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  • Digitale Medien  (2.222)
  • 1975-1979  (2.222)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1.916)
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  • Digitale Medien  (2.222)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Tryptophan ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of synaptosomal tryptophan accumulation has been determined in five regions of the rat brain. For tryptophan concentrations ranging from 2.5–20 μM, we found an active uptake in all the structures studied, i.e.: Corpus striatum, midbrain, brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex + hippocampus. The Vm of tryptophan uptake was highest in the cortex, followed in descending order by corpus striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, while the Km was highest in the cortex, then in descending order corpus striatum, brainstem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In spite of the possible nonspecific high affinity tryptophan uptake into serotoninergic neurons, we found a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the different results in the literature concerning uptake and release of serotonin. These observations might indicate a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the functional activity of serotonergic neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; Conflict ; Avoidance ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior were examined, utilizing a 3-×-3 factorial design in which rats were trained and tested after drinking sugar-water solutions containing 0,3, or 6% ethanol. Avoidance tendencies were established by initially training rats to escape from electric shock fy running in one direction in a white alley, and in the opposite direction in a black alley. In subsequent shock free conflict tests, the rats were placed into an alley with one black wall and one white wall, an environment in which incompatible tendencies to avoid both ends of the alley were aroused. During training, ethanol decreased the speeds with which rats escaped shock. In the subsequent avoidance-avoidance conflict tests, rats that previously received shock escape training after drinking ethanol ran more slowly, and exhibited lower total movement and oscillation range scores than did animals trained after drinking plain sugar-water. Administration of ethanol just prior to the conflict tests resulted in dose-related increases in running speeds, total movement scores, and oscillation ranges. These results suggest that moderate doses of ethanol increased responding by differentially weakening conflicting avoidance tendencies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Emotional reactivity ; Open field ; Heart rate ; Atropine ; Propranolol ; Autonomic nervous system ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 251-254 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Alcohol ; Withdrawal ; Audiogenic seizure ; Cholinergic enzymes ; Nucleus caudatus ; Hippocampus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain areas in alcohol-dependent rats, which were still intoxicated or were undergoing withdrawal. The ethanol intoxication resulted in a slight, but significant increase in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the caudate nucleus both 1 and 7 h after the last dose of ethanol. We also found a significant decrease in CAT activity in the temporal limbic cortex while rats were highly intoxicated. All other brain regions investigated, e.g., cerebellum, pons-medulla, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus and septum showed unchanged CAT activity. Rats were also analysed immediately following the onset of a withdrawal-induced audiogenic convulsive seizure where, in addition to the striatum, depressed CAT activity was observed in the hippocampus. In all the analysed situations acetylcholinesterase activity remained unchanged. These results show that ethanol intoxication leads to a perturbation in the synthetic capacity of acetylcholine in certain defined brain structures and that this may have some correlation to the observed behavioural impairments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Met-enkephalin ; Brain ; Prostaglandins ; Rat ; Temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An enhanced prostaglandinlike activity is shown in homogenates of brain from rats treated intracerebroventricularly with 100 μg of metenkephalin. The increase is significantly reduced by naloxone pretreatment. A relationship is proposed between generation of prostaglandins in the brain following met-enkephalin administration and hyperthermic effect of the opiatelike factor in the rat. Normalization of prostaglandinlike activity following chronic administration of met-enkephalin in the rat may also account for the development of tolerance to its thermic effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Morphine ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Physical dependence ; Addiction ; Reinforcement ; Behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-administration in doses of 0.0032–10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differe from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Renal hypertension ; Unclipping ; Redipping ; Reactivity of blood pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Moderate or severe hypertension was induced in rats by application of a clip 0.25 or 0.20 mm internal diameter) to the left renal artery leaving the contralateral kidney intact. Removal of the clip 6, 13 or 24 days after the induction of the hypertension was followed by a rapid decrease in blood pressure. A near normotensive level was reached after 2–6 h. Reapplication of the clip to the unclipped renal artery after 1 day caused an enhanced blood pressure response. The preoperative hypertensive levels were reached within 2 h. This enhanced response was related to the level of blood pressure before the removal of the clip. Lengthening the interval between removal and reapplication of the clip gradually reduced the enhanced response of blood pressure, which had disappeared 8 days after the removal of the clip. Reapplication of the clip to the contralateral renal artery was not followed by an enhanced response in rats with previous moderate or severe hypertension.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 380 (1979), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Heart rate ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Body weight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In unanesthetized Sprague Dawleys, SPF, of both sexes, housed indl 12:12 (110 lux), at a temperature of 18–23°C and a hygrometry of 60–75%, the measurements of heart frequencies during most part of their life point out a continuous decrease with age and an always higher (40–20 c. min−1) heart rate in females than in males. Significant correlations between rate and body weight can account for these heart which corresponds to the growth period, a linear relationship was established between Log heart rate (y;c. min−1) and Log body weight (x; gram); for males: Logy=−0.122 Logx+Log 938 and for females: Logy=−0.166 Logx+Log 1217. After the age of 600 days, which corresponds to senescence, decreases in heart rate as well as in body weight were observed in both sexes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion ; Loop of Henle ; Stop-flow pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The behavior of the feedback mechanism, that causes glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate to decrease when tubule fluid flow rate through the loop of Henle of the same nephron is increased, was examined in rats before and during isotonic extracellular fluid volume expansion. The loop of Henle was perfused from the late proximal tubule at either 10 or 40 nl/min while proximal fluid was collected to measure single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), while proximal stop-flow pressure (PSF) was measured, or while fluid was collected from the early distal tubule to assess reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes by the loop of Henle. During control periods increasing loop perfusion caused SNGFR to decrease 37%, PSF to decrease 19%, and absorption of fluid, sodium and chloride by the loop of Henle to increase. After 1 h of infusion of isotonic NaCl solution the same change in loop flow causes a 19% decrease in SNGFR and an 8% decrease in PSF. Fluid absorption by the loop of Henle did not increase with increased loop perfusion. Increases in Na and Cl absorption were similar to the increases in control periods. The smaller decreases in SNGFR and PSF indicate that acute volume expansion decreases the sensitivity of the feedback response. The mechanism of this decrease in gain could involve interference with local generation or action of angiotensin, or a change in the composition or pressure of interstitial fluid tending to dilate the pre-glomerular resistance vessels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Foetal kidney ; Ammoniagenesis ; Gluconeogenesis ; Acidosis ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ammoniagenesis and gluconeogenesis have been studied in foetal rat kidneys during the five last days of gestation by measuring in vitro NH3 and glucose productions from glutamine and by assaying activities of soluble phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). These studies were carried out in normal (mean blood pH: 7.30) and acidotic (pH: 7.12) foetuses. In normal foetuses, NH3 production by kidney cortex slices remains constant throughout the studied period of development, at a level 10-fold lower than the maternal one. On day 20 of gestation, a low glucose production (20-fold lower than the maternal one) appears for the first time. This may be related to an increase of PEPCK and G6Pase activities which occurs between day 19 and 20. In 20 days old foetuses, NH4Cl induced acidosis stimulates NH3 production but has no effect on PEPCK activity and glucose production. A response of gluconeogenesis to acidosis is observed one day later (day 21).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Intestinal absorption ; Vascular perfusion ; Drugs ; Urea ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The absorption of antipyrine, salicylic acid, and urea was measured in vascularly perfused segments of rat intestine. The results were compared with absorption in segments of intestine which were prepared in an identical manner, but not perfused with blood. 2. Compared to in situ results obtained earlier, the absorption of antipyrine and salicylic acid increased 3-fold; the absorption of urea, 2-fold. The absorption of the drugs in the unperfused segments was reduced 60%; however, the absorption of urea remained unchanged. Blood flow apparently limits drug absorption, but not urea absorption. 3. A certain amount of the drugs permeated into the serosal bath in the blood-perfused segments of intestine: approximately 20% of the antipyrine and urea, but only 2% of the salicylic acid. This accounts for the difference between the disappearance rate and the venous appearance rate. 4. Histological examination revealed no morphological alterations in the blood-perfused segments when compared with control specimens. The water and glucose absorption rates were within the range obtained in earlier in vivo investigations. 5. The glucose consumption of the tissue was increased in the non-vascularly perfused intestine; apparently the oxygen supply was insufficient. The histological alterations may be the result of insufficient oxygen supply or water storage within the tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Leukemia L 5222 ; Rat ; 2-Chlorethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Leukämie L 5222 ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Aktivität der vier neusynthetisierten Nitrosoharnstoffe 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso(3-methylencarboxamido)-harnstoff (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-harnstoff (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-harnstoff (Piperidino-CNU) und 2-[3-(2-Chlorethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethansulfonat (Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU) wurde an der präterminalen Rattenleukämie L 5222 mit der Wirkung von BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin und Hydroxyethyl-CNU verglichen. MeCCNU war den anderen Substanzen im Hinblick auf den breiten Dosisbereich, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen bewirkt wurde, überlegen. Chlorozotocin dagegen bewirkte als einzige Substanz in dieser Versuchsanordnung keine Heilungen. Von den neu vorgestellten Substanzen waren die wasserlöslichen Verbindungen Acetamido-CNU und Morpholino-CNU im Hinblick auf die Breite des Dosisbereiches, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erzielt wurde, annähernd dem CCNU vergleichbar. Piperidino-CNU und Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU bewirkten auch Heilungen; jedoch wurde nur mit einer Dosierung von Piperidino-CNU eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erreicht.
