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  • 1995-1999  (3,586)
  • 1997  (3,586)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,277)
  • Human  (145)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (137)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1995-1999  (3,586)
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Keywords
  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Rectal cancer ; Computed tomography ; Radiotherapy ; Endorectal ultrasound ; Staging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The postradiation preoperative staging results of 25 patients with rectal cancer who were found to have Stage T0,N0 lesions after surgery were examined. Our aim was to assess the ability of preoperative staging following radiation therapy to predict the absence of disease. METHODS: From 1983 to 1994, 25 patients treated with preoperative radiation therapy for biopsy-proven rectal cancer were found to have no pathologic evidence of disease in the resected specimen (T0,N0). The preoperative postradiation disease staging results of these patients were compared with the postoperative pathologic findings. Each patient received 4,500 to 5,580 cGy during a five-week to six-week period, and four patients had preoperative chemotherapy. Surgical resection was performed six to eight weeks after completion of radiation therapy. All 25 patients were staged by digital rectal examination before surgery. In addition, 13 patients were assessed using computed tomography, 6 by endorectal ultrasound, and 1 by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Most irradiated lesions were overstaged by radiologic assessment and physical examination. No technique could reliably distinguish between postradiation fibrosis and residual cancer. The negative predictive value for digital rectal examination was 24 percent. Computed tomography accurately staged 23 percent of lesions, and endorectal ultrasound predicted 17 percent of lesions correctly. The single patient evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging was overstaged and thought to have a T2 lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our ability to assess local eradication of rectal cancer following radiation therapy remains poor. Conventional imaging and clinical examination techniques are unable to safely predict which patients do not require surgical excision following curative radiation therapy for rectal cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Protein C ; Cardiac arrest ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; Fornix ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article reports the observation that there is a left/right asymmetry of the anterior columns of the fornix in the human brain. This asymmetry is present in the position of the two columns of the fornix in relation to the septum pellucidum. The left columna fornicis was found to be located caudal to the right, and this can be readily visualized on axial MRI scans. This difference was seen in most of the subjects, but in some subjects there was no left/right-difference and in a few the asymmetry was inverse. The asymmetry of the fornix with respect to the anterior-posterior axis was independent of the well-known dissimilar lateral ventricular volumes. However, the left/right difference in the position of the fornix was evident in subjects with or without differences in ventricular volumes. This suggests that the mechanism underlying the development of asymmetry of the fornix is independent of the mechanism leading to ventricular asymmetry. So far, no functional relevance has been ascribed to such differences in location. The finding is gaining interest in connection with recent reports of asymmetries in hippocampal subfields. Studies of fornical lesions should therefore give attention to possible side-to-side differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; Fornix ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article rapporte l'existence d'une asymétrie droite/gauche des colonnes du fornix chez l'Homme. Cette asymétrie apparaît dans les plans en relation avec le septum pellucidum. Le pilier gauche du fornix apparaît en position plus caudale que le droit et ceci peut être bien visualisé sur des coupes IRM axiales. Cette différence existait chez la plupart des sujets. Chez certains, il n'y avait pas de différence gauche/droite et chez quelques sujets, l'asymétrie était inversée. L'asymétrie du fornix dans le sens antéropostérieur était indépendante de l'asymétrie bien connue des volumes ventriculaires latéraux. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'asymétrie droite/gauche de la position des piliers du fornix était évidente chez les sujets qui présentaient où ne présentaient pas de différence de volume ventriculaire. Ceci suggère que le mécanisme sousjacent du développement de l'asymétrie du fornix est indépendante du mécanisme conduisant à l'asymétrie ventriculaire. De plus, aucune conséquence fonctionnelle n'a été décrite en rapport avec de telle différence. Ces résultats sont rapprochés aux études récentes concernant les asymétries des champs hippocampiques. Les études de lésions du fornix devraient par la suite tenir compte de ces différences droite ou gauche.
    Notes: Summary This article reports the observation that there is a left/right asymmetry of the anterior columns of the fornix in the human brain. This asymmetry is present in the position of the two columns of the fornix in relation to the septum pellucidum. The left columna fornicis was found to be located caudal to the right, and this can be readily visualized on axial MRI scans. This difference was seen in most of the subjects, but in some subjects there was no left/right-difference and in a few the asymmetry was inverse. The asymmetry of the fornix with respect to the anterior-posterior axis was independent of the well-known dissimilar lateral ventricular volumes. However, the left/right difference in the position of the fornix was evident in subjects with or without differences in ventricular volumes. This suggests that the mechanism underlying the development of asymmetry of the fornix is independent of the mechanism leading to ventricular asymmetry. So far, no functional relevance has been ascribed to such differences in location. The finding is gaining interest in connection with recent reports of asymmetries in hippocampal subfields. Studies of fornical lesions should therefore give attention to possible side-to-side differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Cervical vertebrae ; Facet dislocation ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diagnostic imaging ; Joint injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe neural foraminal enlargement as a radiologic sign indicating bilateral interfacetal dislocation or subluxation injuries (BID/S) of the lower cervical spine on axial images. Axial neural formainal width was measured by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in 10 patients with BID/S and compared with measurements in 20 control patients. In both the BID/S patients and controls, the size of the foramina at the injured level was compared with the foramina at levels immediately above and below the injury. These measurements were compared for statistical significance using Student's t-test. The width of the injured foramina averaged 10.4 mm in BID/S and 5.3 mm in controls (P〈0.001). The enlargement in the BID/S cases relative to foramina above and below the injured level was statistically significant. The sign was also assessed qualitatively for detection of BID/S by three reviewers blindly analyzing 19 cases (9 BID/S and 10 controls) for signs of widened neural foramina. The pooled blinded review yielded a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 83% for neural foraminal enlargement as a sign indicative of BID/S. We describe enlargement, of neural foramina as a radiologic sign corroborative of BID/S on axial images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 4 (1997), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Infarction ; Stroke ; Transient ischemic attack ; Diffusion imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article attempts to answer the most common questions on the use of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between acute cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack in patients who present with the symptoms of stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Airway smooth muscle ; Human ; Guinea-pig ; Potassium channels ; NO-donor ; β2-adrenoceptor-agonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In human bronchi, relaxations to salbutamol and sodium nitroprusside were performed in the presence or absence of blockers of the large Ca2+-activated K+-channels (BKCa): charybdotoxin (Chtx), iberiotoxin (Ibtx) or tetraethylammonium (TEA). In bronchi under basal tone in presence of indomethacin (1 μM) or precontracted with acetylcholine (in presence or absence of indomethacin), the relaxations to salbutamol or sodium nitroprusside were unaffected or weakly inhibited by pretreatment with the BKCa blockers (Chtx (100 nM), Ibtx (100 and 300 nM) and TEA (1 mM)). Significant inhibitions were mainly observed with TEA (1 mM) and iberiotoxin at high concentration (300 nM). These results contrasts with the potent inhibitory effects exerted by Chtx (100 nM) or Ibtx (100 nM) in guinea-pig trachea precontracted with acetylcholine in absence or presence of indomethacin indicating that human airways are less susceptible to BKCa blockade than guinea-pig airways. In addition, the BKCa blockers induced slowly developing contractions of human bronchi at basal tone. The contraction induced by TEA (1 mM) was abolished by verapamil (10 μM) suggesting that BKCa blockade promotes an increase in membrane Ca2+-conductance through activation of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels. Verapamil also reversed the effects of TEA on salbutamol-induced relaxations in human bronchi as well as the effects of Ibtx on salbutamol- or sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations in guinea-pig trachea. These data suggest that BKCa blockers induce activation of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels and therefore influx of Ca2+ which in turn cause a functional antagonism of β2-adrenoceptor-agonist- and NO-donor-induced relaxations. Moreover, the BKCa opener, NS-1619, induced weak relaxations in human bronchi and guinea-pig trachea which were not blocked by TEA or Ibtx suggesting that BKCa opening is of minor significance for the relaxation of human airway smooth muscles. In conclusion, although a wealth of studies have demonstrated that β-adrenoceptor agonists or NO-donors activate BKCa, the present study provides evidence that in human bronchi, as recently suggested in guinea-pig trachea, opening of BKCa does not appear to functionally participate in the relaxation to these relaxant agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Antimigraine drugs ; Arteriovenous ; anastomoses ; Avitriptan ; BMS-180048 ; Carotid artery ; Human ; Human coronary artery ; Migraine ; Pig ; Sumatriptan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several acutely acting antimigraine drugs, including ergotamine and sumatriptan, have the ability to constrict porcine arteriovenous anastomoses as well as the human isolated coronary artery. These two experimental models seem to serve as indicators, respectively, for the therapeutic and coronary side-effect potential of the compounds. Using these two models, we have now investigated the effects of avitriptan (BMS-180048; 3-[3-[4-(5-methoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-N-methyl-1H-indole-5-methanesulfonamide monofumarate), a new 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist. In anaesthetized pigs, avitriptan (10, 30, 100 and 300 μg·kg–1) decreased the total carotid blood flow by exclusively decreasing arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow; capillary blood flow was increased. The mean ± SEM i.v. dose of avitriptan eliciting a 50% decrease (ED50) in the porcine carotid arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow was calculated to be 76 ± 23 μg·kg–1 (132 ± 40 nmol·kg–1) and the highest dose (300 μg·kg–1) produced a 72 ± 4% reduction. In recent comparative experiments (DeVries et al. 1996), the mean ± SEM ED50 (i.v.) of sumatriptan in decreasing carotid arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow was 63 ± 17 μg·kg–1 (158 ± 43 nmol·kg–1), with a reduction of 76 ± 4% by 300 μg·kg–1, i.v. Both avitriptan (pD2: 7.39 ± 0.09; Emax: 13.0 ± 4.5% of the contraction to 100 mM K+) and sumatriptan (pD2: 6.33 ± 0.09; Emax: 15.5 ± 2.3% of the contraction to 100 mM K+) contracted the human isolated coronary artery. The above results suggest that avitriptan should be able to abort migraine headaches in patients, but may exhibit sumatriptan-like effects on coronary arteries. Initial clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic action of the drug in acute migraine.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 26 (1997), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hüftluxation ; Kernspintomographie ; Computertomographie ; Reposition ; Normalwerte ; Key words Hip dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are useful techniques for the objective documentation of the relation between the femoral head and the acetabulum after closed or open reduction of a developmental dislocation of the hip joint. Before the ossification nucleus of the femoral head is sufficiently developed, MRI is preferred. For the evaluation of reduction from the 2nd year on, MRI and CT are equivalent. However, in older children MRI may also be indicated for the evaluation of cartilaginous structures or the diagnosis of femoral head necrosis. CT in older patients may also be useful for 30 analysis of bony structures, e. g. for planning complex osteotomies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kernspintomogramm (MRI) und Computertomogramm (CT) sind geeignete Methoden zur objektiven Erfassung der Zentrierung nach offener oder geschlossener Reposition einer Hüftgelenkluxation und können in besonderen Situationen die Arthrographie ersetzen. Bis zur ausreichenden Ossifikation der Hüftkopfkerne, d. h. im 1. Lebensjahr, ist dem MRI der Vorzug zu geben. Vom 2. Lebensjahr an ist für die Beurteilung des Repositionsergebnisses das CT gleichwertig. Beim älteren Kind kann das MRI aber auch indiziert sein für die Beurteilung der knorpeligen Hüftstrukturen oder zur Diagnose einer Femurkopfnekrose. In höherem Alter können durch eine aufwendige CT-Untersuchung die knöchernen Verhältnisse auch dreidimensional dargestellt werden, z. B. zur Planung komplexer Korrekturosteotomien.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thorakolumbale Wirbelfraktur ; Instabilität ; Bandscheibendegeneration ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Thoracolumbar fracture ; Instability ; Disc degeneration ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: To analyse the possible injuries of vertebral segments, especially the disc, after unstable thoracolumbar fractures stabilised with AO internal fixator, we performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the traumatised region after implant removal. There were two aspects of disc degeneration (DD): (1) biochemical changes and (2) structural damage. MRI detects biochemical processes as one aspect of DD that is often small even in the presence of greater structural damage of the nucleus pulposus caused by fracture. None of the patients presented with structural failure of the anulus fibrosus, which is the essential structural component of the vertebral segments with regard to stability. We observed biochemical changes more often in the lower of the two fracture-adjacent discs and alterations of discal shape more often in the upper of the two, whereas loss of height concerned both discs to approximately the same degree. The supporters of upper-disc resection in thoracolumbar fractures justify their procedure among other things with the structural disc damage, such as alteration of shape and loss of height (altogether more frequent in the upper disc). Our observations that a disc with a structurally altered nucleus pulposus can be biochemically intact and can show an intact anulus fibrosus are arguments in favour of disc preservation. With regard to the upper disc, the widespread opinion that complete and regular disc damage requires a resection has to be revised. The question of whether the lower disc should be resected more often because of its greater biochemical changes cannot be answered by the present study alone. Besides the excellent static information in all anatomical structures of the vertebral column available by MRI, a repeat examination in a prone position yields dynamic information on the spinal cord in the case of suspected dorsal adhesions.
