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  • 1990-1994  (1,630)
  • 1985-1989  (1,223)
  • Physical Chemistry  (1,748)
  • Life Sciences (general)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140201
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the utilization of different C sources and the cellulose formation by Acetobacter xylinum (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Different methylated glucose derivatives and cellobiose were examined as the carbon sources for growth and cellulose formation by Acetobacter xylinum. HPLC studies were carried out to gain information about the kinetics of the utilization of the C sources used. The type and yields of the synthesized cellulose were described. Besides glucose, cellobiose was a substrate for the synthesis of this polysaccharide by the bacteria. Other methylated derivatives of glucose were not accepted for a comparable synthesis of this polymer. An estimation of citrate in an unmodified culture liquid (SH medium) showed utilization in a late phase of cultivation. The influence of this organic acid on the pH value, cellulose synthesis and growth is described. By the application of citric acid as a sole carbon source “gel-like” forms of cellulose were formed generally.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140308
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcement (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 274-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of dextran solutions by cross-flow filtration (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of ultrafiltration to fractionate dextran solutions in order to obtain fractions for the synthesis of dextran derivatives was investigated.Several experiments were carried out in two available commercial ultrafilters. The operation was evaluated by the recovery yield and process time.Dextran solutions can be fractionated being concentrated up to 9 fold in a PM30, but no more than double in a PM5 hollow fibre membrane cartridge.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140313
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulation of digested sewage sludge in mesophilic UASB reactors treating distillery waste waters from sugar cane molasses (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five 4.02-1 UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors were continuously operated at 30°C under different hydrodynamic regimes for more than 120 days. The effect of the upflow liquid velocity (ULV) over the range of 0.25 to 2.0 m/h on the biological characteristics of the granules formed by treating vinasses (waste water of alcohol distilleries) from sugar cane molasses was investigated constantly maintaining the volumetric loading rate (VLR) (8 g COD/l · d). Granular sludge was found at all the ULV tested. The size, shape, etc., of the granules indicated that the ULV had a considerable effect on the sludge cultivated in this type of system, thereby acting as a selection process for the biomass. The best results in relation to the time of appearance, size, shape, consistence, stability, composition, and the accumulation were observed in the ULV range between 0.25 and 0.5 m/h.Microscopic studies of the granules using optical and epifluorescence microscopes and the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed a heterogeneous biomass and revealed the cell characteristics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140312
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of ferulic acid by soil bacteria Nocardia provides various valuable phenolic compounds (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nocardia autotrophica was grown in a medium containing ferulic acid and 14C-ferulic acid, labelled in various parts of a particle as a main carbon source. After incubation, the products were analyzed by thin layer, high performance liqid and gas chromatography and by IR and NMR spectra methods. The products detected were caffeic acid, catechol, coniferyl alcohol, eugenol, guaiacol, hydrocaffeic acid, isoeugenol, isoferulic acid, isovanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and aldehyde, vanillic acid, and vinylguaiacol. A liberation of 14CO2 during cultivation was noticed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic degradation of toluene in a closed chemostat with and without a head space outlet (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes the continuous aerobic cultivation of a Pseudomonas strain with toluene as the substrate in a closed chemostat with oxygen or air as the gas phase. Due to the constant supply of a nitrogen-saturated aqueous medium, nitrogen passes from the liquid phase of the chemostat into the gas phase (head space). This results in an increasing nitrogen content (asymptotic approach to 100%). The concomitant decrease in the partial pressure of the oxygen in the gas phase finally leads to an oxygen limitation for the bacteria in the medium and an incomplete toluene degradation. The critical nitrogen content of the gas phase at which oxygen limitation begins depends on the toluene concentration in the incoming medium. However, when the gas is continuously removed from the head space, the nitrogen content reaches a steady-state value of less than 100%, depending on the flow rate of the outgoing gas. The oxygen limitation and the associated incomplete toluene degradation can be prevented in this way. The method of gas removal from the head space to avoid oxygen limitation is also applicable when the reactor is supplied with air instead of oxygen. Waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants can thus be biologically decontaminated under aerobic conditions, without shifting the pollution problem from the liquid to the gas phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of the conditions of the fermentation of beet molasses to lactic acid by Lactobacillus delbrueckii (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization studies were carried out for the production of L-lactic acid from the fermentation of beet molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. A Central Composite Design was used to determine the optimum values of the process variables (temperature, pH, inoculum concentration, and initial sucrose concentration) for obtaining the maximum yield and the maximum volumetric productivity of lactic acid. Among the variables selected for study, it was found that all of them apart from the temperature significantly affected the responses (yield and volumetric productivity of lactic acid). The Central Composite Design also permitted formulating two second-order polynomial empirical models relating to the responses and the significant variables. From these models it was possible to determine the value of the variables giving the maximum yield of lactic acid production (87.8%) and the maximum volumetric rate of lactic acid biosynthesis (2.7 g/l · h). Finally, the dependence of the lactic acid yield and productivity on the model variables was investigated. