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  • 1970-1974  (94)
  • 1965-1969  (56)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1880-1889
  • 1971  (94)
  • 1969  (56)
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  • Electron Microscopy  (56)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 24-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora Bodies ; Glycogenosis ; Branching Enzyme ; Epilepsia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lafora-Körperchen sind aus fibrillären und granulären Anteilen in verschiedener Menge zusammengesetzt. Sie sind in Nervenzellfortsätzen und Perikaryen gelegen und häufig mit cytoplasmatischen Elementen durchmischt. Die Bestandteile der Lafora-Körperchen sind elektronenoptisch hell, zeigen wechselnde Affinität zu Osmium und werden nach Bleiacetat-Vorbehandlung mit der klassischen Uranylacetat-Färbung schwach dargestellt. Sie besitzen eine starke Affinität zu Bleihydroxyd und reagieren mit Perjodsäure. Mit der PTA-Methode für basisches Protein und/oder saure Mucopolysaccharide färben sie sich nicht. Diese Befunde stimmen mit chemischen Untersuchungen überein, nach denen die Lafora-Körperchen hauptsächlich aus Polyglucosanen bestehen, und legen nahe, daß sowohl die granulären als auch die fibrillären ultrastrukturellen Anteile Glykolgruppen enthalten. Die Ultrastruktur der Lafora-Körperchen ist jener der Corpora amylacea, der Ablagerungen bei der basophilen Degeneration des Herzmuskels und bei Glykogenose-Typ IV sehr ähnlich.
    Notes: Summary Lafora bodies are composed of fibrillar and granular components in various concentrations. They are located in neuronal cell processes and perikarya and are frequently clearly intermingled with cytoplasmic elements. These components are electron-lucent, show a variable affinity for osmium, and are weakly stained by classical uranyl acetate stain following lead citrate. They exhibit a strong affinity for lead hydroxide and are periodic-acid reactive. They are not stained by the PTA technic for basic protein and/or acidic mucopolysaccharides. These results are in agreement with chemical studies according to which L. B are mostly composed of polyglucosans and suggest that both the granular and fibrillar ultrastructural components contain vic-glycol groups. The ultrastructure of L. B. is very similar to that of corpora amylacea, to deposits in basophilic degeneration of myocardium and in glycogenosis type IV.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Membranous and Fingerprint Inclusions ; Hypertrophied Cortical Astrocytes ; Nuclear Bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Deux cas de la maladie de Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt (idiotie amaurotique familiale juvénile) ont été étudiés en microscopie électronique, histochimiquement et biochimiquement. Le premier cas, dont l'histoire clinique a débuté à l'âge de 3 ans, a révélé des inclusions cytoplasmiques dans les cellules neuronales et gliales, composées de membranes fréquemment disposées en paires. La structure de ces inclusions était identique à l'examen du matériel autopsié six mois plus tard. Dans le deuxième cas, dont l'histoire clinique date de 4 ans et 4 mois, les inclusions étaient plus pléomorphes: elles étaient en général plus denses en électronique et comportaient fréquemment un élément à l'aspect d'«empreintes digitales». Quelques inclusions membraneuses semblables à celles du premier cas y ont également été retrouvées. En outre ont été observées une hypertrophie cytoplasmique prononcée des astrocytes corticaux, et une grande fréquence de cils, de corps basaux et de corps nucléaires dans ces astrocytes. Un paquet de filaments intranucléaires a été observé dans un neuron. Les données neurochimiques n'ont révélé aucune abnormalité dans les lipides ou les protéines du premier cas, ou dans les gangliosides du second. Malgré les différences morphologiques qui les caractérisent, la présence simultanée des deux types d'inclusions cytoplasmiques dans le même cas suggère qu'elles peuvent représenter des stages divers dans l'évolution du même processus fondamental. Il est possible que ce soit l'âge de la cellule nerveuse, lors de l'atteinte métabolique dont elle est l'object, qui détermine ces différences.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic, histochemical and neurochemical studies on two cases of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease (juvenile amaurotic familial idiocy) are presented. In the first case, with the clinical onset at the age of 3 years, cytoplasmic neuronal and glial inclusions consisted of membranous bodies, the membranes of which were frequently paired. The fine structure of these inclusions was unaltered when examined in autopsy material 6 months later. In case 2, with the clinical onset at 4 years and 4 months, the inclusions were more pleomorphic: they were usually more electron-dense, and frequently showed a characteristic “fingerprint” pattern component. A few membranous inclusions resembling those in case 1 were also present. Additional findings included marked cytoplasmic hypertrophy of inclusion-containing cortical astrocytes, and frequent cytoplasmic cilia, basal bodies, and nuclear bodies in the hypertrophic astrocytes. A packet of intranuclear filaments was found in one neuron. Neurochemical studies failed to reveal any abnormality of lipid or protein pattern in case 1, or of ganglioside pattern in case 2. Despite the morphological differences between the two types of cytoplasmic inclusions, the presence of both types within the same case suggests that they may represent different stages in the evolution of a single process. It is conceivable that such differences are related to the age of the neuron when the postulated intracellular defect first becomes manifest.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Landry-Guillain-Barré Syndrome ; Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Biopsie-Material des N. suralis einer Patientin mit typischem Landry-Guillain-Barré-Syndrom wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es fanden sich degenerative Veränderungen, die sowohl die Myelinscheiden als auch Schwannsche Zellen und unmyelinisierten Nervenfasern betraffen. Vor allem die Veränderungen an unmyelinisierten Nervenfasern scheinen mit der Funktionsstörung autonomer Nerven in Beziehung zu stehen.
    Notes: Summary N. suralis taken from a patient showing the typical Landry-Guillain-Barré Syndrome was examined electron microscopically and showed degenerative changes of the myelin sheaths, Schwann cells, axons and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The changes in the unmyelinated nerve fibres might be concerned with disturbances of autonomic function.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 68-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transient Cerebral Ischemia ; Pial Circulation ; Neurophysiology ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zuammenfassung Passagere Globalischämie wurde an Katzen durch Unterbrechung der Blutversorgung des Gehirns unter direkter Beobachtung der Piagefäße erzeugt. Die piale Zirkulation konnte nur kurzfristig nach der Ischämie wiederhergestellt werden, doch wurde die postischämische Zirkulation durch intravasale Perfusion des Gehirns mittels verschiedener Salzlösungen beträchtlich verbessert. Der Funktionszustand der neuronalen Aktivität wurde mittels EEG und Pyramidenreaktion (PR) nach elektrischer Reizung des motorischen Cortex geprüft. Perfundierte und nichtperfundierte Katzen wurden im Hinblick auf die Struktur und Funktion des motorischen Cortex in der frühen postischämischen Periode verglichen. Bei perfundierten Tieren kamen die neurophysiologischen Signale nach Ischämie von wesentlich längerer Dauer wieder, als ber nichtperfundierten Katzen. Schwere strukturelle Veränderungen fanden sich an Capillaren, Neuronen und Gliazellen, wenn die Ischämie lange genug anhielt, um die PR zu unterdrücken. Bei perfundierten Tieren fehlten solche Veränderungen selbst nach Ischämie bis zu 30 min Dauer. Die gesteigerte Toleranz des Gehirns gegenüber Ischämie infolge intravasaler Durchströmung erscheint durch zumindest zwei verschiedene Mechanismen bedingt. Die Eliminierung metabolischer Schlackenstoffe verringert vermutlich die Gewebsschäden während der Ischämie und die verbesserte postischämische Zirkulation verhindert sekundäre ischämische Schäden.