    Notizen: Summary The newly synthesized nitrosoureas 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylenecarboxamido)-urea (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-urea (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-urea (Piperidino-CNU), and 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethanesulfonate (Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU) were compared in their chemotherapeutic activity against preterminal rat leukemia L 5222 with BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin, and Hydroxyethyl-CNU. With respect to the dose range effecting a median survival time of more than 90 days, MeCCNU was superior to the other substances. Chlorozotocin, on the other hand, was the only substance which achieved no cures in this experimental arrangement. From the four newly introduced substances the water-soluble substances Acetamido-CNU and Morpholino-CNU were approximately comparable to CCNU with regard to the dose range effecting a median survival time of 〉90 days. Piperidino-CNU and Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU also effected cures; however, only Piperidino-CNU in one dosage effected a median survival time of 〉90 days.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 264 (1979), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Biorheology ; Mechanical parameters ; Step phenomenon ; Low extension ; Skin ; Rat ; Biorheologie ; mechanische Parameter ; Stufenphänomen ; geringe Dehnung ; Haut ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bei eingehenden Untersuchungen der Biomechanik der Haut von Ratten zeigte sich ein eigenartiges Verhalten, das sowohl bei konstanter Abzugsgeschwindigkeit (Kraftdehnungsexperimente) als auch bei konstanter Belastung (Kriechexperimente) auftrat. Bei konstanter Dehnung nahm die Spannung nicht kontinuierlich zu, sondern fiel 2 oder 3 mal partiell ab, bevor der steile Teil der Kraftdehnungskurve einsetzte. Dieses Verhalten, das als Stufenphänomen bezeichnet wird, wird bei geringen bis mittleren Dehnungen und relativ geringen Belastungen ausgelöst. In den meisten Fällen wurden 2, manchmal auch 3 Stufen beobachtet. Die Möglichkeit von Artefakten wurde ausgeschlossen. Das Phänomen trat hauptsächlich an Proben der Rückenhaut von Ratten, die quer zur Körperrichtung ausgestanzt waren, auf. Es kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß im Fasernetzwerk der Haut bestimmte Bindungen reißen und damit eine momentane zusätzliche Verlängerung eintritt, bis andere Bindungselemente die Zugkräfte aufnehmen. Da frühere Untersuchungen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf Alterung und Reifung sowie von desmotropen Substanzen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim A briß, wie z. B. Reißfestigkeit, Elastizitätsmodul und Dehnung bis zum Abriß, gezeigt haben, lag es nahe, auch das Stufenphänomen unter diesen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Bei den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten wurden die meisten Stufen in einem Alter von 2 bis 4 Monaten gefunden. Der den Stufen zuzurechnende, aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust waren am höchsten in einem Alter von 4 Monaten. Wenn jedoch diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so wurden die höchsten Zahlen bei jungen Tieren gefunden. Die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme zeigte ebenfalls ein Maximum zur Zeit der Reifung, also nach 4 Monaten. Ähnliche Befunde wurden in den Kriechexperimenten erhoben, wenn mit einer mittleren Belastung von 200 g gearbeitet wurde. Nach Behandlung mit Prednisolonazetat wurden mehr und nach Behandlung mit d-Penicillamin weniger Stufen beobachtet. In den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten waren der aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust bei Prednisolon-behandelten Ratten mehr als doppelt so hoch als bei den Kontrollen und etwa nur die Hälfte nach d-Penicillamin-Behandlung. Wenn diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so verschwanden die Unterschiede, da die Veränderungen von Reißfestigkeit und Gesamtenergieaufnahme gleichgerichtet waren. Jedoch die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme, die durch d-Penicillamin signifikant erniedrigt und durch Prednisolonacetat statistisch nicht signifikant erhöht war, zeigte diese Veränderungen auch, wenn sie als Prozentsatz der Dehnung beim Abriß berechnet wurde. Unter allen hier geprüften Bedingungen beeinflußte das Stufenphänomen hauptsächlich die Dehnungsparameter. Die hier berichteten Befunde bestätigten frühere Beobachtungen, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften bei geringer Belastung oder geringer und mittlerer Dehnung zumindest teilweise ein verschiedenes Verhalten zeigen, sowohl unter dem Einfluß der Reifung und der Alterung als auch nach Behandlung mit desmotropen Substanzen, als es für die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim Abriß der Proben gefunden wurde.
    Notizen: Summary Comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of rat skin revealed the “step phenomenon”. This particular observation was made after constant strain rate (analysis of stress strain curves) as well as after constant load (creep experiments). Relative low extensions or low loads were necessary to provoke the steps. In most cases two, sometimes three steps were observed. The step phenomenon was found mainly in skin strips punched out perpendicularly to the body axis. Probably some bonds in the fibrous network are broken giving way to additional elongation whereafter stronger links take over the stress. Since earlier studies demonstrated a pronounced influence of age and of desmotropic drugs on mechanical properties at ultimate load, e.g., tensile strength, ultimate modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain, also the step phenomenon was studied under these conditions. In stress-strain experiments most of the steps were found at the ages of 2 and 4 months. Total stress loss and total work loss due to the steps were the highest at the age of 4 months. If, however, these values were calculated as percentage of ultimate values, the highest figures were found in young animals. Elongation gain due to the steps also showed a maximum at time of maturation, e.g., 4 months. Similar findings were achieved in creep experiments at medium load (200 g). After treatment with prednisolone acetate more steps and after treatment with d-penicillamine fewer steps were observed. In stress-strain experiments total stress loss and total work loss due to steps were more than twice as high than controls after prednisolone treatment and only one half after d-penicillamine. If calculated as percentage of ultimate stress or percentage of work input, these changes disappeared because of similar changes at ultimate load. However, elongation gain due to steps, which was not significantly influenced by prednisolone acetate but significantly decreased by d-penicillamine, showed the same changes when calculated as percentage of ultimate strain. Under all conditions the step phenomenon mainly influenced the extension parameters. The data presented here confirm earlier observations that mechanical properties at low loads or low and medium extensions show at least to some extent a different pattern under the influence of maturation and age and after treatment with desmotropic drugs compared to the mechanical parameters at ultimate load.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 156 (1979), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Yolk sac ; Prenatal catecholamines ; Extraneuronal catecholamine localization ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Catecholamines were found histochemically in the visceral yolk sac of the rat from embryonic day (ED) 10, i.e. before the amines become detectable in peripheral or central neurons of the fetus. Formaldehydeinduced fluorescence was confined to the apical part of the yolk sac epithelial cells. The specificity of histofluorescence has been confirmed by borohydride reduction, microspectrofluorimetry revealing an emission peak at 480 nm and administration of reserpine. The catecholamines present were identified by mass fragmentography using N,O-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. At ED 13 both dopamine and norepinephrine were present, while only dopamine was detected at ED 181/2. Maternal circulation or the epithelial cells themselves appear as possible sources of these catecholamines. The occurrence of amines in the yolk sac epithelium may reflect an intracellular role of these compounds, a barrier function of the epithelium or a step in a transport to the fetus where the amines might assume regulatory functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 311-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Visual cortex ; Development ; Pyramidal neurons ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postnatal development of neuronal perikarya in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of perfusion-fixed albino rats, 12 h to 180 days old, has been studied by electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to cells in photographic montages of 75μm wide strips extending through the full depth of the occipital cortex, cut from 100 μm vibratome sections of the brain. At birth, and during the first few postnatal days, most of the neurons present in the cortex are small, tightly packed ‘indifferent’ cells with scanty cytoplasm containing mitochondria and chiefly free ribosomes; a few presumptive pyramidal cells with a developing apical dendrite and more voluminous cytoplasm can be recognized in deep cortex. Non-pyramidal cells can be identified on postnatal day 6, when although scarce and with immature cytoplasmic features, they already display a more electron opaque chromatin pattern than developing pyramidal cells and receive axo-somatic contacts of Gray's type I. During the second postnatal week there are conspicuous increases in the maturity of the cells, which acquire a rich complement of cytoplasmic organelles: in general cells situated in the deep cortical plate are larger and better differentiated than those in the superficial plate, and non-pyramidal cells are less well differentiated than the associated pyramidal cells. By the end of the second week, differences in cytoplasmic maturity between superficial and deep, and between pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells are less evident. Maturation proceeds during the third postnatal week; both types of cells acquire an adult complement of axo-somatic synapses and their mature nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and by day 24 are indistinguishable from their adult counterparts. In keeping with previous Golgi studies of this same cortex, the non-pyramidal cells did not acquire mature ultrastructural features significantly later than the pyramidal cells. A possible correlate of particularly active synaptogenesis and plasticity in the population of nonpyramidal, cells during the third postnatal week (immediately after eyeopening), was that at this time these cells contained very prominent accumulations of granular reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus, and appeared hypertrophic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Visual cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Development ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We have studied the maturation of non-pyramidal cells in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of albino rats from birth to maturity, using Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi preparations. At birth, non-pyramidall cells are sparse, immature and concentrated in the deep part of the cortical plate: their number increases towards the end of the first week but they remain sparse and immature in the upper part of the cortical plate. During the second postnatal week, the number, size and extent of dendritic and axonal branching of these cells undergo considerable increases and the cells become conspicuous in layer IV and apparent in the supragranular layers: this “growth spurt’ occurs just after (and may be related to) the arrival and establishment in the cortex during the second half of the first postnatal week, of extrinsic afferents. During the third postnatal week, most of the cells complete their maturation. At the end of this week, the number of spinous cells is greater and the spine density of some cells is higher than in the adult, falling to adult values during the fourth postnatal week. It is noteworthy that the non-pyramidal cells appear to reach maturity at about the same time in all the layers studied, and at the same time as the pyramidal cells with which they are associated. These observations are not in accord with the prevalent view that non-pyramidal cells complete their differentiation much later than pyramidal cells.