    Notes: Zur Analyse möglicher Unfallfolgen an vertebralen Bewegungssegmenten und insbesondere der Bandscheiben nach instabilen, mittels Fixateur interne versorgten thorakolumbalen Wirbelfrakturen führten wir bei 33 Patienten eine Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) der Verletzungsregion nach der Implantatentfernung durch. Bei der Bandscheibendegeneration nach instabilen thorakolumbalen Wirbelfrakturen sind strukturelle von biochemischen Veränderungen zu unterscheiden. Die mittels MRT bestimmbare biochemische Degeneration findet sich deutlich seltener als ein morphologischer Schaden des Nucleus pulposus. Verletzungen des Anulus fibrosus, der eigentlich stabilisierenden Struktur der vertebralen Bewegungssegmente, wurden bei keinem Patienten beobachtet. Im Vergleich zur frakturbenachbarten oberen Bandscheibe ist der untere Diskus nach Ausheilung der Fraktur zwar weniger von Veränderungen der Form, jedoch häufiger von biochemischer Abnutzung und etwa gleich stark von Höhenverlust betroffen. Die Befürworter einer Resektion der oberen Bandscheibe bei der operativen Behandlung thorakolumbaler Wirbelfrakturen begründen ihr Procedere u. a. mit dem strukturellen Bandscheibenschaden, wie z. B. Höhenverlust und Impaktierung von Bandscheibengewebe in den Wirbelkörper, die in der Summe häufiger bei dem frakturbenachbarten oberen Diskus beobachtet werden. Unsere Beobachtungen, wonach eine Bandscheibe trotz morphologischer Schädigung des Gallertkerns einen dennoch biochemisch intakten Nucleus pulposus und strukturell unversehrten Anulus fibrosus aufweisen kann, sprechen eher für den Erhalt des betreffenden Diskus. Für die frakturbenachbarte obere Zwischenwirbelscheibe (seltener biochemisch degeneriert) bedeutet dies, daß die weitverbreitete Ansicht von der regelmäßigen Zerstörung und demzufolge obligaten Resektion zu überdenken ist. Die Frage, ob die untere Bandscheibe bei nachgewiesenermaßen ausgeprägter biochemischer Degeneration entsprechend häufiger reseziert werden sollte, kann durch die vorliegende Studie allein nicht beantwortet werden. Neben der statischen Beurteilbarkeit sämtlicher anatomischer Strukturen der Wirbelsäule in der MRT liefert die Wiederholung der Untersuchung in Bauchlage eine dynamische Information über das Verhalten des Rückenmarkes bei Verdacht auf dorsale Adhäsion.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 792-800 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Okuläre Myositis ; Orbitale Myositis ; Vergrößerung ; Extraokulärer Augenmuskeln ; Orbitale Kernspintomographie ; Orbitale Computertomographie ; Key words Ocular myositis ; Orbital myositis ; Enlarged extraocular muscles ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We report a young woman presenting with „painful diplopia” caused by inflammation of external eye muscles affecting both eyes sequentially. Orbital MRI disclosed swelling, signal hyperintensity and enhancement of isolated eye muscles. Corticosteroid treatment led to a complete remission within a few days. The compiled data of a literature review enclosing 52 sufficiently documented patients diagnosed as orbital myositis is reported with respect to clinical features, laboratory findings, associated disease, value of imaging procedures (CT, MRI). Therapeutic aspects and differential diagnosis are reviewed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine junge Patientin mit subakuter schmerzhafter Diplopie als Folge von entzündlichen Veränderungen der äußeren Augenmuskeln, die sequentiell beide Augen betrafen, wird vorgestellt. Das orbitale Kernspintomogramm zeigte eine Schwellung, Signalhyperintensität und Kontrastmittelanreicherung einzelner Augenmuskeln. Die Behandlung mit Kortikosteroiden führte zu einer vollständigen Remission der Symptomatik innerhalb weniger Tage. Aufgrund der Daten von insgesamt 52 gut dokumentierten Patienten mit okulärer Myositis aus der Literatur stellen bewegungsabhängige retrobulbäre Schmerzen (94%) mit Diplopie (85%) die Kernsymptome des Krankheitsbildes dar. Ein weiterer klinischer Hauptbefund ist die konjunktivale Injektion (73%), meistens an der Insertionsstelle des betroffenen Muskels. Die exophthalmische Form mit zusätzlichem Lidödem, Ptose, Chemose und Exophthalmus tritt seltener auf (24%), eine Visusabnahme ist die Ausnahme. Ein beidseitiger Augenmuskelbefall, typischerweise sequentiell, wird in 40% beobachtet. Frauen sind häufiger betroffen (73%), das mittlere Erkrankungsalter liegt bei 34 Jahren. Der M. rectus medialis ist der am häufigsten betroffene Muskel (70%). Die Diagnosesicherung gelingt heute mit der Kernspintomographie auch in leichteren Fällen. Der durch die Entzündung erhöhte Wassergehalt der befallenen Muskeln erklärt die gegenüber der Computertomographie erhöhte Sensitivität der Kernspintomographie. Therapie der Wahl ist die Behandlung mit Kortikosteroiden, hierunter kommt es in 90% innerhalb von Tagen zur Abheilung. Bei zu kurzer Therapiedauer sind Rezidive häufig. Bei Therapieresistenz ist die niedrigdosierte Bestrahlung meist effizient.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Gorham syndrome ; Massive osteolysis ; Spine ; Thorax ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gorham syndrome is a rare disorder that is characterized by local osseous invasion and surrounding soft tissues by an angiomatous mass, eventually causing lysis of the affected bone. To date, only four cases have reported the MR imaging appearance of this disease and the findings have been variable. We present a case involving the cervical and thoracic spine and part of the osseous hemithorax with attention to the MR findings.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 26 (1997), S. 60-63 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Neurilemmoma (schwannoma) ; Bone neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a case of intraosseous neurilemmoma of the fibula in a 56-year-old woman. This case showed the typical radiographic appearance except for the presence of spotted calcifications that mimicked a cartilaginous tumor. Enhanced MR images revealed the heterogeneity of the tumor, which consisted of Antoni type A and B tissue.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow ; MR studies ; Bone marrow ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To correlate the MR appearance of the proximal femur marrow with clinical and blood parameters. Design and patients. The proportion of the femoral neck surface area occupied by red marrow was determined on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the hip in a series of 120 subjects, aged from 15 to 75 years, with ten females and ten males per decade, and correlated with clinical data. This parameter and the bulk T1 values of femoral red marrow were determined in 30 other subjects 25–46 years of age and correlated with their blood parameters. Results. In the series of 120 subjects, the proportion of red marrow surface area decreased with age (P〈10–4) and was higher in female than male subjects (P〈10–4). Within each decade, the proportion of red marrow surface area was higher in females than in males between 25 and 65 years but neither before 25 nor after 65 years. In the series of 30 subjects, the proportion of red marrow surface area and bulk T1 values of femoral red marrow were significantly negatively correlated with hemoglobin blood levels but not with blood cell counts. Conclusion. The MR appearance of proximal femur red marrow is influenced by age and sex. A relationship with hemoglobin blood level is demonstrated.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Fibrolipomatous hamartoma ; Macrodystrophia lipomatosa ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Peripheral nerve disease ; Lipofibromatous hamartoma ; Median nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To analyze the MR imaging features of fibrolipomatous hamartoma (FLH) of nerves. Design and patients. MR imaging studies from six patients (three men and three women) were retrospectively reviewed by three musculoskeletal radiologists. In four patients, a biopsy of the nerve lesion was performed. In two patients, biopsy data were unavailable and the diagnosis was based on the clinical history combined with the MR imaging findings. Results and conclusion. MR imaging demonstrated fusiform nerve enlargement that was caused by fatty proliferation and thickening of nerve bundles. Nerve bundles appeared as serpentine tubular structures, hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted images. The degree of fatty proliferation varied among patients. In addition, significant variation in the distribution of fat along the course of the nerves was noted. In three patients, FLH followed the branching pattern of the nerves, a characteristic pathologic finding. In two patients, intramuscular fat deposition (biceps and tibialis posterior muscles) was present. MR imaging findings of FLH are typical, allowing a confident diagnosis. The variation of fatty proliferation among patients and involved nerves as well as the tendency of the abnormalities to follow the branching pattern of the nerves is well demonstrated with MR imaging. FLH may present as an isolated nerve lesion, may be associated with intramuscular fat deposition, or may occur as a feature of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL).
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma ; Renal tubular transport ; Renal cortical slices ; p-Aminohippurate ; Human ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In vitro accumulation ofp-aminohippurate (PAH) was investigated in “intact” human renal cortical slices of normal kidney tissue and in tissue slices of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The technique used was established in preliminary experiments on rat kidney tissue slices. In principle, the accumulation capacity is comparable in renal tissue slices of both species (slice to medium accumulation ratios between 4 and 8). In man sex differences in accumulation capacity do not exist. But, as shown in detail for rats, accumulation capacity drops with age. Tissue slices of RCC are unable to accumulate PAH actively; slice to medium ratio reaches about 1 and indicates passive PAH uptake only. Surprisingly, in tumors of stage pTl PAH uptake is lowest, perhaps as a sign of PAH transport out of the cells. There is no difference between peripheral and central parts of RCC. Age and sex are without influence on PAH uptake in RCC tissue slices. Interestingly, the accumulation capacity of “intact” tissue of kidneys infested with RCC also depends on the severity of the tumor (stage, diameter), but not on grading and formation of metastases.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 25 (1997), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Pig ; Human ; α2-Adrenoceptor ; β-Adrenoceptor ; Bladder ; Prostate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have quantified and characterized α1-, α2-and β-adrenoceptor subtypes in porcine bladder detrusor and bladder neck, human bladder detrusor, and porcine and human prostate. α1-, α2- and β-adrenoceptor were identified in radioligand binding studies using [3H]prazosin, [3H]RX 821002 and [125I]iodocyanopindolol, respectively, as the radioligands. In porcine male and female detrusor and bladder neck and male prostate, adrenoceptors were detected in the order of abundance β 〉 α2 ≫ α1 (not detectable), with no major differences between the sexes or between detrusor and bladder neck. In human detrusor and prostate the order of abundance was β 〉 α2 ≫ α1 (not detectable) and β ≫ α1 〉 α2. respectively. The α2-adrenoceptors in all tissues were homogeneously of the α2A-subtype as evidenced by competition binding studies with yohimbine, prazosin, ARC 239 and oxymetazoline. The β-adrenoceptors represented a mixed population with a dominance of the β2-subtype in all tissues as demonstrated by competition binding with ICI 118,551 and CGP 20,712A. We conclude that pigs may be a suitable model for studies of detrusor function with respect to adrenoceptor expression. They may be less suitable for studies of bladder neck or prostate function.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Schwann cell ; Diabetic neuropathy ; Human ; Animal model ; Galactose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Despite early descriptions of hypertrophic Schwann cells and onion-bulb formation in patients with diabetic neuropathy, clinical and experimental studies have emphasized axonal pathology. In recent years, the Schwann cell has been further implicated in diabetic neuropathy because it is the primary intrafascicular location for the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, aldose reductase, which appears to have a role in modulating a variety of complications of diabetes, including diabetic neuropathy. To further explore the role of polyol pathway flux in the pathogenesis of Schwann cell injury, ultrastructural abnormalities of Schwann cells in human diabetic neuropathy (HDN) were compared with those in experimental galactose neuropathy (EGN), a well-characterized model of hyperglycemia without hypoinsulinemia. Similar to previous studies of EGN, reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes of Schwann cells were observed after 2, 4 and 24 months of galactose intoxication. Reactive changes included accumulation of lipid droplets, π granules of Reich and glycogen granules, increased numbers of subplasmalemmal vesicles, cytoplasmic expansion, and capping. Degenerative changes included enlargement of mitochondria and effacement of cristae, and disintegration of both abaxonal and adaxonal cytosol and organelles. Both demyelination and onion-bulb formation were seen at all time points, although supernumerary Schwann cells and axonal degeneration were most numerous after 24 months of galactose feeding. In sural nerve biopsy samples from patients with diabetes and progressive worsening of neuropathy, ultrastructural abnormalities in Schwann cells encompassed the full range of reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes described in galactose-fed rats. The concordance of fine-structural observations in nerves from galactose-fed rats and these adult-onset diabetic patients emphasizes the role of flux through aldose reductase in the complex pathology of diabetic neuropathy and points to the utility of galactose intoxication in helping to understand this metabolic disorder.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cystatins ; Transthyretin ; Brain tumors ; Pituitary adenomas ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of cystatin C (CC) and transthyretin (TTR) synthesis was studied using Northern blot and immunohistochemical methods. Normal brain tissues from all sites studied contained CC mRNA. Immunoreactive CC was present in the choroid plexus epithelial cells, cerebral and cerebellar neurons, astrocytes, ependymal cells, macrophage-like cells of the arachnoid membrane and in neuroendocrine cells of the anterior pituitary lobe. TTR mRNA and TTR were restricted to the choroid plexus. In primary brain tumors, the transcript for CC was found in all 39 tumors examined, while the protein could only be demonstrated in 3/5 choroid plexus papillomas, 8/8 astrocytomas, 7/23 anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, 1/6 oligodendrogliomas, 1/1 oligoastrocytoma, 1/4 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, 3/7 ependymomas, 0/1 anaplastic ependymoma, 0/5 primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 0/1 neuroblastoma, 3/11 meningiomas and 16/16 pituitary adenomas. CC cannot be used as a marker for any specific brain tumor type but the fact that the protein could be demonstrated more frequently in astrocytomas than in their more malignant counterparts suggests that the cellular production and secretion of CC changes with the malignant progression of these tumors. TTR mRNA and TTR were present only in the choroid plexus papillomas, indicating that TTR synthesis is mainly restricted to such brain neoplasms.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Tape stripping ; Human ; Stratum corneum ; Penetration studies ; Skin furrows
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tape stripping of human stratum corneum is widely used as a method for studying the kinetics and penetration depth of drugs. Several factors can influence the quantity of stratum corneum that is removed by a piece of tape, such as the manner of tape stripping, the hydration of the skin, cohesion between cells, body site and interindividual differences. However, few data are available about the influence of furrows in the human epidermis on the tape-stripping technique. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of tape stripping in removing complete cell layers from the superficial part of the human stratum corneum. A histological section of skin that was tape-stripped 20 times clearly showed nonstripped skin in the furrows, indicating persistent incomplete tape stripping. Replicas of tape-stripped skin surface demonstrated that even after removing 40 tape strips the furrows were still present. We validated the tape-stripping method further with X-ray microanalysis in the mapping mode by scanning electron microscopy, using a TiO2-containing compound as a marker. TiO2 applied to the skin before the tape-stripping procedures was still present after the tenth tape strip, and was specifically located on the rims of the furrows. We emphasize that results from studies using the tape-stripping method have to be viewed from the perspective that cells on one tape strip of the stratum corneum may be derived from different layers, depending on the position of the tape strip in relation to the slope of the furrow, and such results should be interpreted with considerable caution.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Viability ; Hairless mouse skin ; Human ; neonatal skin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background and design: Viable tissue is essential to assess the rate and extent of biotransformation during percutaneous absorption in vitro. We assessed the viability of hairless mouse whole skin (WS) and stratum corneum/epidermis (SCE) and human neonatal SCE following separation from the dermis by EDTA phosphate-buffered saline (EDTA-PBS) incubation or by heat treatment by measuring the conversion of dextrose to lactate. Lactate concentrations in receptor fluid samples were determined using a Sigma diagnostic lactate determination kit. A standard curve was prepared and samples assayed spectrophotometrically at 340 nm using a lambda 2β spectrophotometer. Standard curves were prepared for each experiment and correlation coefficient values ( r ) were calculated. Results: Our results showed that heirless mouse SCE was associated with glucose conversion to lactic acid at an increased rate if incubated in EDTA-PBS for 4 h and used immediately. Lactate production was greater with the dermis present (EDTA-PBS WS). The rate of glucose to lactate conversion in hairless mouse SCE was 20–25% of that found in WS. Compared with Dulbecco’s modified PBS (DMPBS)-treated WS controls, the rate of lactate production in EDTA-PBS-treated WS was nearly a 50% less. Heat treatment in water at 60° C to separate SCE from hairless mouse WS appeared to eliminate viability. Viability of hairless mouse SCE, as measured by glucose conversion to lactate, was comparable to human neonatal SCE. Conclusions: These results suggest that the dermis is a significant contributor to glucose metabolism and that incubation in EDTA-PBS is a contributing factor to the overall decrease in metabolic capacity of the tissue. As a result of these findings, hairless mouse SCE appears to be useful as a model for human neonatal SCE in percutaneous absorption studies.
