eggs. In this study we examined the structure of the sheet-like components by using embedment-free sections and freeze-fracture electron microscopy and found that the sheets are composed of both filamentous and particulate components. In addition, exposure to a high salt extraction medium resulted in the disappearance of the sheets at the ultrastructural level. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell fractions revealed four stainable proteins solubilized by the high salt extraction with one of the proteins being greatly enriched. Because these cytoskeletal sheets undergo an extensive reorganization coincident with key events during early development they serve as internal markers for the establishment of polarity and subsequent differentiation of the first embryonic epithelium, the trophectoderm.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130205
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130301
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  • 91
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    Myosin regulation and calcium transients in fibroblast shape change, attachment, and patching (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 112-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; cell adhesion ; light chain phosphorylation ; immunofluorescence microscopy ; fluorescent indicators ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following our study in Balb/c 3T3 cells and other cultured fibroblasts of the changes in myosin light chain phosphorylation associated with alterations in cell shape, attachment, and receptor patching, we have now determined the corresponding changes in cytoskeletal myosin distribution, and in the cellular calcium concentration, since this might, in part, mediate such responses.Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that myosin assembly into ordered forms such as actomyosin bundles and myosin sheath almost always correlated with previously shown high phosphorylation levels of myosin regulatory light chain, whereas diffuse distributions usually correlated with low or undetectable levels. An exception was observed in treatment to alter cellular cAMP levels when, in a biphasic response, assembly was correlated inversely with the phosphorylation states shown previously.Fluorescent indicators for intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca++]i, showed that myosin disassembly by trypsin or EGTA acting externally on the cells was preceded by a transient increase in [Ca++]i. For EGTA this was associated with transient recruitment of myosin into dorsal sheath structure as well as the transient enhancement of phosphorylation shown earlier. Blockage of EGTA-induced disassembly could be achieved by azide, which also caused an immediate increase in [Ca++]i and inhibited its subsequent decline. Trypsin-induced dephosphorylation did not appear to involve an eventual reduction of [Ca++]i. Therefore, in many but not all of the systems studied, correlated changes were observed in myosin assembly, [Ca++]i, and the myosin phosphorylation levels shown earlier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130206
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    Developmental changes in the arrangement of cortical microtubules in stomatal cells of oat (Avena sativa L.) (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 170-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Avena ; cytoskeleton ; Gramineae ; guard cell ; microtubule ; stomatal complex ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changes in microtubule organization were monitored in the stomatal complexes of Avena sativa using tubulin immunocytochemistry. Radial arrays of cortical microtubules, previously thought to be characteristic of guard cells, also appear in adjacent subsidiary cells early in development. The subsidiary cell arrays are evident even before guard cells form via division of precursor guard mother cells. Thus, before the stomatal pore opens between sister guard cells, each complex contains four similar microtubule arrays. As the pore opens, however, the subsidiary cell system is reorganized into a network of microtubules distributed along the length of the cell. A similar change is effected in the guard cells after the pore opens. Subsidiary cells and guard cells elongate during later stages of differentiation, and a thickened wall is deposited int he narrow midzone of the latter. At the same time, microtubules in both cells assume a more axial orientation. The results are discussed in terms of developmental symmetry and the control of microtubule organization and cell wall deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130305
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  • 93
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    Bacterial expression of eukaryotic contractile proteins (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140104
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    Correlated distribution of actin, myosin, and microtubules at the leading edge of migrating swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 527-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: immunofluorescence ; video-enhanced contrast microscopy ; protrusions ; lamellipodia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of lamellipodia in migrating cells involves dynamic processes that occur in a cyclic manner as the leading edge of a cell slowly advances. We used video-enhanced contrast microscopy (VEC) to monitor the motile behavior of cells to classify protrusions into the temporal stages of initial and established protrusions (Fisher et al.: Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 11:235-247, 1988), and to monitor the fixation of cells. Multiple parameter fluorescence imaging methods (DeBiasio et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 105:1613-1622, 1987; Waggoner et al.: Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, Part B, pp. 449-478, 1989) were then used to determine and to map accurately the distributions of actin, myosin and microtubules in specific types of protrusions. Initial protrustions exhibited no substructure as evidenced by VEC and actin was diffusely arranged, while myosin and microtubules were absent. Newly established protrusions contained diffuse actin as well as actin in microspikes. There was a delay in the appearance of myosin into established protrusions relative to the presence of actin. Microtubules were found in established protrusions after myosin was detected, and they were oriented parallel to the direction of migration. Actin and myosin were also localized in fibers transverse to the direction of migration at the base of initial and established protrusions. Image analysis was used to quantify the orientation of actin fibers relative to the leading edge of motile cells. The combined use of VEC, multiple parameter immunofluorescence, and image analysis should have a major impact on defining complex relationships within cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140410
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  • 95
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    The cytoskeleton of the naked green flagellate Spermatozopsis similis: Isolation, whole mount elecron microscopy, and preliminary biochemical and immunological characterization (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 552-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Spermatozopsis ; flagellar roots ; rhizosyndesmos ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of the naked, biflagellate green alga Spermatozopsis similis Preisig & Melkonian was isolated by treatment of cells with Nonidet P-40 (0.1%) in lysis buffer (30 mM HEPES, 5 mM EGTA, 15 mM KCl, pH 7) and studied in detail by whole-mount electron microscopy. Isolated cytoskeletons retain the twisted shape of live cells and consist of the two axonemes, the basal apparatus with 4 microtubular and two fibrous roots, and 8-10 secondary cytoskeletal microtubules (SCMT's). The four microtubular flagellar roots differ in number of microtubules (two types with 2 or 5 microtubules, respectively), in their association with fibrous roots of the system I-type (two-stranded roots), in total length (two roots with an average of 4.5 μm and two roots with and average of 7.5 μm), and in length of individual root microtubules. Certain of the root microtubules and most of the SCMT's extend to the posterior end of the cell where they converge, terminate and are interconnected by a fibrous cap-like structure, the rhizosyndesmos. This novel structure consists of a network of 2 nm filaments that presumably lacks centrin as indicated by double immunofluorescence (anti-α-tubulin and anti-centrin) of isolated cytoskeletons. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of isolated, purified basal apparatuses of S. similis identifies among other proteins two isoforms of centrin and α- and β-tubulin as intrinsic components.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140412
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  • 96
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120301
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  • 97
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    Expression and mutation of Ca2+ ATPases of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140107
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  • 98
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    Actin structure-function relationships in vitro using oligodeoxynucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140108
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  • 99
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    The study of cytoskeletal proteins and mitosis using Aspergillus molecular genetics (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140112
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm: Genetic approaches in yeast and animal cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140111
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