    Notes: Summary Transient global ischemia was produced in cats by interrupting the arterial blood supply to the brain under direct observation of the pial vessels. The pial circulation could be restored only for a brief period after ischemia but intravascular rinsing of the brain during ischemia with various saline solutions considerably improved the postischemic circulation. The functional status of neuronal activity was assessed by recording the EEG and the pyramidal response (PR) after electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Perfused and nonperfused cats were compared with regard to the structure and function of the motor cortex in the early postischemic period. The neurophysiological signals recovered after ischemia of much longer duration in the perfused animals than in the nonperfused cats. Severe structural alterations were seen in capillaries, neurons and glial cells when ischemia was long enough to suppress the PR. In the perfused animals these changes were virtually absent even after ischemia up to 30 min duration. The increased tolerance of the brain to ischemia produced by the intravascular rinsing appears to result from at least two different mechanisms. Elimination of metabolic waste products presumably reduces tissue damage during ischemia and the improved postischemic circulation prevents secondary ischemic lesions.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 234-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human Foetal Muscle ; Electron Microscopy ; Myotube ; Motor End-Plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An menschlichen Embryonen von 9–16 Wochen Alter wurden elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Muskeln und peripheren Nerven durchgeführt. Sie zeigten das Auftreten von motorischen Endplatten in der 10. Embryonalwoche, zu einem Zeitpunkt, wo der Muskel noch in myotubulären Stadium ist. Der Unterschied in der Struktur der Nervenfasern zwischen der 9. und der 16. Woche des Fetallebens besteht im Übergang aus der Form eines Multiaxonbündels zu Einzelaxonen, die voneinander durch einen intracellulären, von Kollagenfasern erfüllten Raum getrennt werden.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations were made on muscle and peripheral nerve of human embryos of the period between the 9th and 16th week. These observations showed the presence of motor end-plates at the 10th week of human embryonic life, at a time when the muscle cells were still in the myotube stage. The difference between the structure of nerve fibres of the 9th and those of the 16th week of foetal life consisted in a change from the form of one multiaxon bundle to single axons separated from each other by an intracellular space filled with collagen fibres.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 129-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloidosis ; Brain ; Dog ; Man ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent changes in the brains of 4 aged dogs and one senile human were studied with the electron microscope using a special techique to reembed conventional histological sections in plastic (Rossiet al., 1970). Using this method typical amyloid filaments were found in fluorescent leptomeningeal and cortical vessels and in fluorescent plaques in the cerebral cortex. Leptomeningeal and cortical vessels in aged dogs and senile human disclosed dense intercellular accumulation of amyloid extending throughout the whole vessel wall. Contrary to man, perivascular penetration of amyloid filaments were not seen in the dog. They are, however, indicated by the presence of filaments in the adventitia. Senile plaques in both species are formed by the same elements. The central core of the plaque predominantly contains amyloid, while the periphery discloses various dystrophic changes of the ageing brain. Alzheimer filaments clearly distinguished from normal neurofilaments and from amyloid were present in the human brain but were absent in the dog brain.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 287-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Olfactory Bulb ; Radiation ; Synapses ; Degeneration ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets d'une seule haute dose de rayons X sur le bulbe olfactif du rat adulte ont été étudiés par la microscopie électronique. Plusieurs éléments caractéristiques de la réponse cellulaire ont été décrits (pyknose neuronale; réponse gliale et accumulation de glycogène; oedème; activité phagocytique). Des approches vers la compréhension des méchanismes sousjacent ces effets et leur signification fonctionelle possible sont dicutées. Le dommage des cellules granulaires internes a donné lieu à la dégénération synaptique au niveau des contacts mitro-granulaires réciproques dans le stratum plexiforme. L'accent est mis sur l'importance que ce travail peut avoir lorsqu'appliqué à l'étude des connections des neurones à cylindre-axe court.
    Notes: Summary Effects of a single high dose of X-rays on the adult rat olfactory bulb have been studied by electron microscopy. Several features of the cell response were described (neuronal pyknosis; glial response and glycogen accumulation; edema; phagocytic activity). Approaches towards understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects and their possible functional significance are discussed. The damage of the internal granule cells gave rise to synaptic degeneration at the level of the reciprocal mitro-granular contacts in the stratum plexiforme. The importance that this work may have when applied to the study of short axon neuron connections is stressed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain Barrier ; Cerebral Ischemia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the effect of ischemia on the vascular permeability to proteins in the cat brain. Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase were used as protein tracers. They were intravenously injected and localized by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Acute complete cerebral ischemia produced by arterial ligations for 15 min to 3h did not induce extravasation of the tracers. Electron microscopical observations on the cortical vessels showed that this was due to a maintained barrier function of the vascular endothelium. Incomplete cerebral ischemia of corresponding duration produced by an arteriovenous shunt (between one common carotid artery and one femoral vein) caused exceptionally extravasation around cortical vessels. Some cats with long shunting time showed signs of increased vascular permeability in the thalamus where the tracers had accumulated in neurons. Severe swelling of capillary endothelial and perivascular glial cells and changes of their cytoplasmic organelles were present in animals without signs of increased vascular permeability to proteins. A discrepancy therefore exists between the maintained impermeability of the capillary endothelium to protein tracers and the ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cell cytoplasm following acute ischemia.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organic Mercury Compound ; Peripheral Nerve ; Regeneration ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten wurde oral durch 20 Tage täglich 1 mg organische Quecksilberverbindung verabreicht. Am 7. und 250. Tag nach Ende der Verabreichung wurden die peripheren Nerven untersucht. Am 7. Tag fanden sich Mitosen von Schwannschen Zellen und am 250. Tag deutliche Abnahme der myelinhaltigen Nervenfasern, begleitet von Regeneration der Nervenfasern und Zunahme von Kollagen im intercellulären Raum. Anderseits waren die Ganglienzellen der Hinterwurzeln intakt. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß die Regeneration geschädigter peripherer Nerven nach experimentellen Vergiftung mit organischem Quecksilber durch bis in periphere Abschnitte wachsende Axonsprossen und neugebildete Schwann-Zellen vor sich geht. Die Regenerationstendenz der peripheren Nerven war jedoch im ganzen nicht sehr ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary Rats were given 1 mg of organic mercury compound per rat daily by mouth for 20 days. Peripheral nerves were examined on the 7th day and 250 th day after withdrawal of administration. On the 7th day, mitosis of Schwann cells was observed and on the 250 th day, myelinated fibres were noticeably decreased in numbers, with regeneration of nerve fibres and an increase of collagen in the intercellular spaces. Posterior nerve root ganglion cells were however intact. From this it is speculated that regeneration of injured peripheral nerve fibres, experimentally poisoned with organic mercury, is the result of regeneration of axons growing out to the periphery, and by regeneration of Schwann cells. Regeneration of the peripheral nerves was not however a very marked feature.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Encephalomyelitis, Viral, Experimental ; Group B Arboviruses ; Central Nervous System, Viral Spread ; Neuropil, Extracellular Spaces ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen weißen Mäusen wurde durch intracerebrale Infektion mit dem Zimmern-Virus, ein dem TBE-Komplex angehörendes Arbovirus der Gruppe B, eine Encephalomyelitis erzeugt. Bei ultrastrukturellen Untersuchungen dieses Prozesses konnten einige interessante Beobachtungen gemacht werden. Zimmern-Viruspartikel, welche einen Durchmesser von etwa 400–450 Å haben, wurden nicht nur innerhalb zahlreicher Nervenzellen, sondern wiederholt auch in den Intercellularfugen des Neuropils angetroffen. Aufgrund dieses Befundes ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, daß die extracellulären Räume im ZNS intra vitam wesentlich weiter sind als man sie nach Anwendung der üblichen elektronenmikroskopischen Präparationsverfahren zu Gesicht bekommt. Es liegt somit auch die Annahme nahe, daß die Intercellularspalten als Wege für die Ausbreitung zumindest von kleineren Viren (z. B. Picornaviren und Arboviren der Gruppe B) im eigentlichen Hirn- und Rückenmarksgewebe dienen können.