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  • 22
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    Archives of dermatological research 289 (1997), S. 466-470 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Alopecia areata ; Human ; Hair ; Cytokines ; Adhesion molecules ; MHC molecules ; Diphenylcyclopropenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immune response present in untreated alopecia areata (AA) is characterized by overexpression of ICAM-1 and MHC molecules on dermal papilla cells of affected hair follicles and by a distinct cytokine pattern. After successful treatment with the potent contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP), adhesion molecules are downregulated and a reversed pattern of cytokines is expressed. To determine which cytokines may be involved in this process we studied the expression and modulation of ICAM-1 and MHC class I and II molecules on cultured dermal papilla cells. Scalp biopsies were obtained from healthy donors and dermal papillae were isolated. The cells were treated with various cytokines and prostanoids. The surface molecules were labeled with FITC-conjugated antibodies, and the expression levels were quantified by FACScan analysis. Incubation with IFN-γ led to a time-dependent upregulation of the surface molecules studied. IL-1β and TNF-α synergistically increased the expression of ICAM-1, but they failed to induce MHC molecules. However, both cytokines significantly reduced the IFN-γ-induced HLA-DR expression. Pretreatment of cells with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac, prostanoids, IL-10 or TGF-β1 did not alter the constitutive or IFN-γ-elicited expression of surface molecules. A neutralizing anti-IL-1β-antibody did not affect any cytokine-induced changes. We conclude that with regard to surface molecules we can partly imitate in vitro the situation of AA in vivo. Moreover, our results suggest that TNF-α, which is markedly increased under DCP treatment, might be an effector of the therapeutic response in AA.
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  • 23
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    Archives of dermatological research 289 (1997), S. 506-513 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Hydration ; Confocal laser scanning ; microscopy ; refractive index ; Image analysis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the swelling behaviour of the stratum corneum. Stratum corneum pieces isolated from the breast region of 20 different females were incubated in distilled water at two different temperatures (20° C and 45° C) for 90 min and 24 h, respectively. Half of the stratum corneum pieces were previously extracted with chloroformmethanol (2 : 1). The area-enlargement was photographically recorded. The thickness enlargement was determined using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The average swelling (99% confidence interval) in the area dimension at 20° C was 8.4% ± 1.4% (n = 20), which corresponded to an average swelling in the length (lateral) dimension of approximately 4.1%. The swelling in the thickness dimension was 26.3% ± 16.3% (n = 8). The swelling was most pronounced in the thickness dimension and was complete after 90 min of water immersion (P 〈 0.01, n = 5). In addition, the removal of the intercellular lipids with chloroform/methanol (2 : 1) induced a decreased swelling in the samples (P 〈 0.01, n = 20). An increase in temperature of the water from 20° C to 45° C resulted in an increase in swelling (P 〈 0.01, n = 20). Taken together our results support the idea that the mechanism of stratum corneum swelling is linked to the intercellular lipid structure and hence to skin barrier function.
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  • 24
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    Hematology and cell therapy 38 (1997), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1279-8509
    Keywords: Human ; Bone marrow ; Fibroblasts ; Proliferation ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bone marrow fibroblasts regulate hematopoiesis by interacting directly (cell-to-cell contact) with hematopoietic cells and by secreting regulatory molecules (such as GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL6 and LIF) that modulate hematopoiesis either in a positive or a negative manner. Several cytokines (such as bFGF, EGF, PDGF and TGF-ß) affect the growth of human marrow fibroblasts in vitro. Further in vivo studies are still required to clarify the role of marrow fibroblasts and their interactions with hematopoietic progenitors during myelofibrosis and leukemic diseases.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Ocular development ; Orbit ; Fetus ; Eye ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de cette étude est de mesurer la croissance oculaire fœtale et de déterminer une courbe à l'aide de mesuresin utero. La croissance oculaire fœtale a été établie par l'analyse des images obtenues en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). L'étude anatomique a permis de définir les meilleures séquences contrastées en IRM pour calculer la surface oculaire. L'analyse biométrique des valeurs de la surface oculaire dans le plan neuro-oculaire de 35 fœtus nous a permis d'établir une modélisation linéaire de la courbe de croissance oculaire in utero. L'évaluation de la croissance oculaire peut permettre de déceler et de confirmer des anomalies malformatives oculaires comme les microphtalmies.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to measure fetal ocular development and to determine a growth curve by means of measurementsin utero. Fetal ocular development was recorded by analysis of the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An anatomic study allowed definition of the best contrasted MRI sequences for calculation of the ocular surface. Biometric analysis of the values of the ocular surface in the neuro-ocular plane in 35 fetuses allowed establishment of a linear model of ocular growth curvein utero. Evaluation of ocular development may allow the detection and confirmation of malformational ocular anomalies such as microphthalmia.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Human ; “Hamstrings” ; Nerve and vascular supply ; Fecal incontinence ; Muscle transposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La graciloplastie électro-stimulée est utilisée de plus en plus fréquemment dans le traitement chirurgical de l'incontinence anale. L'utilisation d'un autre muscle peut être intéressante si le muscle gracile n'est pas utilisable. 30 muscles semitendineux et 15 longs chefs du biceps fémoral ont été étudiés sur des cadavres humains. Ce travail a porté particulièrement sur l'innervation et la vascularisation de ces muscles, dont dépendent les possibilités de transposition. Le long chef du m. biceps fémoral recevait sa vascularisation principale de la première et de la deuxième artère perforante et son innervation d'une branche motrice venant du nerf sciatique, tel que cela est décrit dans la littérature. L'étude du m. semitendineux a montré de nouveaux aspects anatomiques dans sa vascularisation. Dans tous les cas ce muscle recevait sa vascularisation principale de l'artère circonflexe médiale près de la tubérosité ischiatique et de la deuxième a. perforante. Son innervation venait de deux branches motrices du nerf sciatique. Ces deux muscles répondaient aux critères nécessaires pour leur transposition comme néo sphincter. Cependant, compte-tenu de sa vascularisation et de son innervation, le m. semitendineux répond mieux aux impératifs anatomiques que le long chef du biceps et représente une alternative au muscle gracile pour la création d'un néo sphincter anal.
    Notes: Summary Anal neosphincter formation with electrically stimulated gracilis muscle is used increasingly for the surgical treatment of fecal incontinence. An alternative to gracilis might be of interest if this muscle is not available. 30 semitendinosus muscles and 15 long heads of biceps femoris were investigated on human cadavers. In particular, the nerve and vascular supply of these muscles was studied, both representing basic factors for muscle transposition. The long head of biceps femoris m. was found to receive its dominant vascular supply from the first and second perforating artery and its nerve supply from one motor branch out of the sciatic nerve, both as described in literature. The examination of semitendinosus m., however, revealed new anatomical aspects in its vascular supply. In all cases semitendinosus m. was found to receive dominant vascular pedicles from the medial circumflex femoral artery close to the ischial tuberosity and the second perforating artery. The nerve supply consisted of two motor branches out of the sciatic nerve. Both muscles fulfilled several basic criterias for transposition to the anus. However, regarding these requirements, semitendinosus offered distinct advantages in comparison with the long head of biceps femoris. Due to its vascular and nerve topography, semitendinosus seems suitable to serve as an alternative to gracilis.
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  • 27
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    Acta neurochirurgica 139 (1997), S. 478-479 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; cerebral infarction ; neoplastic angioendotheliosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 28
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    Acta neurochirurgica 139 (1997), S. 613-618 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; monoclonal antibody ; pituitary adenoma ; proliferative potential ; regrowth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The proliferative potential of 45 pituitary adenomas was compared with their biological behaviour as determined by immunohistochemical studies, radiological findings, and clinical manifestations. The PCI (proliferating cell index) as measured using antibody MIB-1 in this study ranged from 0.05 to 4.80%, with an average PCI of 1.49±0.19% (mean±standard error of the mean). There was no significant correlation between proliferation and hormonal state, maximum size, intra-adenomatous haemorrhage, or invasiveness. However, a PCI ≧ 1.5% appeared to correlate with the likelihood of tumour regrowth (regrowth rate: 50%); for PCIs 〈 1.5%, the rate was 16%. Regrowth adenomas had a higher mean MIB-1 PCI than non-regrowth adenomas [2.34±0.58% (SE) versus 1.14±0.16%, p ≦ 0.05]. MIB-1 PCIs may provide information that is useful for planning follow-up studies and treatment after surgical resection.
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  • 29
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    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 367-370 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Childhood leukaemia treatment long-term side-effects  ;  Cerebral haemorrhage  ;  Cavernous angioma  ;  Central nervous capillary telangiectases  ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Modern treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has dramatically improved the prognosis for children with this disease. Therapeutic approaches consist of multimodal chemotherapy and radiotherapy with significant long-term side-effects. We report on 4 children out of a group of 120 newly diagnosed patients with ALL, who survived the disease for more than 2 years and developed a cerebral haemorrhage after chemotherapy and fractionated cranial irradiation. Following a period of 2–12 years the four children presented with acute neurological signs and symptoms, i.e. seizures, ataxia and hemiparesis. CT and MRI revealed intracerebral mass lesions, interpreted as haemorrhage. After neurosurgery the patients neurological state improved. Histological examination confirmed the suspected diagnosis of bleeding cavernous haemangioma or capillary telangiectases. There are two possibilities to explain these rare alterations: they may be pre-existent to the disease and therapy or they may be caused by irradiation. Conclusion Acute neurological symptoms in patients treated for ALL may be caused by spontaneous cerebral haemorrhaging of cavernous haemangiomas or capillary telangiectases induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Tetanus ; Intrathecal ; Baclofen ; Benzodiazepine ; GABA ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Spasms in patients with generalized tetanus can be suppressed by a spinal intrathecal infusion of baclofen. We report on four patients and review reported cases treated by this method elsewhere. Design: Intrathecal baclofen infusion was started with a bolus dose (300–500 μg) and continued at a steady rate of 500–1000 μg/day. The dose was increased in daily steps as needed. Results: Doses of baclofen of 500, 1000, or 2000 μg/day were effective in three patients, while 1500 μg/day was insufficient in the fourth. Bradycardia and hypotonia occurred in one patient at a dose of 2000 μg/day but resolved after the dose was reduced to 1500 μg/day. Another patient developed hypotonia when a bolus of 500 μg was given after a steady infusion of 1500 μg/day. Voluntary movements were preserved in one and returned in two patients when sedation, induced by initial diazepam infusions, receded. The fourth patient needed diazepam during most of the treatment with intrathecal baclofen and required mechanical ventilation while being treated with baclofen. Conclusions: A catheter position higher than T11 would possibly have yielded better results. It may be necessary to adapt the dose during the course of the illness. The preservation of respiratory drive and voluntary movements is the main advantage of treating tetanus with intrathecal baclofen. Additionally it helps to reduce sympathetic hyperactivity. Mortality may thereby be reduced.
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  • 31
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    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 702-703 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Vena cava ; Systemic venous return ; Congenital heart disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of left-sided superior vena cava. The diagnosis was suggested by chest radiograph after central venous catheter placement. This was subsequently confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 32
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 1028-1030 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal cord compression ; Spine ; neoplasms ; Osteochondroma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Various neoplastic, vascular, and developmental causes may lead to spinal neural foraminal widening, the most common causes of spinal dumbbell lesions being schwannomas and neurofibromas. Occasionally, some other slow-growing tumors may cause neural foraminal widening. We report an exceptional case of a low-grade spinal chondrosarcoma which apparently developed from a pre-existing osteochondroma in the neural arcus of C6. The lesion passed through the C5–C6 foramen, producing a dumbbell mass.