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variability of the hypericin content in the regenerants of Hypericum perforatum (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hypericin content of in vitro regenerated plants of Hypericum perforatum L. was determined by spectrophotometry. A significant variability of some of the morphological characters, of the biomass production and the hypericin formation was found within the somaclones of the same genetic origin and among the regerants of different genotypes. The concentration of BAP which promoted the shoot differentiation did not affect the hypericin content and the gland density. New information on the ultrastructure of hypericin-containing multicellular glands is presented here.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140309
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the casing on the microflora of compost colonized by Agaricus bisporus (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of the casing soil during mushroom cultivation was studied with respect to the composition of the microflora. The thermophilic bacteria became more numerous and the number of mesophiles was clearly enhanced. The casing soil had a protective action against antagonistic microflora. Interactions between the microflora and the mushroom were also studied.Moreover, lignocellulose degradation was evaluated by enzymatic measurements during cultivation and process, and was documented by an ultrastructural study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140311
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosensor-Entwicklungen. Sudie des Arbeitskreises Biosensorik. Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1993. Reichsstraße 45. 40217 Düsseldorf 138 pages; DM 98,- ISBN 3-929483-01-07 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 96-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140115
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of Candida utilis during growth in relation to Mg2+ and K+ concentration in sugar cane molasses (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Magnesium and potassium ions are present in sugar cane molasses in a concentration of about 0.3% and 2.5%, respectively, which is high enough to support biomass production from Candida utilis. Culture broth with 40 g/l of total reducing substances supplemented by the addition of 1 ppm of Mg2+ leads to a higher yield (Y x/s) in batch fermentation experiments. The subsequent addition of Mg2+ up to 10 ppm decreases the yield coefficient from 0.53 to 0.42 without affecting the growth rate. Fermentation media supplemented with 1 to 10 ppm of K+ decreased both the yield coefficient and the specific growth rate. A Mg/K ratio of about 0.1 seems to be optimal for yeast biomass propagation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140118
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of broad-host-range plasmids for the expression of heterologous genes in Acetobacter methanolicus B58 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction of different plasmids reported here on the basis of a broad-host-range RSF1010 replicon allows an efficient expression of heterologous genes in the acidophilic methanol-assimilating bacterium Acetobacter methanolicus B58.The promoter-probe vector pRS201 was used for the identification and isolation of the promoter containing sequences derived from the DNA of the Acetobacter phage Acm1. Further, this plasmid was coupled with the Escherichia coli promoters tac and pr creating the expression vectors pRS201tac and pRS201pr, respectively. After the insertion of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene of the cloned promoters downstream, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was determined in a cell-free extract of both E. coli and A. methanolicus.Using E. coli promoters as well as promoters of the Acetobacter phage Acm1 arranged in tandem with the promoters of the heterologous genes to be expressed, the pectat lyase gene (ptlB) of Erwinia carotovora and the threonine A gene (thrA) of E. coli were successfully expressed in A. methanolicus.The stability of recombinant plasmids under various conditions in A. methanolicus strains was tested using antibiotic-free media.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140205
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnologie: Die biologischen Grundlagen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 322 pages, 72 figures, 28 tables; DM 78,00. ISBN 3-540-56191-9 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 152-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140206
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosensors - theory and applications. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: Technomic Publishing Company, 1993 X + 219 pages, 58 figures; DM 185,55. ISBN 0-87762-975-7 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 162-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140208
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and stabilization of enzymes. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Masstricht, November 1992. Studies in organic chemistry, volume 47. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V., 1993 520 pages; US $ 242.75. ISBN 0-444-89372-5 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 180-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140211
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen transfer efficiency in the biosynthesis of antibiotics in bioreactors with a modified RUSHTON turbine agitator (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, the oxygen mass transfer efficiency and power consumption in a non-biological system and an antibiotic biosynthesis process, using a modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, were investigated. It was demonstrated that a simple modification of the blades through the increase of the blade height, simultaneously with the discontinuation of the blade surface, could improve the oxygen transfer efficiency by about 30%.Experiments performed in stirred tank bioreactors with an overall volume of 20 m3, equipped with the modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, showed that the power consumption diminished by a factor of 1.18 to 1.6 during the fermentation processes of Streptomyces erithreus, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces noursei, and Nocardia mediaterranei, compared to the witness bioreactor.The use of the modified RUSHTON turbine for the antibiotic biosynthesis process may contribute to the decrease of the overall costs and the obtainment of better productivity, allowing an intensive utilization of power inputs for aeration and agitation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140212