    Notes: Summary An encephalomyelitis was produced in adult albino mice by intracerebral infection with the Zimmern virus, which is a group B arbovirus belonging to the TBE complex. Ultrastructural studies of this process showed some interesting results. Zimmern virus particles, which measure about 400 to 450 Å in diameter, could be observed, not only inside numerous neurons, but also repeatedly within the intercellular gaps of the neuropil. This finding makes it very likely that the extracellular spaces of the CNS are considerably wider in the intravital state than they appear to be after employing the conventional electron microscopic preparatory techniques. One may also conclude, therefore, that the intercellular clefts can serve as pathways for the spread of at least smaller virions (e. g., picorna viruses and group B arboviruses) throughout the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 201-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal Muscular Atrophy ; Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome ; Electron Microscopy ; Denervation Atrophy ; Lysosomes ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 8 Fällen von gutartiger spinaler Muskelatrophie vom Typ Kugelberg-Welander wurden Muskelbiospien elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Progressive Disorganisation und Auflösung der Myofibrille wurde in den atrophischen Muskelfasern gefunden. Sie war verbunden mit dem Auftreten von Lysosomen in diesen Fibrillen. Die frühesten Veränderungen, die wahrscheinlich durch Denervation verursacht sind, waren in Fibrillen normaler Größe oder mit nur geringer Atrophie anzutreffen und bestanden in Erweiterung des sarkoplasmischen Reticulums, Vergrößerung der Mitochondrien und einer relativen Zunahme der Menge des Sarkoplasmas, das Aggregate von Ribosomen enthielt. Muskelfibrillen von normalem oder vergrößertem Umfang enthielten meist beträchtliche Mengen von Glykogen, hatten aber sonst normale Ultrastruktur. Ein kleiner Teil solcher Fibrillen hatte zentrale, im Sarkolemm gelegene Kerne oder zeigte fokale degenerative Veränderungen oder segmentartige hyaline Nekrose mit Unterbrechung der Plasmamembran. Die Befunde werden mit früheren elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen von denervierten Muskeln beim Menschen und im Tierversuch sowie mit den histochemischen Veränderungen in Muskelbiopsien solcher Fälle verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from 8 cases of benign spinal muscular atrophy of the Kugelberg-Welander variety were examined with the electron microscope. Progressive disorganisation and dissolution of myofibrils was found in atrophic muscle fibres and was associated with the presence of lysosomes in such fibres. Distinctive nuclear and sarcolemmal changes were also found in atrophic fibres. The earliest changes which were considered to be due to denervation were found in fibres which were slightly atrophied or of normal size and consisted of dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, enlargement of mitochondria and a relative increase in the amount of sarcoplasm which contained aggregates of ribosomes. Most of the fibres of normal or increased size contained considerable amounts of glycogen but were otherwise normal ultrastructurally. A small proportion of such fibres had internally-situated sarcolemmal nuclei or showed focal degenerative changes or segmental hyaline necrosis with disruption of the plasma membrane. The findings are considered in relation to those of previous electron-microscopic studies of denervated muscle in the experimental animal and in man and to the histochemical changes which are found in muscle biopsies from such cases.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 302-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Synaptic Degeneration ; Tricresylphosphate Intoxication ; Spinal Cord ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine elektronenoptische Untersuchung der Synapsen-Degeneration im Vorderhorn des Rückenmarks vom Huhn wurde nach Gabe einer Einzeldosis von 0,5 cm3 Tricresylphosphat durchgeführt. Die Fixation erfolgte durch Perfusion mit 6% Glutaraldehyd. Degenerative Veränderungen fanden sich in den synaptischen Vesikeln und Mitochondrien des präsynaptischen Abschnittes. Diese Befunde werden mit Läsionen durch mechanische Schädigung und Bestrahlung verglichen. Es wird angenommen, daß sich der toxische Effekt von TCP sicher im Synapsenareal manifestiert. Dieses zeigt dabei Veränderungen ähnlich wie nach mechanischer oder Strahlenschädigung.
    Notes: Summary A study has been made of synaptic degeneration at an ultrastructural level using 6% glutaraldehyde perfusion, fixation method in the anterior horn of hen's spinal cord, after application of a single dose of 0.5 cm3 TCP on the comb. The degenerative changes are seen in the synaptic vesicles and mitochondria of pre-synaptic bag. A comparison of these findings is made with degenerative changes caused by mechanical interference and x-irradiation. It is concluded that the toxic effects of TCP are certainly manifested in the synaptic areas which show changes similar to those caused by the mechanical interference and by x-irradiation.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 34-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypertrophic Interstitial Polyneuropathy ; Guillain-Barré Syndrome ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Myelin ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Befunde von zwei N. suralis-Biopsien eines 9 jährigen Knaben mit rezidivierender idiopathischer Polyneuropathie werden beschrieben. Die Biopsien wurden kurz nach einer klinischen Exazerbation und 6 Jahre nach Beginn der Neuropathie durchgeführt. Die Erkrankung hatte akut im Anschluß an Varizellen begonnen. Lichtoptisch fand sich eine aktive primäre Entmarkung bei Auftreten von Infiltraten aus Mononukleären, Lymphocyten und Makrophagen sowie Zwiebelschalenbildung, die in Araldit-Schnitten erkennbar waren. Folgende ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen wurden beobachtet: 1. Der Markzerfall schien durch Makrophagen hervorgerufen, die in intakte Fasern eindringen und in die Markscheiden entlang der minor dense line einbrechen. Myelin und Schwannzellen ohne direkten Kontakt mit den invadierenden Zellen erschienen normal. Extracelluläre bläschenförmige Markauflösung wie beim Landry-Guillain-Barré-Syndrom wurde nicht beobactet. Eine Art von mononukleären Zellen einschließlich solcher nach Art von transformierten Lymphocyten fanden sich im Endoneuralraum und wurden oft in Kontakt untereinander und mit Makrophagen beobachtet. 2. Die Schwannzellen, die Zwiebelschalen-Lamellen bildeten, zeigten wenig morphologische Hinweise auf aktive Proteinsynthese. Sie schienen jene Zellen darzustellen, die ursprünglich die Internoden gestützt hatten und während der Entmarkung und am Beginn der Remyelinisation abgerissen waren. 3. Der mittlere Durchmesser von Axonen in Nervenfasern mit aktiver oder frischer Demyelinisation war geringer als jener in Fasern mit fortgeschrittener Remyelinisierung. Das weist auf eine Querschnittszunahme der Axone während der Remyelinisation hin. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden diskutiert und mit jenen bei anderen nicht-infektiösen entzündlichen primären Entmarkungskrankheiten der peripheren und zentralen weißen Substanz verglichen. Es wird vermutet, daß die rezidivierende idiopathische Polyneuropathie des beschriebenen Typs und die multiple Sklerose verwandte Erkrankungen darstellen.
    Notes: Summary The light and electron microscopical features of two sural nerve biopsies obtained from a nine year old boy with recurrent idiopathic polyneuropathy are described. The biopsies were obtained shortly after an exacerbation of symptoms and six years after the onset of the neuropathy which began acutely following an attack of varicella. Light microscopy revealed active primary demyelination occurring in the presence of an infiltrate of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, with onion-bulb formation discernible in araldite sections. The following fine-structural changes were observed: 1. Myelin breakdown appeared to be initiated by macrophages penetrating intact fibres and burrowing into the myelin sheath along minor dense lines. Myelin and Schwann cells not in direct contact with the invading cell appeared normal. Extracellular vesicular dissolution of myelin, as seen in the Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome, was not observed. A variety of mononuclear cells including cells with the appearance of transformed lymphocytes were present in the endoneurial space and they were frequently observed to contact each other and macrophages. 2. The Schwann cells forming onion-bulb lamellae showed little morphological evidence of active protein synthesis, and appeared to be effete cells which had originally subserved the internode and which were cast off during demyelination and the commencement of remyelination. 3. The average diameter of axons in nerve fibres showing active or recent demyelination was less than that observed in fibres exhibiting advanced remyelination, suggesting that the diameter of axons increased during remyelination. The ultrastructural findings are discussed with respect to those observed in other noninfectious inflammatory primary demyelinating diseases of peripheral and central white matter, and it is suggested that recurrent idiopathic polyneuropathy of the type described in the present study and multiple sclerosis may be related disorders.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 193-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Glia ; Differentiation ; Tissue Culture ; Autoradiography ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organotypic cultures of mammalian embryonic spinal cord-dorsal root ganglia combinations treated with H3 thymidine, were studied with light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Cultures pulsed with H3 thymidine for up to six hours showed 0–2% of labelled neuroepithelial cells when fixed immediately thereafter, and 7 to 15 times as many labelled cells when fixed on subsequent daysin vitro (DIV). Cultures exposed to radioactive material for days, at the initiation of the culture, and prior to myelinationin vitro, were compared. The cumulative evidence showed that the peak of proliferative activity occurred not after explantation, but between DIV 7 and DIV 12, which is after synapse formation and prior to myelination. Another smaller proliferative peak occurred after myelination between DIV 15 and DIV 19. Morphological observations with the light microscope revealed labelling of predominantly small dark cells during the first proliferative peak, that is, prior to myelination. Using electron microscopic criteria for identification, these small dark cells were “large glioblasts”, “large glial precursors” and “young” oligodendrocytes, and transitions could be observed between these cells in that order of differentiation. Oligodendrocytes when closely connected with myelin sheaths did not become labelled. Labelling and proliferation of medium large light cells inconspicuously preceded that of oligodendrocytes and their precursors, and continued modestly throughout myelination, achieving a modest peak and predominance during DIV 15 and DIV 19. Astrocytic features could be demonstrated ultrastructurally in these medium large light cells and mitotic division in this type of cell was observed. The possibility that part of this astrocytic population arose from “large glioblasts” was discussed. No labelled cells were seen ultrastructurally fulfilling criteria of amitotic division. No neurons showed labelling with H3 thymidine.