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 46 (1979), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Choroid plexus ; Rat ; Chloroquine ; Chlorphentermine ; Lipidosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Several cationic amphiphilic drugs, each of which is known to induce generalized lipidosis in rats, were compared with respect to their cytological effects on rat choroid plexus epithelium. Chloroquine induced large cytoplasmic vacuoles, whereas the other drugs (quinacrine, 4,4′-diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, chlorphentermine, iprindole, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, clomipramine) caused formation of lamellated or crystalloid inclusions as usually seen in drug-induced lipidosis. The ultrastructure of the chloroquine-induced vacuoles suggested storage of water-soluble materials (polar lipids and/or non-lipid materials) in addition to non-water-soluble polar lipids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Protein deprivation ; Neocortex ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the neocortical area 18 of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. For control rats the specific length, the specific surface and the volume fraction of vessels increased rapidly between 7 and 20 days of age. Thereafter, only a minor increase was seen. In protein-deprived rats there was no increase in the specific length of vessels between 7 and 10 days of age and this variable was still reduced at 30 days of age compared to controls. This reduction was due to a decrease in the specific length of thin vessels (Ø〈8.25 μ) whereas the specific length of wider vessels was not affected by the protein deprivation. There were no significant differences in the specific surface or volume fraction of vessels between control and protein-deprived rats. These findings indicate an adaptive increase in luminal diameter of vessels in the protein deprived rats during postnatal development. At 90 days of age no significant differences between vascular variables of control and protein-deprived rats were seen.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Perineurium ; Permeability ; Peripheral nerve ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Autoradiography ; Albumin ; Peroxidase ; Protein deprivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The permeability properties of the perineurium in sciatic nerves of 12-week-old rats were studied. The penetration of125I-labeled albumin and horseradish peroxidase into the perineurium was investigated electronmicroscopically 10, 30, and 120 min after the local extraneural application of the tracers. The autoradiographic study included age-matched protein-deprived rats. It was concluded that the perineurium acted as a diffusion barrier but also permitted a slow passage of the macromolecules into the endoneurium. The result indicates that this penetration to some extent is due to vesicular transport across the perineurial cells. The significance of these barrier and transport properties of the perineurium is discussed. No obvious differences in perineurial permeability between normal and protein-deprived rats were obtained.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 95 (1979), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Carcinogenesis ; Rat ; 2-Chloroethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Carcinogenese ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nach Heilung der akuten Rattenleukämie L 5222 bei 79 BD IX Ratten mit einmaligen Dosen von 1,3-bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoharnstoff (BCNU) oder 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoharnstoff (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) entwickelten sich bei insgesamt 9 Tieren (∼ 11%) sekundäre Malignome.
    Notizen: Summary After cure of rat leukemia L 5222 in 79 BD IX rats by single doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) a total of 9 rats (11%) developed secondary malignomas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Cerebellar cortex ; Protein deprivation ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the cortex of vermis cerebelli folium IX of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. The rate of increase in specific length of vessels seem to parallel the functional maturation of neurons in all cortical layers. From the first postnatal week there is a higher specific length of vessels in the Purkinje cell layer than in the adjoining parts of the molecular and granular layers. The results indicate that such differences are present also after the period of rapid vascular growth. Protein deprivation appears to affect the postnatal increase in specific length of vessels less in the Purkinje cell layer than in the granular and molecular layer where a significant reduction compared to controls was seen for the interval 7–20 days of age. At 90 days of age no significant differences were seen between control and protein-deprived rats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 45 (1979), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Perineurium ; Protein deprivation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Diphtheria toxin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are discussed and interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Pexid (perhexiline maleate) ; Abnormal inclusions ; Retina ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Three morphologically distinct kinds of cytoplasmic inclusion (lamellar, reticular and crystalloid) developed in the retinal cells of suckling rats treated with Pexid (300 mg/kg/day). Lamellar inclusions were most abundant and they were seen in all types of retinal cells. This variety of inclusion was especially numerous in the ganglion cells. Reticular inclusions were encountered less commonly than the lamellar type and their distribution did not show any particular cellular predilection. Crystalloid inclusions were observed only in the pigment epithelial cells. The mechanism of formation of the three types of inclusion is not known, nor is the reason why certain types of inclusion occur most commonly in a particular kind of cell. One can speculate, however, that the dissimilarity of form may reflect differences in the metabolism and physicochemical properties of the various retinal cells.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Prostaglandins ; Behavior ; Hyperthermia ; Hypertension ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ten days after administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which causes degeneration of central serotoninergic neurons, the depressive behavioral effects of PGF2α and PGE2 were evidently inhibited. Central chemical serotoninectomy abolished the hyperthermic and hypertensive effects of PGF2α, but only slightly affected those of PGE2. It is concluded that serotoninergic neurons mediate the depressive behavioral action of both PGF2α and PGE2. They also mediate the hyperthermic and hypertensive action of PGF2α but not of PGE2. This suggests that these prostaglandins have different central modes of action.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 11-12 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Clonidine ; Brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol ; Withdrawal syndrome ; Rat ; Bipolar depression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of clonidine withdrawal on the brain norepinephrine system was studied in the rat. Clonidine suppresses brain total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) significantly and no tolerance to this effect was observed up to 21 days. Cessation of clonidine treatment resulted in an elevation in the level of brain total MHPG. The suitability of the clonidine withdrawal syndrome as a model of bipolar depression is discussed.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Male sexual behavior ; Rat ; Monoamines ; Thioridazine ; Chlorimipramine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Thioridazine (3 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (1.5–6.0 mg/kg) prolonged the ejaculation latency and increased the number of mounts but did not change the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Blockade of peripheral and central noradrenaline receptors by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine respectively resulted in a suppression of all aspects of the sexual behavior with increasing doses. dl-5-HTP (25–100 mg/kg) in combination with an inhibitor of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase (benserazide, 25 mg/kg) produced, like chlorimipramine and thioridazine, a prolongation of ejaculation latency and an increase in the number of mounts preceding ejaculation. Selective inhibition of 5-HT reuptake however, by zimelidine (0–20 mg/kg) or alaproclate (0–20 mg/kg) did not affect the mating behavior. At higher doses of these drugs some animals failed to initiate sexual activities. There was an increase in the postejaculatory interval but no change in the ejaculatory latency. It is concluded that the prolonged ejaculation latencies observed following treatment with thioridazine or chlorimipramine is not due to a blockade of central or peripheral adrenergic α-receptors.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Naloxone ; Potentiation ; DMT ; LSD ; FR4 operant behavior ; Rat ; Brain ; Liver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The narcotic antagonist naloxone was tested to determine its possible interaction with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio four schedule (FR4), i.e., every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml sugar sweetened milk. LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or increasing doses of DMT (1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio bar pressing in a dose related fashion. Pretreatment (5–10 min) with behaviorally ineffective doses of naloxone (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) dramatically enhanced the effects of DMT and LSD. The content of DMT in the brain and liver of rats injected with DMT alone (10 mg/kg) and with a 5 min pretreatment of naloxone (3.2 mg/kg) was determined by radiochemical analysis at 30 and 90 min after 14C-DMT injection. There was no significant difference for either brain or liver 14C-DMT levels when control DMT rats were compared with the naloxone pretreated rats. These results seem to rule out interference by naloxone with the metabolism of DMT as a mechanism of the observed behavioral potentiation.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): β-Endorphin ; Morphine ; Enkephalin ; Catalepsy ; Antinociception ; Thermoregulation ; Rat ; Golden hamster
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The behavioral effects of β-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, β-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. β-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of β-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. β-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. β-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Cocaine ; Spontaneous motor activity ; Stereotypy ; Behavioral interactions ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; Behavioral tolerance ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The roles of both reward and the amount of reinforced practice on the development of behavioral tolerance to ethanol were studied in 32 hooded rats in a Skinner-box situation. The effects of ethanol were evaluated on two aspects of the bar-press response (FR15): latency to complete 15 bar presses and proficiency to earn rewards. Results showed that the behavioral tolerance, as indicated by diminishing effects of ethanol on performances over repeated exposures, developed rapidly. The extent of the developed tolerance was greater and more stable in animals which had reinforced practice while under the influence of ethanol than in animals which had non-reinforced practice. Animals which were exposed to the same amount of ethanol but practiced the response in a nondrug state showed little sign of tolerance to ethanol. These findings give further support to a previous view that learning processes may be involved in acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 225 (1979), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Kallikrein ; Parotisspeichel ; Ratte ; experimenteller Hoch-druck ; Kallikrein ; Parotid saliva ; Rat ; Experimental hypertension
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A technique for continuous and quantitative collection of parotid saliva — including salivary flow rate determination — for in vivo experiments in rats is described. Excretion of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of rats with various forms of arterial hypertension (genuine, renovascular and DOCTMA-salt hypertension) was studied. Kallikrein excretion was measured by its esterolytic activity. The levels of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of normotensive control rats ranged between 2.5–4.0 mU/min during salivary flow stimulation with pilocarpine. In all forms of experimental hypertension salivary excretion of kallikrein-like activity was increased 2–4 fold. This increase was not related to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben für die fortlaufende, quantitative Untersuchung des Parotisspeichels von Ratten unter Berücksichtigung der Flußrate. Bei verschiedenen Formen des arteriellen Hochdruckes (genuiner, renovaskulärer, DOCTMA-Hochdruck) konnte so die Konzentration des Kallikreins im Parotisspeichel bestimmt werden. Die Kallikrein-Sekretion wurde gemessen an ihrer esterolytischen Aktivität. Die Exkretion des Kallikreins lag bei normotensiven Kontrolltieren zwischen 2,5 und 4,0 mU/min während einer durch Pilokarpin ausgelösten Stimulation der Drüsenfunktion. Bei allen Formen des arteriellen Hochdrucks war die Sekretion von Kallikrein um das zwei- bis vierfache erhöht. Dieser Anstieg hatte keine Beziehung zur Aktivität des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 176 (1979), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Skeletal muscle ; CO2-laser ; Surgery ; Ultrastructure ; Rat ; Skelettmuskelfaser ; CO2-Laser ; Chirurgie ; Ultrastruktur ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Zustand der dorsalen Haut und des darunterliegenden Muskelgewebes der Ratte wurde unmittelbar nach CO2-Laser-Schnitten mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. In der subkutanen Skelettmuskelschicht konnte eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit des Gewebes festgestellt werden, die in einer ausgeprägten Abfolge von Zellveränderungen ihren Ausdruck findet. Diese Schädigungen werden hauptsächlich den thermischen Effekten der Laserstrahlung zugeschrieben. Die Bedeutung dieser Untersuchungsergebnisse in Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Laser in der Chirurgie wird besprochen.