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  • 33
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. S289 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Breast neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium/diagnostic use ; Contrast media ; Organometallic compounds/diagnostic use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast brings the advantages of high resolution cross-sectional imaging to breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and research: improved cancer detection, staging, selection of therapy, evaluation of therapeutic response in vivo, detection of recurrence, and even the development of new therapies. Until now breast cancer treatment and research has been impeded by the limited means of evaluating the breast cancer in vivo: primarily clinical palpation and mammography of the breast tumor. A review of the initial studies shows that with the use of paramagnetic contrast agents, MRI has a sensitivity of 96 % for detecting breast cancers. MRI detects multicentric disease with a sensitivity of 98 %, superior to any other modality. The ability of MRI to detect recurrent local breast cancer in the conservatively treated breast is nearly 100 %. MRI is capable of monitoring tumor response to chemotherapy and actually guiding therapeutic interventions such as interstitial laser photocoagulation.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory cortical activation ; Speech ; Monaural stimulation ; Cerebral blood flow ; Positron emission tomography ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate how auditory input from each ear contributes to spoken language processing, cortical activation by monaural speech sound stimulation was examined in 12 normal subjects using15O-labeled water positron emission tomography. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured under four different sound stimulation conditions: (1) silence, (2) white noise, (3) sequential Japanese sentences (“speech”), and (4) Japanese sentences played backward (“reversed speech”), and the results were evaluated by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Noise induced significant rCBF increase in the contralateral Heschl’s gyrus. Speech and reversed speech stimuli caused significant rCBF increase in the contralateral Heschl’s gyrus and the bilateral superior temporal gyri, with contralateral activation broader than that in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Monaurally input speech sound signals that reach the contralateral Heschl’s gyrus may be processed chiefly and phonologically in the surrounding superior temporal gyrus in the same hemisphere. Comparison of speech activation with reversed speech activation failed to demonstrate a significant difference, which made it difficult to identify the area for lexical and semantic processing.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Kinesthesia ; Coordination ; Cerebellum ; Muscle spindles ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A coordinated triggering task requiring use of kinesthetic information was employed to assess the timing of use of kinesthetic information in normal subjects and patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Passive movements of varying velocity were imposed in the flexor direction about the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right index finger. Subjects attempted to depress a switch with their left thumb when the index finger moved, past a specified angle that was learned during a training session. The velocities ranged from 10°/s to 88°/s in 2°/s increments. After 200 trials, subjects were then instructed instead to react as quickly as possible (reaction-time task) to the onset of movement for an additional 200 trials. For the same movements, the timing of onset of responses of muscle spindle afferents and cutaneous mechanoreceptors was determined by recording the responses of these afferents using microneurography. For slow velocities, patients were able to perform similarly to normals but at faster velocities patients triggered too late compared with normals. Patients required more time to use kinesthetic information than did normal subjects. An estimate of kinesthetic processing was not longer in patients. The chief explanation for the prolonged time required to use kinesthetic information in patients was that their reaction times were prolonged by 93 ms. In addition, the movement time was also prolonged, but this accounted for only 23 ms. Impaired motor performance in tasks requiring the use of kinesthetic information in cerebellar patients can be explained largely by their prolonged reaction times. Muscle spindle afferents responded on average much sooner than cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Because of the limited time available to perfomr the kinesthetic triggering task, the role for cutaneous mechanoreceptors, to provide singals for on-line coordination of movement appears limited compared with muscle spindle afferents.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Arm aiming movements ; Fitts’ law ; Context dependency ; Sequential action ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Arm movements in the horizontal plane consisting of two segments were examined to determine whether the difficulty of the second segment influenced the kinematic characteristics of the first segment. The direction of the first segment was an elbow extension movement away from the trunk and remained constant throughout the experiment. The direction of the second segment varied between forearm extension and flexion movements. Based on Fitts’ law, two different indexes of difficulty (ID) of the second segment were utilized by changing target size and movement amplitude. The effects of changing ID were examined for two different movement amplitudes. All movements were single-joint movements employing elbow flexion/extension and were recorded by an x-y digitizer. Variations in the ID of the second segment produced context-dependent kinematic changes in the performance of the initial segment. Movement duration increased when the ID was increased by reducing target size for both extension-extension sequence and extension-flexion sequences. Peak velocity also decreased for higher ID targets in the extension-flexion sequence. However, there was an interaction between the ID and movement amplitude in the extension-flexion sequence. In this sequence the duration of movement for the high ID/large movement amplitude condition increased substantially compared with the low ID/small movement amplitude condition. In addition, changing ID of the second segment influenced the time between the two segments (intersegment interval) in the extension-flexion sequence. Collectively, these data suggest that the planning of complex movements is based in part on the accuracy demands of multiple segments of the sequence.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Sensorimotor control ; Centripetal gating ; Tibial nerve ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Attenuation of initial somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) gain becomes more pronounced with increased rates of movement. Manipulation of the range of movement also might alter the SEP gain. It could alter joint receptor discharge; it should alter the discharge of muscle stretch receptors. We hypothesized that: (1) SEP gain reduction correlates with both the range and the rate of movement, and (2) manipulation of range and rate of movement to achieve similar estimated rates of stretch of a leg extensor muscle group (the vasti) results in similar decreases in SEP gain. SEPs from Cz’, referenced to Fpz’ (2 cm caudal to Cz and Fpz, respectively, according to the International 10–20 System), along with soleus H-reflexes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa. Stable magnitudes of small M-waves indicated stability of stimulation. A modified cycle ergometer with an adjustable pedal crank and electric motor was used to passively rotate the right leg over three ranges (producing estimated vasti stretch of 12, 24 and 48 mm) and four rates (0, 20, 40 and 80 rpm) of movement. Two experiments were conducted. Ranges and rates of pedalling movement were combined to produce two or three equivalent estimated rates of tissue stretch of the vasti muscles at each of 4, 16, 32 and 64 mm/s. Tibial nerve stimuli were delivered when the knee was moved through its most flexed position and the hip was nearing its most flexed position. Means of SEP, H-reflex and M-wave magnitudes were tested for rate and range effects (ANOVA). A priori contrasts compared means produced by equivalent estimated rates of vasti stretch. Increasing the rate of movement significantly increased the attenuation of SEP and H-reflex gain (P〈0.05). Increasing the range of movement also significantly increased these gain attenuations (P〈0.05). Combining these to achieve equivalent rates of stretch, through different combinations of rate and range, resulted in equivalent depressions of SEP gain. H-reflex gains were similarly conditioned. These results suggest that muscle stretch receptors play a more important role than joint or cutaneous receptors in regulating SEP gain consequent to movement. We note that the present calculation only considers the knee extensors; however, the biomechanical model of stretch applies also to receptors in the hip extensors. This paper and the companion one show that primary factors in the kinaesthetic components of the movement regulate activity-induced gain attenuation of SEPs.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Monosynaptic reflex ; Muscle afferents ; Motor unit ; Thumb ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human thumb is controlled by a muscle, flexor pollicis longus (FPL), that is unique among mammals and contributes to manual dexterity. The present study sought to define whether the spinal reflex circuitry for this muscle differed from that for an adjacent muscle (flexor carpi radialis, FCR). In peri-stimulus time histograms, short-latency, largely monosynaptic excitation produced by median nerve stimulation was significantly less frequent and significantly smaller for FPL motor units than FCR motor units. Thus the motoneurone pools of adjacent muscles differ in their spinal reflex accessibility. The reflex control of FPL may thus be achieved by supraspinal pathways rather than the traditional monosynaptic arc.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Intersensory coordination ; Vision ; Proprioception ; Reaching movements ; Motor control ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It is now well established that the accuracy of pointing movements to visual targets is worse in the full open loop condition (FOL; the hand is never visible) than in the static closed loop condition (SCL; the hand is only visible in static position prior to movement onset). In order to account for this result, it is generally admitted that viewing the hand in static position (SCL) improves the movement planning process by allowing a better encoding of the initial state of the motor apparatus. Interestingly, this wide-spread interpretation has recently been challenged by several studies suggesting that the effect of viewing the upper limb at rest might be explained in terms of the simultaneous vision of the hand and target. This result is supported by recent studies showing that goal-directed movements involve different types of planning (egocentric versus allocentric) depending on whether the hand and target are seen simultaneously or not before movement onset. The main aim of the present study was to test whether or not the accuracy improvement observed when the hand is visible before movement onset is related, at least partially, to a better encoding of the initial state of the upper limb. To address this question, we studied experimental conditions in which subjects were instructed to point with their right index finger toward their unseen left index finger. In that situation (proprioceptive pointing), the hand and target are never visible simultaneously and an improvement of movement accuracy in SCL, with respect to FOL, may only be explained by a better encoding of the initial state of the moving limb when vision is present. The results of this experiment showed that both the systematic and the variable errors were significantly lower in the SCL than in the FOL condition. This suggests: (1) that the effect of viewing the static hand prior to motion does not only depend on the simultaneous vision of the goal and the effector during movement planning; (2) that knowledge of the initial upper limb configuration or position is necessary to accurately plan goal-directed movements; (3) that static proprioceptive receptors are partially ineffective in providing an accurate estimate of the limb posture, and/or hand location relative to the body; and (4) that static visual information significantly improves the representation provided by the static proprioceptive channel.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibular system ; Spatial orientation ; Motion perception ; Otolith-canal interaction ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Vestibular perception of whole-body passive rotation in the horizontal plane was studied by applying two-dimensional (2D) motion to eight blindfolded healthy volunteers: pure rotations in place, corner-like trajectories and arcs of a circular trajectory were randomly applied by means of a remotely controlled robot. Angles embedded in the 2D trajectories were 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°. Stimulation of semicircular canals was the same for all trajectories but was accompanied by concurrent otolith stimulation during circular motion. Subjects participated in two successive experimental sessions. In the first session they were instructed to use a pointer to reproduce the total angular displacement after the motion (REPRODUCTION); in the second session they had to keep pointing towards a remote (15 m) memorised target during the motion (TRACKING). In REPRODUCTION subjects tended to overestimate their rotation angle by 28 ± 11% (mean ± SD). There was no systematic effect of the trajectory. Overestimation also occurred when subjects were required to rotate in darkness by 180° (by controlling a joystick). In TRACKING there was virtually no overestimation (6 ± 17%) and the movement of the pointer matched the dynamics of angular motion. We conclude that (a) the brain can separate and memorise the angular component of complex 2D motion; however, a large inter-individual variability in estimating its amplitude exists; (b) in the range of linear accelerations used in the study, no appreciable effect of otolith-canal perceptual interaction was shown; (c) angular displacements can be dynamically transformed into matched pointing movements; (d) overestimation seems to be typical of delayed judgements of angular displacement and of self-controlled rotations in place. This could be due to the characteristics of the physiological calibration of the vestibular input.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Transcranial electrical stimulation ; Motor cortex ; Inhibition ; Tibialis anterior ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of the present study was to determine the characteristics of intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex areas representing lower limb muscles using paired transcranial magnetic (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in healthy subjects. In the first paradigm (n=8), paired magnetic stimuli were delivered through a double cone coil and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from quadriceps (Q) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles during relaxation. The conditioning stimulus strength was 5% of the maximum stimulator output below the threshold MEP evoked during weak voluntary contraction of TA (33±5%). The test stimulus (67±2%) was 10% of the stimulator output above the MEP threshold in the relaxed TA. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) from 1–15 ms were examined. Conditioned TA MEPs were significantly suppressed (P〈0.01) at ISIs of less than 5 ms (relative amplitude from 20–50% of the control). TA MEPs tended to be only slightly facilitated at 9-ms and 10-ms ISIs. The degree of MEP suppression was not different between right and left TA muscles despite the significant difference in size of the control responses (P〈0.001). Also, conditioned MEPs were not significantly different between Q and TA. The time course of TA MEP suppression, using electrical test stimuli, was similar to that found using TMS. In the second paradigm (n=2), the suppression of TA MEPs at 2, 3, and 4 ms ISIs was examined at three conditioning intensities with the test stimulation kept constant. For the pooled 2- to 4-ms ISI data, relative amplitudes were 34±6%, 61±5%, and 98±9% for conditioning intensities of 0.95, 0.90, and 0.85× active threshold, respectively (P〈0.01). In conclusion, the suppression of lower limb MEPs following paired TMS showed similar characteristics to the intracortical inhibition previously described for the hand motor area.
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  • 42
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    Experimental brain research 117 (1997), S. 148-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Pointing ; On-line control ; Inverse kinematics ; Double-step stimulation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human arm is kinematically redundant, which may allow flexibility in the execution of reaching movements. We have compared reaching movements with and without kinematic redundancy to unpredictable double-step targets. Subjects sat in front of a digitising tablet and were able to view an arc of four targets reflected in the mirror as virtual images in the plane of the tablet. They were instructed to move, from a central starting point, in as straight a line as possible to a target. In one-third of trials, the target light switched to one of its neighbours during the movement. Subjects made 60 movements using shoulder, elbow and wrist and then another 60 movements in which only shoulder and elbow movement were allowed. By restraining the wrist, the limb was made non-redundant. The path length was calculated for each movement. In single-step trials, there was no significant difference between path lengths performed with and without wrist restraint. As expected there was a significant increase in path length during double-step trials. Moreover this increase was significantly greater when the wrist was restrained. The variability across both single- and double-step movements was significantly less while the wrist was restrained. Importantly the performance time of the movements did not alter significantly for single-step, double-step or restrained movements. These results suggest that the nervous system exploits the intrinsic redundancy of the limb when controlling voluntary movements and is therefore more effective at reprogramming movements to double-step targets.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Pain ; Capsaicin ; Cerebral blood flow ; Positron emission tomography ; Somatotopic organization ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in six healthy volunteers at rest and during experimentally induced, sustained cutaneous pain on the dorsum of the right hand or on the dorsum of the right foot. Pain was inflicted by intracutaneous injection of capsaicin, providing a mainly C-fibre nociceptive stimulus. Statistical analysis showed significant activations along the central sulcus (SI) area when comparing pain in the hand to pain in the foot. Separate comparison of both pain states to a baseline revealed different locations along the central sulcus for hand pain and foot pain. The encountered differences are consistent with what is previously known about the somatotopics of non-painful stimuli. When comparing painful stimuli to baseline, the contralateral anterior cingulate gyrus, the ipsilateral anterior insular cortex and the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex were implicated. The results are consistent with an involvement of SI in the spatial discrimination of acute cutaneous pain.
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  • 44
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 525-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Walking ; Intentional on-line control ; Mechanical perturbation ; Neuromuscular synergy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In locomotion, the capability to control and modulate intentionally the propulsive forces is fundamental for the adaptation of the body’s progression, both in speed and direction. The purpose of this experiment was to determine how human beings can achieve such control on-line. To answer this question, four subjects walking steadily were faced with a linear increase in resistance (impeding forward displacement), lasting 3 s, once per minute. At the end of the variation, the new resistance was maintained. There were two tasks; in both tasks, in the initial steady state, the subjects had to walk steadily at 1.3 m s–1. As the resistance increased, subjects were either required to maintain their walking speed (compensation task) or to let the walking speed and amplitude adapt freely (no-intervention task). This provided an estimate of the effects of the perturbation alone. Throughout the experiment, the stride frequency (114 step min–1) was fixed by a metronome. Subjects maintained their stride frequency on both tasks. In the no-intervention task, walking speed was 1.3 and 1 m s–1 under normal and high resistance respectively. In the compensation task, under high steady resistance, walking speed was maintained by an increase in the activation gain of the neuromuscular synergy: all recorded muscles increased their EMG activity, but without any change in the shape of their activation profile throughout the cycle. During the transitional phases, however, as the resistance began to increase, the walking speed decreased temporarily (–2%) before returning rapidly to its initial value. By contrast, at the end of the resistance increase, no such changes in speed were observed. During the transitional phases, the on-line compensation for the resistance increase induced modifications in the shape of the activation burst in the medial gastrocnemius such that the transitional cycles clearly differed from the steady state cycles. The results observed in the compensation task suggest that the subjects used two different modes of control during steady states and transitional phases. In stable dynamic conditions, there appears to be an ”intermittent control” mode, where propulsive forces are globally managed for the entire stance phase. As a result, no compensation occurred at the beginning of the perturbation. During the resistance increase, subjects appeared to switch to an ”on-line control” mode in order to continuously adapt the propulsive forces to the time course of the external force, resulting in an observable compensation at the end of the resistance change.