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  • 15
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 327-341 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Electron Microscopy ; Striated Muscle ; Membranous-Tubular Structures ; Filamentous Structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the first ultrastructural study of muscle fiber in a child affected by infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy or Seitelberger's disease. In a first step, diagnosis was performed by light and electron microscopy in biopsy and autopsy findings in central and peripheral nervous system. Muscle fiber and axonal changes are very similar. The ultrastructure findings in muscle fiber are as follows: 1. neural atrophy, 2. overproduction of membrano-tubular structures related to sarcoplasmic reticulum hyperplasia, 3. filamentous aggregates by presumed overproduction of myofilaments, 4. overproduction of abnormal mitochondria. These changes, already described in various muscular diseases, are not specific; they seem related to an abnormal muscle fiber reaction in close association to dystrophic axonal endings.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 110-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Motorneurones ; Neurotomy ; Chromatolysis ; Glycogen Deposits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinal cord motorneurones of young chickens were examined 2–93 days after section of the brachial plexus nerves. The maximal reaction to axotomy was found 7–14 days after the operation. The majority of cells showed nuclear eccentricity, displacement of Nissl substance towards the periphery and accumulation of mitochondria and other organelles in the cytocentrum. The most conspicuous alteration, however, in a large number of neurones, was the occurrence of numerous dense granules corresponding in size and staining characteristics to glycogen. These granules most often formed large deposits in marginal regions of cells. In the light microscope the presence of polysaccharides, apparently glycogen, was demonstrated with the PAS reaction. From 14 to 93 days after the operation most perikarya regained their normal ultrastructural appearance. Increased amounts of glycogen granules could be seen in some of the cells till the end of the fourth postoperative week. The development of glycogen deposits in axotomized perikarya indicates that considerable alterations in the breakdown and/or synthesis of glycogen apparently occur in young animals after neurotomy.
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  • 17
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 184-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Haemangioblastoma of the Brain ; Angioblastic Meningioma ; Blastomatous Vessels ; “Zwischenzellen” ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4 hemangioblastomas of the cerebellum, 1 of the choroid plexus, 1 of the spinal cord, and 3 angioblastic meningiomas of the brain were investigated with the electron microscope. They all show a similar histological arrangement of vessels, intervascular cells (Zwischenzellen), and the intercellular space. The vessels of the tumors regardless where they originate from are identical in their appearance. They differ from autochthonous vessels by the irregular form of the endothelium and the presence of pores. The “Zwischenzellen” of hemangioblastomas are not so uniform as those of angioblastic meningiomas. Corresponding to differences in the nucleus/cytoplasma ratio, the development of the ER and the number of cytofilaments as well as the content of lipid droplets hemangioblastomas can be subdivided in 4 types. Nevertheless they constitute a cytological unity. In 3 hemangioblastomas mast cells were found. glial cells mixed up with tumor cells are present only in the border of tumorous and nervous tissue. The extracellular space is filled either with a protein-rich exsudate or with collagen fibrils. — The electron microscopic findings support the histological identity of hemangioblastomas and angioblastic meningiomas. The relation of “Zwischenzellen” to the vessel walls, their similarity to endothelial cells, and their tendence to form basement membranes indicate that they derive from blastomatous vessels.
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  • 18
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Membrane Fragments ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a human case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fragments of membranes were seen within some vacuoles. They form accumulations of vesicular or curled structures and have to be differentiated from other membranous profiles that one can observe within the large spongy cavities. They are similar to what have been recently described in the experimental disease but their cellular signification is unknown.
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  • 19
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 290-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy ; Hyperlipemia ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disorganization ; Membrane Invagination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 73 old patient with very high serum lipids suffered from recurrent peripherad polyneuropathy. Examination of sural nerve showed disorganisation of myelin sheaths ann plasma membrane invaginations into the axons which seems to represent both Schwanl cell and axonal membranes. An extensive basal membrane hyperplasia and perineural connective tissue proliferation were present. The possibility that these changes are related to the patient's hyperlipemia is discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Myelo-Optico-Neuropathy ; Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary N. suralis, taken from a patient in the chronic state of “Subacute Myelo-Optico-Neuropathy (SMON)” was examined by electron microscopy. The nerve showed a depletion of myelinated nerve fibres. Vacuoles or degenerated mitochondria were observed in the axis cylinders of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Schwann cells were increased in number and many of them were atrophic. Onion-bulb formations were seen diffusely; regeneration of myelinated nerve fibres was sparse.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Organic Mercury Poisoning ; Muscles ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Teil des M. gastrocnemius von experimentell mit organischem Quecksilber vergifteten Ratten fanden sich pathologische Veränderungen. Aufgrund dieses Befundes wird vermutet, daß die Vergiftungsläsion zwar die hinteren Nervenwurzelfasern bevorzugt, aber auch Teile der vorderen Nervenwurzelfasern betreffen kann.
    Notes: Summary Pathological changes were found in a part of M. gastrocnemius in rats experimentally poisoned by an organic mercury compound. The authors assume from this that organic mercury mainly affects the posterior nerve root fibres, but some of the anterior nerve root fibres may also be involved.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tri-Ortho-Cresyl-Phosphate ; Spinal Ganglion ; Neurofilaments ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Spinalganglien und periphere Nerven von normalen und mit Tri-Ortho-Cresyl-Phosphat (TOCP) vergifteten Hühnern elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den normalen Ganglien fanden sich zwei unterschiedliche Neuronentypen, große Zellen mit hellem Cytoplasma, in dem sich reichlich Neurofilamente fande, und kleinere Neurone, welche wenig oder keine Filamente enthielten. Die “hellen” Zellen reagierten auf TOCP mit einer starken Vermehrung der Neurofilamente, während die dunklen, kleineren Neurone eine Hypertrophie des endoplasmatischen Reticulums zeigten. Diese Veränderungen waren eindeutig nach 15 tägiger TOCP-Applikation sichtbar. An den peripheren Nerven traten bereits nach 6 tägiger Vergiftung deutlichen Reaktionen im Sinne einer Proliferation der glatten Membranen auf. Die möglichen Zusammenhänge dieser Veränderungen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves of normal and tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)-poisoned chickens were examined with the electron microscope. The normal ganglia contained two main neuron types, a large neuron with light cytoplasm and abundant neurofilaments, and a smaller, darker cell which contained few or no filaments. The “light” neurons reacted to TOCP with a very great increase in the number of filaments present in the cytoplasm, while the darker cells showed a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were not definitely present until 15 days after TOCP ingestion, while the largediameter fibres of the peripheral nerves showed a proliferation of smooth membranes at 6 days. The possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 150-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Kuru Plaques ; Electron Microscopy ; Subacute Presenile Polioencephalopathy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche PAS-positive Plaques fanden sich im Kleinhirn eines Falles von Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrom. Die licht- und elektronenoptischen Strukturen der Plaques waren identisch mit den bei Kuru-Fällen beschriebenen. Diese Befunde bilden ein weiteres Bindeglied zwischen diesen beiden neurologischen Erkrankungen, die viele gemeinsame klinische, histopathologische und virologische Eigenschaften besitzen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous periodic-acid-Schiff positive plaques occurred in the cerebellum of a patient diagnosed as having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Microscopic and submicroscopic structures of the plaques were identical with those described in Kuru. This is an additional link between these two neurological diseases in which the clinical, histopathological, and virological features are in many respects similar.