    Notizen: Summary The immediate effect of CO2-laser incision to the dorsal skin and underlying muscular tissue of rats was studied by light and electron microscopical methods. In the subcutaneous layer of skeletal muscle cells an increased susceptibility was found, resulting in distinct zones of cellular changes which are attributed mainly to thermal effects of the laser beam. The importance of these findings for the surgical application of lasers is discussed.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Intrahypothalamic connections ; Deafferentation ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Terminal degeneration within the hypothalamus was studied by electron microscopy 1 or 2 days (1) after carefully placed microlesions in the arcuate, anterior periventricular, ventromedial, premammillary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and (2) after microlesions placed in the hypothalamus deafferented 3 weeks earlier. In the median eminence terminal degeneration was found after each of these lesions. Projections from the ventromedial nucleus reach the arcuate, suprachiasmatic, and anterior periventricular nuclei. Projections from the arcuate nucleus terminate in the medial preoptic, anterior periventricular, and ventromedial nuclei. After lesioning the premammillary nuclei degeneration was found in the supraoptic, arcuate, anterior hypothalamic and ventromedial nuclei.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Fusimotor efferents ; Pinna stimulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Pinna stimulation has long been known to evoke reflex changes of discharge in γ efferents to the hind limb and hence changes in muscle spindle discharges. The present experiments were made in the rat to determine the involvement of the static and dynamic fusimotor systems in the pinna reflex. We first observed fusimotor activity indirectly, by recording spindle responses to various length changes with and without concurrent pinna stimulation. Afferent responses were clearly influenced by static fusimotion during the reflex; evidence for dynamic fusimotion was sought but not found. Ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli appeared equally effective in evoking this static fusimotion. The magnitudes of afferent responses differed markedly between muscles. Observations were made simultaneously on activities recorded directly from γ efferents to peroneal and soleus muscles. Several γ efferents were spontaneously active in each nerve; pinna stimulation usually enhanced their activities and aroused also several others, previously quiescent. The frequencies of discharge in γ efferents to peroneus were usually higher than in those to soleus. This must in part be responsible for differences in afferent responses. The spontaneously active and activated fibres together formed about one quarter to one third of the total γ motoneurone pool and had conduction velocities restricted to the lower end of the conduction velocity spectrum for γ fibres.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus ; Spinal projection neuron ; Hypophyseal projection neuron ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of labeled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was studied following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal cord (C8 to T1) or the hypophysis in the rat. Injections were also made in the spinal cord in another group of animals, which were subjected to water deprivation for a period of 3 days, and the PVN of these animals was examined with the electron microscope. Spinal projection neurons (paraventriculospinal tract, PVST, neurons) formed two groups; the dorsal and the ventral groups. They were located within the parvocellular part of the PVN and fused into one at the caudal level. The neurons of the dorsal group were well assembled whereas those of the ventral group were intermingled with paraventriculohypophyseal tract (PVHT) neurons, which were concentrated in the magnocellular part. Electron microscopic observations revealed that HRP-labeled neurons after spinal injections did not contain neurosecretory granules and that they were not affected by water deprivation. On the other hand, neurons containing a number of neurosecretory granules displayed a significant degree of dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as the result of water deprivation. These neurons contained no HRP granules. The present findings suggest that the PVST neurons are distinct from the PVHT neurons and that the neuronal groups of both systems form different cell columns within the nucleus.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Receptive fields ; Conduction velocity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The receptive field properties and responses to electrical stimulation of 126 P-cells recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were studied in the hooded rat. 2. Eighty-five cells had a concentric (Kuffler, 1953) receptive field organisation (46 off-centre on-surround; 39 on-centre off-surround). Of the remaining cells 29 had co-extensive on/off excitatory discharge regions, nine had on-centres with suppressive surrounds and two cells gave on-responses but had no suppressive surround. One cell was identified as suppressed-by-contrast. 3. On the basis of the battery of tests developed for the identification of cell types in the cat's retina and LGNd, 35 of the cells with a Kuffler-type receptive field organisation were identified as Y-like. The majority of the remaining cells, both concentric and others, reminded us of the different subclasses of W-cells of the cat. Nine concentric cells in most of the tests exhibited X-like properties. 4. All of the Y-like cells were driven by relatively fast conducting retinal ganglion cell axons, comprising the t1 conduction velocity group. The majority of the remaining cells were driven by slower axons comprising t2 or t3 conduction velocity groups. 5. Thus, in the rat, as in other mammalian species studied so far, there is a correlation between the conduction velocity groups in the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway and the functional groups based on the cells’ receptive field properties. There seem to be functional equivalents of the cat's Y- and W-cell classes but evidence for a distinct X-like class of cells is lacking.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 107-118 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Second axotomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The left hypoglossal nerve of adult male albino rats was prevented from regenerating to the tongue after a distal axotomy by implanting the proximal stump into normally innervated left sternomastoid muscle. Eighty-four days after implantation, the hypoglossal nerve was transected again and its regeneration to the tongue unimpeded. From 8 to 70 days after this second axotomy the left hypoglossal nuclei were processed for quantitative ultrastructural analysis. The first aim of this study was to compare regeneration success in the hypoglossal nucleus after second axotomy with that accompanying outgrowth of the hypoglossal nerve into denervated sternomastoid muscle. During quantitative analysis a second aim developed, of elucidating bouton/glial relationships. The second axotomy induced loss and return of subsurface cisterns, dispersal and reassembly of Nissl substance, increase and decrease of microglial numbers, slight further loss and partial return of boutons with clear spherical vesicles and symmetrical synapses, slight increase and decrease of boutons with clear flat vesicles and symmetrical synapses, regrowth of retracted dendrites and restoration of their synapses, and gradual diminution of numbers of electron-dense neurones and dendrites. Astrocytes remained hypertrophied throughout. When compared with events in the hypoglossal nucleus accompanying innervation of denervated sternomastoid muscle by the hypoglossal nerve, the results suggest (1) that regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve to its own tongue muscle instead of to a foreign muscle caused no acceleration of recovery in the hypoglossal nucleus, and (2) that the microglial response is dependent on nerve integrity and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Micro application ; Drugs ; Nervous tissue ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A method is described for localized microapplication of drugs into nervous tissue of freely moving rats. Fairly constant release of material was observed over a period of more than three weeks. The amount of substance released was small because the rate of release was determined largely by diffusion rather than by mass movement of solution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 343-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Early stimulation ; Rat ; Brain chemistry ; Evoked potentials ; Learning and memory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A complex stimulation regimen (visual, auditory, and somesthetic-kinesthetic with forced movements, 30 times for 30 min each within 14 days) increased significantly the amplitudes of visual cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in adult rats if applied during the second postnatal fortnight. The EP increase after stimulation during the first 14 days after birth was not significant. Visual stimulation alone was compared with complex stimulation (visual plus forced movements) during the 2nd postnatal fortnight. More specific local changes in the visual cortex were revealed in brain biochemistry (lower DNA concentration, more RNA and protein per cell) and cortical electrogenesis (enhanced visual EPs) after visual stimulation alone, whereas complex stimulation induced more diffuse changes and rather profoundly influenced higher nervous functions (viz., memory retrieval — improved 24-h retention). Involvement of both specific and nonspecific mechanisms in the aftereffects of early stimulation is indicated.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Boutons ; Glia ; Bungarotoxins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Somatic bouton frequencies, and percent coverage of perikaryal circumference by boutons, microglia, astrocytes, or other structures, were measured on electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats after injections, into the left side of the tongue, of either α-bungarotoxin or β-bungarotoxin in a buffered saline solution (PBS). Control rats were injected with PBS alone. Values from bungarotoxin-treated rats were compared statistically with those from controls and normal rats. Somatic bouton frequencies and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons, were reduced in all the β-bungarotoxin-treated rats when compared with control or normal values. The control values were normal. In α-bungarotoxin-treated rats somatic bouton frequencies were reduced in four of the six rats, and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons in three of the six rats. A few microglia (up to 3.1% coverage) were present in β-bungarotoxin-treated rats, but none were found in α-bungarotoxin-treated rats, controls, or normals. Percent coverage of perikarya by astrocyte was significantly much higher than normal in bungarotoxin-treated rats, and higher than normal in the controls. Conversely, percent coverage by other structures was reduced in bungarotoxin-treated rats and controls. It is suggested that boutons and glia respond to different stimuli, and that the behaviour of the microglia is dependent on the condition of the hypoglossal nerve and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; dLGN ; Retinal afferents ; X- and Y-channel ; Geniculo-cortical relay cells ; HRP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the rat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) two types of retino-geniculate axon terminals have been visualized electron microscopically in adult and juvenile material as well as in Golgi-Kopsch and Golgi-Rapid impregnated sections. The two types differ in size and number of boutons. 2a-terminals have large, sparse boutons, mainly connected with branching zones of geniculo-cortical relay cells (GCR cells). 2b-terminals bear numerous small boutons forming simple contacts with more distal segments of GCR cell dendrites. We are not able to give any information about participation of either type in complex synaptic zones. After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection in the superior colliculus optic tract fibres and lateral fibre bundles in the dLGN are labelled with reaction product. Besides these tracts the terminal branching zones of retino-tectal fibre collaterals in the dLGN also show reaction product. As a result of the good visualization of these retinal terminals by the HRP-method they are identified as 2a-terminals. We conclude that 2a-terminals may represent the Y-channel projecting from the retina to both the superior colliculus and the dLGN.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Non-protein sulfhydryl concentration ; Liver ; Lung ; Kidney ; Blood ; Rat ; Human ; Glutathione