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  • 45
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 1245-1251 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Knee ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Children ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The appearances of knee injuries on MR imaging are less well documented in children than adults. Some patterns of injury are shared by both groups of patients, e. g. meniscal damage. The frequency of specific injuries may differ, e. g. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. Congenital abnormality, coexistent pathology and previous treatment of the knee appear to be associated with meniscal problems. Discoid menisci are seen most frequently in children and have unique features on MR scans. Cruciate ligament tears are difficult to diagnose in the smallest children. The ACL may not be identified due to its small size. Normal bone marrow signal may be confused with marrow infiltration or bone microfracture. Radiographically occult fractures around the knee appear to be strongly associated with ligamentous injury as in adult patients. Osteochondral fractures, osteochondral lesions and articular cartilage damage are revealed on MR scans, but their long-term effects are uncertain. It is possible to diagnose a range of knee injuries on MR scans in children. The biggest diagnostic challenge is in pre-school children.
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  • 46
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    Experimental brain research 113 (1997), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Saccade ; Acceleration ; Eye ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of acceleration was recorded during horizontal saccadic eye movements using a lightweight accelerometer fixed to a scleral contact lens. Horizontal saccades of 15–20° were dominated by either several pulses of acceleration, with a frequency of around 40 Hz, or a single acceleration-deceleration wave followed by lower amplitude polyphasic activity of about 80 Hz. These features are unlikely to be due to slippage or resonance in the contact lens-accelerometer system, as very similar patterns of acceleration were simultaneously recorded with an accelerometer taped over the closed eyelid of the contralateral eye. Analysis of simultaneous surface electromyogram recordings indicated that the multicomponent acceleration profiles were the product, at least in part, of the rhythmic and synchronous modulation of eye muscle discharge during saccades.
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  • 47
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    Experimental brain research 113 (1997), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Isometric finger force ; Sensorimotor integration ; Vibration ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of afferent feedback on isometric fine force resolution was studied in humans. Subjects performed the smallest possible isometric flexion force increments with the index finger while visual, cutaneous, and muscle spindle feedback conditions were varied. In the control conditions with visual feedback, isometric force resolution was finest and independent of cutaneous or muscle spindle feedback. In the absence of visual cues, force resolution was significantly coarser. When agonist muscle spindles were vibrated (100 Hz and 150 Hz), fine force resolution capabilities declined further. Diminution of cutaneous feedback per se did not affect fine force resolution. However, the effect of agonist vibration was attenuated when full cutaneous feedback was available. We conclude that in voluntary isometric contractions the degree of fine force resolution depends on the type of afferent feedback available for calibrating central motor commands. Visual feedback is more powerful than spindle feedback, which is more efficient than cutaneous feedback. The extent to which the central motor command itself contributes to the sensation of force is indirectly implied by reproducible, yet coarser force resolution levels when peripheral information is minimized.
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  • 48
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Manual prehension ; Visuomotor coordination ; Three-dimensional orientation ; Wrist joint ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  When reaching for an object, the proximity of the object, its orientation, and shape should all be correctly estimated well before the hand arrives in contact with it. We were interested in the effects of the object’s orientation on manual prehension. Subjects were asked to reach for an object at one of several possible orientations. We found that the trajectory of the hand and its rotation and opening were significantly affected by the object’s orientation within the first half of the movement. We also detected a slight delay of the wrist relative to the forearm and a small bias of the orientation of the fingers’ tips toward the orientation of the table on which the object lay. Finally, the aperture of the hand was proportional to the physical size of the object, which shows that size constancy was achieved from the variation of the object’s orientation. Taken together, these results indicate that the three components of the movement – the transport, rotation, and opening of the hand – have access to a common visual representation of the object’s orientation.
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  • 49
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 246-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Voluntary movement ; Hand ; Muscle spindle ; Fusimotor system ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Impulses of 16 muscle spindle afferents from finger extensor muscles were recorded from the radial nerve along with electromyographic (EMG) activity and kinematics of joint movement. Twelve units were classified as Ia and 4 as II spindle afferents. Subjects were requested to perform precision movements at a single metacarpophalangeal joint in an indirect visual tracking task. Similar movements were executed under two different conditions, i.e. with high and low error gain. The purpose was to explore whether different precision demands were associated with different spindle firing rates. With high error gain, a small but significantly higher impulse rate was found in pooled data from Ia afferents during lengthening movements but not during shortening movements, nor with II afferents. EMG was also significantly higher with high error gain in recordings with Ia afferents. When the effect of EMG was factored out, using partial correlation analysis, the significant difference in Ia firing rate vanished. The findings suggest that fusimotor drive as well as skeletomotor activity were both marginally higher when the precision demand was higher, whereas no indication of independent fusimotor adjustments was found. These results are discussed with respect to data from behaving animals and the role of fusimotor independence in various limb muscles proposed.
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  • 50
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Muscle contraction ; Electrical stimulation ; Motor unit recruitment ; Spike-triggered averaging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The recruitment order of motor units (MU) was compared during voluntary and electrically induced contractions. With the use of spike-triggered averaging, a total of 302 MUs with recruitment thresholds ranging from 1% to 88% of maximal voluntary contraction were recorded in the human tibialis anterior muscle in five subjects. The mean (±SD) MU force was 98.3±93.3 mN (mean torque 16.8±15.9 mNm) and the mean contraction time (CT) 46.2±12.7 ms. The correlation coefficients (r) between MU twitch force and CT versus the recruitment threshold in voluntary contractions were +0.68 and –0.38 (P〈0.001), respectively. In voluntary contractions, MUs were recruited in order of increasing size except for only 6% of the cases; whereas, during transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) at the muscle motor point, MU pairs showed a reversal of recruitment order in 28% and 35% of the observations, respectively, when the pulse durations were 1.0 ms or 0.1 ms. This recruitment reversal during ES was not related to the magnitude of the difference in voluntary recruitment thresholds between MUs. It is concluded that if the reversal of MU recruitment observed during ES is biophysically controlled by differences in their nerve axon input impedance, in percutaneous stimulation at the motor point, other factors such as the size and the morphological organisation of the axonal branches can also influence the order of activation.
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  • 51
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor control ; Somatosensory system ; Motor timing ; Arm kinematics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The role of tactile information of the hand in the control of reaching to grasp movements was investigated. The kinematics of both reaching (or transport) and grasp components were studied in healthy subjects in two experimental conditions. In one condition (control condition) subjects were required to reach and grasp an object that could have two sizes and that could be located at two distances from the viewer. In the other condition (anaesthesia condition) the same movements were executed, but anaesthesia was provided to the subjects’ fingertips. In both conditions vision of the hand was prevented during movement. Anaesthesia affected mainly the kinematics of the first phase of grasping, that is, the finger-opening phase. This phase was lengthened and maximal finger aperture increased. In contrast, the duration of the successive phase (finger-closure) was poorly modified. The reaching component was also impaired by anaesthesia. Although the total extent of hand path and the spatial relations between the finger aperture and closure phases did not change between the two conditions, hand path variability increased. This occurred during transport deceleration phase and after the increase in variability of finger path. In addition, the whole movement was slowed down. The results of the present experiment suggest that tactile signals at the beginning and at the end of movement can be used to compute grasp time and to optimise grasp temporal parameters. Alternatively, signals from tactile receptors can be involved in encoding the position sense of the fingers. When this input is lacking, the control of grasp and in particular that of finger-opening phase can be impaired. Finally, the effect of the grasp impairment on the reaching component supports the notion that the coordination between reaching and grasping involves the whole temporal course of the two components.
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  • 52
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Muscle receptors ; Joint receptors ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Plantar pressure ; Leg EMG signals ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible pathways in the somatosensory system that relate to the postural reflexes in the leg muscles during a sudden, toes-up platform rotation. The inputs to the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot as well as to the joint receptors in the ankle joint were modulated by standing on different supporting surfaces and by immobilizing the ankle joints; and three leg muscle responses (characterized by short latency, medium latency, and long latency) to the platform movement were recorded in 15 healthy young subjects. It was found that: (1) the short latency was not affected by the changes in either plantar pressure or ankle joint movement; (2) the medium latency was regulated by the plantar pressures under the foot, as sensed by the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot, and by the ankle joint movement, as perceived by the joint receptors in the ankle joint; (3) the long latency was also related to the ankle joint movement, but this relation seems to be modulated by the plantar pressures under the foot; and (4) both medium and long latencies were well correlated with the time derivative of the pressure difference between the forefoot and the rear foot regions (r=0.7), as well as with the static pressure in the antagonist foot region (r〉0.6).
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  • 53
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 170-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Visually guided reaching ; PET ; MRI ; Posterior parietal cortex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify the brain areas involved in visually guided reaching by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in six normal volunteers while they were fixating centrally and reaching with the left or right arm to targets presented in either the right or the left visual field. The PET images were registered with magnetic resonance images from each subject so that increases in rCBF could be localized with anatomical precision in individual subjects. Increased neural activity was examined in relation to the hand used to reach, irrespective of field of reach (hand effect), and the effects of target field of reach, irrespective of hand used (field effect). A separate analysis on intersubject, averaged PET data was also performed. A comparison of the results of the two analyses showed close correspondence in the areas of activation that were identified. We did not find a strict segregation of regions associated exclusively with either hand or field. Overall, significant rCBF increases in the hand and field conditions occurred bilaterally in the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, cuneus, lingual gyrus, superior temporal cortex, insular cortex, thalamus, and putamen. Primary motor cortex, postcentral gyrus, and the superior parietal lobule (intraparietal sulcus) showed predominantly a contralateral hand effect, whereas the inferior parietal lobule showed this effect for the left hand only. Greater contralateral responses for the right hand were observed in the secondary motor areas. Only the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices exhibited strong ipsilateral hand effects. Field of reach was more commonly associated with bilateral patterns of activation in the areas with contralateral or ipsilateral hand effects. These results suggest that the visual and motor components of reaching may have a different functional organization and that many brain regions represent both limb of reach and field of reach. However, since posterior parietal cortex is connected with all of these regions, we suggest that it plays a crucial role in the integration of limb and field coordinates.
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  • 54
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 304-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Eccentric rotation ; Otolith organs ; Semicircular canals ; Vergence ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We employed binocular magnetic search coils to study the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) of 15 human subjects undergoing passive, whole-body rotations about a vertical (yaw) axis delivered as a series of pseudorandom transients and sinusoidal oscillations at frequencies from 0.8 to 2.0 Hz. Rotations were about a series of five axes ranging from 20 cm posterior to the eyes to 10 cm anterior to the eyes. Subjects were asked to regard visible or remembered targets 10 cm, 25 cm, and 600 cm distant from the right eye. During sinusoidal rotations, the gain and phase of the VOR and VVOR were found to be highly dependent on target distance and eccentricity of the rotational axis. For axes midway between or anterior to the eyes, sinusoidal gain decreased progressively with increasing target proximity, while, for axes posterior to the otolith organs, gain increased progressively with target proximity. These effects were large and highly significant. When targets were remote, rotational axis eccentricity nevertheless had a small but significant effect on sinusoidal gain. For sinusoidal rotational axes midway between or anterior to the eyes, a phase lead was present that increased with rotational frequency, while for axes posterior to the otolith organs phase lag increased with rotational frequency. Transient trials were analyzed during the first 25 ms and from 25 to 80 ms after the onset of the head rotation. During the initial 25 ms of transient head rotations, VOR and VVOR gains were not significantly influenced by rotational eccentricity or target distance. Later in the transient responses, 25–80 ms from movement onset, both target distance and eccentricity significantly influenced gain in a manner similar to the behavior during sinusoidal rotation. Vergence angle generally remained near the theoretically ideal value during illuminated test conditions (VVOR), while in darkness vergence often varied modestly from the ideal value. Regression analysis of instantaneous VOR gain as a function of vergence demonstrated only a weak correlation, indicating that instantaneous gain is not likely to be directly dependent on vergence. A model was proposed in which linear acceleration as sensed by the otoliths is scaled by target distance and summed with angular acceleration as sensed by the semicircular canals to control eye movements. The model was fit to the sinusoidal VOR data collected in darkness and was found to describe the major trends observed in the data. The results of the model suggest that a linear interaction exists between the canal and otolithic inputs to the VOR.
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Reaction time ; Saccadic latency ; Saccadic eye movement ; Ocular motor system ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent neurophysiological studies of the saccadic ocular motor system have lent support to the hypothesis that this system uses a motor error signal in retinotopic coordinates to direct saccades to both visual and auditory targets. With visual targets, the coordinates of the sensory and motor error signals will be identical unless the eyes move between the time of target presentation and the time of saccade onset. However, targets from other modalities must undergo different sensory-motor transformations to access the same motor error map. Because auditory targets are initially localized in head-centered coordinates, analyzing the metrics of saccades from different starting positions allows a determination of whether the coordinates of the motor signals are those of the sensory system. We studied six human subjects who made saccades to visual or auditory targets from a central fixation point or from one at 10° to the right or left of the midline of the head. Although the latencies of saccades to visual targets increased as stimulus eccentricity increased, the latencies of saccades to auditory targets decreased as stimulus eccentricity increased. The longest auditory latencies were for the smallest values of motor error (the difference between target position and fixation eye position) or desired saccade size, regardless of the position of the auditory target relative to the head or the amplitude of the executed saccade. Similarly, differences in initial eye position did not affect the accuracy of saccades of the same desired size. When saccadic error was plotted as a function of motor error, the curves obtained at the different fixation positions overlapped completely. Thus, saccadic programs in the central nervous system compensated for eye position regardless of the modality of the saccade target, supporting the hypothesis that the saccadic ocular motor system uses motor error signals to direct saccades to auditory targets.
