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  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (156)
  • 1975  (156)
  • Electron microscopy  (111)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Rat
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Kidney failure ; Pregnancy ; Electron microscopy ; Hemolytic-uremicsyndrome ; Basement membrane ; Endothelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinico-pathological data from a patient with irreversible post-partum renal failure (IPRF) are presented. The electron microscopy of the late changes are described for the first time and consists of: 1. Thickening of the basement membrane. 2. Interposition of mesangial cells and matrix between the thickened basement membrane and the endothelial cell encircling the periphery of the tuft. 3. Multiplication of basal lamina material between mesangial cells and endothelial cells. 4. Proliferation of endothelial cells. All of the above changes tend to obliterate the glomerular tufts and transform the vascular lumina into slit-like spaces. They explain morphologically why most patients with IPRF terminate in chronic renal failure, if they survive the early changes. The late occurring hypertension is regarded as a secondary stimulation of the renin-angiotension system caused by partial or complete occlusion of arteries and arterioles.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tumors of the skin ; Histogenesis ; Classification ; Labyrinth nuclei ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über den Feinbau folgender Hauttumoren berichtet: Dermatofibrom (7 Fälle), Histiozytom (4 Fälle), Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (1 Fall) und Fibroxanthom (1 Fall). Aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen ultrastrukturellen Merkmale ist eine zweifache Unterteilung dieser Hauttumoren möglich: In eine Tumorgruppe, umfassend das Dermatofibrom, Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans und Fibroxanthom, bei der die Faserbildung im Vordergrund steht und für deren Histogenese Fibroblasten angenommen werden können. Diese Tumortypen unterscheiden sich vom Histiozytom, dessen Zellcharakter vor allem durch die stark ausgeprägte Phagozytose- und Speichertätigkeit (Fett und Hämosiderin) bestimmt wird und für welches eine histogenetische Ableitung von Histiozyten wahrscheinlich ist. Die Zellkerne des Dermatofibromes und des Histiozytomes weisen einen einfachen Oberflächenverlauf auf, die des Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans und Fibroxanthomes haben hingegen sehr stark gegliederte Formationen („Labyrinthkerne”). Diese Kernsegmentierung ist für das Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans ein morphologisches Korrelat seiner Semimalignität. Eine Klassifizierung der faserbildenden Tumoren als „fibröse Histiozytome” erscheint aufgrund der ultrastrukturellen Analyse nicht gerechtfertigt.
    Notes: Summary A report on the ultrastructure of the following skin tumors: dermatofibroma (7 cases), histiocytoma (4 cases), dermatof ibrosarcoma protuberans (1 case), and fibroxanthoma (1 case). Because of their different ultrastructural characteristics a division into two groups is possible: one group of tumors would include dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and fibroxanthoma, where the formation of fibers is extensive and fibroblasts are suggested for its histogenesis. These types of tumor differ from histiocytoma, the cellular character of which is determined by a very pronounced phagocytosis and storage of lipid and hemosiderin; a histogenesis from histiocytes is probable. The nuclei of dermatofibroma and histiocytoma show a simple surfacedevelopment, whereas the nuclei of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and fibroxanthoma show multisegmented nuclei (“labyrinth nuclei”). In the case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans this kind of nuclear segmentation seems to be a morphologic correlate of its semimalignancy. Based on ultrastructural analysis a classification of these fiber-producing tumors into “fibrous histiocytomas” is not justified.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 369 (1975), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Endoplasmic reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourteen liver biopsies from twelve young patients with liver diseases associated with homozygous, PiZZ phenotype, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in their sera were examined by electron microscopy. In all these biopsies characteristic homogeneous material was found in some hepatocytes and corresponded, when observed on adjacent semithin sections by light microscopy, to the deposit stained by periodic acid Schiff reaction. The accumulation in perinuclear spaces resulted in intranuclear invaginations, but the major deposit was located in lumens of the endoplasmic reticulum. The limiting membranes were rough and smooth but the extent of the latter was so large that only this type of reticulum seemed peculiarly involved in the accumulating process. On the contrary, Golgi complexes did not seen obligatorily involved by this process because, when observed, they appeared almost normal even in heavily overloaded liver cells. At least for the PiZZ phenotype, the abnormal substance would be an asialo form of normal alpha-1-antitrypsin. Thus the subject of this study is the morphologic translation of an impairment in the synthesis of a glycoprotein. In the light of data concerning the synthesis of such proteins our findings lead us to suggest: The ultrastructural patterns observed in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency cannot give the expected morphologic evidence of the biochemical data which locate the first binding steps of monosaccharide residues in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of sialic acid could not result from an enzymatic defect primarily located in Golgi complexes but could be secondary to an impairment in the binding of one monosaccharide residue which improves subsequent fixation of sialic acid, in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Finally it seems necessary to emphasize that the relationship between the abnormal substance and various important non specific lesions is largely unknown and that we don't know the significance of polymorphous dense bodies observed in ductular cells during the cholestatic period.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 369 (1975), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; apoB ; LDL ; VLDL ; Immunoperoxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine-structural localization of apoB, the major protein constituent of both the low and very low density plasma lipoprotein fractions, was described in human middle cerebral and basilar arteries. Using an immunoperoxidase technique together with electron microscopy, apoB was localized only in arteries with atherosclerotic involvement and to the following regions in these arteries: 1. on the outer aspects of extracellular spherical structures with diameters of 250 to 700 Å found predominantly in lipid cores and between bands of collagen fibers of advanced atherosclerotic lesions; 2. on the surface of reduplicated elastica; 3. along collagen fibers and; 4. on aggregates of extracellular spherical lipid globules. These results suggest that the extracellular spheres may represent the fine-structural morphology of deposited low and very low density lipoproteius and that free apoB may be bound to lipid globules, elastica, and collagen fibers.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 368 (1975), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Calcium ; Parathyroid glands ; Chief cells ; Oxyphil cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the potassium pyroantimonate technique for ultrastructural localization of cations and X-ray elemental analysis with both energy dispersive and wave-length dispersive systems, calcium-containing precipitates were found in normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous human parathyroid glands. Differences were observed between oxyphil cells, and suppressed, stimulated and active chief cells in the content and localization of intracellular precipitation. The oxyphil cells and suppressed chief cells possessed precipitates mainly in nuclei and medium-sized and large mitochondria, whereas the stimulated chief cells possessed precipitates in normal-appearing and morphologically altered mitochondria, and in smooth-surfaced vacuoles and cytosol. The active chief cells usually showed a rather sparse precipitation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vinblastine ; Liver ; Perisinusoidal cell ; Microtubules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vinblastine, given intravenously to rats, leads to disappearance of microtubules, formation of paracrystalline inclusions and accumulation of fat droplets in the cytoplasm of the perisinusoidal cells of the liver suggesting that microtubules of the perisinusoidal cells play a role in lipid metabolism.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymph nodes ; lymphography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most the lymphatic system in the rat was directly observed in our experiment by radiological means. The lymphatics of the limbs were firstly revealed by subcutaneous injection of Patent Blue V. Lipiodol was used as radio-opaque compound injected by a micro-technique fully described by the authors.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 55 (1975), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Rubratoxine B ; Mitochondria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondria and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 293-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Golden hamster ; Senescent ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Implantation was compared in young (3–5 month) and senescent (14–17 month) golden hamsters at 3, 31/2, 4, 41/2, 5, and 51/2 days of pregnancy (post-ovulation). One hundred twenty-two embryos (89 from 22 young females and 33 from 18 senescent females) located in utero by cutting thick sections (1–3 μm), were re-embedded and thin-sectioned for electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally implantation and embryonic differentiation was delayed approximately 12 hours in the senescent hamster when compared with young hamsters at the same stage of pregnancy. Failure of the blastocyst to implant would not appear to be a major cause of the declining litter size in aged golden hamsters.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Temporal cortex ; Synaptogenesis ; Retzius-Cajal cells ; Poly morphous cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The onset of synaptogenesis was studied in the temporal cortex of rat fetuses whose age ranged between 15 and 19 days of gestation. First synapses were found at a surprisingly early stage of cortical development: on day 16. These contacts showed relatively few vesicles and very inconspicuous membrane-thickenings. They were located in the marginal layer, above as well as below the narrow band formed by the newly arrived first neuroblasts of the prospective cortical plate. The postsynaptic structures were probably dendrites of the horizontally or obliquely orientated neurons scattered throughout the marginal layer (such neurons were seen even within the cell-dense band). On day 17, the cortical plate separated the differentiated cells definitely into a superficial and a deep population. As on the following days, synapses were found above and below the cortical plate but not within it. In addition to contacts showing the same features as those described on day 16, there were already synapses with numerous vesicles and clearly asymmetric membrane thickenings. On days 18 and 19 the borders of the cortical plate became more clear-cut. The well-differentiated neurons situated above and below this plate could now be identified as Retzius-Cajal cells of the prospective molecular layer and as polymorphous cells of the layer VI b respectively. The presence of axo-somatic contacts on these neurons provided direct evidence that both cell types are targets for synapses. Desmosome-like junctions were found even in the youngest fetuses studied. Their roughly symmetric membrane thickenings were clearly more conspicuous than those of earliest synapses. Desmosome-like junctions occurred very frequently between structures which subsequently were never seen to become synaptically linked. During the entire period studied, numerous coated vesicles fused with cell membranes were noted. Such “open” vesicles were seen on neurons (sometimes in the immediate vicinity of synapses) but also on non-nervous, extracortical as well as intracortical structures. Thus there does not seem to be a specific relationship between desmosome-like junctions and coated vesicles on the one hand and synapse formation on the other.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Paraganglionic cells ; Rat ; Guanethidine ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraganglionic cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy following treatment with guanethidine for 5–30 days. Control animals received saline and guanidine. Fluorescence cytophotometric measurements revealed a general decrease in the catecholamine content of paraganglionic cells in guanethidine-treated animals. However a few cell clusters showed focal increases. Similarly by electron microscopy there was a general decrease in the number of dense core vesicles in the majority of paraganglionic cells with a minority of cell clusters showing increases.—guanethidine—as well as guanidine—treated animals showed non-specific cytological alterations such as mitochondrial swelling and increase of cytoplasmic glycogen. However no changes of catecholamine contents and of dense core vesicles were noted in control animals. These results confirm the conception that in rat paraganglionic cells the dense core vesicles are the main storage site of catecholamines. The marked difference in the response of some cell clusters to the experimental treatment can be considered as evidence of functional heterogeneity of this cell population in the rat superior cervical ganglion.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 225-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Sympathetic ganglion ; Culture ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immature sympathetic ganglia prepared from 51/2- or 6-day-old chick embryos were cultured up to one month. The in vitro development was followed by phase microscopy, electron microscopy and using histochemistry for catecholamines, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterases. During the first week of culture extensive plexuses of nerve fibres were formed between and around the clusters of nerve cells. Mature-looking neurons were observed in the cultures by phase microscopy after three weeks, at which age the mean diameter of the perikarya was more than doubled. Varying catecholamine fluorescence was observed in the perikarya during the entire culture period. The nerve fibres showed usually only weak fluorescence, but, in the older cultures, bright varicosities were regularly found in the fibres. Monoamine oxidase activity was demonstrated already at three days of culture and the reaction was maintained positive. Weak or moderate acetyl-cholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic neurons and their processes. The axolemma showed acetylcholinesterase activity also around the nerve terminals containing small dense cored vesicles. Reactions for the non-specific cholinesterases were negative. Electron microscopy of the 30-day-old cultures revealed that the clusters of nerve cells consisted of mature sympathetic neurons, which contained large (60–200 nm) and small (35–60 nm) granular catecholamine-storing vesicles. Glial cells were almost totally lacking. Large numbers of nerve terminals containing both large and small granular vesicles were observed in the clusters, often in synaptic contact with the sympathetic neurons. It is concluded that the primitive sympathicoblasts are, in favourable conditions, capable of differentiation in culture up to mature sympathetic neurons.