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The concentration of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSH) were measured at various times of the day in rat blood, liver, lung, and kidney as well as in human blood. In each of these cases, there was a significant (p 〈 0.05) 24 h concentration variation. The variation in rat liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration, with a maximum around the noon-time period and a minimum around midnight, appeared to be related to food intake. Blood, lung, and kidney concentrations were not similarly related to food intake. No simple, linear correlation could be shown between tissue non-protein sulfhydryl concentration among the four rat tissues. Thus, rat blood NPSH does not predict rat tissue NPSH concentrations. In seven normal human volunteers, four males and three females, significant 24 h variations in blood NPSH concentrations were observed.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): cAMP ; Calcium metabolism ; Parathyroid hormone ; Ion-exchanger ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats received a diet containing a Cabinding ion exchanger at a dose of 30 and 90 g/kg diet, respectively. Following 10 days of oral administration there was a dose dependent increase in urinary cAMP excretion. However, after 20 days treatment the measured cAMP content in the urine was no longer different from control values. The results suggest that urinary cAMP excretion in the rat is only of value as an indication of acute changes in PTH-activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 397-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Vomeronasal organ ; Membrane particles ; Cell contacts ; Freeze-etching ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The free surfaces and cell contacts in the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of the rat were investigated by freeze-etching. The microvilli of receptor cells show a lower density of intramembranous particles (IMP) than the microvilli in the receptor-free epithelium. The ratio between the IMP on P and E-face is approximately 11∶1 in the receptor terminals, and 3.5∶1 in the cilia and microvilli of the receptor-free epithelium. Although atypical in length and only poorly equipped with rootlet fibers, the cilia of the receptor-free epithelium are furnished with typical ciliary necklace structures of up to 10 rows of membrane particles. Differences in the density of IMP on the P-faces of different cilia are probably due to continual ciliogenesis and also due to the different age of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Zonulae occludentes show different configurations in the neuroepithelium and in the receptor-free epithelium. In the former, they show a tendency to cross-link and form facet-like patterns, reflecting a constant morphology and relative stability for this apical region. In the receptor-free epithelium the junctional rows of zonulae occludentes display only loosely interconnected networks and a tendency to orient parallel to each other and to the free surface. In addition to zonulae occludentes, typical square aggregations of IMP are observed in the receptor-free epithelium. They are not exclusively restricted to the zone of intensive cell contacts by means of fine interdigitating cell processes, and their function has yet to be identified experimentally.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Submaxillary salivary gland ; Secretory granules ; Glycoproteins ; Effect of heat ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Secretory granule area and glycoprotein concentration of the saliva in the submaxillary gland of rats were measured during various stages of acclimation to heat at 34±1° C. Granule size decreased by 18% during the first five days of heat acclimation (0.025〈p〈0.05) after which period it increased to reach 118% of the control levels after 28 days (p〈0.05). Glycoprotein concentration in the saliva of stimulated glands rose above control levels, reaching a maximum between the 2nd and 5th day of acclimation (p〈0.05). It was concluded that the initial decrease in granule size reflects a decrease in glycoprotein content following an increase in salivary flow known to occur at high ambient temperatures. The subsequent increase in granule size is considered an adaptation of the gland to continuous stimulation. The rise in salivary glycoprotein concentration suggests increased efficiency of the secretory mechanism.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamus ; Median eminence ; Intraependymal cisternae ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny of large intracellular cisternae located in the median eminence region of the rat hypothalamus were studied using toluidin-blue stained semithin sections and electron microscopy. The cisternae occur along the projections of ependymal cells lining the ventral portion of the third ventricle (infundibular recess). Small cisternae can be seen close to the ventricle, whereas larger ones, divided into smaller compartments by thin septa, cluster near the surface of the hypothalamus. The cisternae are encompassed by a thin layer of cytoplasm to which axon terminals containing synaptic and dense core vesicles are closely related. Cisternae are arranged around the median eminence in a characteristic pattern. They occupy the midline in the retrochiasmatic area, flank both margins of the median eminence and extend caudally behind the origin of the pituitary stalk. The cisternae appear first between the 15th and 17th postnatal days. At about the 30th day their size and distribution resemble the situation observed in adult animals. The ependymal cisternae are suggested to be closely related to the luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone (LH-RH)-containing fibers.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretion ; Hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway ; Rat ; Blood pressure ; Milk ejection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. In lactating rats and in rats deprived of water, the amount of neurosecretory material in the fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamohindbrain pathway exceeds that in untreated control animals. Under these experimental conditions the pathway and its target regions can be well analysed by means of fluorescence and electron microscopic methods. 2. The axons belonging to the hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway originate from perikarya located in the caudal portion of the nucleus paraventricularis and also from a small group of perikarya in the caudo-lateral hypothalamus. On the way to the hindbrain the neurosecretory fibres join other fibre bundles of the mid- and hindbrain. 3. In the hindbrain most of the neurosecretory fibres terminate in the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii and in the area of the dorsal column nuclei. The axon terminals form synapses with other neurones. 4. Using cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level (Naumann and Sterba, 1976), the authors were able to prove that the vesicles in the exohypothalamic fibres and in their synaptic terminals contain the same sort of material as the neurophysin vesicles in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. 5. The most distinct increase in neurophysin was observed in lactating females which were separated from their sucklings after a normal lactation period of 15 days and killed four days thereafter, and in rats deprived of water for different time periods. 6. The relationship of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway to the nucleus tractus solitarii and to the dorsal column nuclei suggests that, functionally, there may be a correlation between the system of blood-pressure control and the milk ejection reflex.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary cell ; Gonadotrophs ; Culture ; Cell lines ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Ontogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 377-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Nerve tracts ; Regional organization ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (β1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the β1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the β1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By means of light and electron microscopic radioautography a quantitative study of the regional distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of the rat was carried out. One hour after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine the highest radioautographic reaction was recorded in the external zone, especially in the lateral palisade zone where many neurosecretory terminals are separated from the basal lamina of the portal pericapillary space by a glial “cuff”. This area showed the highest percentage (52%) of labelled catecholamine containing neurosecretory terminals as well as the maximal silver grain density per one terminal. In the medial palisade zone where direct neurovascular contacts with the capillary loops prevail, only 27 per cent of neurosecretory terminals were found to harbour tritiated dopamine. On the average 35 per cent of neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence of the rat contain catecholamines (both dopamine and noradrenaline). Pretreatment of animals with reserpine strongly reduced the binding of the label. Per cent of labelled neurosecretory terminals as well as grain density over terminals were decreased in both the medial and lateral palisade zones, although to a lesser degree in the latter. The site of origin of catecholamine fibers as well as the mode of catecholamine action at the level of the median eminence are discussed.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Somatostatin-like activity ; Retina ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A somatostatin-like substance is demonstrated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method) in perikarya and cell processes of the retina of adult and infant rats. These perikarya are identified according to their size, arrangement and distribution. Each of the first two neuronal orders (receptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells) of the visual pathway can be associated with retinal cells reacting positively with anti-somatostatin. In the adult rat, perikarya and processes of (i) horizontal cells, (ii) amacrine cells and (iii) large neurons in the ganglionic layer are specifically labeled. The staining of middle-sized and small ganglion cells is probably caused by the close attachment of labeled fibers to non-reacting cells. Postnatally, the immunoreactive elements develop in parallel to the differentiation of the corresponding retinal layers. It is discussed whether the three types of retinal cells containing a somatostatin-like substance provide an inhibitory system to each of the two orders of retinal neurons.