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of methionine production by methionine analogue ethionine resistant mutants of Brevibacterium heali (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to improve the methionine yield of the isolate B. heali, attempts were made to isolate mutants resistant to the methionine analogue DL-ethionine after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethionine for B. heali was found to be 2 mM. After mutagenesis and screening, five mutants resistant to 50 mM of ethionine were isolated. The yield of the best ethionine resistant mutant, B. heali Br EthR250, was 13 mg/l of methionine medium under optimum cultivation conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140214
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcement (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 210-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140216
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcement (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 217-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140218
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BioTechnologie. Das Jahr- und Adreßbuch 93-94. Berlin: polycom Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1993, 432 pages; DM 49,80. ISBN 3-928383-05-1 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 218-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140219
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140301
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of phytase produced by Aspergillus carbonarius NRC 401121 in canola meal (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus carbonarius NRC 401121 phytase was produced on canola meal in a solid-state fermentation process. A Km value of 0.345 mM and a vmax of 0.81 units were determined for sodium phytate. The optimum pH and temperature were 4.7 and 53°C, respectively. Activation of the enzyme occurred when it was preincubated at higher temperatures for a period of time. The energy of activation, the entropy and the enthalpy changes were evaluated to be 7,800 cal/mole, 74 cal/(mole · K) and 24,000 cal/mole for this enzyme, respectively.The effect of time and the extractant: solid state culture ratio upon the single step extraction of phytase from a solid-state culture were evaluated.Mathematical correlations which fit the experimental data reasonably well were proposed for some of the studied processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140302
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of oxytetracycline by immobilized Streptomyces rimosus cells in calcium alginate gels (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streptomyces rimosus Pfizer 18234-2 cells were immobilized in calcium alginate and used for the production of oxytetracycline. The influence of the incubation period, alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 were investigated. From the results of the repeated batch fermentations of the shake flasks, a good level of antibiotic was maintained for a period of about 28 days using 4% calcium alginate. The cell leakage and cell concentration inside the beads were affected by the alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140316
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference announcement (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 311-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140318
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140401
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in biotechnology: Sustainable technology development: From high tech to Eco Tech (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 315-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotechnology as a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary field of science and engineering is regarded to be a key technology for the future, able to essentially contribute to sustainable development. In the first part of this paper, a critical analysis of the status quo in biotechnologies is given in the area of pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, and industrial biotechnology as well as food biotechnology. Here the general potential becomes clear, but also a series of disadvantages which are partly the result of the existing paradigm in science and technology and partly in direct connection to bioprocessing itself. Nevertheless, these biotechnologies will contribute to sustainable development, but mainly in a shallow sense of survival and livelihood.In the second part of this paper, another new dimension in bioprocessing is elucidated, which is in agreement with the new ecological, holistic world view. Here the so-called “eco-principles” are derived from a systems analysis of the ecosphere and represent the intelligence of nature as the result of evolution. The eco-principles will serve as guidelines for the general eco-restructuring of technology, being a drastic change within the next 2-5 decades. For the applying of eco-principles, a quantitative measure for sustainability in technology was developed (“sustainable process index”), which will enable us to design the new technology paradigm called “Eco Tech”. Ecological security and social equity, together with economic efficiency will define sustainable technology development in a deeper sense.Following this route, a completely new dimension of biotechnology will be reached, where the technosphere is fully embedded into the natural cycles of the ecosphere on a local basis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140402