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 279-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retinogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Guinea pig ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic examination of retinogenesis in the fetal guinea pig has revealed an early development of synapses and photoreceptor cells. Differentiation of the neural retina begins around day 23 of gestation. By 34 days the retina reaches its maximum thickness. It differentiates an inner plexiform layer in which vesicle-containing processes and primitive synapses are evident. Synaptic ribbons are found in processes of this layer by 43–45 days of gestation. An outer plexiform layer develops within the neuroblast layer at 40 days of gestation; from its first appearance the outer plexiform layer contains synapses complete with synaptic ribbons. Receptor terminals of the α, paranuclear and β type are present well before birth. Photoreceptor cells form inner segments by 40 days; the formation of outer segments is indicated by 45 days but not widespread until 49 days. The retina appears mature by day 51–57. It is clear that the primate is not unique in the early differentiation of its retinal synapses relative to the time of maturation of its photoreceptor cells. The potential functional capacities of precocious retinae, and the mechanisms of synapse development are discussed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Iris ; Melanogenesis ; Chicken embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris anlage of 2–10 and 15 days old chicken embryos were studied histochemically, and by both light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic serial sections showed that pigmentation began at the outer layer of the posterior eye pole and progressed from there forwards to the optic cup margin. The entire outer layer of the optic cup as well as the pupillary margin were completely pigmented by the 4th day of incubation. By the 10th day the posterior iris epithelium was totally pigmented. Electron microscopical studies showed that the first premelanosomes appeared at about the 3rd day of incubation in the anterior iris anlage with the exception of the pupillary margin. It could be shown that melanogenesis progressed through the following steps: premelanosomes, followed by tyrosinase activity in a Golgi-associated system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (GERL) and small vesicles and finally differentiation of the melanosomes. The possible origin of the premelanosomes and the formation of melanin are discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin releasing factor ; Neurosecretion ; Hypophysis ; X-irradiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 195 female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy, total body X-irradiation and dexamethasone treatment on the amount of CRF-granules in the external zone of the median eminence and “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) in the internal zone of the median and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis has been studied. In the normal rat only very few CRF-granules occur. 15 days after adrenalectomy increased amounts of CRF-granules but normal amounts of “classical” NSM are found. X-irradiation leads to a slight diminishment of “classical” NSM in normal rats. In adrenalectomized animals X-irradiation causes no changes in the amount of “classical” NSM but a marked decrease in the amount of CRF-granules. Application of dexamethasone from the 15th to 18th day after adrenalectomy enhances the augmentation of CRF-granules in irradiated and non-irradiated rats but does not influence the amount of “classical” NSM. The findings show that no correlation exists between the quantitative changes of CRF-granules and “classical” NSM under the experimental conditions used. Therefore it is to be assumed that the release of the two substances is regulated by different control mechanisms and that the substances have a different functional significance. The observations do not exclude the possibility that CRF-granules and “classical” NSM are biochemically identical.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 8 (1975), S. 319-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Self-interstitials in silicon ; Swirls ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Point defect agglomerates in dislocation-free silicon crystals, usually called “swirls”, have been investigated by means of high-voltage electron microscopy. It was found that a single swirl defect consists of a dislocation loop or a cluster of dislocation loops. By contrast experiments it could be shown that these loops are formed by agglomeration of self-interstitial atoms. Generally the loops have a/2〈110〉 Burgers vectors, but in specimens with high concentrations of carbon (∼1017 cm−3) and oxygen (∼1016 cm−3) also dislocation loops including a stacking fault were observed. In crystals grown at growth rates higher thanv=4 mm/min no swirls are observed; lower growth rates do not markedly affect the size and shape of the dislocation loops. With decreasing impurity content (particulary of oxygen and carbon) the swirl density decreases, whereas the dislocation loop clusters become larger and more complex. A model is presented which describes the formation of swirls in terms of agglomeration of silicon self-interstitials and impurity atoms.
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  • 19
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    Inflammation research 5 (1975), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymphostatic encephalopathy ; Harmine ; Tremor ; Antiphlogistics ; Blood-brain barrier ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Injection of the tremorigenic alkaloid harmine into lymphostatic encephalopathic rats leads to a longer duration of tremor and higher brain concentrations than in shamoperated controls. In lymphostatic encephalopathic as well as in normal rats different antiphlogistics shorten the tremor duration and decrease harmine concentraion in brain. The antiphlogistics do not influence the plasma concentration of harmine, its protein binding and its tremorend concentration in brain. The effect of antiphlogistics in lymphostatic encephalopathic rats is considered as a consequence of the reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. Obviously in sick animals the blood-brain barrier permeability for harmine is not increased; the prolonged harmine tremor and the increased alkaloid concentration in the brain are consequences of the impaired cerebral lymphatic drainage only.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex encephalitis ; Blood-vessels ; Reactive microglia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Generalized vascular changes and diffused proliferation of reactive microglia were observed in an experimental model of HSV encephalitis of mice. The wide spread of these changes contrasted with the localized character of virus replication and the confined areas of damaged nervous tissue. The vascular and microglial changes were precocious in animals inoculated with concentrated virus suspension (105.5LD50) while they appeared late in mice inoculated with diluted virus suspension (100 LD50). After inoculation with U.V. inactivated virus no changes were seen. The results obtained in this study suggest that the vascular and microglial modifications are not related to a direct cytopathic effect of the virus but dependent on the amount of virus present in the central nervous system and linked to the virus DNA.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's disease ; Macrophage ; Electron microscopy ; Brain involvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A man of 22 with Whipple's disease suffered from an acute febrile state and unconsciousness. Focal inflammatory lesions accompanied by large numbers of peculiar macrophages occurred in thalamus and basal ganglia. The electron microscopic findings conform to previous reports on brain involvement in Whipple's disease.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy ; Brain ; Peripheral nerve ; Kidney ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural characteristics of storage products in peripheral nerve, kidney and cerebral white matter, from a case of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy are described. There were pronounced differences from the fine structural aspects in late infantile cases. A large proportion of the inclusions did not exhibit a unit membrane. An hypothesis is proposed to clarify the delayed manifestation of this type of metachromatic leukodystrophy until adulthood.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick disease ; Storage distribution ; Cerebral vascular glycolipid ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical study is reported of regional differences of the lipid storage in a case of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type C. Besides tissues known to be affected (reticuloendothelium, hepatocytes, nervous system), storage was demonstrated in adrenal cortical spongiocytes, sweat glands, renal glomerular and tubular cells, smooth muscle, excretory tubules of some salivary glands, ependyma and in choroid plexus. In most tissues were stored sphingomyelin, cholesterol and a small amount of a glycosphingolipid. In the endothelium of cerebral and spinal vessels the main stored lipid was a glycosphingolipid. The significance of these regional differences are discussed and their study is recommended as a useful counterpart to the biochemical investigation.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Pathology ; Electron microscopy ; Homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of the perineurium to the following experimental systems was investigated by light and electron microscopy: nerve crush, cold lesion and microinjection of (a) histamine liberator, (b) potassium cyanide, (c) lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC). Where myelin breakdown occurred, lipid globules were seen within Schwann cells, macrophages and also perineurial cells. Where increased vascular permeability occurred, proteinaceous material leaked from endoneurial vessels into the endoneurial space and later appeared between perineurial laminae. It is suggested that the normal homeostatic function of the perineurium is extended in pathology to the removal of protein and lipid debris. In this way the perineurium contributes to the restoration of the normal microenvironment of peripheral nerve fibres.
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  • 25
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Cytoplasmic calcospherules ; Non-dystrophic ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Infantile thalamic degeneration is a rare clinico-pathological entity. Restricted location of the lesion and peculiar cytopathological changes serve to distinguish this disorder from other common encephalopathies. Optical and ultrastructural studies demonstrate cytoplasmic calcopherules in previously viable cells. According to current concepts of acute cellular reactions to injury and mechanism of intracellular calcification, the cytological changes cannot be attributed to either hypoxic ischemic cell change or dystrophic calcification. By analogy to other human and pathological material, the most likely basis for nondystrophic calcopherule formation is toxic or infectious injury with local synthesis, or autophagic or phagolysosomal degradation of cellular debris of specific chemical composition favoring calcium deposition.
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  • 26
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Experimental epilepsy ; Oedema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three different types of lesions have been studied in the cortex of the cat, by means of electroencephalography and electron microscopy. These three types of lesions can be listed in order of increasing magnitude according to their capacity to induce abnormal electrical activity: 1. incision of the cortex gives paroxymal activity, 2. intracortical insertion of a resin pellet generates weak epileptic activity, 3. intracortical insertion of a cobalt resin pellet produces epileptic activity. A parallel can be drawn between electrophysiological and anatomical data: there seems to be a quantitative relationship between the degree of epileptic activity and the extent of perilesional tissue. Furthermore, in this perilesional tissue, oedema is observed, the intensity of which varies according to the type of lesion. Thus, the epileptic activity of a lesion seems to be proportional not only to the volume of the perilesional tissue but also to the development of the oedema.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 207-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM2-Gangliosidosis, AB Variant ; Hexosaminidase A and B ; Electron microscopy ; Membranous cytoplasmic inclusions ; Zebra bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and neuropathological studies of a case of AB variant GM2-gangliosidosis have been presented. The patient was a 14 months old black female infant who had “black cherry spot” in the retinas. The total activities of β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase, as well as the proportion of hexosaminidase A and B components in her serum and leukocytes were normal when the assays were carried out with artificial fluorogenic substrate. Diagnosis of GM2-gangliosidosis AB variant was established by an abnormal increase of GM2-ganglioside in the biopsied brain tissue, similar to classical Tay-Sachs disease. Her clinical manifestation appeared to be similar but somewhat milder than those of classical Tay-Sachs disease. Light microscopic features of the cerebral biopsy were also closely similar to Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease but gliosis and neuronal loss were less pronounced. Electron microscopic study revealed numerous membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) and zebra bodies in neurons. In addition, varieties of large intracytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, a feature distinctly different from classical Tay-Sachs disease, were observed. Numerous cytoplasmic inclusions were also present in oligodendroglia, pericytes and microglial cells.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS tumours ; Methylnitrosourea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Clonal growth ; Serum-free culture ; db cAMP treatment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six clones from methylnitrosourea (MNU) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) induced tumours obtained in the nervous system of the rat were cultured in serum-free medium or treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) in vitro. All clones originated from longterm cultures. Three clones forming sarcomas after syngeneic transplantation showed only very slight changes following treatment, whereas the three glioma clones showed striking alterations. They formed long processes or showed rounding of their perikarya. In serum-free medium the cellular shape is intermediate between that seen in normal conditions and that seen in db cAMP treated cultures. The altered cultures resemble the primary cultures of the respective tumours. The relationship of these alterations to tumour types are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 343-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora disease ; Myocardium ; Deposits ; Enzame histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the myocardium of 3 Japanese patients with Lafora disease were carried out. Deposits in the myocardium stained positively with PAS, Best's carmine and Lugol's indine. After digestion of the sections with α-amylase, the deposits disappeared or were less intense, in particular with PAS staining. Phosphorylase activity was deficient in the myocardium of Case 3, when compared with controls, both of which were kept frozen at −20°C following autopsy. Electron microscopy revealed that the deposits were not membrane-bound and consisted of fine particles and fibrillae. The nature of the deposits is diseussed.