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Synaptic plasticity ; Estrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In order to examine the effect of estrogen on the synaptic structures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN), semi-quantitative studies were performed by counting synapses in an 18,000 μm2 area in the middle part of the ARCN in each brain. In ovariectomized female rats injected with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) for three weeks, the mean numbers of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were not significantly different from those in the intact and ovariectomized controls. When the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) including the ARCN was isolated by use of a Halász knife (MBH island), the mean number of axodendritic synapses was decreased to about half of the controls. However, EB treatment for three weeks from the day of surgery effectively restored the axodendritic synaptic population of the deafferented ARCN. This may suggest that estrogen has a facilitatory effect on axodendritic synapse formation in the deafferented ARCN, presumably by stimulating axonal sprouting and synaptic regeneration of intact axons in the MBH island.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Subsurface cisterns ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. They appeared as cytoplasmic organelles consisting most often of stacks of parallel cisterns apposed to the neuronal plasmalemma. These SSC's were located in the interneurons of the parvocellular system, but not in neurosecretory cells and glial cells. SSC's were seen at zones of cytoplasm apposed to neuronal or glial cell processes, showing in some instances specific relationships with synaptic areas. The morphological features of these SSC's are described, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “microfilamentous spindle-shaped” and “crystalloid”, present in paraventricular nucleus neurons of adult normal rats. These inclusions appear occasionally in some non-secretory neurons of the parvocellular system, but have never been seen in neurosecretory cells of the magnocellular system. The microfilamentous spindle-shaped inclusions show a close spatial relationship with the granulofibrillar body and interchromatin granules. The distribution and functional significance of such structures are discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Median eminence ; Neurohypophysial hormones ; Corticotrophin releasing factor ; Immunoperoxidase histochemistry ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Dorsal prostate gland ; Rat ; Apocrine secretion ; Prolactin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rat dorsal prostate epithelium was studied in intact adult animals, in animals castrated for three days and in rats after inhibition of prolactin secretion. Thin sections, electron-microscopic autoradiographs and freeze-fracture replicas were used to analyze the process of apocrine secretion in this gland. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the secretory cells are well developed, but secretory granules are absent. The only sign indicating release of secretory material is the appearance of blebs originating from the apical plasma membrane. Freeze-fracture replicas of the apical plasma membrane reveal that the blebs develop randomly from the bases of microvilli-like protrusions. In vitro pulse labeling of the proteins using 3H-leucine resulted in a labeling of the apical blebs. A post-castration period of three days was sufficient to reduce drastically the number and size of the apical blebs concomitant with regressive changes of the cell. Suppression of prolactin secretion for three weeks by application of lisuride, a synthetic ergot alkaloid, also induced regressive changes in the secretory cells. The apical blebs were still present, but they were shrunken and their content appeared condensed. These experimental conditions proved that the apical blebs are closely related to the functional activity of the cells and are interpreted as true apocrine secretion in the rat dorsal epithelium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: When certain molten thermoplastics containing glass fibers up to 20 mm in length are extruded through an orifice, the extrudate has a frothy texture and solidifies into an irregular open-cell structure. The effect is apparently caused by the recovery of the fibers from distortions arising in the region of converging flow near the entry to the orifice. The effect is particularly pronounced in systems with melt viscosities between 50 and 500 Ns/m2. Polypropylene, as an example, containing weight fractions of about 0.25 of glass fibers can be extruded through a zero-length die 2 mm in diameter to give “ropes” that can be readily formed into flat sheets or three-dimensional shapes because of adhesion between the still molten polymer in the newly extruded rope. Such sheets can then be bonded to other materials to make a variety of laminates. A range of bonding techniques is available and the rough surface texture of the ropes provides a useful mechanical key for bonding with grossly dissimilar materials. Fiber-foam is highly resistant to fracture and has a modulus in the range expected by a simple model for the foam.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 18-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The yield behavior during cold drawing of commercially spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filament yarn was investigated. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of inherent flaws within the spun filaments; these act as points for localized stress concentration. These inhomogeneities appear to be either internal cracks or crazes developed during the fiber melt spinning process. During elongation, stress magnification at these flaws results in shear band formation, indicating the onset of inhomogeneous yielding. At the yield bend in the load-elongation curve a circumferential crack propagates within these shear band regions. This yield crack develops into the classical neck geometry which further localizes additional plastic deformation within the sample at the neck.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The methods of small systems thermodynamics have been applied to the calculation of the entropy barrier to the growth of polymer crystals. The height of this barrier at the equilibrium melting point of polyethylene molecules of typical lengths (X = 4,000 to 10,000 segments) is estimated to be of the order of 4 to 5 Kcal per molecule. This barrier increases linearly with ln X if the crystal is very large but retains the approximate values mentioned for crystals with the lamella thicknesses usually found. This entropy change causes the free energy to go through a maximum as in a nucleation phenomena but no new surface formation is involved. The existence of such a barrier explains why crystallization (or melting) never occurs at the equilibrium melting temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Statistical mechanical methods can be used to relate not only structure and thermodynamics but also structure and kinetics. Methods are developed for calculating the crystal growth rate kinetic models. When the usual macroscopic thermodynamics are applied, the resulting surface energies, σ and σe extracted from the experimental growth rates are quite comparable to those obtained from kinetic models. However, when one applies small system thermodynamics, a substantially smaller σ is obtained. This latter assumption has the advantage of explaining why extended chain seed crystals do not promote crystal growth and why folded chain crystals grow on such seeds. The statistical mechanical methods in both of these cases predict the observed decrease in the rate constant, Kg with decreasing molecular length without the necessity of a separate theory for varying σe with molecular length.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 65-65 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Tensile creep measurements at constant load on nonoriented polyethylene have shown a marked transition at a certain stress level from a neck formation followed by instantaneous fracture to the formation of a neck which resists fracture for a considerable time. The transition, which shifts towards shorter time and higher nominal stress with increasing molecular weight, has been studied for 16 polyethylenes of different molecular weights, degrees of branching and crystalline structures. The marked. transition has only been observed for high density polyethylene of high molecular weight. Deformation measurements show a more distinct necking for the high density than for the medium density polyethylenes. This is consistent with current molecular deformation theories. A hypothesis for the transition is proposed based on the distinctness of the neck process in the high density polyethylene and the large difference in strength between the spherulitic structure and the fibrillar structure. The dependence of the transition on molecular weight is expected since the number of tic chains incrcrtses with increasing molecular weight.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Glassy crosslinked networks were prepared by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with up to 4.7 mole-percent ethylene dimethacrylate. These networks were degraded by exposure to γ-rays and the solubilized fraction estimated by benzene extraction using the analysis of A. R. Schultz. The efficiency of the Crosslinking agent was found to be 0.5 and this value was used to calculate the molecular weight between crosslinks. The molecular weight of the primary molecules in the network, M, was estimatfrom the radiation dose using the known fact that one fracture requires an energy deposition of 59 ev. Crosslinking was found to have little influence on the tensile strength of networks of primary molecular weight 〉 105. In contrast. crosslinking raised, the strength of polymers of M 〈 105 to, a value approaching that of a high molecular weight linear polymer (ca. 70MN/m2). Crosslinking was found to have only a small influence on the gross morphology of fracture surfaces.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A method has been developed for analyzing the vinyl chloride desorption rate data from poly(vinyl chloride) resins. This technique, based on Fickean diffusion kinetics already demonstrated for this system, yields fundamental internal particle morphology information, which is in agreement with that determined by other methods. The approach detailed in this manuscript can be applied to other particle-penetrant systems for which the nature of the diffusion kinetics is known.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 198-202 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Improved properties of thermoplastic pipes may be achieved by rotating the core of the extrusion die, to produce orientation in the tangential direction. It has been suggested that a further advantage of mandrel rotation is an increased output rate for a given power input. The flow of a “power law” fluid through a rotating die is analyzed, and the power consumption and throughput are investigated. Experimental results for polypropylene melt are presented, which illustrate the effect of rotation on the die characteristics. It is found that the output is increased, but the savings are minimal in view of the power which must be introduced via the rotating mandrel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 337-341 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Finite element analyses were performed to investigate theoretically the effects of in-plane and out-of-plane eccentricities, bending or twisting, and thickness nonuniformity on the axial stress and strain variations across the width of off-axis specimens. The results are compared with measured data and are also used to assess the effects of these eccentricities on the fracture stress of off-axis fiber composites. Guidelines for detecting and minimizing the presence of eccentricities are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 329-336 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In contrast to metallic corrosion where electrochemical corrosion mechanisms are dominant, a variety of mechanisms play a role in degradation of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) structures. Attack may occur by physical or chemical means or by a combination of both. Although some actions of particular attacking species may be quite specific, there are a number of general corrosion mechanisms and broad guidelines that can be established in order to choose a resin suitable for a particular service. Corrosion mechanisms are illustrated by interactions of environments with vinyl ester resins. Attack in non-aqueous media is often related to chemical similarity between attacking specie and the resin. Among chemically similar resins, the extent of this type of attack is often influenced by the crosslink density of the resin. It is shown that the solubility parameter of the attacking specie is useful in predicting suitability of a resin for service, if the resin has been evaluated by a test sequence in organic media of varying solubility parameters. In aqueous media it is found that physical attack can occur by means of an osmotic permeation of the resin by water. Degradation by pure water is often more severe than that caused by ionic solutions. Such physical attack can cause delamination and blistering of laminates and must be regarded as a potentially serious corrosive mechanism, although not primarily chemical in nature. In addition to physical attack, chemical attack can occur. Saponification by sodium hydroxide and oxidation by sodium hypochlorite are discussed in some detail as examples. It is shown that in both these cases the chemical corrosive process may be inhibited by controlling the physical corrosion process due to water.