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 353-362 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Gamma Irradiated ; Neural Tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde am retikulären Gewebe der Medulla nach kurzfristiger Gesamtkörper-gamma-Bestrahlung werden beschrieben. 25 erwachsene Ratten wurden in eine Kontrollgruppe und vier bestrahlte Gruppen, die 1000, 2000, 5000 bzw. 10000 rad erhielten, geteilt. Die Gewebepräparation bestand bei allen Gruppen in Immersionfixation in Veronalacetat gepuffertem OsO4 und einer Perfusionstechnik, die s-Collidingepuffertes Glutaraldehyd benützte. Mit einer Ausnahme zeigten die nervösen Ultrastrukturbefunde der Kontrollgruppe Übereinstimmung mit anderen Beobachtungen. Eine Struktur, die sog. konzentrischen Membrankörper (KMK), wurde nach Perfusion der Tiere mit s-Collidin-gepufferter Fixierlösung gefunden. Diese KMK bestehen aus lamellierten Membranen mit einer Intraperiodizität von 40–50Å. In allen bestrahlten Gruppen wurden Membranaggregate gefunden. Es wurde angenommen, daß diese Strukturen in den Gruppen mit niedriger Bestrahlung aus den KMK, hingegen aus KMK und Markscheiden-Zerfallsprodukten in den Gruppen mit höherer Bestrahlungsdosis gebildet wurden. Progressive cytoplasmatische Vacuolisation, Mitochondrien- und Markscheidenschädigung waren abhängig von der Dosishöhe. Da keine Capillarschädigung bei den bestrahlten Tieren gefunden werden konnte, wurde angenommen, daß die beobachteten cellulären Läsionen der Effekt direkter oder lokalisierter Bestrahlungsschädigung waren.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural observations recorded after shortterm, whole body gamma irradiation on medullary reticular tissue were evaluated. Twenty-five adult rats were divided into one control and four irradiated groups which received 1,000 rads, 2,000 rads, 5,000 rads, and 10,000 rads, respectively. Tissue preparations in each group consisted of immersion fixation in veronal acetate buffered OsO4 and a perfusion technique utilizing s-collidine buffered glutaraldehyde. The micrographs from the control group revealed conformity to neurological ultrastructures as reported by other authors, with one exception. A structure termed “concentric membranous body” (CMB) was observed in the s-collidine buffered, perfused animals. This structure was noted to be associated with neuronal membranes and to contain laminated repeating intraperiodicity of 40–50Å. In all irradiated groups (1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 rads) membranous swirls were observed. These structures appeared to be of CMB origin in the lower exposure groups and from both CMB and myelin sheath breakdown in the higher groups. Progressive cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial, and myelin sheath damage were noted as being related to dose level. Since no apparent capillary bed damage was observed in any irradiated animal, it was concluded that the cellular abnormalities recorded were the result of direct or localized irradiation damage of the brain.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocytic Organelles ; Lipidoses and Allied Diseases ; Electron Microscopy ; Lipid Synthesis ; Evolution of Intracytoplasmic Lipidoses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The astrocytic organelles in 12 patients with various lipidoses and allied diseases were studied. Histochemically and ultrastructurally, astrocytes contained cytoplasmic inclusions which were identical to those seen in neurons from cases of similar disorders. In the early stage of these disorders, the astrocytic cytoplasm displays a close relationship between increased numbers of mitochondria and dilated smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the more advanced stage, the mitochondria decrease in number, and the lipid bodies show close proximity to or continuity with the smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum. During the late stages of the disorder, the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies become numerous, and the mitochondria are further reduced in number. It, therefore, appears that in astrocytes in these disorders the mitochondria and the smooth portion of the endoplasmic reticulum play an important role during the evolution of the intracytoplasmic lipid bodies. On the basis of these observations, the possible morphogenesis of lipid cytosomes is discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain Barrier ; Cerebral Ischemia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the influence of ischemia on the passage of protein tracers across capillaries in certain blood-brain barrier (BBB) injuries. Total cerebral ischemia was produced by arterial ligation and BBB injury was caused by intracarotid injection of mercuric chloride or by acute hypertension. Changes in the vulnerability of the BBB was correlated with the ischemic impact on the brain as revealed by suppression of electroencephalogram (EEG) or of the pyramidal response (PR) after electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex. In cats not subjected to ischemia both the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions invariably caused extensive extravasation of protein tracers (Evans blue and peroxidase). Episodes of ischemia immediately before the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions, long enough to supress the EEG but not the PR, did not change the pattern of protein extravasation. However, when the duration of ischemia was severe enough to suppress both the EEG and the PR (about 9 min) chemical and hemodynamic insults failed to elicit exudation of proteins. Traumatic lesions caused extravasation regardless of the duration of preceding ischemia. The inhibition of protein extravasation induced by ischemia in the chemical and the hemodynamic lesions is probably related to changes in the vascular endothelium but their exact nature remains obscure.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 310-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aging ; Lipofusion ; Centrophenoxine ; Spinal Ganglia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufbau und Vorkommen des Alterspigmentes in Neuronen und Satellitenzellen der cervicalen Spinalganglien seniler Ratten wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch nach 4-, 5-, 8-, 11- und 13 wöchiger Centrophenoxinbehandlung untersucht und mit dem in gleichaltrigen Kontrolltieren verglichen. Lichtmikroskopisch fand sich am PAS-gefärbten Material eine Verminderung des Alterspigmentes nach 8 wöchiger und längerer Behandlungsdauer. Elektronenmikroskopisch ließen sich bereits nach 4 wöchiger Centrophenoxinbehandlung vacuolige Veränderungen an den Pigmentkörpern der Satellitenzellen feststellen. Gleichartige Veränderungen zeigten sich nach 8 wöchiger Behandlung auch an den Pigmenten der Nervenzellen. Gleichzeitig fanden sich die Pigmentkonglomerate in den Typ A-Neuronen in einem Zustand der Disintegration. Die Veränderungen nahmen mit der Dauer der Behandlung zu und führten zu einer Verminderung der Pigmentkörper. Die möglichen Ursachen der Veränderung bzw. Verminderung der Pigmentkörper werden diskutiert und der Weg eines etwaigen Abtransportes der Alterspigmente aus den Nervenzellen erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The appearance and distribution of old age pigment in the neurons and satellite cells of the cervical spinal ganglions of senile rats were examined light- and electronmicroscopically after the rats had been treated for 4, 5, 8, 11 and 13 weeks with centrophenoxine. Untreated rats of the same age were also examined. Light microscopic examination of PAS-stained material revealed a decrease in the amount of old age pigment present in the neurones after eight or more weeks treatment. In the E.M. sections vacuolization of the pigment granules in the satellite cells could already be observed after four weeks treatment. After 8 weeks similar changes could be seen in the neurones, as well as a disintegration of the large accumulations of pigment in the perikarion type A neurones. The changes increased with length of treatment and led to a decrease in the total amount of pigment present. The possible causes of these changes and the probable route for the removal of old age pigment from nerve cells are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polymyositis ; Lymphoid Cells ; Electron Microscopy ; Lymphocyte Transformation ; Cytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelbiopsien von 2 Polymyositisfällen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, wobei den Entzündungszellen in den Läsionen besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde. Vergrößerte, möglicherweise „aktivierte Lymphocyten” fanden sich in Kontakt mit dem Endothel kleiner Venolen; man traf sie auch beim Durchtritt durch die Gefäßwand an. Die Endothelzellen der Venolen waren oft vergrößert, die Basalmembran verdoppelt. Die perivasculären und interstitiellen Zellen rekrutierten sich aus kleinen Lymphocyten, größeren Lymphocyten mit den deutlichen morphologischen Zeichen der übergangsformen, pleomorphen Makrophagen sowie einigen Plasmazellen und Granulocyten. Bei einem Fall wurden innerhalb der Basalmembran mehrerer Muskelfasern Zellen gefunden, die primitiven lymphoiden Zellen ähnelten. In der Inkubation mit einem Muskelhomogenat wurden Lymphocyten vom peripheren Blut beider Patienten stimuliert. Die Lymphocyten erwiesen sich auch gegen Kulturen von fetalem quergestreiften menschlichen Muskel als cytotoxisch. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird in Hinblick auf die Pathogenese der Muskelfaserschädigung bei Polymyositis erwogen.