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  • 56
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Action potential shape ; Concentric needle electrode ; Microneurography ; Myelinated fibres ; Single-unit recording ; Peripheral nerve ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Using standardised concentric needle electrodes 170 single units were recorded from myelinated cutaneous afferents in the human median or ulnar nerves. The unitary waveforms were of four types: single-peaked monophasic potentials (type I), double-peaked monophasic potentials (type II), biphasic potentials (type III) and triphasic potentials (type IV). Type II and IV occurred more frequently than the other types. Units of different functional classes had similar waveforms and there was no specific type of waveform distribution in any particular unit category. In some recording situations there were changes in unitary waveforms from one type to another. There was a tendency for the complex type IV, type III and type II waveforms to change to the simple type I. Adjustment of the electrode often provoked such waveform changes. The waveform profiles and waveform changes observed during recordings with concentric needles were significantly different from those encountered with conventional tungsten electrodes, which might be due to differences in recording properties between the two electrodes. Possible neural mechanisms underlying the observed waveforms and waveform transitions are discussed. In particular, our data suggest that concentric needle electrodes record single-unit activity from myelinated fibres extracellularly.
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  • 57
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words First-and second-order motion ; Motion detection ; Perception ; Smooth-pursuit eye movements ; Compensating saccades ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The perception of the displacement of luminance-defined contours (i.e., first-order motion) is an important and well-examined function of the visual system. It can be explained, for example, by the operation of elementary motion detectors (EMDs), which cross-correlate the spatiotemporal luminance distribution. More recent studies using second-order motion stimuli, i.e., shifts of the distribution of features such as contrast, texture, flicker, or motion, extended classic concepts of motion perception by including nonlinear or hierarchical processing in the EMD. Smooth-pursuit eye movements can be used as a direct behavioral probe for motion processing. The ability of the visual system to extract motion signals from the spatiotemporal changes of the retinal image can be addressed by analyzing the elicited eye movements. We measured the eye movement response to moving objects defined by two different types of first-order motion and two different types of second-order motion. Our results clearly showed that the direction of smooth-pursuit eye movements was always determined by the direction of object motion. In particular, in the case of second-order motion stimuli, smooth-pursuit did not follow the retinal image motion. The latency of the initial saccades during pursuit of second-order stimuli was slightly but significantly increased, compared with the latency of saccades elicited by first-order motion. The processing of second-order motion in the peripheral visual field was less exact than the processing of first-order motion in the peripheral field. Steady state smooth-pursuit eye speed did not reflect the velocity of second-order motion as precisely as that of first-order motion, and the resulting retinal error was compensated by saccades. Interestingly, for slow second-order stimuli we observed that the eye could move faster than the target, leading to small, corrective saccades in the opposite direction to the ongoing smooth-pursuit eye movement. We conclude from our results that both visual perception and the control of smooth-pursuit eye movements have access to processing mechanisms extracting first- and second-order motion.
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  • 58
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 531-540 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Smooth pursuit ; Steady state pursuit ; Pursuit initiation ; Textured background ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the effects of stationary and moving textured backgrounds on the initiation and steady state of ocular pursuit using horizontally moving targets. We found that the initial eye acceleration was slightly reduced when a stationary textured background was employed, as compared to experiments with a homogeneous background. When a moving textured background was introduced, the initial eye acceleration was significantly larger when the target and the background moved in opposite directions than when the target and the background moved in the same direction. The use of stationary and moving textured backgrounds resulted in comparable effects on the initial eye acceleration when they were presented either as a large field or as a narrow, horizontal small field, only covering the trajectory of the target. Moreover, small-field stationary backgrounds slightly reduced the eye velocity during steady state pursuit. A small-field background moving in the opposite direction to the target distinctly reduced eye velocity, while a target and a background moving in the same direction sometimes even improved pursuit performance, when compared with a homogeneous background. The influences of small-field textured backgrounds on steady state pursuit were comparable with those of large-field backgrounds in both stationary and moving conditions.
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  • 59
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Joint nociceptors ; Arthritis ; Articular pain ; Perireceptor events ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate) is a glycosaminoglycan that is present in all joint tissues. Painful arthritic joints have been characterized by hyaluronan of reduced elastoviscosity. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether hyaluronan has an influence on joint nociceptor sensitivity and whether restoration of elastoviscosity would decrease nerve responses from nociceptive afferent fibers in arthritic joints. Nerve impulse activity was recorded from nociceptive afferent fibers of the medial articular nerve in anesthetized cats. An acute experimental arthritis was produced by intra-articular injection of kaolin and carrageenan. This caused, within 3 h, the development of ongoing nerve activity and enhancement of nerve impulse responses to passive movements in the normal range of the joint. Intra-articular injection of an elastoviscous solution of hylan, a hyaluronan derivative, significantly reduced both the ongoing activity and the movement-evoked responses in 1–2 h. This effect was not obtained when a nonelastoviscous solution of hylan was injected into the inflamed joint. The results indicate that intra-articularly injected elastoviscous solutions of hylan reduced nociceptive activity in inflamed joints through an elastoviscous, rheological effect on nociceptive afferent fibers through the intercellular matrix in which these fibers are embedded.
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  • 60
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Reaching movements ; Direction ; Extent ; Amplitude ; Variable errors ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Invariant patterns in the distribution of the endpoints of reaching movements have been used to suggest that two important movement parameters of reaching movements, direction and extent, are planned by two independent processing channels. This study examined this hypothesis by testing the effect of task conditions on variable errors of direction and extent of reaching movements. Subjects made reaching movements to 25 target locations in a horizontal workspace, in two main task conditions. In task 1, subjects looked directly at the target location on the horizontal workspace before closing their eyes and pointing to it. In task 2, arm movements were made to the same target locations in the same horizontal workspace, but target location was displayed on a vertical screen in front of the subjects. For both tasks, variable errors of movement extent (on-axis error) were greater than for movement direction (off-axis error). As a result, the spatial distributions of endpoints about a given target usually formed an ellipse, with the principal axis oriented in the mean movement direction. Also, both on- and off-axis errors increased with movement amplitude. However, the magnitude of errors, especially on-axis errors, scaled differently with movement amplitude in the two task conditions. This suggests that variable errors of direction and extent can be modified independently by changing the nature of the sensorimotor transformations required to plan the movements. This finding is further evidence that the direction and extent of reaching movements appear to be controlled independently by the motor system.
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  • 61
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    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 552-556 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Eating action ; Motor control ; Grasp ; Motor plan ; Neurophysiology ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The kinematic characteristics of the eating action in humans were assessed. Ten subjects were asked to bring to the mouth pieces of cheese of different sizes (0.7 cm and 2 cm). The pattern of mouth aperture with respect to the size of the food was similar to that found for grasping differently sized objects with the hand. Mouth aperture was appropriately scaled and the time of maximum aperture was reached earlier for the smaller than for the larger piece of cheese. The deceleration phase of the arm was prolonged when the small piece of cheese had to be brought to the mouth with respect to when the large piece of cheese had to be brought to the mouth. Temporal coupling between the time of maximum peak deceleration and the maximum mouth aperture was found in seven of the ten subjects. Taken together these preliminary results suggest that coordinated actions are subserved by the use of a common coordinating schema independently from the effectors involved.
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  • 62
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 20-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Reflex and voluntary control of movement ; Shortening and lengthening contractions ; Long-latency reflex ; Elbow ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Stretch reflex responses in three elbow flexor muscles – the brachioradialis and the short and long heads of the biceps brachii – were studied during different motor tasks. The motor tasks were iso-velocity (8 deg/s) elbow flexion movements in which the muscles performed shortening or lengthening contractions, or were isometric contractions. Care was taken to maintain constant background electromyographic (EMG) activity in the brachoradialis muscle at a 50-deg elbow angle across the tasks by changing the magnitude of the initial load. During each task, mechanical perturbations (duration 170 ms) were applied at pseudorandom intervals when the elbow angle was 50 deg. The magnitude of the perturbation was varied across tasks in order to induce an elbow extension velocity of 80 deg/s over the first 50 ms after the onset of perturbation. The stretch reflex EMG responses in all muscles varied across the three tasks, despite a constant EMG level and similar perturbation-induced angular velocity in the direction of elbow extension. In particular, both the short- and long-latency reflex EMG components were reduced during the lengthening contractions. Further, the task-dependent variations in the early (M2) and the late (M3) components of the long-latency reflex were different, i.e., the magnitude of M3 was considerably enhanced during the shortening task as compared with that of M2. These findings suggest that central modification was responsible for the task-dependent modulation of late EMG responses.
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  • 63
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    Experimental brain research 117 (1997), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic stimulation ; Resetting ; Motor cortex ; Rhythmical movement ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We studied the effects of changes in loading torque on the effectiveness of magnetic cortical stimulation in evoking phase resetting of voluntary wrist movement. Nine normal subjects were studied (five on two occasions), while making rhythmical movements of the right wrist, at their preferred rate, against extension torque loads of 0.35 Nm, 0.26 Nm and 0.18 Nm, flexion torque loads of 0.09 Nm and 0.18 Nm and without external load. The position records of individual trials were used to measure the effectiveness of resetting (resetting index: the slope of the phase-response curve) and the ”null phase”, the phase to which the trials were being reset. The loading torque had a strong influence upon both the resetting index and the null phase, generated by a constant intensity of cortical stimulation such that the largest resetting indices were obtained for movements made against the largest extension torque load (mean resetting index 0.72). The degree of resetting and null phase were related to the mean amplitude and direction of the first poststimulus position peak, which in turn was largely determined by the twitch induced by the cortical shock. The timings of the averaged poststimulus position peaks following the first were simple multiples of the prestimulus movement period. Our results indicate that loading conditions profoundly influence the effectiveness of magnetic cortical stimulation in resetting a voluntary movement and that these effects appear to be largely explicable by the changes in the muscle twitch evoked by the stimulus with the different loads. We suggest that the magnetic shock is therefore unlikely to reset voluntary movement by an action directly upon the motor programme. We propose that the main method by which magnetic cortical stimulation resets repetitive wrist movement is indirect: normal generation of repetitive wrist flexion and extension is disrupted by the cortical shock, following which afferent information related to the twitch induced is able to reset the movement.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Prehension ; Spatiotemporal variability ; Motor control ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human prehension movements have been studied with regard to the parallel processing of motor control and sensorimotor coordination. Temporal aspects of the movement (e.g., onset time and duration) have been studied extensively, while spatial aspects have not been studied systematically. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine spatiotemporal variability of the transport (wrist trajectory) and grasp (grip aperture between the index finger and the thumb) components. In this experiment, the extrinsic (e.g., distance) and intrinsic object properties (e.g., object size) were manipulated. Subjects were required to pick up an aluminum cylinder as quickly and accurately as possible using the index finger and the thumb. It was found that object size significantly affected both transport and grasp components. Distance mainly affected the transport component. These kinematic results were consistent with the findings of earlier studies. Furthermore, the distribution of mean within-subject variability across normalized movement time for the transport component was not the same as that of the grasp component, suggesting that the different motor control processes exist. The peak amplitudes in variability of the wrist trajectory and the grip aperture were obtained at similar points throughout movement time. Furthermore, the peak of wrist variability depended on distance not object size, while that of aperture variability depended on both distance and object size. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the grasp component is adjusted using dynamic information provided from the transport component as the wrist moves toward the object. We also found that wrist variability converged to the target point, while aperture variability was biphasic: it converged, at least, around the point of maximum aperture in the first phase and then remained constant in the second phase. This result suggests that the two components are under different control processes. We hypothesize that the transport component can be modeled as a single feedforward system, while the grasp component can be divided into two separate mechanisms.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Key words Arm movement ; EMG ; Motor learning ; Torque ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nine young infants were followed longitudinally from 4 to 15 months of age. They performed multijoint reaching movements to a stationary target presented at shoulder height. Time-position data of the hand, shoulder, and elbow were collected using an optoelectronic measurement system. In addition, we recorded electromyographic activity (EMG) from arm extensors and flexors. This paper documents how control problems of proximal torque generation may account for the segmented hand paths seen during early reaching. Our analysis revealed the following results: first, muscular impulse (integral of torque) increased significantly between the ages of 20 (reaching onset) and 64 weeks. That is, as infants got older they produced higher levels of mean muscular flexor torque during reaching. Data were normalized by body weight and movement time, so differences are not explained by anthropometric changes or systematic variations in movement time. Second, while adults produced solely flexor muscle torque to accomplish the task, infants generated flexor and extensor muscle torque at shoulder and elbow throughout a reach. At reaching onset more than half of the trials revealed this latter kinetic profile. Its frequency declined systematically as infants got older. Third, we examined the pattern of muscle coordination in those trials that exhibited elbow extensor muscle torque. We found that during elbow extension coactivation of flexor and extensor muscles was the predominant pattern in 67% of the trials. This pattern was notably absent in comparable adult reaching movements. Fourth, fluctuations in force generation, as measured by the rate of change of total torque (NET) and muscular torque (MUS), were more frequent in early reaching (20–28 weeks) than in the older cohort (52–64 weeks), indicating that muscular torque production became increasingly smoother and task-efficient. Our data demonstrate that young infants have problems in generating smooth profiles of proximal joint torques. One possible reason for this imprecision in infant force control is their inexperience in predicting the magnitude and direction of external forces. That infants learned to consider external forces is documented by their increasing reliance on these forces when performing voluntary elbow extensions. The patterns of muscle coordination underlying active elbow extensions were basically the same as during the prereaching phase, indicating that the formation of functional synergies is based on a basal repertoire of innervation patterns already observable in very early, spontaneous movements.
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  • 66
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    Experimental brain research 114 (1997), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vision ; Locomotion ; Optic Flow Adaptation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of an optic flow pattern on human locomotion was studied in subjects walking on a self-driven treadmill. During walking an optic flow pattern was presented, which gave subjects the illusion of walking in a tunnel. Visual stimulation was achieved by a closed-loop system in which optic flow and treadmill velocity were automatically adjusted to the intended walking velocity (WV). Subjects were instructed to keep their WV constant. The presented optic flow velocity was sinusoidally varied relative to the WV with a cycle period of 2 min. The independent variable was the relative optic flow (rOF), ranging from −1, i.e., forward flow of equal velocity as the WV, and 3, i.e., backward flow 3 times faster than WV. All subjects were affected by rOF in a similar way. The results showed, firstly, an increase in stride-cycle variability that suggests a larger instability of the walking pattern than in treadmill walking without optic flow; and, secondly, a significant modulating effect of rOF on the self-chosen WV. Backward flow resulted in a decrease, whereas forward flow induced an increase of WV. Within the analyzed range, a linear relationship was found between rOF and WV. Thirdly, WV-related modulations in stride length (SL) and stride frequency (SF) were different from normal walking: whereas in the latter a change in WV is characterized by a stable linear relationship between SL and SF (i.e., an approximately constant SL to SF ratio), optic flow-induced changes in WV are closely related to a modulation of SL (i.e., a change of SL-SF ratio). Fourthly, this effect of rOF diminished by about 45% over the entire walking distance of 800 m. The results suggest that the adjustment of WV is the result of a summation of visual and leg-proprioceptive velocity informations. Visual information about ego-motion leads to an unintentional modulation of WV by affecting specifically the relationship between SL and SF. It is hypothesized that the space-related parameter (SL) is influenced by visually perceived motion information, whereas the temporal parameter (SF) remains stable. The adaptation over the entire walking distance suggests that a shift from visual to leg-proprioceptive control takes place.