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 190-197 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Free-radical copolymerizations were studied under nonisothermal conditions with emphasis on their thermal runaway and ignition behavior. Computational models are presented in generalized form and compared with experiments on the system styrene-acrylonitrile. A new, useful method is proposed for the evaluation of runaway parameters from scant kinetic data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A finite element method is presented for the analysis of isothermal non-Newtonian polymer melt flow in narrow channels of complex shape. The particular application considered is flow in cable-covering crossheads. The geometric flexibility of the finite element method allows a mesh of triangular elements to be constructed to suit the shape of the flow channel. Computed results obtainable from the analysis include the distribution of polymer layer thickness on the finished cable, together with the extrusion pressure required to maintain a given flow rate of melt. Some typical thickness distribution results are presented as an introduction to experimental verification of the method and its application to crosshead design.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A method was proposed for a scientific description of processability of raw elastomers involving a master curve representing deformation behavior and a failure envelope representing the ultimate properties. When a specific machine is given, the mechanical and environmental conditions may be defined from the geometry and operating condition of the machine. Matching these conditions, specific information on processability may be extracted from the master curve and failure envelope. In constructing the master curve, we have proposed to use the strain-time correspondence principle including the behavior at both small and large deformation. The necessary measurements may be considerably simplified; for example, the Rheovibron and the Mooney rheometer provide necessary data over the entire range of the rubbery behavior. The latter instrument may be operated at a slow speed, i.e., 0.05 RPM and the torque-rise curve is used. With the rotational viscometer, the stress often reaches a maximum before reaching steady state, particularly with rubbers. We have shown that the curve leading to the peak is the shear stress-strain curve. The maximum was found to correspond to the failure point in the tensile deformation. The stress-time correspondence principle is not applicable to some rubbers. In these cases, the same calculation may still be conducted to evaluate the deviation from the master curve. Then, the extent of deviation may be used to represent the degree of long chain branching.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 254-259 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Some polymer networks show an anomalous increase in the modulus or reduced stress at very high elongations. This behavior has now been investigated definitively by determining stress-strain isotherms for both crystallizable and noncrystallizable networks, prepared using several curing techniques (carried out so as to yield a wide range in degree of cross-linking). The networks were studied unfilled at a number of temperatures, and at several degrees of swelling. The results clearly implicate strain-induced crystallization as the origin of the upturn in the modulus, and thus demonstrate that the wide spread interpretation of this upturn in terms of limited chain extensibility is incorrect.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A procedure is described which permits the classification of solvents according to their effect on polycarbonate (PC):Class I - dissolve amorphous or crystalline PCClass II - dissolve only amorphous PCClass III - convert amorphous PC to crystalline PCClass IV - none of the above.This classification is achieved by comparing solvents to CH2Cl2 with respect to the exotherm and rate of crystallization observed when the solvents are brought into contact with PC under controlled conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 661-661 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 664-675 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The early history of the use of the torsion pendulum in the investigation of polymers is described together with the development of dynamic mechanical testing at TNO. Examples are listed of studies of structure-property relationships by means of the torsion pendulum. Techniques using supported. Samples are compared with those using unsupported samples, particular attention being paid to the advantages and restrictions of torsional braid analysis (TBA). The comprehensive application of TBA by Professor Gillham is reviewed; a few TBA results are compared with our torsion pendulum measurements. A rheologist's view on the so-called liquid-liquid transition (Tn) in polymer melts, as observed by TBA, is presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Factors affecting the formation of hard elastic polypropylene and nylon 6,6 are described. In the case of polypropylene, it is shown that the morphology of the stress spin-oriented fibers depends on the molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution, and the cooling rate. Narrow molecular weight distribution and/or fast cooling rate can lead to a smectic, essentially fibrillar morphology in contrast to the normally observed crystalline, essentially lamellar structure. Hard elastic nylon 6,6 fibers are produced by drawing regularly spun nylon 6,6 yarn to draw ratios in the range of 1.6-3 and annealing the resulting fibers in phenol solutions (cone. 1-5 percent). By this method, a highly increased crystalline order is created, simultaneously transforming the original morphology to a lamellare one or superimposing a lamellar morphology on the poorly organized fibrillar base. Some tensile and elastic characteristics of polypropylene and nylon 6,6 yarns as. functions of spinning and annealing variables are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Crystallization kinetics of hydrogenated monodisperse polybutadienes have been measured using hot-stage microscopy, and the data have been analyzed in terms of crystallization half-time and Avrami exponent. Results obtained from hydrogenated polybutadienes having M̄w's in the range 5,100 to 340,000 were compared with what was obtained from several commercial polyethylenes. A four-branch star hydrogenated polybutadiene was also included in this study. Crystallization half-time at constant undercooling was found to go through a minimum when expressed as a function of M̄w; such behavior is consistent with polyethylene data already reported in the literature. It was found that crystallization half-times for all polyethylene homopolymers studied (hydrogenated polybutadienes as well as commercial polyethylenes with their broad molecular weight distributions) exhibit similar exponential dependences on undercooling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 482-487 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This paper examines the important dimensionless numbers that control emulsion polymerization in a tubular reactor. It was found that the activation energy of polymerization was of major importance, while the role of monomer diffusion was not very significant. By selecting certain combinations of the dimensionless numbers, changes occurring during scaleup from a small tubular diameter to a larger diameter can be approximated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 493-499 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A comparison of experimental data for zero strain Young's modulus of uniform density thermoplastic foam for short times has been made with several theoretical and empirical correlations. An analysis of the variance of the data with the predicted values from the many models indicated that the simplistic density squared relationship adequately described the modulus of the foam for basic engineering calculations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 512-518 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The rate of fatigue crack propagation in graphite fiber reinforced nylon 66 was measured. A model of the form å = β [Kmax1-γ ΔKγ]r was used to correlate the rate of crack propagation å with the maximum stress intensity Kmax and the amplitude of the stress intensity ΔK experienced by the notched specimen during the fatigue test. The quantities β, γ and r were constant at fixed temperature and frequency of the test. It was also found that there exists both an upper and a lower threshold of stress intensity for the slow ropagation of damage during fatigue. The mechanism of crack propagation in the short graphite fiber reinforced nylon was found to be similar to the growth and fracture of crazes in thermoplastics. The propagation of damage at the crack tip is controlled by matrix deformation, cavitation, fiber breakage and fiber pullout. Damage can propagate in the absence of crack growth until a critical point is reached at which time the material fractures catastrophically.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanical behavior of compatible glassy polyblends based upon poly(2.6-dimethyl- 1,4-phe nylene oxide) (PPO) was investigated. In particular, the influence of composition, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution upon the tensile modulus of the blend was assessed. Various possible correlations between the experimentally determined moduli and theory are considered. Included are correlations with density, packing density, composite theory, and lattice fluid theory. The modeling of the properties of mixtures via Simplex lattice design is also presented. Finally, attention is given to the development of compatibility criteria based upon tensile modulus and density measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 525-529 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This paper arose from a study of the use of polymeric materials to protect humidity-sensitive items from damp ambient conditions. A one-dimensional model for the Fickian diffusion of moisture through a permeable wall into a volume of air is considered. The humidity in the airspace asymptotically approaches equilibrium with the exterior, and the time constant is defined as the time to reach 1-1/e of its ultimate value. Exact and approximate solutions are considered. Depending on the system geometry and properties, the time constant is either permeability-controlled or diffusivity-controlled, or somewhere in between. Under certain conditions, there exists an optimum combination of airspace depth and wall thickness that maximizes the time constant.