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    Isolation and analysis of the total genomic DNA from the date palm (P. dactylifera L.) and related species (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to adapt a plant DNA preparation procedure for the isolation of biologically active DNA and DNA with a high molecular weight from the date palm and other related palms. Mature leaf tissue extractions of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., the coconut tree, Cocos nucifera, and the Mexican Fan Palm, Washingtonia robusta, were characterized for total genomic DNA yield, purity, integrity, as well as restriction digestion and ligation capabilities. It is demonstrated here that the DNA isolation procedure, modified for use with various palm leaf tissues, met the criteria for simplicity and low costs, and yielded DNA of high molecular weight (∼50 Kbp) and of sufficient purity suitable for molecular studies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140209
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    The effects of some amino acids on growth and lipid production in Inonotus obliquus grown in vitro (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the distribution of free and esterified fatty acids, including triterpenes and sterols, on the mycelial growth of the basidiomycete Inonotus obliquus (Pers. ex Fr.) Pilat in malt extract and solid supplemented mineral media was investigated. The amino acids DL-alanine. DL-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-serine were added to the cultures at nitrogen concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 g/l, respectively. Differences in the average mycelial growth were distinct at concentrations of 0.5 g/l and 0.9 g/l. L-Methionine had the highest inhibitory effect on growth. At all concentrations, the amino acids reduced the production of lanosterol. The other identified triterpenes were inotodiol, 3β,hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-al, 3β,21-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-diene, trametenolic acid, and ergosterol peroxide. The main fatty acids were either C 16:0 or C 18:2 both free or in glycerides.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140210
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    Biotechnology. A multi-volume comprehensive treatise completely revised 2nd edition. Volume 1. Biological fundamentals. Weinheim, New York, Basel, Cambridge: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1993 ISBN 3-527-28311-0 (Weinheim) ISBN 1-56081-151-X (New York) Single volume price: DM 490.00, Series price: DM 390.00 per volume Series ISBN 3-527-28310-2 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 309-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140317
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  • 31
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    Bioreaktionen. Prinzipien, Verfahren, Produkte. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1994, 259 pages, 99 figures, 30 tables; DM 68.00. ISBN 3-540-56723-2 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 336-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140403
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  • 32
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    Biotechnolgy. A multi-volume comprehensive treatise second, completely revised edition. Volume 2. Genetic fundamentals and genetic engineering. Weinheim, New York, Basel, Cambridge: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1993. ISBN 3-527-28312-9 (Weinheim). ISBN 1-56081-152-8 (New York). Single Volume price: DM 490,-, Series price: DM 390,- per volume. Series ISBN 3-527-28310-2 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 346-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140405
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  • 33
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    Generation of rules for expert systems by statistical methods of fermentation data analysis (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five new methods for determining the relations between kinetic data of fermentations are described and applied to an industrial antibotic fermentation process. The input data for these method are the elements of the distance matrix dij, which quantify the sum of the deviation squares between the time dependent kinetics x (t) of the fermentation runs i and j. For each measurable or calculable kinetic state variable, one n x n distance matrix must be calculated where n is the number of fermentation runs. All methods compare these distance matrices by statistical or graph-theoretical approaches. The algorithms obtained are universally applicable if enough kinetic data are available, especially from more than 10 comparable fermentation runs. The algorithms were developed for the use in knowledge acquisition modules of expert systems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140103
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    Oxygen mass transfer and gas holdup in a bubble column bioreactor with biosynthesis liquids (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of the rheology of some antibiotic biosynthesis liquids produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens, Nocardia mediterranei and Penicillium chrysogenum on the volumetric liquid phase oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, and gas holdup, εG, together with the influence of superficial gas velocity, were studied in a bubble column bioreactor, using samples of fermentation liquids taken from industrial stirred tank fermenters, at 30-hour intervals during fermentation batch.The results were compared to those of previous studies from literature on non-Newtonian homogeneous fluids, such as CMC-Na, xanthan and starch solutions, respectively.In the heterogeneous broths, εG and kLa decreased with increasing apparent viscosity of the broth and increased with increasing superficial velocity.The experimental data were correlated using non-linear regression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\varepsilon _{\rm G} } & = & {0.283v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.67} \eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.23} } \\\end{array}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_{\rm L} a} & = & {0.054v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.78} } \\\end{array}\eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.52} $$\end{document} with correlation coefficients above 0.85.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140104
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    Production of propionic acid by microbiological way. Part 2. Effect of the pH value on cell growth and acid production (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The batch propionic acid fermentation of sugar cane molasses by Propionibacterium acidi propionici PP-1 was studied at various pH values ranging from 5 to 7. The optimum pH range for cell growth was between 6 and 7, whereas the specific growth rate decreased with the pH in the acidic range down to 0.197 h-1 at pH 5.The propionic acid yield increased with decreasing pH; it changed from 22% (wt/wt) at pH 7 to 38% at pH 5. It has been obvious that this process is inhibited by the products of the fermentation and more severely in the acidic range where the acids are in an unionized state.A generalized equation of the non-competetive inhibition was adjusted for each pH value, and kinetic inhibition constants were estimated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140107