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from two cases of polymyositis were examined with the electron microscope, particular attention being given to the inflammatory cells in the lesions. Lymphocytes which were enlarged and possibly “activated” were found in contact with the endothelium of small venules; they were also seen apparently traversing the vessel wall. Venular endothelial cells were often swollen with reduplication of the basement membrane. Perivascular and interstitial cells comprised small lymphocytes, larger transforming lymphocytes with distinctive morphological features, pleomorphic macrophages and a few plasma cells and granulocytes. In one case cells resembling primitive lymphoid cells were found internal to the basement membrane of several muscle fibres. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from both patients were stimulated on incubation with a crude muscle homogenate. The lymphocytes also appeared to be cytotoxic to cultures of foetal human striated muscle. The significance of these findings is considered in relationship to the pathogenesis of the muscle fibre damage in polymyositis.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Nucleocapsid Structures ; Inclusions ; Nuclear Bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bioptisch gewonnenes Hirngewebe von 3 Patienten mit subakuter sklerosierender Panencephalitis (SSPE) wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Histologisch boten alle Fälle gewisse Läsionen der grauen und weißen Substanz. Einschlußkörper wurden in einem Fall mit nur diskreter Markschädigung gefunden. In den beiden anderen Fällen, in denen Kerneinschlüsse nicht nachweisbar waren, trat die Astrogliaproliferation im Mark stärker hervor. Elektronenmikroskopisch ergaben sich vier abnorme Befunde, die aber nicht in allen Fällen obligat angetroffen wurden. Zwei Typen von Nucleocapsid-Strukturen, kleinere und größere, ähnlich jenen in Masern-infizierten Zellen, wurden in einem Fall gesehen. Die kleineren Nucleocapside bildeten entweder Kern- oder Cytoplasmaeinschlüsse; die größeren waren gewöhnlich im Cytoplasma angehäuft. Kernkörperchen fanden sich in allen Fällen. Gitterartige Strukturen und Bündel von fibrillärem Material wurden ferner in zwei Fällen beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Brain tissue obtained by biopsy from three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was examined under the light and the electron microscope. Histologically all the cases showed some degree of abnormality of both the gray and the white matter. Inclusion bodies were found in one case in which changes in the white matter were minimal. In the other two cases, where inclusion bodies were not identified, astrocytic proliferation in the white matter was more conspicuous. In electron microscopy four abnormal findings were observed, but all were not necessarily seen in each case. Two types of nucleocapsid structures, smaller and larger, of the type seen in measles-infected cells, were identified in one case. The smaller nucleocapsids formed either nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions and the larger ones usually aggregated in the cytoplasm. Nuclear bodies were seen in all the cases. Lattice-like structures and bundles of fibrillar material were also observed in two cases.
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  • 30
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Nerve Regeneration ; Unmyelinated Axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung über die Regeneration von marklosen Axonen wurde am N. vagus des Kaninchens durchgeführt. Als Folge einer lokalisierten Quetschverletzung des N. vagus am Hals in Höhe der Cartilago thyreoidea wurden die regenerierenden marklosen Axone in den laryngealen Recurrens-Ast abgelenkt, der normalerweise beinahe vollständig aus myelinreichen Fasern aufgebaut ist. Die regenerierenden marklosen Axone kommen um die regenerierenden myelinreichen Axone zu liegen, sind aber mit getrennten Schwannschen Zellen verbunden. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese aberrierende Regeneration der myelinfreien Axone wird diskutiert, ebenso ihre Bedeutung für die Human-Neuropathologie.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope investigation has been made into the regeneration of unmyelinated axons in the vagus nerve of the rabbit. Following a localized crush injury of the vagus nerve in the neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage, the regenerating unmyelinated axons become diverted into the recurrent laryngeal branch, which is normally composed almost entirely of myelinated fibres. Here the regenerating unmyelinated axons become arrayed around the regenerating myelinated axons, but are associated with separate Schwann cells. The possible explanation for this aberrant regeneration of the unmyelinated axons is discussed, as is its significance for human neuropathology.
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  • 31
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    Pflügers Archiv 329 (1971), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myosin Adenosinetriphosphatase ; Cardiac Performance ; Glycogen ; Electron Microscopy ; Skeletal Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between cardiac function and 1. myocardial glycogen concentration, 2. ultrastructure, and 3. myosin ATPase activity was studied in cats at various times following adrenalectomy. These three variables were also studied in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from the same cats. Cardiac glycogen concentration was decreased in adrenal insufficient cats 11 days after withdrawal of steroid therapy, a time at which cardiac performance was already severely depressed. Skeletal muscle glycogen levels did not significantly decrease after adrenalectomy. Electron micrographs of the heart and the soleus at 8 days revealed normal myofibrils and mitochondria, but a shorter mean sarcomere length was observed in cardiac muscle. The ATPase activities of myosin isolated from the red fibered cativity of myosin isolated from the predominantly white fibered gastrocnemius muscle appeared to be unaffected by adrenalectomy. Regression analysis of cardiac function on cardiac myosin ATPase activity for adrenalectomized, dexamethasone-treated, and intact control animals revealed a significant correlation (p〈0.001) between cardiac performance and myosin ATPase activity.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Surface Spreading ; Critical Point Drying ; Erythrocyte Ghosts ; Virus Particles ; Chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Methode der Oberflächenspreitung und der Kritischen Punkt-Trocknung zur elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation ungeschnittener biologischer Objekte wird im einzelnen beschrieben. Die Methode erlaubt, grobmorphologische Veränderungen von Erythrocytenschatten zu beurteilen, Virusteilchen in Zellen nachzuweisen und den inneren Aufbau einzelner Chromosomen zu charakterisieren.
    Notes: Abstract A method for the preparation of unsectioned biological material for whole-mount electron microscopy by surface spreading and critical point drying is described in detail. The applications are demonstrated by showing the three-dimensional structure of erythrocyte ghosts, virus particles, and chromosomes.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 63-87 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to the stability analysis of structural systems subject to non-conservative forces. The development of the method is general, but the specific application considered here is the stability of thin-walled members subject to follower forces. The method predicts the type of instability, whether it be buckling or flutter. Example problems, for which exact solutions are known, illustrate the accuracy and convergence characteristic of the finite element formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 103-117 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The application of the finite element rank force method for the dynamic analysis of redundant structures is presented. The applied loading consists of discrete and distributed loads. Both forced and free vibrations are considered, the latter yielding latent vectors corresponding to dynamic redundancies.It is shown that the dynamic properties of an element are given by a static flexibility matrix, an inverse mass matrix, a damping parameter and a displacement vector representing the effect of the applied distributed loading.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 119-129 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A stiffness matrix for a finite element having the planform of an annular segment is derived using the displacement approach. Numerical problems involved in the derivation are discussed and rapid convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated on three sample problems. It is concluded that the new element will be of great value to engineers concerned with the analysis of slabs of bridge decks curved in plan.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 89-101 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The point matching numerical method and its generalization, the method of boundary point least squares, have been successfully applied to numerous boundary value and eigenvalue problems. The present paper demonstrates the application of these techniques to problems in the micromechanics of fibrous composite materials, i.e. determination of elastic moduli and stress concentrations for parallel-fibre materials which are loaded transversely with respect to the fibres. The solution technique utilizes exact solutions of the governing equations of plane elasticity for each component fibre and its surrounding matrix material in a typical repeating section of the composite material. The continuity conditions for stresses and displacements between fibre and matrix and the repeatability conditions at the boundary of the repeating section are satisfied approximately in a pointwise manner. Some special numerical techniques which were found to be particularly useful in applying the point matching method to these problems are delineated. The method is demonstrated for composite materials having circular, elliptical and square fibres in regular, staggered arrays. Numerical results are given which show the accuracy of the method as well as stress concentration and composite elastic moduli data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 131-144 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper discusses the mathematical foundations of a technique that has been used extensively in structural optimization.1-6 Two basic problems are considered. The first of these is the concave programming problem which consists of finding the global minimum of ‘piece-wise concave functions’ on ‘piece-wise concave sets’. Since any function can be approximated by a piece-wise concave function, this method could in principle be used to find the global minimum in non-convex optimization problems. The second one is the piece-wise linear programming problem in which the objective function is convex and piece-wise linear. The iterative method outlined for handling this problem is shown to be much more efficient than the standard simplex method of linear programming.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 149-149 
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 154-154 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 275-290 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The solution of plate and shell problems by an independent specification of slopes and middle surface displacements is attractive due to its simplicity and ability of reproducing shear deformation. Unfortunately elements of this type are much too stiff when thickness is reduced.In an earlier paper a derivation of such an element was presented1 which proved very successful in ‘thick’ situations. Here a very simple extension is made which allows the element to be economically used in all situations.The improved flexibility is achieved simply by reducing the order of numerical integration applied to certain terms without sacrificing convergence properties. The process is of very wide applicability in improvement of element properties.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 295-296 