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  • 30
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    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; blood glucose ; plasma insulin ; pancreas perfusion ; insulin secretion ; thyroxine ; glucose ; tolbutamide ; pyruvate ; isoprenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroxine treatment increases blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the rat. The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide is more pronounced in treated animals. The immediate insulin secretory response of the isolated perfused pancreas to maximal, but not to submaximal, glucose stimuli was increased after thyroxine treatment, especially in the lower dose range. However, as thyroxine treatment reduces insulin release during the prolonged late phase, the total amount of insulin released from the pancreas is reduced. Both the early response to tolbutamide and the subsequent basal secretion were increased after thyroxine treatment. When the pancreas of treated rats was exposed to glucose plus pyruvate the inhibition of the late phase was reversed. Isoprenaline did not overcome the inhibitory effect of thyroxine treatment on the late phase of glucose-induced insulin release. Thyroxine induces a selective inhibition of glucose induced insulin release which is reversed by pyruvate; this indicates that thyroxine interferes with the glycolysis in the beta cell.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; ammonium infusion ; blood ammonia ; glucose metabolism ; plasma immunoreactive insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to explain the abnormalities of glucose metabolism previously observed in patients with blood ammonia elevation, the effect of a transitory hyperammonemia on I. V. glucose tolerance was investigated in rats. An I. V. glucose tolerance test was performed in 3 groups of 15 rats 60 min after the beginning of a 95 min infusion of either a 2 ml isotonic NaCl solution (control group) or ammonium acetate solutions at low (0.50 μmol/kg/min. NH4+) or high doses (1.70 μmol/kg/min NH4+). The “high” NH4+infusion produced an increase of blood ammonia to levels near 1000 μg/100 ml, a significant decrease in the K coefficient for glucose disappearance (2.53 × 10−2±0.20 compared to 4.92 × 10−2±0.13 in control group) and a suppression of the radioimmunological plasma insulin (I.R.I.) response to glucose. With the “low” NH4 + infusion the hyperammonemia was less pronounced (200–300 μg/100 ml), but the decrease in K(3.02 × 10−2±0.15) and in the first phase of I.R.I, release remained significant. The decrease in glucose disappearance rate could be accounted for by the proportional decrease in insulin secretion. Thus glucose intolerance induced by ammonium acetate infusions may be due to a direct effect of NH4 + on the pancreas. These abnormalities in glucose metabolism depend on the quantity of infused ammonium.
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  • 32
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    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventrobasal thalamus complex ; Thermosensitivity ; Burstactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recordings were made of spike-trains from 163 neurons of the rostral part of the ventrobasal thalamus complex of the rat while the temperature of the scrotal skin was altered. The following results were obtained: 55 neurons were nonthermosensitive, 7 neurons cold-sensitive and 101 neurons warm-sensitive. In the case of the warm-sensitive cells a definite discrimination was possible: 61.4% of the neurons altered their firing behavior during peripheral cooling, changing from relatively even spike frequency to burst firing. This change could be induced repeatedly by altering the temperature. 38.6% of the neurons, on the other hand, reacted to cooling by slowing down their frequency. By way of statistical methods the firing patterns of the two response-types were analyzed more precisely and the differences in response to temperature stimuli more exactly defined. Likewise, the spatial distribution of the two response-types of warm-sensitive cells exhibited differences; whereas the cells devoid of burst activity occured rather uniformly in the region of the thalamus studied, the cells with bursting activity were confined more to the mediocaudal region. These findings are discussed with regard to the phenomenon of peripheral bursts and to the projection of thermoafferent pathways onto the ventrobasal thalamus complex. The functional interpretation of the various cell reactions and their role in the central processing of thermoafferent signals still remains unexplained and requires comparative studies of peripheral and central parts of the thermoafferent system.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Subsurface cisterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative ultrastructural survey was made of subsurface cisterns and their association with overlying structures in the left hypoglossal nucleus of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal axotomies 7–84 days previously. Subsurface cisterns in normal rats occurred in some hypoglossal neurones, and, sporadically, in proximal dendrites. They were mostly subsynaptic, and often associated with Nissl substance. From 7–14 days postoperatively, when many somatic boutons temporarily lost contact with the perikaryal surface, and were replaced by a microglial sheath, the percentage of perikaryon with underlying cistern was significantly reduced. The Nissl substance was also dispersed at this stage, and not restored until 28 days postoperatively. At 21 days normal percentages of subsurface cistern were restored, but the cisterns were now mostly subastrocytic, an astrocytic sheath having replaced the microglial sheath. From 63 days onwards the cisterns were mostly subsynaptic again as boutons returned to the regenerating perikarya and the temporary astrocytic sheath disappeared. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns might alter the overlying perikaryal surface in some way during neuronal regeneration, causing certain boutons to adhere there.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 525-540 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Supraoptic nucleus ; Quantitative electron microscopy ; Afferent fiber connections ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative electron microscopic study of synaptic terminal degeneration was performed in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) after a variety of major transections or ablations, destroying or interrupting in different combinations the afferent pathways known from earlier and own light microscopic degeneration studies. Solutions of a set of equations, expressing the percentage degenerations in synaptic profiles after different combinations in which the several pathways are interrupted by the various interferences, enabled the authors to give the following percentage numbers for afferent synapses from different sources. 32.7% of supraoptic afferents originate from the brain stem probably representing the monoaminergic innervation of this nucleus. The medial basal hypothalamus (21.0%), amygdala (13.5%), septum (13.5%), hippocampus (8.5%) and olfactory tubercle and further rostral cortical region (17.0%) are the other main sites of origin of supraoptic nucleus afferents. There are no supraoptic afferents from the optic nerve, superior cervical ganglion or fimbria hippocampi.
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  • 35
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 34 (1975), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: N,N-Dimethylformamide ; Embryotoxicity ; Rat ; Inhalation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study, which was conducted for industrial toxicological reasons, was to investigate the possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects after inhalation of dimethylformamide in rats. In a dynamic inhalation apparatus groups of 22–23 rats were subjected to approx. 18 ppm (maximum allowable concentration in the working area, MAC=20 ppm) and 172 ppm in the air for 6 hrs/day on 10 consecutive days, i.e. from the 6th to 15th day of gestation. The dimethylformamide inhalation did not cause any visible impairment to female rats as regards general behaviour, appearance or weight development during the treatment or the entire gestation period. The gestation rate was unchanged. The development of the fetuses was not influenced in any way by the exposure of the pregnant animals to approx. 18 ppm. In contrast the fetuses taken by caesarean section from the dams exposed to 172 ppm weighed significantly less than the fetuses of the control animals. Skeletal development of these fetuses, however, was normal. All other reproduction parameters were within the normal range for this strain. The study showed that the inhalation of dimethylformamide in concentration up to approx. 10 times the MAC had no teratogenic effect on rats.
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  • 36
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    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Social behaviour ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: High Altitude ; Coronary Blood Flow ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Rat ; TissueP O 2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats exposed to a simulated high altitude of 3500 m for their whole prenatal and postnatal life a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops. In rats born and first staying 5 weeks at sea level and then being exposed to simulated high altitude, only a unilateral right cardiac hypertrophy occurs. In both groups nutritional coronary blood flow was estimated in left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum and was compared with control animals of similar age. Coronary blood flow was measured at hypoxia in all groups. At first cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle, then86Rb was applied and the animals were killed after 55 sec. Activity of86Rb was measured in both cardiac ventricles and septum and the fractional uptake was calculated. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the distribution of86Rb follows the distribution of cardiac output and from both these data the nutritional blood flow to the parts of the heart may be estimated. Cardiac output was similar in rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life (“newcomers”) and in control animals, but it was significantly lower in rats born in the low pressure chamber (“natives”). Fractions of cardiac output supplying cardiac ventricles and septum in rats from both hypoxic groups were significantly higher than in control animals. In the “natives” they were significantly higher than in the “newcomers”. The fractions of cardiac output in both “newcomers” and “natives” remained significantly higher than those of the control animals, also when calculated per gram of heart tissue. Nutritional coronary blood flow (in ml/min) was higher in both ventricles and septum of the “newcomers” and in the right ventricle of the “natives”, and lower in the septum of the “natives”, when compared with control animals. Coronary blood flow per gram of heart tissue (in ml/min·g) was significantly higher in all cardiac parts of the “newcomers”, but it was about the same in all cardiac parts of the “natives” when compared with controls. The importance of observed changes concerning myocardial tissue oxygenation is analyzed by using Krogh's cylindrical tissue model.
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  • 38
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    Pflügers Archiv 357 (1975), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Allantoin ; Uricase ; Kidney ; Clearance ; Micropuncture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal excretion of allantoin was measured by tracer techniques. After injection of 2-C14 urate and H3 inulin, clearances of allantoin and inulin were measured and both proximal and distal tubules were micropunctured. In confirmation of earlier results 2-C14 urate injected into an intact animal is very rapidly converted to C14 allantoin: after 15 min more than 90% of urinary tracer is present as allantoin. It was further observed that 1) allantoin clearance is essentially identical with inulin clearance over a wide range of urine flows; 2) no net transport of allantoin occurs in either proximal or distal tubules. Clearly allantoin is handled by the rat kidney like inulin. The total excretion of filtered allantoin unlike that of filtered urate provides an easy and effective mechanism for animals possessing the enzyme uricase to dispose of their purine loads.
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  • 39
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    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 171-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Enzyme Secretion ; Hormonal Stimulation ; Narcosis ; Pancreas ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A method for collecting duodenal juice and gastric content separately, in conscious rats, is described. Metal cannulas were implanted into the stomach fundus. For the main experiment a double lumen tube was inserted through the cannula via the pylorus into the duodenum. 2. The following secretion patterns were observed: a) In the resting state there was a constant flow rate of duodenal volume, bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. b) Cholinergic stimuli were capable of increasing enzyme secretion as much as fourfold for a period of 30 to 40 min when administered as a single subcutaneous injection. This effect was annulled by atropine. c) Secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin given together in a single injection s. c. or i. v., elicited a similarly strong response. d) Identical ranges of the secretion maxima were found with a tendency to decrease after the first hour, when the hormones were infused either s. c. or i. v. e) Doses from 0.5 to 25 U/100 g b. w./hr showed identical responses. Doses below 0.2 U/100 g/hr were without effect. 3. Narcosis (pentobarbital) inhibited markedly the resting and stimulated enzyme secretion. 4. The method is suitable for examination of physiological and pharmacological effects on resting and stimulated enzyme secretion of the rat pancreas.