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    The influence of MAILLARD's reaction in sugar cane molasses on the kinetic fermentation parameters of Candida utilis NRRL Y-660 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth inhibition of Candida utilis NRRL Y-660 took place in molasses stored at 60°C for 120 days. The specific growth rate (μmax) was reduced from 0.42 h-1 to 0.200 h-1 as a result of a lack of affinity from the microorganism to the substrate and the increasing maintenance necessities. The Ks values arose from 1.40 mg/ml to 4.28 mg/ml within the whole experiment. At the same time, the maintenance coefficient (m) increased from 0.250 to 3.80 mg/ml. In a continuous culture the “wash-out” conditions were reached at dilution rate values (D) close to 0.40 h-1. The process productivity decreased up to 15% from its original value in fresh molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140109
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    L-Methionine production by double auxotrophic mutants of a ethionine resistant strain of Brevibacterium heali (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of lysine plus threonine double auxotrophs have been isolated from a ethionine resistant methionine producing strain of Brevibacterium heali previously isolated from soil by mutagenesis with N-methyl N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in two steps. This strain excreted L-methionine in sufficient amounts. For the three potent mutants tested, the medium of ALFOLDI was judged to be the best. Biotin and ammonium nitrate were found to be optimal at 5 μg/l and at a 40 mM level, respectively. With such an optimal dose, the strain BhLT 27 yielded 25.5 g/l methionine in a flask culture containing methionine-analogue ethionine at a minimal inhibitory concentration.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140111
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    Amyloglucosidase immobilized on acrylic supports (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the study of the behaviour of Amyloglucosidase covalently immobilized on acrylic supports in the maltodextrin hydrolysis process. The specific catalytic activity of the different immobilized Amyloglucosidase preparations critically depends on their protein content. The maltodextrin hydrolysis in the presence of the immobilized Amyloglusidase is a diffusion-controlled process. The simulated operational stability of the immobilized Amyloglucosidase tested by the specific activity and the substrate conversion proves the conservation of the catalytic enzymatic activity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140113
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  • 39
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    Flow cytometry and cell sorting. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1992, 223 pages, 58 figures, 6 tables; DM 102,00. ISBN 3-540-55594-3 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 130-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140203
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  • 40
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    Masthead (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140101
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  • 41
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    Evaluation of the effects of a polyurethane carrier on the degeradation of chlorinated anilines by Pseudomonas acidovorans CA50 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previously described model system for the treatment of harzardous chloroaniline-containing waste waters using immobilized bacterial cells in a bioreactor was enhanced in its degradation efficiency. This was achieved by the substitution of the calcium alginate heads by an inert polyurethane (PU)-carrier. The supply of chloroaniline-polluted waste waters with the PU-carrier (1.25% w/v) resulted in a distinct decrease of the pollutant concentrations in the solution due to the effects of adsorption. Nevertheless, the initially bound amounts of the chloroanilines were also degraded, which was proved by the chloride balance. In comparative batch-degradation experiments with the Pseudomonas acidovorans strain CA50 with and without the addition of the PU-carrier (1.25% v/w), respectively, the advantages of the PU-supplied treatment system were demonstrated; among others a marked shortening of the degradation periods was achieved. The advantage of the PU-carrier was also shown by using a bubble reactor. In this connection, it is particularly worth mentioning, that high degradation rates can be achieved for a long time even for strongly persistent pollutants.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140102
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    Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology. Bioprocess design and control. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1993 206 pages, 52 figures, 21 tables; DM 179,- ISBN 3-540-56315-6 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 44-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140106
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  • 43
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    Flow cytometry in microbiology. London, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Barcelona, Budapest: Springer-Verlag, 1993. 188 pages, 74 figures; $ 120.-, DM 158,- ISBN 6-540-19796-6 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 0-387-19796-6 Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 52-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140108
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    Kinetik in der Bioverfahrenstechnik. Hamburg: Behr's Verlag, 1991. 184 pages, 70 figures, 21 tables; DM 64,- ISBN 3-925673-90-3 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140110
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  • 45