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  • 67
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 83-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Smooth pursuit ; Adaptation ; Peripheral motion signal ; Topography ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The main purpose of the present study was to investigate adaptive properties in human smooth-pursuit eye movements generated by a peripheral moving target. In adaptation trials, a target appeared in the peripheral visual field and immediately moved away at a constant speed, and a subject made a saccade and postsaccadic pursuit responses to track it. The target speed was, however, changed to a higher or lower constant speed (step-ramp-ramp target motion) at the termination of the saccade. This adaptation paradigm induced adaptive modifications in postsaccadic pursuit responses and our results revealed the following properties of the pursuit adaptation system. Topographic modification: Modification of the initial pursuit velocity depends on the position of a moving target. Pursuit gain change: Pursuit velocity is modified not by the addition of a constant bias to the pre-adaptation pursuit velocity, but by a change in the pursuit gain (pursuit velocity/target velocity). Lack of influence on saccade properties: Pursuit adaptation does not change the amplitude and latency of saccades either to a moving target or to a stationary target.
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  • 68
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 122-130 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Posture ; Arm movement ; Hand grip force ; Load force ; Anticipation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The reactive forces and torques associated with moving a hand-held object between two points are potentially destabilising, both for the object’s position in the hand and for body posture. Previous work has demonstrated that there are increases in grip force ahead of arm motion that contribute to object stability in the hand. Other studies have shown that early postural adjustments in the legs and trunk minimise the potential perturbing effects on body posture of rapid voluntary arm movement. This paper documents the concurrent evolution of grip force and postural adjustments in anticipation of dynamic and static loads. Subjects held a manipulandum in precision grasp between thumb and index finger and pulled or pushed either a dynamic or a fixed load horizontally towards or away from the body (the grasp axis was orthogonal to the line of the load force). A force plate measured ground reaction torques, and force transducers in the manipulandum measured the load (tangential) and grip (normal) forces acting on the thumb and finger. In all conditions, increases in grip force and ground reaction torque preceded any detectable rise in load force. Rates of change of grip force and ground reaction torque were correlated, even after partialling out a common dependence on load force rate. Moreover, grip force and ground reaction torque rates at the onset of load force were correlated. These results imply the operation of motor planning processes that include anticipation of the dynamic consequences of voluntary action.
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  • 69
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    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Saccade ; Reaction time ; Antisaccade ; Fixation ; Gap effect ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the effect of different spatial and temporal parameters on the saccadic reaction times (SRTs) of the antisaccades and on the frequency and the SRTs of erratic prosaccades in five adult human subjects. The subjects were instructed to aim their saccades to the side opposite to where a visual go-stimulus occurred. Parameters under consideration were: the gap duration (between 0 and 600 ms, and an overlap paradigm); the stimulus size (sizes of 0.1°, 0.2°, and 0.4°, using the gap 200-ms paradigm); and the stimulus eccentricity (1°, 2°,4°, 8°, and 12°, with the gap 200-ms paradigm). A decrease in the anti SRTs and an increase in the error rate were observed with medium gap durations (200 ms, 250 ms), while the anti-SRTs were longer and the error rates lower with the shorter values (0 ms, 100 ms, and with the overlap paradigm) and with the long values (600 ms). A slight decrease in the anti-SRTs and an increase in the error frequency occurred with increasing eccentricity; the SRT distributions of the errors resembled closely those of prosaccades in corresponding prosaccade tasks with the same eccentricities. The stimulus size had only modest or no effects at all. Analysis of the distributions of the correction times of the erratic prosaccades showed that the intersaccadic intervals could be very short: in the range of express saccades, with a peak at 100 ms; or in some subjects even shorter, with a peak at 40–50 ms. It is concluded that the performance of antisaccades is influenced by parameters that interact with the fixation and/or attention system of oculomotor control. Parameters supporting a disengagement of fixation at the time of stimulus onset provoke a reduction of the saccadic reaction times not only of prosaccades but also of antisaccades. Moreover, a certain state of disengagement seems to facilitate the occurrence of reflex-like errors.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA ; Microsatellite loci ; Microsatellite typing ; Human ; MHC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human genome contains a large number of interspersed microsatellite repeats which exhibit a high degree of polymorphism and are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, making them extremely useful genetic markers. Several microsatellites have been described in the HLA region, but allele nomenclature, a set of broadly distributed controls, and typing methods have not been standardized, which has resulted in discrepant microsatellite data between laboratories. In this report we present a detailed protocol for genotyping microsatellites using a semi-automated fluorescence-based method. Twelve microsatellites within or near the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were typed in the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop homozygous typing cell lines (HTCs) and alleles were designated based on size. All loci were sequenced in two HTCs providing some information on the level of complexity of the repeat sequence. A comparison of allele size obtained by genotyping versus that obtained by direct sequencing showed minor discrepancies in some cases, but these were not unexpected given the technical differences in the methodologies. Fluorescence-based typing of microsatellites in the MHC described herein is highly efficient, accurate, and reproducible, and will allow comparison of results between laboratories.
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  • 71
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 491-497 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Dimethylhippuric acid ; Trimethylbenzene ; Toxicokinetics ; Urine ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to determine the urinary excretion of dimethylhippuric acids (DMHAs) in humans after experimental chamber exposure to trimethylbenzene (TMB) vapor. The DMHAs have been put forward as suitable biomarkers of exposure to products containing TMBs such as white spirit and petrol. Ten healthy male volunteers were exposed to TMB vapor in an exposure chamber for 2 h at a work load of 50 W. The subjects were exposed on four occasions, to 25 ppm of 1,2,4-TMB, 1,2,3-TMB, and 1,3,5-TMB, respectively, and to 2 ppm of 1,2,4-TMB. Urine was collected from the onset of exposure until the following morning. All six possible DMHA isomers were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. About 22% of the inhaled amount of 1,2,4-TMB was excreted as DMHAs within 24 h, mainly as 3,4-DMHA. The 24-h recovery of 1,2,3-TMB as DMHAs was 11%. Only 3% of the absorbed amount of 1,3,5-TMB was excreted as 3,5-DMHA. The half-times of the different DMHA isomers ranged from 4 to 16 h. In addition to analysis of DMHAs, the excretion of unconjugated dimethylbenzoic acids in urine was estimated to account for approximately 3% of the dose of all TMBs. In conclusion, the urinary excretion of DMHA isomers may serve as a good indicator of TMB exposure. In this controlled short-term-exposure study the sum of excretion rate of several DMHA isomers reflected exposure more closely than did the excretion rate of any single DMHA.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cervical surgery ; Complications ; Infection ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 44-year-old woman who developed an atypical retro-oesophageal abscess 4 years after anterior cervical surgery with fusion (ACSF). She presented with dysphagia but no fever or definite laboratory signs of inflammation. Delayed or chronic dysphagia following Cloward's operation is usually related to graft displacement. Infection may also, more rarely, be encountered in conjunction with dysphagia, but is typically associated with a classical clinical presentation and laboratory results. We recommend that in cases of delayed dysphagia without evidence of graft migration, the possibility of retropharyngeal infection should be considered, even in the absence of clinical signs or supporting laboratory evidence. MRI in this rare delayed complication is nonspecific but suggestive, and hence represents the imaging modality of choice in such situations.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Tuberous sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We carried out fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences with long repetition and echo times in seven children with tuberous sclerosis, and compared them with conventional spin-echo (SE) sequences. FLAIR images exhibited higher sensitivity than conventional SE images to cortical and subcortical tubers. The low signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid on FLAIR images allowed more accurate delineation of the cortical and subcortical tubers. However, T1-weighted imaging was still superior for delineation of subependymal nodules.
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  • 74
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 411-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inferior sagittal sinus ; Cerebral venous thrombosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of isolated inferior sagittal sinus thrombosis shown on CT, MRI and angiography. This condition has not, to our knowledge, been described previously.
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  • 75
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 418-422 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ventriculography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report intrathecal use of gadolinium DTPA for MRI of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In two patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, we injected 0.01 mmol gadolinium DTPA into the lateral ventricle via an Ommaya device. Coronal T1-weighted images of the head were obtained at 0.2 T prior to and after injection. There was pronounced enhancement of CSF close to the injection site, allowing good delineation of CSF and surrounding brain tissue. No side effects occurred. MRI with intrathecal administration of highly diluted gadolinium DTPA may be a promising alternative to conventional investigation of CSF-filled cavities using iodinated X-ray contrast media or radionuclides.
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  • 76
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Leukodystrophy ; adult onset ; autosomal dominant ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report MRI findings in a family with an autosomal-dominant, adult-onset neurological disorder. The clinical picture, the white matter changes detected on MRI and the absence of any laboratory abnormality suggested the diagnosis of leukodystrophy with an unknown biochemical defect. Autosomal-dominant inheritance is extremely rare in this kind of disease, and most reported families have not undergone MRI. We performed MRI and clinical examination of 17 members of our family; 9 affected subjects, at different stages of the disease, were detected. The most characteristic MRI findings were initially symmetrical areas of signal change in the white matter of the trigonal region; demyelination extending thereafter to the frontal and parietal regions, partially involving subcortical white matter; the temporal lobe and optic radiations were less involved; the internal capsule and corpus callosum were involved later, in a dorsoventral direction; patchy demyelination was evident in the late stages in the brain stem; the cerebellum was spared even in the latest stages of the disease. While pathological examination is essential to characterise and classify these kinds of diseases, MRI can make substantial contributions to understanding their natural history, and to detect early signs of the disease.
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  • 77
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 453-457 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Otosclerosis ; otospongiosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tympanocochlear scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to determine whether MRI reliably shows pathology in patients with active otosclerosis (otospongiosis). We studied five patients with clinical and audiometric signs of this disorder and positive findings on high-resolution CT and tympanocochlear scintigraphy. Contrast enhancement of otospongiotic lesions was found in all affected ears, and could be topographically related to demineralised otospongiotic foci on CT. In lesions in the lateral wall of the labyrinth MRI sometimes showed the pathology better than CT, where partial-volume effects could be troublesome.
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  • 78
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 495-498 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Reye's syndrome ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Early MRI in a case of clinically established Reye's syndrome confirmed CT findings of compressed ventricles and additionally demonstrated signal alterations in the thalamus, mesencephalon and pons. On follow-up MRI the pontine lesion had vanished by 1 week later, while the thalamic lesion persisted for more than 2 months. The patient, however, recovered without neurological sequelae.
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  • 79
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 483-489 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used MRI for in vivo measurement of brain water self-diffusion in patients with intracranial tumours. The study included 28 patients (12 with high-grade and 3 with low-grade gliomas, 7 with metastases, 5 with meningiomas and 1 with a cerebral abscess). Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were calculated in a single axial slice through the tumours; the sequence was sensitive to diffusion along the cephalocaudal axis. Our main finding was that ADC in contrast-enhancing areas within cerebral metastases was statistically significantly higher than ADC in contrast-enhancing areas in high-grade gliomas (P≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the ADC in oedema surrounding metastases were statistically significantly higher the ADC in oedema around high-grade gliomas (P≤ 0.02). The ADC in patients with meningiomas did not differ significantly from those seen with high-grade gliomas or cerebral metastases. The highest ADC were found within cystic or necrotic tumour areas. In one patient with a cerebral abscess, suspected of having a high-grade glioma, the ADC was similar to that in high-grade gliomas. The finding of higher ADC in cerebral metastases than in high-grade gliomas may be helpful in trying to distinguish between these tumours preoperatively; it suggests increased free extracellular and/or intracellular water fraction in cerebral metastases. The method seems to hold potential for further noninvasive characterisation of intracranial tumours.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary gland ; infection ; abscess ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pituitary abscesses, rare lesions, may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary pituitary abscesses occur within a previously healthy gland, while secondary abscesses arise within an existing lesion, such as an adenoma, craniopharyngioma, or Rathke's cleft cyst. Secondary abscesses share radiologic characteristics with the lesions from which they arise. There has been no review of the MRI characteristics of primary pituitary abscesses. We report two cases and review the literature. The typical primary pituitary abscess gives the same or slightly lower signal than brain on T1-weighted images, and could be mistaken for a solid mass or presumed to represent a pituitary adenoma. Contrast-enhanced images are useful, demonstrating absence of central enhancement, suggesting a fluid or necrotic center. In one of our cases, meningeal enhancement was obvious; this has not been reported previously and may be diagnostic, when associated with a rim-enhancing pituitary mass.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Temporal lobe epilepsy ; Limbic system ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed MRI on 27 patients with clinically proven temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), all with prior EEG lateralisation, and 10 volunteers, studied to evaluate disparity in size arising from biological variation (group 1). Three-dimensional spoiled GRASS (3DSPGR) sequences provided 2-mm contiguous sections of the limbic system, enabling assessment of the hippocampus (HC), fornix (FN) and mamillary body (MB). Measurements of FN and MB width were made from a workstation. Any percentage difference in size was computed. In 19 cases there was unilateral abnormality in the HC (group 2); in 18 and 19 cases respectively there was a smaller FN and MB on the same side as the abnormal HC. This percentage difference in size was significantly greater than that in group 1 in the FN and MB in 17 and 17 cases respectively. Comparison of percentage difference computations for FN and MB between groups 1 and 2 showed high statistical significance (P 〈 0.0002). In 5 patients with clinical TLE the HC was normal on MRI (group 3). Unequal FN and MB sizes were found in 4, significant in 2. Comparison of percentage difference computations for FN and MB showed statistical significance (P 〈 0.0005 and P 〈 0.0003 respectively). There was no case of discordance between the sides of hippocampal abnormality and the smaller FN or MB or between the sides of smaller FN and MB. The strong concordance between the changes in the HC and those in the FN and MB suggests that this combination will play an important role in the assessment of TLE and limbic system abnormality.