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  • 40
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    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Regeneration ; Muscle Transplantation ; Contractile Properties of Muscle Transplants ; Denervation of Muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely grafted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2–4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction time approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.
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  • 41
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    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left hypoglossal nuclei of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal nerve axotomies 7–21 days previously, were studied by electron microscopy after injection of horseradish peroxidase as a marker of extracellular space and pinocytosis. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of pinocytotically-derived structures in presynaptic boutons was significantly increased in rats at 7, 14, and 21 days after axotomy when compared with normal rats. It was suggested that presynaptic boutons which became detached from injured neurones retracted by a membrane cycling mechanism involving pinocytotic uptake of bouton plasmalemma, without compensatory membrane production elsewhere. It was confirmed that the channels in the microglial cells communicated with the extracellular space.
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  • 42
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    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Glafenine ; Chloroquine ; 4-Amino-7-chloroquinoline ; Rat ; Glafenin ; Chloroquin ; 4-Amino-7-chlorchinolin ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei oraler Zufuhr in einer Dosierung von 150 bis 450 mg/kg 2 Tage hintereinander an etwa 100 g schweren Ratten bewirkt Glafenin eine vorübergehende Nephritis mit Steigerung von Blutharnstoff, Hypertrophie der Nebennieren und Veränderungen des Serumproteinogramms. An die 4-Amino-7-chlorochinolin-Struktur scheinen diese toxischen Wirkungen nicht gebunden zu sein, denn die ähnlichen Derivate, Chloroquin und Amodiaquin, rufen sie in äquimolekulären Dosen nicht hervor. Glycerol, ein im Organismus entstehendes Hydrolysisprodukt des Glafenins, zeigte sich auch wirkungslos. Die Toxicität ist wahrscheinlich auf das Glafenin selbst oder sein saures Abbauprodukt 4-(0-carboxyphenylammo-7-chlorochinolin, zurückzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract When given orally in elevated but nonlethal doses (150 to 450 mg/kg, on 2 consecutive days), glafenine induces in rats (body weight 100 g) a transient nephritis with an increase in blood urea, hypertrophy of adrenals, and some changes in the serum proteinogram. These effects do not appear to be due to the 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline structure from which glafenine is derived, as they are not observed with the structural analogue chloroquine given at equimolar doses under the same conditions. Further, they do not appear to be due to glycerol, the by-product of metabolic glafenine hydrolysis. The responsible molecule appears to be either glafenine itself or its acid metabolite 4-(0-carboxyphenylamino) 7-chloroquinoline.
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  • 43
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    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead ; Chelating agents ; Toxicity ; Rat ; Blei ; Chelatbildner ; Toxicität ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intraperitoneale Verabfolgung von Pb-Acetat führt zu einer mäßigen und vorübergehenden hypochromen Anämie, zu einer lang dauernden erhöhten Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure mit dem Urin, während die Ausscheidung der alkalischen Phosphatase überhaupt nicht und die von Lactatdehydrogenase nur geringfügig beeinflußtwird. Es wird gefolgert, daß weder die hamatologische Reaktion noch die angedeutete Nephrotoxicität für die letale Wirkung von Pb verantwortlich sind. Die Chelattherapie begann 3 Tage nach der letzten Pb-Dosis und erstreckte sich auf 7 Wochen, wobei die intraperitoneale Tages-dosis 25, 50 bzw. 100 μmol/kg betrug. Die Wirksamkeit in bezug auf die Erhöhung der Pb-Ausscheidung mit dem Urin nahm in der Reihenfolge ab: Ca-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat 〉 Zn-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 D-Penicillamin. Das vermehrt ausgeschiedene Pb stammt im wesentlichen aus dem Skelett. Die Chelatbildner erniedrigten ebenfalls die Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure, erwiesen sich aber als unwirksam, die hämatologische Reaktion und die letale Wirkung von Pb günstig zu beeinflussen. Durch diese negativen Ergebnisse wird der Wert der Chelatbehandlung von Fällen akuter Pb-Vergiftung in Frage gestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of Pb acetate (5 × 20 mg Pb/kg per day) evokes a moderate and transient hypochromic anemia, a long-lasting enhanced urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid whereas the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase is not affected and that of lactic debyhrogenase only marginally. It is concluded that neither the hematologic response nor the slight nephrotoxicity are responsible for the lethal action of Pb. Chelate treatment started 3 days after the last Pb dose and was continued over 7 weeks. The daily intraperitoneal dose was 25, 50, and 100 μmol/kg, respectively. The efficacy in promoting the urinary excretion of Pb decreased in the following order: Ca diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate 〉 Zn diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 D-penicillamine. This effect was mainly due to the mobilization of skeletal Pb. The chelating agents also lowered the excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid but failed to exert a beneficial influence on the anemia and the lethal action of Pb. These negative results raise questions about the usefulness of chelation therapy in cases of acute Pb poisoning.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfate ; Cyanide-Thiocyanate ; Route of Administration ; Drug Biotransformation ; Rat ; Mouse ; Chinese Hamster ; Acrylonitril ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfat ; Cyanid ; Thiocyanat ; Applikationsart ; Biotransformation ; Ratte ; Maus ; Chinesischer Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wistar Ratten, Standard-Albinomäuse und chinesische Hamster (Weibchen) erhielten eine einmalige Dosis von Acrylonitril, 0,5 oder 0,75 mmol/kg Gewicht. Die Ausscheidung des Thiocyanats, Hauptmetaboliten des Acrylonitrils, wies bei Ratten nach einer oralen (20 %), intraperitonealen und subcutanen (2 bis 5%) und intravenösen (1 %) Applikation einen sinkenden Umwandlungsanteil auf. Auch bei Hamstern und Mäusen rief die orale Verabreichung eine höhere Umwandlung hervor als bei der intraperitonealen Zufuhr. Die Vorbehandlung von Ratten mit Phenobarbital, SKF 525-A, Cystein oder Dimercaptopropanol, hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Ausscheidung von Thiocyanat im Harn. Hingegen erhöhte die gleichzeitige Applikation von Thiosulfat bedeutend den Anteil von Thiocyanat, und zwar bei Ratten fast zweifach, bei Mäusen mehr als dreifach. Die Studie bestätigt den ausgeprägten Einfluß der Verteilung (first pass metabolic phenomenon) auf das metabolische Schicksal von Acrylonitril. Anscheinend ist die starke Bindung von Acrylonitril und die Cyanoethylierung für den so markanten Einfluß der Applikationsart verantwortlich. Nach oraler, intraperitonealer und intravenöser Applikation von Acrylonitril wurde dieser bei Mäusen effektiver in Thiocyanat metabolisiert als bei Ratten. Die größere Umwandlung von Acrylonitril in Thiocyanat und die stärkere Senkung seiner akuten Toxicität nach Thiosulfat deuten auf eventuelle Unterschiede im Mechanismus der toxischen Wirkung von Acrylonitril bei Mäusen und Ratten hin. In der Toxicität des Acrylonitrils für Ratten spielt Cyanid anscheinend eine kleine Rolle, wohl aber für Mäuse.
    Notes: Abstract Female Wistar rats, conventional albino mice, and Chinese hamsters were given a single dose of acrylonitrile, 0.5 or 0.75 mM/kg body weight. The elimination in the urine of thiocyanate, which is the main metabolite of acrylonitrile, indicated a decreasing proportion of biotransformation after oral (over 20 %), intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous (2 to 5 %), and intravenous (1 %) administration in rats. Oral administration of acrylonitrile in hamsters and mice was also followed by higher biotransformation than intraperitoneal administration. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, SKF 525 A, cysteine, or dimercaprol did not significantly influence elimination of thiocyanate in the urine after the administration of acrylonitrile, but simultaneous administration of thiosulfate significantly increased the metabolized portion of acrylonitrile given intraperitoneally in rats (almost twice) and mice (more than three times). Acrylonitrile was found to be strongly bound in blood. The study confirmed the marked effect of distribution (first-pass metabolic phenomenon) on the metabolic fate of foreign compounds. The strong acrylonitrile binding and cyanoethylation are apparently responsible for the unusually high influence of the different routes of administration on the metabolic fate of acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile was more effectively metabolized to thiocyanate in mice than in rats after oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration. A greater response of acrylonitrile to thiocyanate metabolism and a larger decrease in its acute toxicity after thiosulfate in mice than in rats indicate possible differences in the mechanism of acrylonitrile toxicity in these animals. Cyanide apparently plays a minor role in the acrylonitrile toxicity in rats, but may play quite an important one in mice.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Lung fibrosis ; Rat ; Paraquat ; Lungenfibrose ; Ratte ; Paraquatlunge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Erzeugung einer Lungenfibrose bei Spraque-Dawley-Ratten mittels mehrfacher Injektion von Paraquat intraperitoneal beschrieben. Notwendige Dosierungen, Intervalle zwischen den Injektionen sowie der zeitliche Ablauf der histologischen Veränderungen werden dargelegt.
    Notes: Summary An experimental model of lung fibrosis by multiple i.p. injections of the herbicide Paraquat is described. The schedules, intervals between injections and histological changes are described.
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  • 46
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    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichophyton terrestre ; Trichophyton rubrum ; Hyphal fusions ; Origin of intra-hyphal hyphae ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty hyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.
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  • 47
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    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bean ; Rust ; Haustorium ; Sheath ; Autoradiography ; Infection ; Electron microscopy ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Uromyces phaseoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tritium labeled uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli were produced be feeding the host, Phaseolus vulgaris, with 3H-orotic acid. These spores were allowed to germinate on and to penetrate into a bean leaf. 24 hrs after inoculation, the bean rust had formed the first haustorium. All fungal structures, including the fungus walls, were heavily labeled. No label could be detected in the cells that had come into contact with the hyphae. In the infected host cell, the haustorium was labeled heavily, but the sheath around the haustorium and the host cell remained free of label. These results indicate that no detectable amounts of label leach from the bean rust into the host at this stage of infection although it is known that the rust takes up many metabolites. Since the sheath remains free of label and all fungal structures are evenly labeled, it is concluded that the sheath is formed by the host.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD-25 ; UML ; Acute ; Chronic ; Behaviour ; 5-HT ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Successive daily injections of LSD-25 and UML (1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide) caused progressive depression of brain 5-HT levels in the rat. On the fourth day, the decrease was significant with respect to the highly significant fall observed after a single administration, whereas it had been shown earlier that conditioned behaviour is no longer affected by LSD-25 after 3 days and that simultaneous administration of a single dose of LSD-25 and UML is equally ineffective in this respect. Its depression of 5-HT levels, however, has now been shown to be equal to that of LSD-25 alone at doses that influence conditioned behaviour. The findings indicate that changes in such behaviour are not dependent on brain 5-HT levels and that no link exists between such levels and the psychotomimetic effect of LSD-25 in man.