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 299-315 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A system of finite element shell analysis codes, called SABOR/DRASTIC, is used to analyse a complex two-layered shell of revolution under static and dynamic asymmetric loads. The dynamic analysis is compared with experimentally measured response. In this linear elastic analysis, emphasis is placed on the inherent flexibility of the finite element method in modelling the complex structural geometry of a given test specimen. Static studies, which involve variations in important shell parameters, and dynamic studies, which provide a successful correlation with experiment, are used to illustrate both the detail and the generality with which shell analyses may now be performed with confidence.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 317-325 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The theory of conjugate approximations1 is used to obtain consistent approximations of stress fields in finite element approximations based on displacement assumptions. These consistent stresses are continuous across interelement boundaries and involve less mean error than those computed by the conventional approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 327-347 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Many of the known finite elements are based on a variational procedure in a functional basis of monomials. The present paper attempts to formulate completely a finite element procedure which is non-variational on a functional basis which is left to the choice of the user.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 443-444 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 425-441 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A unified network-topological approach to the formulation and solution of the analysis and minimum weight design of rigid-plastic structural systems is presented. It is shown that both analysis and design can be formulated using network concepts, but that, in contrast to elastic networks, the formulation results in a mathematical programming problem. Formulations based both on the static and kinematic theorems of plasticity are presented, and it is shown that duality guarantees that the two types of formulation yield identical results. The problem is first formulated on the basis of a simple definition of yielding, and is then generalized to the case where yielding is defined in terms of a yield surface.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 463-483 
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    Notes: Dynamic relaxation, an iterative method for use with digital computers, is described and is shown to be suitable for the solution of a system of linear equations and in particular for such problems derived from structural frame analysis. It is further shown that the method may be modified to include non-linear equations relating to these problems.Some specific examples of linear and non-linear solutions are given and comparisons are made with another computer method which performs the same tasks.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 529-552 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The discrete element displacement method is used to analyse the finite-deflection behaviour of shallow arches. The arches are idealized as assemblies of shallow curved elements and the necessary properties of the displacement patterns in these elements are discussed. Numerical solutions of the geometrically non-linear problem are obtained by directly minimizing the total potential energy of the system.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 565-574 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Finite element procedures usually require more degrees of freedom for a specified accuracy than does a classical Ritz procedure if suitable coordinate functions are available. This paper develops a combined global and local dependent variable representation which couples the conventional and finite element Ritz methods. This hybrid method preserves much of the flexibility of the finite element method while increasing the solution accuracy for a specified system order. The method is illustrated by examination of a beam and a plate vibration problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 553-563 
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    Notes: For a hierarchy of polynomials on the triangle there is derived an algorithm for computing the stiffness matrix of the plate bending element. The algorithm is easy to program and means a considerable saving of the computing time. The same approach can be used for any elliptic equation with constant coefficients.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 575-586 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A quadratic thick shell element derived from a three-dimensional isoparametric element was first introduced by Ahmad and co-workers in 1968. This element was noted, however, to be relatively inefficient in representing bending deformations in thin shell or thin plate applications. The present paper outlines a selective integration scheme for evaluating the stiffness matrix of the element, in which each component of the strain energy is evaluated separately using a different Gaussian integration grid for each contribution. By this procedure, the excessive bending stiffness of the element, which results from the use of me quadratic interpolation functions, is avoided.The improved performance of this element, as compared with the original thick shell element, is demonstrated by analyses of a variety of thin and thick shell problems. Editors' note: A similar development was outlined by O. C. Zienkiewicz and co-workers in lnt. J. num. Meth. Engng, 3, 275-290 (1971). Some important details differ between the two papers which are thus complementary.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-592 
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 1-2 
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 3-3 
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 155-160 
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    Notes: The conventional central finite difference equations for the plane stress extension of flat plates are derived as a localized Ritz process. A dual differential-variational discretization of this type enables common classification of the finite difference and finite element methods. Also, it provides alternative methods of establishing sufficiency conditions and relative rates of convergence for discrete systems derived from a localized Ritz process, and the existence of solution bounds for discrete systems derived using difference procedures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 161-179 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of consistent discrete models, via the concept of finite elements, of linear and non-linear electrothermomechanical behaviour of continuous bodies. In the development, general energy balances are utilized to derive equations governing electromagnetic fields over an element and coupled equations of motion and heat conduction of a typical element of the continuum. These equations make it possible to study a general class of field problems involving arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions. Sample problems are included.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 181-198 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dynamic finite element technique, which is referred to in the literature as ‘computer-analysis’, is applied to wave propagation problems occurring in finite and semi-infinite linearly elastic membranes of revolution. Both semi-infinite and finite versions of cylindrical and conical membranes are considered, and a finite membrane having a meridional curve which is parabolic is solved. The source of excitation is generally a constant velocity motion of one end of the membranes, but the results for a stress-pulse input at one end of a semi-infinite cylindrical membrane are also given. The results for the finite membranes are new, and the results for the semi-infinite problems are discussed with respect to previously published results. The two-dimensional state of stress in the membrane requires careful ordering of the calculations, and the boundary conditions for finite membranes are shown to follow logically from this ordering of the calculations. The difference in the solutions resulting from prescribing an axial or a tangential velocity excitation at the end of a conical membrane is presented, and the mesh size necessary for convergence to the solution is indicated. The graphs of the results clearly indicate regions in space and time where the membrane model should be replaced by the shell formulation to represent a realistic structure. The technique is shown to be self-contained and independent of any formal method such as the method of characteristics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 199-213 
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    Notes: The numerical solution of the biharmonic equation in a rectangular domain is presented in the context of continuous dynamic programming techniques. The equations are specialized to the solution of elastic rectangular plates. A suitable approximate expression of a certain functional equation containing derivatives only in one direction is used to derive equations for the stiffness and flexibility matrices of the plate. It is shown that those matrices satisfy matrix Riccati equations subject to suitable initial conditions. It is also shown that the condition of optimality in the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation directly expresses a classical variational principle, i.e. the principle of complementary energy. Some numerical examples are finally presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 215-232 
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    Notes: The paper presents an analysis of the response of plastic spherical and cylindrical shells subjected to loads applied through a rigid boss. Special emphasis is placed on following the load-deflection behaviour of these structures after the application of the yield-point load in order to predict the appearance of any snapping action.The method of analysis assumes that upper bound calculations are applicable and that the associated velocity fields can be represented by a series of piecewise continuous polynomials. The internal dissipation of energy for the structures are then written in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials and the values appropriate to the solution are found by using a non-linear programming routine.The results of this analysis are correlated with a non-dimensional boss size parameter p and compared with the results of experimental investigations. Mention is also made of the possible effects of initial imperfections.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 261-273 
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    Notes: A study of bending of plates for small deformations by applying the finite element method is presented in this paper.A new class of displacement functions has been developed for rectangular bending elements. For the first time a method is proposed for the derivation of displacement functions in which trigonometric expressions that had apparently failed to yield satisfactory results in earlier attempts can be used along with polynomial terms.The derivation leads to conforming type of displacement functions which satisfy the convergence criterion. The approach also demonstrates how many more new displacement functions can be found.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 249-259 
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    Notes: This paper describes a search procedure for finding the unconstrained maximum or minimum of a function of many independent variables. If this function represents the volume, cost, stiffness, etc. of a structure and each of the independent variables is associated with a parameter governing the geometry of the structure then designs of optimum geometry may be made in certain cases with the assistance of this search procedure. The procedure consists of steepest gradient calculations used in conjunction with a reverse Fibonacci location process. A ridge-following technique is included to speed convergence in addition to localized exploration in the region of an optimum.The search procedure has been programmed for computer use and an outline of its structural design applications is presented together with an example of its efficiency in a specific case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 293-294 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 291-292 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 446-446 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 444-445 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 447-448 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 451-462 
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    Notes: Using the finite element method, a detailed study of the deformations and stresses produced in an elastic-perfectly plastic half-space indented by a rigid sphere was done. The analysis covers the transition region from the maximum elastic contact load to a state where this load has been increased one hundredfold. Experimental results available in the literature are in good agreement with the analysis. In solving repeatedly the large number of linear equations involved in the solution of the problem, it was found profitable, in order to save computer time, to modify the direct elimination method. This technique is described in some details in the paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 485-493 