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  • 82
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 589-592 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lumbar spine ; post-operative ; Contrast media ; Fat suppression ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In ten patients who had undergone lumbar laminectomy, visual assessment of epidural scar enhancement and diagnostic confidence was performed after 0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide intravenously, again after a further 0.2 mmol/kg, and once more using a fat-suppression sequence. The single-dose contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showed clear enhancement of epidural scar in eight cases, and clearly improved diagnostic confidence as regards scar and/or disc herniation in six. Triple-dose contrast-enhanced images showed further increase in epidural enhancement clearly in only two cases and marginally in six, with no significant increase in diagnostic confidence. Fat-suppression, performed in eight cases, showed a further clear increase in epidural enhancement in seven cases, but again no increase in diagnostic confidence. In one patient with arachnoiditis contrast enhancement and diagnostic confidence increased only slightly after each contrast injection, and again with the fat-suppression sequence. Increasing contrast medium dose was thus not useful following laminectomy when epidural scarring obscures a possible recurrent disc herniation. Use of fat suppression may, however, permit reduction of the dose of contrast medium necessary to provide adequate scar enhancement.
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  • 83
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 737-740 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Epidural haematoma ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma (SSEH) with a rare clinical course of repeated spontaneous recovery and relapse. The patient suffered three episodes of upper-back pain of sudden onset followed by sensory and motor dysfunction after weight lifting. In the first two episodes, the neurological deficits recovered spontaneously and completely. In the last episode, paraplegia persisted even after emergency surgery. Serial studies with computed tomographic (CT) myelography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the remitting and relapsing course of the SSEHs. The possible causes of the SSEHs and the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery are discussed.
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  • 84
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 747-750 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Schwannoma ; Nerve sheath tumours ; Face neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurosarcoma is a rare tumour originating from the sheath of peripheral nerves. Facial lesions have been reported in about 20 patients. We describe the MRI appearances of neurosarcoma with histological correlation in three patients. The lesions lay in the submandibular region, the left parapharyngeal space and the right orbit. MRI showed a well-defined mass with mixed components. The lesions were moderately heterogeneous on T1-weighted images in two cases and on T2-weighted images in all cases. Gadolinium enhancement occurred in all cases to variable degrees. In two cases, small high signal foci were seen on T2-weighted sequences. MRI appearances of neurosarcoma are not specific.
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  • 85
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 741-746 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Precise assessment of the extent of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents the basic step towards optimal treatment. We compared the capacity of CT and MRI in assessing the extent of NPC in 67 patients. MRI was superior to CT in demonstrating lesions in the retropharyngeal node, skull base, intracranial area, carotid space, longus colli muscle and levator palatini muscle. Of 25 cases in which retropharyngeal adenopathy was recognised only on MRI, seven had been reported as showing oropharyngeal involvement and 18 as primary extension to the carotid space on CT. MRI showed skull-base involvement in 40 patients compared with 27 on CT and intracranial involvement in 38 patients versus 24 on CT. There was not a single case in which skull base invasion was seen on CT but not on MRI. MRI enabled improved recognition of tumour infiltration of longus colli muscles (34 cases compared with 15 on CT). It allowed us to clarify 12 questionable sinonasal opacities on CT. Overall, T-staging was changed in 18 of 67 patients (26.9 %), including upstaging in 15 cases and downstaging in 3 cases, after comparing CT with MRI. The nodel status was changed from negative on CT to positive on MRI in 4 of 67 patients (6 %). We believe that MRI allows more accurate evaluation of the extent of NPC than CT and should be the primary mode of investigation.
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  • 86
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 815-817 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Enucleation ; Optic nerve ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined five patients who had enucleation of one eye for inflammatory or neoplastic disease, using MRI at 1.5 Tesla. None had symptoms referable to the enucleated orbit. In addition, age- and-sex matched individuals were imaged as control subjects, and a further 15 subjects, referred for other than orbital disease, were reviewed. Measurements were made retrospectively of the dimensions of the optic chiasm to establish normal values. All five patients showed abnormalities on MRI following enucleation: abnormal signal within the optic nerve remnant on short τ inversion recovery (STIR) images, and atrophy of the nerve remnant and the chiasm. These findings were not apparent in the control or normal subjects. Such findings are to be expected following enucleation and should not be interpreted as indicating active pathology.
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  • 87
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 870-872 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; compression ; Haematopoiesis ; extramedullary ; Thalassaemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal epidural extramedullary haematopoiesis is very rare in thalassaemia. A 27-year-old man with thalassaemia intermedia presented with symptoms and signs of spinal cord compression. MRI showed a thoracic spinal epidural mass, representing extramedullary haematopoietic tissue, compressing the spinal cord. Following radiotherapy, serial MRI revealed regression of the epidural mass and gradual resolution of spinal cord oedema.
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  • 88
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 873-876 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Parry-Romberg Syndrome ; Suppressive therapy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parry-Romberg syndrome is a poorly – understood disorder characterized by progressive hemifacial atrophy involving the skin, soft tissue, and bone. Involvement of the central nervous system with impairment in neurologic function occurs infrequently. We describe a child with this syndrome in whom central nervous system involvement, documented on serial MRI, played a prominent role. We have attempted to correlate the clinical course with the radiologic findings, and to determine the impact of prednisone and methotrexate on the intracranial lesions.
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  • 89
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Oculomotor nerve paralysis ; Lyme disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lyme disease is a cause of illness involving multiple organ systems, including, in 10–15 % of cases, the nervous system. Peripheral radiculoneuritis, cranial neuritis, encephalitis and myelitis are among the neurological manifestations found in the second and third stages. We present the MRI findings in isolated oculomotor nerve involvement by Lyme disease and discuss the differential diagnosis.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Trinucleotide repeats ; Cognitive impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI was performed in 13 patients with the adult form of myotonic dystrophy (MD) and compared with that of sex- and age-matched normal controls. There was some cerebral atrophy in the patients and marked thickening of the skull in three of them, associated with ossification of the falx cerebri in two. We found high-signal areas on T 2-weighted images in the white matter in 9 (70 %) of the patients; five showed high-signal areas in the subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes. These findings were associated with intellectual impairment in only one patient, who had a history of a difficult birth and temporal lobe epilepsy.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Wilson's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Portal-systemic encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most reports of MRI in Wilson's disease have been of abnormal low-signal lesions on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. In contrast, we report three patients who had high-signal lesions in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted images, a finding seen in patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy. The possible causes include the paramagnetic effect of copper or iron and accumulation of Alzheimer type II glial cells.
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  • 92
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalitis ; Japanese B ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We document the MRI features in seven patients with Japanese encephalitis. MRI was carried out on a 1.5 T system within 10–60 days of onset. In all the patients MRI revealed bilateral thalamic lesions, haemorrhagic in five. Signal changes were present in the cerebrum in four patients, the midbrain and cerebellum in three each, the pons in two and the basal ganglia in one. The lesions were haemorrhagic in three of the four patients with lesions in the cortex, two of the three with lesions in the midbrain and cerebellum, but the pontine lesions were haemorrhagic in both patients. Spinal cord involvement was seen in one of the three patients who underwent MRI. In two patients MRI was repeated 3 years after the onset, showing marked reduction in abnormal signal; and all the lesions gave low signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Bilateral thalamic involvement, especially haemorrhagic, may be considered characteristic of Japanese encephalitis, especially in endemic areas.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; Toxic encephalopathy ; Methanol intoxication ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI findings of cerebral and optic pathway damage in the acute and subacute stages of methanol intoxication. In the acute stage, CT and MRI showed bilateral haemorrhagic necrosis of the corpus striatum and infarcts in the anterior and middle cerebral arterial territories. MRI in the subacute stage demonstrated atrophy of the optic chiasm and prechiasmatic optic nerves in addition to the cerebral infarcts. The patient survived, with total blindness.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain metastasis hemorrhagic ; Papillary thyroid cancer ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 40-year-old woman, who initially developed cerebellar symptoms, with multiple hemorrhagic brain metastases from a papillary thyroid cancer. Intracranial masses gave heterogeneous high signal on T 1-weighted and T 2-weighted images, hemosiderin rims on the latter. Some of the tumors showed contrast enhancement. Metastatic thyroid cancer is a consideration in a patient with multiple hemorrhagic masses.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Facial nerve ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We prospectively analysed the normal contrast-enhanced MRI features of the facial nerve and determined criteria for pathological contrast enhancement. We studied 31 patients with clinically normal facial nerves with T1-weighted images before and after contrast medium. The intensity, thickness and right-left symmetry of enhancement were assessed in each segment and correlated with MRI features observed in abnormal facial nerves. Enhancement along at least one segment of the facial nerve was seen in 98 % of cases, but only within the facial canal: labyrinthine segment: 78.2 %; geniculate ganglion: 96.9 %; tympanic: 88.4 %; mastoid: 66.6 %. Marked (++) to intense (+++) enhancement was seen in the labyrinthine segment in 17.4 %, the geniculate ganglion in 36.3 %, and the tympanic (25.6 %) and mastoid (7.1 %) segments, whereas intense enhancement was only seen in the geniculate ganglion (6 %) and the tympanic segment (11.6 %). A right-left asymmetry was noted in 69 % of cases. No correlation was found between enhancement and the thickness of the nerve. No enhancement of the eighth nerve was seen. We suggest three criteria for pathological enhancement: enhancement outside the facial canal; extension of enhancement to the eighth nerve; and intense enhancement in the labyrinthine and/or mastoid segments.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sarcoma ; meningeal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tumours ; intracranial ; children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Meningeal sarcomas are very rare, highly aggressive tumours affecting children more frequently than adults. The clinical course and MRI of meningeal sarcomas in two cases are discussed with special regard to possible misinterpretation. In one case MRI demonstrated a circumscribed mass in contact with the meninges, with central areas of haemorrhage. In the other, a case of primary leptomeningeal sarcomatosis, several MRI examinations over the course of almost a year were unhelpful, despite severe neurological complaints. Then MRI revealed meningeal contrast enhancement all over the brain and spinal canal, together with cerebral infarcts. MRI of meningeal sarcomas has not been discussed in the literature. MRI did not permit specific diagnosis, but enabled visualisation of the extent of the tumour and/or meningeal involvement. Early histological diagnosis is indispensable for adequate treatment.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences ; Normal brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Axial fast FLAIR images of the brains of 40 normal volunteers in four age groups between 16 and 55 years were examined and the number and size of areas of increased white-matter signal recorded. Increased signal in the corticospinal tract region was seen at the level of the internal capsule in all subjects, extending up towards the centrum semiovale and down towards the pons for 0.5–5.5 cm (median 2.5 cm). In all cases the IIIrd and IVth ventricles were outlined by a thin line of high signal. Focal areas of high signal (caps) were seen around the frontal and occipital horns in 90 % and 77 % respectively; 54 % of caps were asymmetrical. None of the above features varied with the age or sex of the subject, but the numbers of discrete white matter ’lesions' increased with age. The findings are used to suggest guidelines for the identification of areas of ’normal' high signal to be excluded in quantification of lesions on fast FLAIR images.
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  • 98
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 276-277 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Tumours ; spinal Meningioma ; Sciatica ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 27-year-old woman with atypical sciatica due to a giant, rapidly growing, lumbar (T12-S1) meningioma. The unique features of this case are discussed and the importance of early investigation by MRI of patients with atypical low back pain and sciatica is highlighted.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; dysgenesis ; Developmental anomalies ; Probst's bundles ; Anterior commissure ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the MRI findings in 23 patients with callosal dysgenesis in relation to their associated telencephalic anomalies to investigate the morphological significance of the development of Probst's bundles and the anterior commissure in congenital callosal dysgenesis. We classified callosal dysgenesis into three types: total defect (9 patients), partial defect (7) and hypoplasia (7). Associated anomalies were observed in 15 patients, including migration disorder (8 patients), micrencephaly (5), and lipoma (2). The remaining 8 patients had no associated anomalies. Probst's bundles were not identified in 4 patients with a severe migration disorder. An absent or hypoplastic anterior commissure was observed in 9 of the 16 patients with callosal defect and all 7 of those with callosal hypoplasia. Colpocephaly and keyhole dilatation of the temporal horns were seen in 16 and 21 patients, respectively. Callosal dysgenesis may occur not only through a defect in the callosal anlage, but also from impaired growth of axonal fibres projecting from the cerebral isocortex. Therefore, associated telencephalic anomalies may be responsible for additional features in callosal dysgenesis. Consequently, identification of Probst's bundles and the anterior commissure may be important when assessing cortical development in patients with callosal dysgenesis.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Arteries ; vertebral ; Arteries ; dissection ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A review of 4,500 angiograms yielded 11 patients with dissection of the vertebral arteries who had MRI and (in 4 patients) MR angiography (MRA) in the acute phase of stroke. One patient with incidental discovery at arteriography of asymptomatic vertebral artery dissection and two patients with acute strokes with MRI and MRA findings consistent with vertebral artery dissection were included. Dissection occurred after neck trauma or chiropractic manipulation in 4 patients and was spontaneous in 10. Dissection involved the extracranial vertebral artery in 9 patients, the extra-intracranial junction in 1, and the intracranial artery in 4. MRI demonstrated infarcts in the brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus or temporo-occipital regions in 7 patients with extra- or extra-intracranial dissections and a solitary lateral medullary infarct in 4 patients (3 with intracranial and 1 with extra-intracranial dissection). In 2 patients no brain abnormality related to vertebral artery dissection was found and in one MRI did not show subarachnoid haemorrhage revealed by CT. Intramural dissecting haematoma appeared as crescentic or rounded high signal on T1-weighted images in 10 patients examined 3–20 days after the onset of symptoms. The abnormal vessel stood out in the low signal cerebrospinal fluid in intracranial dissections, whereas it was more difficult to detect in extracranial dissections because of the intermediate-to-high signal of the normal perivascular structures and slow flow proximal and distal to the dissection. In two patients examined within 36 h of the onset, mural thickening was of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal on spin-density and T2-weighted images. MRA showed abrupt stenosis in 2 patients and disappearance of flow signal at and distal to the dissection in 5. Follow-up arteriography, MRI or MRA showed findings consistent with occlusion of the dissected vessel in 6 of 8 patients.
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