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  • 49
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    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Mescaline ; Anti-Drug Antibody ; Hapten ; Immunopharmacology ; Rabbit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies with mescaline binding specificity were raised in rabbits by immunization with conjugates of bovine serum albumin with mescaline or its analogue 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid. Immunized rats were given mescaline and their behavior was compared to that of non-immunized controls.
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  • 50
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Selection ; Avoidance Conditioning ; Rat ; Latency ; Freezing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats of both sexes from the genetically selected Roman High Avoidance (RHA), the Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) and the Roman Control (RCA) strains were given one 30-min session of two-way escape-avoidance conditioning (30 trials) in a shuttle box with a buzzer as the conditioned stimulus and shock as the unconditioned stimulus in a factorial design involving three time intervals (0,15 and 30 min) following one subcutaneous injection of saline or of nicotine in five doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg of body weight). Six measures relating to performance were analysed in whole or part. While the number of avoidance responses showed the expected strain differences, no effect of dose or delay interval could be detected. Avoidance and escape latencies and intertriai activity showed some effects of these variables, especially in interaction with sex and strain. Dose determined pre-sessional activity, but its effect was strain dependent. The failure to confirm previous findings is discussed in the context of other instances in the literature, and the results of an operant experiment confirming the continuing sensitivity of the Roman strains to the effects of nicotine are reported.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: p-CPA ; Ethanol ; Pentobarbital ; Tolerance ; Brain 5-HT ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol or pentobarbital by daily oral administration. Motor impairments after test doses of ethanol or pentobarbital were measured prior to and at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance development. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) in a dosage regimen which produced and maintained approximately 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) did not alter motor impairment after initial acute administration of ethanol or pentobarbital. However, the rate of tolerance development to the motor-impairing effects of both drugs was slowed down in p-CPA-treated rats. p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol or pentobarbital, since blood levels determined 20 min after administration of the test doses were similar in animals treated with p-CPA and in controls. These findings suggest that brain 5-HT may have a role in tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital.
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  • 52
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Self-Stimulation ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male rats maintained with continuous access to levers for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), water, and food were subjected to five consecutive daily injections of heroin (5 mg/kg). Rates of lever pressing for ICSS were increased in 8 rats, 2–6 hrs after administration of heroin. Rates of lever pressing for water and food were not significantly changed during this period. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated by 82% the facilitative effect of heroin on ICSS. A second group of 8 rats maintained at reduced ICSS rates failed to show an increase in lever pressing for ICSS with heroin. The facilitative effect of heroin described in this study is consistent with previously reported studies describing the effects of morphine on ICSS.
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  • 53
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methadone ; Mode of Withdrawal ; Body Weight ; Relapse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Physical dependence on methadone was induced in rats by an initial “forced drinking” procedure and subsequently by i.p. administration of the drug. In a subsequent Experimental Phase of the study the physical dependence of one group was sustained by a “methadone maintenance” treatment, while two other groups were withdrawn from the drug, one gradually and one abruptly. When relapse trials were carried out during a Readdiction Phase it was found that the maintained group voluntarily consumed significantly greater amounts of methadone than did the two withdrawal groups. These groups did not differ between themselves but did in turn ingest significantly more methadone than a control group with no prior exposure to the drug. The characteristic loss of body weight reliably found during withdrawal from morphine was not demonstrated. This may have been due to the unexpected weight loss which occurred during the last stage of the initial Addiction Phase. The dependent variables of amount of methadone solution and the percentage of fluid consumed as methadone solution correlated highly. However the amount of methadone solution ingested was a better indicator of addiction liability as it was not influenced by fluctuations in the amount of water consumed by the animals.
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  • 54
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Halothane and Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia ; 5-HT Turn-Over ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide on the turn-over of 5-HT in the rat brain were analysed. The rate of 5-HT synthesis was estimated on the basis of 5-HTP accumulation following 5-HTP decarboxylase inhibition. Inhalation anaesthetics reduced the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the whole brain, this effect being particularly marked in the forebrain. In addition, the reduction of the rate of 5-HT synthesis was still detected after a large tryptophan loading indicating that halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia reduced the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in vivo. The utilization of 5-HT was also delayed during anaesthesia since the rate of 5-HT disappearance following the inhibition of its synthesis at the decarboxylation step was decreased in the whole brain. In spite of this reduced turnover of 5-HT in the brain of rats exposed to inhalation anaesthetics, the 5-HIAA levels were permanently elevated. This was the result of a partial inhibition of the active elimination of the acidic metabolite from the brain during this kind of anaesthesia.
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  • 55
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 287 (1975), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Adrenomedullary Hormones ; Synthesis ; Rat ; Adrenals ; Subcellular Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats received intravenous injections of3H-tyrosine and were killed at various time intervals thereafter.3H-dopamine (DA) in the adrenals reached a maximum within 1.5 min after the administration of3H-tyrosine. From the 15th min it disappeared with an apparent half life of 90 min.3H-Adrenaline (A) +3H-noradrenaline(NA) increased much more slowly and reached a plateau 120–240 min after the injection. The approximate synthesis rate of adrenal A+NA, calculated from the specific activity curves, ranged from 9.3 to 2.2 nmoles/h per kg b.w. The highest value was noted the first few minutes, the lowest 1–2 hrs after the administration of3H-tyrosine. In some experiments subcellular fractionation of the adrenals was performed. In untreated animals the amount of DA and A+NA recovered from the supernatant fraction was about 10 and 8 per cent, respectively, of the total amount recovered from the supernatant and particulate fractions. In the adrenals of animals receiving3H-tyrosine 3.75 or 60 min beforehand these figures were significantly elevated whereas the DA and A+NA of the particulate fraction did not deviate significantly from control values. The specific activities of3H-DA were the same in the supernatant and particulate fractions within 3.75 min after the injection of3H-tyrosine.
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  • 56
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenylate Cyclase ; Phosphodiesterase ; cAMP ; Gastric Mucosa ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of starvation, feeding and pentagastrin on gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity were studied in the rat. 1. Starvation for 24 hrs and 48 hrs reduced both NaF stimulated and basal AC activities. 2. Feeding of starved rats slowly raised the AC activity up to 430% within 4 hrs after feeding. This effect was more pronounced under basal conditions than with NaF stimulation. 3. A single i.p. injection of pentagastrin (125 μg/kg) caused a stimulation of basal AC lasting 45 min, which was followed by a subsequent decrease in the basal and NaF stimulated enzyme activity. 4. PDE activity was not influenced by starvation and feeding but underwent a transient inhibition by pentagastrin. Accordingly gastric mucosal cAMP levels after starvation, feeding and pentagastrin are regulated by changes in AC and not in PDE activity. The rise in AC activity after feeding appears to be related to functions other than H+ and pepsin secretion.
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  • 57
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Avoidance Acquisition ; Development ; Pimozide ; d-Amphetamine ; Catecholamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was investigated in rats of nursing mothers given pimozide 0.5 mg/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 after delivery. Four weeks after birth, the male litter-mates were tested for CAR acquisition in a two-way avoidance situation or for correct CAR acquisition in a brightness discrimination situation. Offspring of mothers treated with pimozide were markedly inferior in the CAR acquisition in both behavioural situations as compared to those of mothers given glucose. The administration of d-amphetamine 15 min prior to the training session specifically counteracted the behavioural impairment obtained in the offspring of pimozide-treated mothers. The results obtained in the present investigation lend further support to the contention that the behavioural deficits in offspring of nursing mothers treated with neuroleptic agents are due to a developmental disturbance in central catecholamine neurones.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 383-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin pigmentation ; Melanocytes ; Melanophores ; Electron microscopy ; Latimeria (Coelacanth)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The integumental melanophores of Latimeria chalumnae were studied by light and electron microscopy. The epidermal melanophore located in the mid-epidermis consists of a round perikaryon with long slender dendrites extending into epidermal cells and intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores occur in the loose dermal matrix underlying a relatively thick layer of collagen fibers. The dermal melanophores are usually flattened and their dendrites lie parallel to the collagen layer. Both epidermal and dermal melanophores contain oval, electron-opaque melanosomes, large mitochondria, agranular vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. Microfilaments and RNP particles are less conspicuous. While the peripheral cytoplasm of both dermal and epidermal melanophores is filled with a large number of melanosomes, the perinuclear cytoplasm of many dermal melanophores is occupied by premelanosomes in various stages of differentiation, and that of the epidermal melanophore contains numerous large vacuoles. Despite the scarcity of epidermal melanophores, the epidermal melanin unit is present in the form of melanosome complexes. In addition, the melanophores of Latimeria possess the basic characteristics common to other vertebrates, but they more closely resemble those of lungfish and other aquatic vertebrates.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human spleen ; Sinus lining cells ; Pulp veins ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sinus and venous walls of normal human spleens were studied with enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Particular attention was paid to the connections between sinuses and veins. Histochemically the sinus lining cells revealed a distinct naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase activity but no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. Venous endothelial cells were positive for the latter but negative for the former enzyme. In the sinusvenous junctional area there were no endothelial cells with reactivity for both enzymes. Electron microscopically both the sinus lining cells and the venous endothelial cells could be clearly characterized and therefore easily distinguished from one another on morphological grounds. There were no clear ultrastructural indications of transitional forms between sinus lining cells and venous endothelial cells in the sinus-venous area. According to these findings, sinus lining cells represent a specialized endothelium, but one with practically no morpholgical similarities to the venous endothelium.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Salmonids ; Mucous cells ; Mucus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of epidermal mucous cells of two species of salmonid fish has been described. Mucous cells are, next to filament-containing cells, the most commonly encountered cells in fish epidermis. The development of the cells as they progress to the periphery has been characterised. They are initially difficult to distinguish from filament-containing cells: later, they can be recognised by the presence of much smooth-surfaced E.R. The mucigenesis and the subsequent secretion of mucus has been observed and it is essentially comparable to that which occurs in the mucous cells of the mammalian intestine. The mucous layer of the epidermal surface seems to mainly comprise of the products of these mucous cells and the “cuticle” seen in other species has not yet been observed in the salmonid species investigated here.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 201-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Myofilaments ; Vas deferens ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde contained three types of filaments, namely, thin (50–80 Å) filaments, intermediate (100 Å) filaments and thick (120–180 Å) filaments. However, in 2 out of 16 experiments, under identical conditions, the cells did not contain thick filaments. With OsO4 fixation, thin filaments were not prominent, the most obvious being thick (120–250 Å) and intermediate (100 Å) filaments. After soaking in a modified Ringer solution under no applied tension for one hour, thick filaments (120–180 Å) appeared prominently in smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens and thin filaments were in ordered bundles. By 4 hours, thick filaments had increased in size and density, with thin filaments distributed randomly around them. After 8 hours in Ringer, thin filaments were diffuse and difficult to discern, while thick filaments were large (up to 300 Å) and electron-dense. Intermediate (100 Å) filaments were present in association with dark bodies. Physiological experiments indicated that the intracellular components responsible for the development of a mechanical response were still functional at this time. The presence of “thick filaments” is also reported in degenerating smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens in tissue culture.