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 545-551 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Fiber reinforced composite structures have gained a significant position as materials of construction for the aerospace industry. It thus follows that large expenditures of funds and human lives are dependent on the reliability of these products. An important step in gaining confidence in a part is knowing that the starting prepreg has the same chemical formulation in each lot of material and that each lot has been processed in the same manner. This can be accomplished by physiochemical characterization. The techniques described herein were developed for 177°C (350°F) epoxy matrix systems. However, the methods form a basis for developing similar procedures for other types of matrices.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The ultimate properties of injection-molded thermoplastics articles are controlled to a large extent by flow and heat transfer phenomena that take place during the injection-molding process. In fact, the thermo-mechanical history of the melt during the molding process leads to a non-uniform distribution of many of the critical properties of the molding. Birefringence has been employed as an indirect measure of the distribution of frozen stresses or strains in amorphous polymers. The present study employs birefringence to study the development of frozen stresses in injection-molded polystyrene. In general, orientation in the flow direction is much greater than the orientation in the transverse direction of the moldings. In the vicinity, of the gate, where mold filling is characterized by spreading radial flow of the melt, the hoop stresses (planar deformation) at the melt front give rise to high orientation in the transverse direction. It appears that relaxation phenomena are not very important during the filling stage; however, they become more, important in the packing and pressure holding stages. With the aid of the appropriate rheo-optical relationship, it is shown that the distribution of frozen-in orientation in injection-molded polystyrene may be estimated on the basis of data relating to pressure variations during the filling stage.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 716-721 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The cellulose blotter/torsion pendulum technique used for the determination of relaxations that occur in low molecular weight compounds, oligomeric materials, and amorphous polymers is discussed. The glass transition temperature of a number of aliphatic alcohols and hydrocarbons have been determined and correlated with a method proposed by Gorskii in 1934. The glass transition temperature and molecular weight of these compounds follow the relationship Tg = BMa rather than Tg = Tg(∞) - K/M. Although differences exist between the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, they appear to follow a similar general pattern. In contrast, the hydrocarbons investigated have markedly different behavior.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 761-773 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The changes in structure and mechanical properties of melt spun polypropylene filaments were determined as the filaments were successively (i) drawn, (ii) twisted, (iii) annealed, and (iv) untwisted. Filaments spun to two different melt draw down levels were studied. The effects of draw temperature and draw ratio, extent of twist, annealing temperature, and the extent of untwisting were examined. Melt spun and twisted filaments (draw ratio of 1) were also considered. Structural characterization techniques used in this study include wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), birefringence and density measurement. Drawing increased crystalline orientation and at low temperatures disrupted the monoclinic unit. cell existing in the melt spun fibers. The drawing produced considerable fibrillation under all conditions even when carried out at 120°C. The fibrillation quid void formation due to low temperature drawing was more pronounced. The variation of WAXS patterns and mechanical properties of twisted drawn filaments was interpreted by presuming that the fibrils act in a manner analogous to that of the filaments in a continuous filament twisted yarn. In the case of incompletely drawn filaments the effect of additional drawing occurring during twistin must be considered. Twisted fibers annealed at 150°C sowed a drastic reduction in tensile properties, while those annealed at 125°C did not set the twist and caused the fibers to tend to untwist. Annealing at 140°C appeared to give satisfactory heat setting. Annealing of cold drawn and cold drawn and twisted fibers increased the density, removed many defects and reformed a well defined monoclinic crystal structure and a lamellar morphology. Untwisting of heat set filaments tended to give back the properties of hot drawn fibers. In some cases, however, the opening of cracks was noted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 30 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 805-809 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new method and apparatus for determining the oxidative stability of molten polymers, especially polyolefins, is described. The apparatus consists of a laboratory scale mixer modified to allow for the continuous determination of the oxygen absorbed by the polymer. The oxygen uptake curve observed for polyolefins is of the type normally associated with the autocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons and yields an induction period - a traditional measure of stability. Typical results from experiments concerning the antioxidant type, antioxidant level and temperature on polyethylene stabilization are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the technique in both quality control and research applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 815-817 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Measured melt viscosities and primary normal stress coefficients are presented for a well-characterized, rubbermodified polystyrene as a function of shear rate and mineral oil diluent concentration. The logarithmic blending relationship accurately predicts the observed data. Melt relaxation times and shear compliance data are also calculated. The compliance numbers are consistent with molecular models based on a simple dumbbell (appropriately modified for rubber and mineral oil addition).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 841-844 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Chemiluminescence of an incompatible mixture of polystyrene and cis-1, 4-polybutadiene was studied. The luminescence characteristics of the component polymers are preserved in the incompatible blend and the intensity for the blend can be represented as the surface-area-average of the individual intensities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 845-848 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Recent equation of state data are analyzed in terms of the hole theory of polymer melts. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical volume-temperature curves at atmospheric pressure, observed previously for a number of amorphous and crystallizable polymers, is again confirmed. Similarly, satisfactory theoretical results for the isotherms ensue, with deviations however becoming noticeable at elevated pressures and low temperatures. The linearity of the isochores observed experimentally is confirmed by the theory, however with somewhat different slopes. Departures of maximally 10 percent from the thermal pressure coefficients derived from the experimental PVT data are noted. Significant differences between theory and experiment apper only in the third derivatives of the partition function, as has also been observed with other pollymers. The characteristic scaling parameters of volume, temperature and pressure show the expected similarity with hevea rubber. Earlier correlations for scaling entropy and segmental volume with scaling temperature are found to be valid within the scatter of these relations. Finally, the applicability of the empirical Tait equation in the form applied to the equation of state in other polymer melts is confirmed. Although the resulting thermal pressure coefficient exhibits an explicit even if smal dependence on temperature, in disagreement with experiment or theory, the Tait equation remains a useful relation for the representation of PVT information.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 893-899 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The paper stresses the importance of cavity temperature in the injection molding process of thermoplastics. From the study of the temperature field in the mold, it follows that there is no such thing as a uniform mold temperature. The heat balance equation for the injection mold is discussed in detail. It shows that the sum of the heat exchanges during the cycle equals zero. There is an extensive explanation of the heat transfer from the melt to the mold, the heat exchange with the environment, and between the heat exchange medium and the mold. New criteria are given for the cavity material selections. The cavity temperature is a complex function of static and dynamic parameters and should be kept constant in the equal parts of the cycle. This demands a new way of regulating the temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 910-916 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A one-dimensional model of unsteady state heat conduction has been applied to the cooling and solidification of a polymer in a blow molding process. The approach includes a temperature-dependent specific heat term to account for latent heat effects during the phase change. The model is used to predict temperature profiles in a thick-walled component of high-density polyethylene. These profiles lead to a clearer understanding of the heat transfer process. It is further shown that these temperature distributions can be used to study the influence of the major process variables upon the cooling of the molded component.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 940-945 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanical properties of a commercial nylon-epoxy resin have been studied using a sensitive creep apparatus which employs a frictionless levitation magnetic bearing. Isothermal creep measurements over a temperature range of 30-170°C and covering a time scale of five decades were made on the wet and dry state of the material. Following the usual time-temperature reduction scheme, master curves for each state were constructed from the experimental data. The effect of moisture was found to be more than that of a simple plasticizer. The steepness of the reduced curves in the transition region was determined and the distribution function of retardation times of the two states of the sample were calculated. The problem of predicting the physical state of the bulk adhesive at higher temperatures was found to be complicated, possibly due to the presence of nylon crystallites.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Dynamic x-ray diffraction is employed to scrutinize the structural origin of the α mechanical dispersion of a highdensity polyethylene having preferentially oriented rownucleated cylindritic texture around the machine direction (MD). Results indicate that the α1 dispersion is associated with two kinds of orientation processes of crystallites: (1) the orientation process involving the rotation of crystallites around the crystal b-axis (lamellar axis) dominates in the MD specimen; (2) the other process accompanying the rotation of crystallites or lamellar segments around their crystal a-axis dominates in the TD (transverse direction) specimen. The complex apparent crystal lattice compliances show no frequency dependence in the real component and no appreciable value in the imaginary component, indicating that the α1 process is definitely associated with the intercrystalline process, but not relavent to the intracrystal process. However, at elevated temperatures, the complex lattice compliances exhibit a remarkable frequency dependence, suggesting that the α2 dispersion concomitant to intracrystalline nature takes place in this time scale. The α2 dispersion was found to be more pronounced upon stretching along the lamellar axis (TD) than normal to it (MD).
    Zusätzliches Material: 22 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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