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    Notes: The convergence of nodal displacements obtained by the finite element method is investigated for special element patterns in plane elasticity with the aid of the differential equation derived from the equilibrium condition at each node. The convergence of strains is also discussed. It is shown that averaging is an effective tool for obtaining approximations to strain for some kinds of mesh arrangement. It is also shown that the approach becomes inaccurate along force boundaries.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 495-508 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A refined axisymmetric curved finite element for the analysis of thin elastic-plastic shells of revolution is described in the paper. The improved element is obtained by employing cubic polynomials in terms of local Cartesian co-ordinates for the assumed in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. This introduces into the solution two internal degrees of freedom in the cord direction of each element. These internal degrees of freedom are removed by static condensation before assembling the individual element stiffness matrices, and are subsequently recovered after the nodal displacements are obtained. On comparison with the previous formulation, this procedure greatly improves the accuracy of the solution especially with regards to in-plane stress-resultants at discontinuities in the meridional curvature and interelement equilibrium of forces. The latter fact makes it possible to analyse shells with a discontinuous meridional slope. In using this element, improvement in the convergence of the elastic-plastic solutions has also been observed.Several examples illustrate the quality of solutions. The reported study is limited to axisymmetric loadings cum boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 509-517 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers methods of solution of the relevant equations based on the Newton-Raphson process. Expressions are derived for calculation with both good and very poor initial guesses and for calculation of pressure, volume and temperature during an equilibrium process. A method of programming the calculations is outlined. Variations and modifications to suit specific situations are discussed.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer orientated method is presented which generates meshes of triangular elements in plane and curved surfaces. Depending on geometrical and material variations, the region to be discretized is divided into a number of four sided zones. By using curvi-linear co-ordinate systems, nodes within and on the boundary of each zone are automatically positioned and referenced to a global Cartesian co-ordinate system. Elements are automatically assembled from these nodes. Input data is required to specify the positions and material properties of each zone and how they are connected. Examples are given which illustrate the range of meshes that can be generated. Extension of the method to generate three-dimensional tetrahedral elements is indicated.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 587-588 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-591 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 588-591 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique is used to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of a cantilever plate mounted on the periphery of a rotating disc. The plane of the plate is assumed to make any arbitrary angle with the plane of rotation of the disc. The distributed centrifugal force is resolved into two components - one acting in the plane of the plate and the other normal to the plate. The stresses produced in the middle surface of the plate due to the in-plane forces are first determined. The increase in the bending stiffness of the plate elements due to these in-plane stresses is obtained in a manner similar to that used in the stability analysis of plates. The component of the distributed centrifugal force normal to the plate surface is added to the inertia force.From the results of computations carried out for various values of the aspect ratio, the speed of rotation, the disc radius and the setting angle, empirical formulae are derived giving the effect of these parameters on the natural frequencies. These empirical formulae are observed to be in agreement with the corresponding known formulae for rotating cantilever beams, when the aspect ratio is high.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 445-446 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 5-11 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It has long been recognized that permeability, compressibility and viscosity vary during the consolidation of soil. However, the introduction of these variations into consolidation theory leads to formidable difficulties due to their rendering the equations highly non-linear. Numerical methods are given herein which enable the governing equation to be solved for a variety of different non-linear laws.
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous iteration method of obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors is employed for the solution of undamped vibration problems. This method is of significance when a few of the dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required from a large matrix, and hence is particularly suitable for vibration problems involving a large number of degrees of freedom. It is shown that advantage may be taken of both the symmetry and the band form of the mass and stiffness matrices, thus making it feasible to process on a computer larger order vibration problems than can be processed using transformation methods. A method of allowing for body freedom is given and some numerical tests are discussed.
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 25-33 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The general eigenvalue problem Ax = λBx as arising from vibration problems tackled by the finite element method is often solved by the economization method in which the two matrices are reduced to a more manageable size and approximate answers are obtained.This paper analyses the method in a more mathematical way than previous accounts and leads to a definition of the optimum set of variables to be retained during the reduction. An extension to the method is suggested which allows the approximate eigenvalue to be improved and bounds are obtained on the eigenvalues of the full problem before reduction.An estimate is made of the calculation involved in the method and it is concluded, by reference to examples, that the extended method leads to a more efficient algorithm.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 35-43 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is described for solving the compressible flow equations in subsonic flow. The general quasi-linear equation ∇.g∇v = 0 is considered with g a function of ∇v. ∇v, and iterations of the form ∇.gn∇vn+1 = 0 are analysed, where g0 is suitably chosen and gn defined from vn for n≥1. This approach is applied to the compressible flow equations in terms of a velocity potential ø: monotonic convergence is predicted and at each iteration the error is multiplied by a factor less than the square of the greatest Mach number in the solution.Reliable convergence has been obtained in practice solving the linear equation for øn+1 by a finite difference method. The alternative of working in terms of the stream function ψ is discussed, and also discretization by the finite element method.
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of analysis is presented for two structures which have connections with clearance. It is assumed that the behaviour of the structures is described, by the movement of discrete nodes and that as the load on the structure changes, clearances open or close between corresponding nodes on the structures; each time this occurs the stiffness of the combined structure changes because its configuration has changed. Between these changes, the structure will behave linearly and the overall behaviour can be described as piecewise linear. Applications include diesel engine crankshafts with bearing clearances and the wrap-around problem in pin-and-eye connections.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 53-61 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution is presented for the computation of the transient thermoelastic stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature boundary conditions given as a circumferential variation of surface heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is solved explicitly. The problem is set up using the Airy stress function which leads to the biharmonic equation. This approach requires the satisfaction of three Michell integrals at the inner boundary in order to ensure single-valued displacements and rotation. An iterative method is described in which these integrals are all simultaneously satisfied and thus provide the necessary non-zero boundary conditions for the solution of the biharmonic equation which is rapidly solved by Gaussian elimination. Results are presented for the general case where the temperature is a function of r and θ. The computer program is checked by assuming a constant value of the surface heat transfer coefficients. In this case a closed form solution is obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 145-147 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method of solving a set of simultaneous linear equations requires an estimate of the spectral radius of the matrix. Dividing each equation by the corresponding row sum of moduli of the elements of the matrix gives a convenient upper bound of unity to this. This note shows that the DR method then gives a faster asymptotic rate of the convergence than the degenerate Chebyshev method which it closely resembles.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 151-151 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 379-388 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A very simple equation solver of very large capacity is developed. The method described here does not require a very large in-core memory; however, a fast random access device like a magnetic disk drive is required.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 361-377 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The equations governing the axisymmetric dynamic deformation of an elastic solid are considered as a symmetric hyperbolic system of linear first-order partial differential equations. The characteristic properties of the system are determined and a numerical method for obtaining the solution of mixed initial and boundary value problems in elastodynamics is presented. Two examples are considered.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 349-360 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program is described for the analysis of plates in extension using the equivalent plane-framework idealization. The conjugate gradient method is adopted to solve the resulting large number of simultaneous equations. Performance figures are quoted for the program when used on an ICL KDF9 machine with a restriction of 18K on the available core store. The method is generally shown to provide a satisfactory solution to a heavy computational task and thus permits the solution of very large structural systems on a small computer.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 389-403 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An important limitation of finite element analysis, namely, the need for a large number of small elements in regions of finite or infinite stress concentrations and the difficulties of convergence in such cases, is well known. Rao1 suggested a possibility of overcoming this by developing hybrid techniques combining continuum and finite element concepts. In such techniques, each region of stress concentration is covered by one large ‘primary element’ whose description includes term(s) identifying the type and order of concentration, while the remaining structure is split into a few ‘secondary elements’ which are conventional finite elements. In this paper a procedure incorporating this concept is developed and its effectiveness is clearly demonstrated by successful application to two important examples, one of them with stress singularities. The concept, in fact, can be applied equally well to other two- and three-dimensional problems of continua with discontinuities and concentrations.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 415-423 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis is aimed at determination of displacements in elastic-perfectly plastic frames, in the case of monotonically increasing loads. Spread of partial plasticity from hinges and change of geometry on the conditions of equilibrium are not included. Extremum energy principles and linear programming methods are employed to solve the problem. Both the kinematic and the static formulations of the problem are presented. The mathematical models of the formulations constitute a dual pair of linear programming problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 405-413 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In convection heat transfer problems, it is convenient to solve the governing differential equations by using straightforward marching techniques for numerical integration. However, the boundary layer equations in these heat transfer problems are not of the initial value type even though they are parabolic equations. Consequently marching techniques are not successful until correct initial values are known. A means of determining these initial values is presented herein. Selected optimization methods are utilized in conjunction with marching integration techniques to solve third- and fourth-order ordinary differential equations which have three unknown initial boundary conditions. Two optimization methods, one deterministic and the other non-deterministic in nature, are used both independently and in combination as determined by the particular circumstances. Two applications are used to demonstrate the technique and comparison is made with existing solutions.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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