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fiber types (Myxine glutinosa, L.) ; T-system ; Growth ; Shrinkage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Triad density relative to sarcomeres, size of T-system tubules, sarcomere length, muscle fiber diameter in native and fixed states, and size of myofibrils were measured in four striated muscle fiber types in Atlantic hagfishes (Myxine glutinosa, L.) of different sizes. Triads occur at A/I — junctions in all fiber types. The density of triads relative to sarcomeres is higher in “white” than in “red” muscle fibers. The T-tubules show no sign of branching. The area of the T-system tubules is 3–4 times the surface area in 80 μm “white” muscle fibers and 1–2 times that in 60 μm “red” fibers. The size of myofibrils is similar in “white”, “intermediate”, and “red” fibers of m. parietalis, and constant through a large span of animal size. In “white” fibers, increase in diameter up to 90 μm is accompanied by an increase in the number of myofibrils, not by an increase in the individual size of the myofibrils. Above 90 μm, “white” fibers grow by increasing the amount of intermyofibrillar space. This is reflected by an extensive shrinkage of the thicker “white” fibers during the preparative procedure for electron microscopy, a shrinkage that is limited only by complete packing of the myofibrils. “Red” fibers shrink much less.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tracheal epithelium (human, animal) ; APUD-Endocrine system ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes distinctive cells with ultrastructural and histochemical features of APUD-type endocrine cells within the tracheal epithelium of human fetuses, newborns and children as well as different animal species. These cells referred to as Kultschitzky cells (K cells) were found to be argyrophilic, but not argentaffin, and are considered analogous to the same type of cells in lung and gastro-intestinal tract. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated the presence of intracellular amine within tracheal K cells, but only after in-vitro or in-vivo administration of amine precursor (L-DOPA). Ultrastructurally, these cells are characterized by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules (dense core vesicles) which show species related morphologic variations. Two different types of K cells were found in trachea of lamb and armadillo, each type possessing morphologically different dense core vesicles. In human and rabbit tracheas, only one type of K cell was identified. K cells in the trachea are distributed as single cells between other epithelial cells; neuroepithelial bodies such as those found in bronchial mucosa were not identified. Well differentiated K cells were found in tracheas of early human fetuses and throughout gestation, infancy, and childhood. Preservation of K cells in human autopsy material and widespread occurrence of these cells in various laboratory animals will permit further studies into the nature and function of tracheobronchial endocrine cells.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 387-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dormant bud (Rhabdopleura) ; Capsule ; Winter survival ; Yolk store ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rhabdopleura has an overwintering stage that consists of two layers of cells surrounding a central yolk mass. This cellular part is surrounded by a thick electron dense capsule which is secreted by the bud itself. The capsule is probably impervious and protective to its contents. Blood vessels join the buds to the zooids of the colony. They form the probable route of transfer of yolk from the zooids to the dormant bud. The capsule of the dormant bud has some structural features in common with the black stolon of the adult zooids. The black stolon is probably formed in a manner similar to that which made the fusellar fabric of the periderm of fossil graptolities.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 493-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Teleost ; Aminergic nuclei ; Falck-Hillarp method ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the hypothalamus of the roach (Leuciscus rutilus) green and yellow fluorescent cells were found in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP) and green fluorescent cells in the nucleus recessus preopticus (NRPO). The green fluorescence indicates the presence of noradrenaline or dopamine and the yellow one the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The cells of the NRL and NRP contained electron dense granules averaging 70 nm in diameter. The NRL is divided into two parts. These and the NRP are connected by large fluorescent tracts. The NRL and NRP send axons towards the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) and the NRPO sends axons towards the nucleus preopticus (NPO). It could not be established whether the aminergic nuclei described are the origin of the fluorescent fibers in the hypophysis of the roach.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 371-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog ; Chromaffin ; Classification ; Nerve endings ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution and morphology of chromaffin cells in the para-aortic region and in the ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain was studied with fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. 2. Four types of chromaffin cell were distinguished largely on the basis of their vesicular content: Type I cells contain large, electron-dense vesicles (600–7000 Å) and are comparable to noradrenaline-containing cells in the adrenal gland, Type II cells contain large, vesicles (600–7000 Å) that are filled with a less electron-dense material than that in Type I cells and are comparable to adrenaline-containing cells in the adrenal gland, Type III cells contain smaller vesicles (1000–3000 Å) that are incompletely filled with an electron-dense material and may represent cells that have been depleted of their catecholamines by stimulation, Type IV cells are clearly different from the other three cell types with respect to the size and appearance of the vesicles (1000–1500 Å), nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulum and may represent immature sympathetic neurons. 3. Nerve profiles, identified as cholinergic, were found in close apposition with all four cell types. No examples of a close association between processes of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons were found.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Populations of axonal granules ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurde die Eminentia mediana von männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, sowie die trächtiger und durstender Tiere auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht, ob 1. die Eminentia mediana der erste Ort ist, wo die beiden Neurohormone Oxytocin und Vasopressin freigesetzt werden, und 2. ob sich die Axone in der externen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in verschiedene Populationen differenzieren lassen. Bei männlichen und weiblichen Kontrolltieren haben die Oxytocin-bzw. Vasopressin-granula in der Eminentia mediana bereits ihre endgültige Größe erreicht; ihr mittlerer Durchmesser ändert sich nicht mehr wesentlich bis zum Hypophysenhinterlappen. Allerdings gibt der unterschiedliche prozentuale Anteil beider Populationen in der Eminentia mediana, in Zusammenhang mit den früher bestimmten Werten für die jeweiligen Kerne und die Neurohypophyse, Hinweise auf gewisse Unterschiede im turnover beider Hormone bei männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Bei graviden und durstenden Ratten findet sich eine scheinbare Abnahme der Granula Durchmesser in den oxytocin-bzw. vasopressinführenden Axonen. In Verbindung mit sehr charakteristischen morphologischen Befunden, besonders bei langdurstenden Tieren, sprechen die morphometrischen Ergebnisse dafür, daß in der Eminentia mediana bereits Neurohormon freigesetzt wird, wenn eine schnelle Deckung des peripheren Bedarfes notwendig ist. Die Axone mit Granula, die kleiner sind als 115 nm, lassen sich in der internen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in vier Populationen aufteilen. Ihre mittleren Granula-Durchmesser liegen bei etwa 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm und 110 nm. Dieselben vier Populationen finden sich sowohl in der Zona palisadica als auch in der perikapillären Schicht der Eminentia mediana. Im Unterschied zur Zona interna findet sich aber in diesen beiden Schichten noch eine fünfte Population von Axonen mit einem mittleren Granula-Durchmesser von etwa 70–75 nm. Der mengenmäßige Anteil dieser fünf Populationen aber ist unterschiedlich in der Zona palisadica und in der perikapillären Schicht einerseits und in den verschiedenen Tiergruppen andererseits. Einige morphologische Befunde an den Tanycyten werden im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin-and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin and vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 110 nm. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70–75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Primate ; Brain stem ; Medulla oblongata ; Ependyma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) area postrema (AP) revealed this circumventricular organ to be primarily composed of two types of glial cells and a single type of neuronal element. No pattern of neuronal arrangement could be discerned, however, this cell type was frequently observed in close relation to the perivascular spaces. The neuronal elements, although slightly larger than the glial cells, were characteristically less electron dense. The neurons routinely displayed an infolded nuclear membrane, a single nucleolus and the normal complement of subcellular organelles. Synaptic terminals were numerous, and both axo-somatic and axo-dendritic varieties were observed with the latter being more numerous. Both clear-cored and dense-cored vesicles could be observed in the same ending. Unmyelinated neuronal processes were the predominant type within the interior of the AP, although myelinated processes were also regularly present. Non-neuronal elements within the AP resembled CNS astrocytes and were as numerous as the neuronal elements. This cell type appeared to envelope completely the vasculature and separated the parenchyma from the perivascular spaces. The ventricular surface of the AP was covered by modified ependyma which lacked kinocilia but frequently demonstrated microvillar projections. Opposed ependymal cell membranes showed interdigitations, and zonula adherens-type cell junctions connected the ependymal cells near the ventricular lumen. Two types of bulbous projections were observed in the ventricular lumen close to the ependymal surface. The most characteristic feature of the AP, however, was its vascularity. Perivascular spaces surrounding fenestrated capillaries contained fibroblasts and collagen. The vascular endothelium routinely demonstrated pinocytotic activity, and the basal lamina was prominent.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle denervation ; Satellite cell ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The failure of denervated muscle to undergo effective regeneration, despite reported increases in the number of muscle satellite cells, warranted an investigation of the viability and myoblastic capacity of these cells present in denervated muscle. Four types of satellite cells present in muscle denervated for three weeks are described, based on their ultrastructure and relationship to their principal fiber. The increased number of ribosomes, including helically arranged polysomes; the number of Golgi complexes; the presence of microtubules; the branching subsarcolemmal tubular system; and the appearance of regularly arranged 96 Å microfilaments with diffuse electron dense areas are structural features of satellite cells that are similar to those of developing myoblasts in growing and regenerating muscle. The electron microscopic observations suggest that “activated” satellite cells do have myoblastic potential. Possible explanations for the ultimate failure of denervated muscle to regenerate include: 1) the inability of the muscle to produce satellite cells rapidly enough to keep pace with muscle degeneration; 2) a cytotoxic effect produced by the degenerating muscle fiber on the satellite cell; and 3) the inability of satellite cells to form stable, mature multinucleated fibers in the absence of the trophic effect of the nerve.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compensatory muscle hypertrophy ; Muscle denervation ; Atrophy and hypertrophy ; Muscle satellite cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the rat soleus muscle by sectioning the tendon of the ipsilateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle. Seven days after tenotomy of synergistic muscles, when soleus hypertrophy attains about 40%, the number of satellite cells (expressed as percentage of all muscle nuclei found in the same cross-sections) as revealed by electron microscopy, was increased from 5.8±0.06% in the normal soleus muscle to 16.6±1.26%. After four days' denervation of the soleus muscle the percentage of satellite cells was increased to 7.2±0.62%. In experiments where hypertrophy of the soleus muscle was combined with denervation three days after tenotomy of synergists, and examined after another four days (during which time it loses, as has previously been shown, over 40% of its predenervation weight), the number of satellite cells was greatly increased to 29.9±3.42%. This increase is apparently due to two independent processes which take place during the first postoperative period: a) mitotic division of satellite cells during the early stages of compensatory hypertrophy and b) pinching off of muscle nuclei from rapidly atrophying muscle fibres due to subsequent denervation. Activation of satellite cells was mainly manifested by expansion of smooth and especially of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a rich Golgi complex, high pinocytotic activity, increased number of ribosomes and by nuclear changes. Concomitantly with the increased number of satellite cells, proliferation of fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells could be observed.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle, smooth ; Mitochondria ; Cell membrane, vesicles ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two methods are described for measuring the mitochondrion-vesicle association seen by electron-microscopy in thin sections of the guinea-pig taenia coli. Both methods are based on comparisons of the observed distributions with predicted random distributions. It was found in control muscles that mitochondria were consistently nearer to vesicles than corresponding random points. 1 mM ouabain treatment reduced the mitochondrion-vesicle association for mitochondria which were closer to the membrane surface than 130 nm. Quantitative investigation of the freeze-etch structure of the membrane fracture faces is also reported, confirming the observation that membrane particles are more numerous in vesiculated membrane regions of smooth muscle.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 471-476 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human skeletal muscle ; Type I and II fibres ; Myofibrillar ATP-ase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Individual muscle fibres were separated from freeze-dried needle biopsies and classed as type I or type II fibres according to their myofibrillar ATP-ase. Portions of the same fibres were processed for electron microscopy and their fine structure examined. Type I fibres were found to have thicker Z-bands and more mitochondria and lipid droplets than the type II fibres.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 555-565 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipofuscin ; Hypothalamic neuropile ; Phagocytosis ; Capillary endothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of osmiophilic bodies identified as lipofuscin granules occurring at extraneuronal sites in the brain tissue of both young and old monkeys was studied. The present work revealed that lipofuscin granules were detected normally in the neuroglia cells, phagocytic cells and pericytes surrounding the blood capillaries, as well as in the capillary endothelium. However, their presence in these sites was more marked in young animals. The findings presented in this report are strongly suggestive of the normal removal of lipofuscin from the nerve cells to the capillary endothelium, and suggest further that the phagocytic cells as well as the glia cells participate in this removal mechanism. Being a more active process during youth, few lipofuscin granules are present in neurones from young animals. Failure of the removal mechanism due to diminished activity of the participating cells with ageing, is probably the cause of lipofuscin accumulation in senescent neurones.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Human umbilical cord vein ; In vitro culture ; Weibel-Palade bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of human umbilical cord vein endothelium in situ, after isolation by collagenase treatment, and in primary culture is described. The cultured cells formed a monolayer with typical “butt” and interdigitated junctions with specialized areas, and contained Weibel-Palade bodies, rod-shaped tubular organelles considered specific of endothelial cells. These morphological features were not present in cultures of human skin fibroblasts and fibroblast-like cells derived from umbilical cords. It is thus concluded that endothelial cells retain their characteristic fine structure in primary culture. Simple ultrastructural studies can thus be used to identify endothelial cells in culture.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelination ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myelin formation in cultures of previously dissociated spinal cord from foetal mice is described. In addition to the expected pattern of myelination, in which axons are closely wrapped by myelin lamellae, redundant folds of myelin have been found, as have double sheaths surrounding a single axon. Hypotheses concerning the generation of these appearances are discussed. It is suggested that certain intracytoplasmic laminar bodies found in oligodendrocytes in vitro may be of mitochondrial origin.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal Gland ; Mouse ; X zone ; Castration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The secondary X zone induced by castration in the adrenal cortex of adult male mice was examined by electron microscopy and radioautography with 3H-thymidine. 10–15 days after castration a thin layer of small eosinophilic cells is formed in the inner-most cortex. Such eosinophilic cells contain irregulary shaped nuclei and spherical or ellipsoidal mitochondria with tubulolamellar cristae, 20–25 days after castration a prominent zone of small eosinophilic cells was clearly identified as the secondary X zone. The typical secondary X zone cells were characterized by the formation of peculiar mitochondrial complexes and whorled sER. The X zone cells with their characteristic organelles incorporated 3H-thymidine. The ultrastructure and formation of the secondary X zone were very similar to those of the primary X zone which appears during normal postnatal development. We demonstrate here the capacity of reticularis cells of adult male mice to transform into typical X zone cells following castration.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraoesophageal bodies ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Schizophyllum sabulosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural study of the paraoesophageal bodies of Schizophyllum sabulosum reveals the occurrence of two axonal types (ax 1 and ax 2) near secretory cells. Two possibilities exist for the functional role of the nerves related to these paraoesophageal bodies. The results of treatment with proteases (pronase, pepsin, trypsin) and the identification of glycogen in both the paraoesophageal bodies and the nerves that link them to the brain and Gabe organs, suggest transport of at least part of the secretions from the paraoesophageal bodies to the Gabe organs.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromaffin cells ; Adult rat adrenal cortex ; Glomerular zone ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occasional presence of islets of chromaffin cells in the glomeru lar zone of the adrenal cortex of adult rats, is reported in this light and electron microscope study. A possible error in organogenesis of the gland and the possible persistence of some foetal characteristics in these ectopic cells are discussed.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 279-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Ovulation ; Ovary surface epithelium ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The germinal or surface epithelium covering rabbit Graafian follicles contains occasional small, dark, lysosome-like bodies. After an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) such bodies gradually increase in size and number. At 8 hr after HCG there is a maximal accumulation in the apical follicle cells; then the dense bodies decrease and just prior to ovulation, 9.5 hr after HCG, only few of them remain in the attenuated surface epithelium. Most of the growing membrane-surrounded bodies probably represent lysosomes, since electron microscopy combined with cytochemistry revealed that many of them contain the lysosomal “marker” enzyme, acid phosphatase. The role of sex steroids and prostaglandins regarding lysosomal growth and labilization is discussed. The close temporal relation between disappearance of the apical surface epithelial lysosomes and disintegration of the underlying tunica albuginea gives further support to our working hypothesis that at least part of the “ovulatory enzymes” emanate from the surface epithelium. The technical assistance of Miss Ingalis Fransson, Miss Kerstin Nilsson and Mrs. Ulla-Britt Westman is greatly appreciated.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompanied by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholinergic stimulation.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 525-541 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synovial membrane ; Cell junctions ; Hemidesmosomes ; Incomplete basement membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Regularly, four different types of cellular contacts are found in synovial folds and villi of the cubital joint of the cat (interdigitations, desmosomes, intermediate junctions, gap junctions). The same types of contact-with the exception of intermediate junctions — occur sporadically also in synovial fat folds of the knee joint of the rabbit. In both species, hemidesmosomes and discontinuous basement membranes are seen in the synovial lining layer. Cellular contacts predominate between A-cells and cells of the intermediate type, hemidesmosomes and incomplete basement membranes predominate in intermediate cells and B-cells. The latter are rare in A-cells. The importance of such contacts for mechanical, metabolic and electrical interactions of cellular elements in the synovial membrane is discussed. No unanimous concept as to their function can be advanced at present.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac sarcomeres ; Circolana borealis (Isopod) ; T-tubules ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Couplings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the isopod Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg are described. The sarcolemma invaginates at the level of the Z band, forming transverse tubules. Narrow tubules branch off in a longitudinal direction from these transverse and radially arranged TZ-tubules forming a transverse collar at each A-I level, where dyadic and triadic junctions are formed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Two different orientations of the coupling discs have been detected in the supercontracted sarcomere, and this observation has been discussed. Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a double layer of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; p-Chlorophenylalanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglion cells and paraganglionic (PG) cells in the developing rat superior cervical ganglion were studied following postnatal treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) for 5 to 8 days. Litter mates, injected with saline solution, served as controls. Ganglion cells of control animals were differentiated ultrastructurally according to L. Eränkö (1972 a) into late sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic nerve cells. In both maturation stages treatment with pCPA caused marked swelling of mitochondria, concomitant with minor changes of other cell organelles. Parallel to the ultrastructural alterations, fluorescence microscopy and cytophotometry revealed a slight diminution of diffuse fluorescence intensity in sympathetic neurons as the expression of a mainly extragranular amine depletion. In distinction from ganglion blocking agents the alterations are regarded as a general toxic effect of pCPA upon maturing sympathetic neurons, which secondarily influences catecholamine storage sites. Following treatment with pCPA, in PG-cells an alteration of mitochondria was scarcely to recognize. Specific granules were distinctly decreased in number, in some cases to an almost complete degree. Concordant to ultrastructural observations a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in SIF-cells. In addition in these elements the fluorescence spectrum shifted towards the green field. Fluorescence cytophotometric evaluations confirmed the optical impression. Provided, that PG-cells, demonstrated with electron microscopy, are identical with SIF-cells in fluorescence microscopy, the results are discussed on the basis of a specific decrease of primary catecholamines due to an enzyme inhibition involved in catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Mitochondria ; Dexamethasone ; DNA-synthesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of chronic administration of dexamethasone (for up to 15 consecutive days) on both the morphology and DNA-synthesis of the mitochondria of the rat adrenal zona fasciculata were investigated by stereologic and autoradiographic techniques. Up to the 3rd day of continuous dexamethasone treatment, the average volume of mitochondria did not change, whereas the number of mitochondria per cell was significantly decreased. From the 3rd to the 15th day of hormonal administration both the volume and number of mitochondria were found to decrease in proportion to the duration of treatment. Autoradiography showed that after the 3rd day of dexamethasone administration there is virtually no incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the mitochondrial compartment. These findings are discussed in the light of evidence indicating that dexamethasone blocks ACTH-release by inhibiting the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. The results confirm the view that ACTH controls the maintenance of growth and proliferation of rat adrenocortical mitochondria.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Specific heart granules (Cyclostome) ; Atrial granules ; Calcium ; Uranophilic core substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of structural connections between myocardial granules and tubular elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cardiac ventricle of the Atlantic hagfish is described. The core substance of the myocardial granules is shown to be uranophilic and in this respect similar to the granular cores within the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. After application of CaCl2-containing fixatives, the ultrastructure of the core substance of these organelles resembles that described for calcium-containing structures in vertebrate glial cells. Incidences of uranophilic core substance in the extracellular space suggest a secretory function of the myocardial granules. Possible implications of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myocardial granules in storage, intracellular transport, and secretion of bound calcium are discussed.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 253-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle (Helix pomatia) ; Contractile apparatus, Functional states ; Thick myofilaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the isolated glycerinated penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix pomatia was investigated. The diameter distributions of thick myofilaments from fibre cross sections in the relaxed, phasic contracted, tonic contracted, and in the catch states show that a characteristic filament spectrum is formed in the catch state and its preceding active state. The significant structural differences are discussed in relation to earlier hypotheses related to the catch state.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Metaphyseal bone (Guinea pig) ; Osteogenic cells ; Lysosomes ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A transmission electron microscopic study of demineralized, methaphyseal bone of the young guinea pig is presented. Special attention is paid to the lysosomal system of the different cell types. Visualization of acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activity was used to identify tissue components as belonging thereto. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity, a plasma membrane marker, was also examined. Osteoblasts were distinguished by a marked development of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Perivascular cells type A, morphologically resembled the osteoblasts, and are believed to represent an early stage in the specialization of the latter. A few lysosomes were normally found in the osteoblasts; they were less common in the type A cells. In contrast to their regular occurrence in guinea pig epiphyseal cartilage, dense bodies of lysosomal nature (“type I vesicles”) were only rarely seen in the bone matrix. Structures analogous to the type II vesicles in cartilage were, however, normally present. Their membrane showed activity of alkaline phosphatase. Possible functions of lysosomes and matrix vesicles in osteogenesis are discussed. Perivascular cells type B and chondroclasts both contained a prominent Golgi complex and large numbers of free ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosomes. In the type B cells, inclusion material of varying appearance often occurred in the lysosomes and in endocytic vesicles. The chondroclasts sometimes presented a ruffled border, with associated vacuoles and lysosomes in the subjacent cytoplasm. It is suggested that both cell types participate in the resorption of the epiphyseal cartilage. Chondroclasts presumably arise by fusion of type B cells and/or monocytic precursors from the peripheral blood. The skilled technical assistance of Mrs. Eva Lundberg and the secretarial assistance of Mrs. Inger Åhrén are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are indebted to Dr. Stanislaw Moskalewski for constructive criticism of the manuscript.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 301-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Metaphyseal bone (Guinea pig) ; Osteogenic cells ; Endocytosis ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Guinea pig metaphyseal bone was exposed to horse spleen ferritin in vitro and to colloidal thorium dioxide in vivo. The cellular uptake and intracellular accumulation of these marker particles were studied ultrastructurally. In vitro, the ferritin molecules were found to spread evenly throughout the tissue. After 1–2 hours ferritin was mainly found in plasma membrane invaginations and in endocytic vesicles of varying size. At 4–6 hours a successive accumulation of the marker in secondary lysosomes could be observed. In addition to ferritin, the lysosomes and the large endocytic vesicles often contained other inclusions. In vivo, the pattern of intracellular accumulation of the marker particles was identical to that in vitro. Moreover, the presence within the cells of similar amounts of thorium dioxide after 1 and 4 days suggested that these indigestible molecules are stored intracellularly for a considerable time. In accordance therewith there were no definite signs of extrusion of labeled bodies or secretion of the exogenous marker by exocytosis. Ferritin and thorium dioxide were taken up by all cell types in the metaphysis. Both in vitro and in vivo perivascular cells type B ingested large amounts of marker particles, whereas chondroclasts, endothelial cells, perivascular cells type A and osteohlasts showed a more restricted endocytizing ability. On the basis of these observations, the functional significance of different cell types in the resorption of the epiphyseal cartilage and the formation of bone is discussed. The skilled technical assistance of Mrs. Eva Lundberg and the secretarial assistance of Mmes. Ulla Linder and Diane Setchell are gratefully acknowledged. The author is also indebted to Dr. Ulf Friberg and Dr. Stanislaw Moskalewski for constructive criticism of the manuscript.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 463-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic cleavage ; Drosophila embryo ; Membrane growth ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During blastoderm formation, the Drosophila embryo produces a large area of new membrane to accommodate the simultaneous demands of approximately four thousand newly cleaved cells. The embryo was examined with the electron microscope at various stages during cleavage in order to investigate the high membrane forming capacity of these cells. Embryos were subjected to the histochemical procedure for the demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase. The enzyme was present in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and the nuclear envelope. No activity could be demonstrated on the furrow surface or at the furrow tip despite closely adjacent reactive cisternae. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are not major contributors to the new surface. Lamellar bodies were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of all stages examined. The bodies showed a lamellar periodicity of approximately 3.5 nm, and were ultrastructurally similar in appearance after a variety of fixation procedures. The distribution of these bodies was markedly related to the stage of blastoderm formation. Before the commencement of cleavage, lamellar bodies were very prominent within a region 4–5 μm. below the cell surface. As cleavage progressed, the bodies became sparse or absent from this region but were apparent at the base of the blastoderm cells or in the sub-blastoderm region, where they were not previously present. Lamellar bodies with leaflets closely associated with, or in apparent continuity with, the cleavage furrow membrane were frequently observed. In these regions the lamellar periodicity was the same as the thickness of the membrane laminae. It is suggested that these bodies play a role in the synthesis of new membrane in the furrow. Intercellular contact specializations between the developing membranes of the furrow were restricted to incipient desmosones and point contacts where the intercellular gap was reduced to 3 nm or less.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion ; Neurophysin ; Neurohypophysia hormones ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscope autoradiographs have been prepared from the neural lobes of the pituitary glands of rats which had received intracisternal injections of [35S] cysteine at various times before gland removal. The rate of appearance and disappearance of autoradiographically demonstrable radioactivity in the neural lobe closely paralleled that previously determined, biochemically, for radioactive hormones and neurophysins. Radioactivity was appreciably associated with the undilated parts of neurosecretory axons only during the first few hours after injection of the label. The axonal dilations were subdivided into those in which small vesicles could be seen (“endings”) and those in which no small vesicles could be seen (“swellings”). Radioactivity appeared first in “endings” and then in progressively larger and larger profiles of “swellings”. It appeared that newly arrived granules were found close to the limiting membrane of the nerve swelling and that as time progressed they moved deeper and deeper into the swelling. On the basis of the results, suggestions were made for an anatomical explanation of the readily-releasable pool of hormone which has been demonstrated pharmacologically.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 73-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye (Sheep) ; Tapetum ; Collagen ; Microfibrils ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the tapetum of the sheep's eye has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. It consists of regularly arranged layers of collagen fibrils, estimated from the hydroxyproline content to make up about 60% of the dry weight of the tissue. There are several hundred of these layers in the whole depth, a majority being orientated in the same direction. The collagen is associated with strands of microfibrillar material as well as with cells of both fibrocyte and smooth muscle types.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rana pipiens ; M. dilatator, sphincter pupillae ; Electron microscopy ; Photosensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The iris of the grass frog Rana pipiens, can respond to light even when isolated from the remainder of the animal. The iris is a three-layered structure, comprising a stromal layer and two layers of pigment epithelium. The sphincter pupillae, which is composed of pigmented smooth muscle cells, is embedded between the two layers of pigment epithelium. There is no dilator pupillae in this species. We have been unable to find any cells or any organelles in the iris which are anatomically specialized for photoreception in any obvious way.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spirochete ; Artemia ; Brine shrimp ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When tissues of spirochete-infected brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were examined by electron microscopy, tubular structures were often seen closely associated with intracytoplasmic spirochete profiles. These tubules were never observed in association with spirochetes found in the haemocoel or other extracellular spaces. Since the trilaminar layer comprising the wall of the tubules was identical in ultrastructure to the outer envelope of the spirochete, these structures were interpreted to be finger-like extensions of the spirochete outer envelope.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 363-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin pigmentation ; Melanocytes ; Melanophores ; Lungfish ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The integumental melanophores of Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, were examined by light and electron microscopy and found to possess essentially the same structural characteristics observed in other vertebrates. The epidermal melanophores are located in the intermediate epidermis and possess round perikarya and slender dendrites extending into nearby intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores are found immediately below the basement membrane as well as in the deeper dermis. These cells possess flattened nuclei and dendrites running parallel to the basement membrane. Each melanophore contains numerous oval or elliptical, intensely electron-dense melanosomes, relatively large mitochondria, systems of vacuolar endoplasmic reticulum, groups of free RNP particles, and some microfilaments. Only a few, short microtubules could be demonstrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm of the dermal melanophore, while a relatively large number of late premelanosomes are found both in perikarya and dendritic processes of epidermal melanophores. These premelanosomes exhibit a particulate internal structure in cross section. Both melanosomes and premelanosomes occur singly in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells, thereby confirming the existence of the epidermal melanin unit in the lowest vertebrates thus far examined electron microscopically.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin pigmentation ; Melanocytes ; Melanophores ; Electron microscopy ; Lungfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The integumental melanophores of two genera of lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa and Protopterus sp. were examined by light and electron microscopy. Both species possess both epidermal and dermal melanophores with fine structural characteristics basically similar to those of other vertebrates. The epidermal melanophores of both species are located in the intermediate epidermis, and possess thin perikarya containing round nuclei, and slender dendrites extending into the nearby intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores occur immediately beneath the basement membrane, and possess flat perikarya and dendrites running horizontally between the collagen fibers of the dermis. The integument of both species does not possess an epidermal melanin unit or a dermal chromatophore unit. As in other vertebrates, each melanophore contains numerous oval, electron-opaque melanosomes, relatively large mitochondria, vacuolar endoplasmic reticula, and groups of RNP particles. Although micro filaments running randomly between other organelles occur regularly, microtubules were not demonstrated. Premelanosomes at various stages of differentiation were best illustrated in the dermal melanophores of Protopterus, and it is concluded from the observation of their fine structure that the morphological development of lungfish melanosomes closely parallels that of higher vertebrates. On the basis of melanophore morphology, Lepidosiren and Protopterus appear to be more closely related to each other than to Neoceratodus.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 481-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium ; Ascidia (Botryllus schlosseri) ; Ciliated mucous, endocrine and plicated cells ; Structure and function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The following five cell types have been recognized and defined on the basis of their fine structure in the gastric epithelium of B. schlosseri: vacuolated and zymogenic cells (described in a previous paper); ciliated mucous, endocrine and plicated cells. The ciliated mucous cells are distributed at the apex and the bottom of the gastric folds and along the dorsal groove. The mucus droplets appear to form from the Golgi complex as secretory granules of variable density and texture, which are released from the cell after fusion of their membranes with the apical plasma membrane. Holocrine or apocrine secretion has not been observed. The endocrine cells are scattered and are characterized by electron dense granules, especially numerous in the basal region of the cell. Finally, the plicated cells, present in the pyloric caecum, show rod-like microvilli, a well developed Golgi complex and abundant, deep infoldings of the basal plasma membrane, which are associated with numerous mitochondria. The possible role of the gastric cell types is discussed taking into account information concerning morphologically similar cells in other animals, as well as previously reported data on the biochemistry and physiology of digestion and excretion in ascidians.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 517-541 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pericytes and Microglia ; Neonatal rabbit ; Forebrain ; Golgi method ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of pericytes outline the vascular bed in Golgi preparations of the newborn rabbit brain. Elongate cells (Type I) are restricted to capillaries, elements resembling smooth muscle cells (Type II) surround vessels of intermediate size, and large flat forms (Type III) cover the surface of arterioles and venules. Electron microscopy shows all types to be located within a well defined perivascular basement membrane. It also reveals the presence of filaments in the cytoplasm of some pericytes resembling the myofilaments of smooth muscle cells. It suggests the possibility that some pericytes are capable of contraction and may participate in regulating blood flow in small vessels. Microglia cells bear no resemblance to pericytes in terms of their shape, distribution or staining characteristics. Microglia cells are located outside the vascular basement membrane (external basal lamina) in the brain parenchyma, and they vary in form according to their location and the character of the surrounding extracellular space. This study does not support the hypothesis that microglia cells arise from pericytes but indicates that they originate either by in situ division or from hematogenous elements that enter the brain by crossing the vessel wall.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Prolactin cells ; Anterior pituitary gland ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intracellular distribution of microtubules was studied using serial sections of prolactin cells in anterior pituitary glands from lactating rats. Numerous microtubules were present in these cells following fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. The greatest number of microtubules were present in the Golgi complex, situated around the perimeter and in association with the cisternae, vesicles and developing secretory granules. Microtubules were found in channels between groups of parallel cisternae of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in close proximity to small vesicles. They were also located adjacent to mitochondria, the plasmalemma, the nuclear envelope, and among mature secretory granules. Due to their orientation within the cell, it is suggested that the microtubules may act to direct the movement of organelles from one region of the cell to another and to give internal support to the cell.
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