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    Production of oxytetracycline and rifamycins B and SV with cells immobilized on glass wool (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antibiotic producing microorganisms Streptomyces rimosus PFIZER 18234-2 and Amycolatopsis mediterranei CBS 42575 were immobilized in glass wool for the production of oxytetracycline and rifamycins B and SV. The growth of the immobilized cells was dependent on the type of the microorganism and on the amount of glass wool as well. After 5 exchanges of the medium, 530 mg O.T.C., 2138 mg rifamycin B and 8672 mg rifamycin SV were maintained. The periodic batch culture was continued for 20 days.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140112
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    L-Phenylalanine production by double auxotrophic analogue resistant mutants of Arthrobacter globiformis (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of tryptophan plus tyrosine double auxotrophic mutants isolated by the NTG treatment of a glutamate producing strain of Arthrobacter globiformis were found to excrete phenylalanine in a mineral salt medium. By controlling the pH of the medium to near neutrality, the active growth period could be extended up to 72 h and more phenylalanine was accumulated compared to the unregulated culture where the growth period took up to 48 h. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotroph (TT-39) produced 3 g phenylalanine/l. Further improvement of phenylalanine production has been achieved by the step-by-step isolation of a mutant resistant to the phenylalanine analogues p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) and β-2-thienylalanine (TA) from the TT-39 strain. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotrophic analogue resistant mutant TT-39 PTr-21 yielded 8.7 g/l phenylalanine.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140114
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    Extracellular amylase synthesis by Bacillus globisporus BH-1b (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Despite the prevalence of starch-hydrolyzing enzymes in bacilli, relatively few have been studied in detail. In an attempt to isolate an effective α-amylase-producing strain, Bacillus globisporus BH-1b has been isolated. The strain requires few nutritional supplements and shows induction in the presence of galactose. 2% potassium nitrate and pH 7.2 emerged as optimum for the fermentation medium. The durability of the enzyme has also been tested at a low pH and a high temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140116
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    Fermented tempeh-like products as useful way of utilizing legume seeds (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The in vitro effect of fermented tempeh-like food on intensive flatulence caused by intestinal bacteria after consuming soybeans (Glycine max) was studied.Six fungi strains of Rhizopus and Actinomucor were tested. Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 proved to have the highest antibacterial activity. In vitro tests vs. Clostridium perfringens 546 showed that the soybean extract from the food fermented with the fungi mentioned above in about 80% of the experiments slowed the bacterial growth rate remarkably. The homogenization of tempeh-like food increased its antimicrobial activity. Cultures of Rh. oligosporus NRRL 2710 grown on the brewery wort medium did not show any antibacterial activity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140117
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  • 49
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    Allugemeine Mykologie. Jena, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1993. 541 pages, 206 figures, 66 tables, DM 148,- ISBN 3-334-60391-1 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 115-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140119
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  • 50
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    Altlasten, Deponietechnik, Kompostierung. Praktizierter Umweltschutz als Vorsorge und Nachsorge. Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, 1993, XII + 1269 pages, 422 figures, 87 tables; DM 128. ISBN 3-88345-202-5 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 396-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140415
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    Stability studies of thermophilic anaerobic sludges under suboptimal feeding conditions and temperatures (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behaviour of thermophilic anaerobic sludge from the UASB process was investigated under suboptimal conditions.Stability studies, carried out during the normal operation of the reactors, showed that a short-term decrease in temperature had no influence on the behaviour of the process.Nevertheless, interruptions in feeding and a long-term decrease in temperatures can produce very drastic effects on the stability of the system.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140213
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    Investigations of subtilisin (Novo type) immobilization on cellulose by means of various methods of support activation (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The immobilization of subtilisin, Novo type, on WHATMAN cellulose activated by the glutaraldehyde, diisocyanate, diazo-coupling, and S-triazine method, and on a dialdehyde derivative of cellulose has been studied. The best results of proteinase immobilization were achieved when cellulose was activated by hexamethylene diisocyanate. The preparations of a proteolytic activity of 70 PU/g of support and of an esterase activity of 2.3 EU/g of support were obtained with 14% and 38% yield, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140215
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    Carbon requirements of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PENZ (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Monosporic isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were made from Punica grantum and one suitable isolate was selected for further work on carbon nutrition. Preliminary experiments showed that a pH value of 5, a temperature of 32°C and a period of 14 days were optimum conditions for the growth of this pathogen.Out of 41 carbon compounds tested, the pathogen showed excellent growth on starch, maltose, melibiose, dextrose, sucrose, raffinose, and dulcitol; good on tartaric acid, mannose, galactose, fructose, mannitol, and castor oil; fair on inulin, isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil, and pectin; poor on sorbose, n-butyl alcohol, arabionose, maleic acid, ethyl alcohol, succinic acid, citric acid, ribose, and malic acid, and no growth on the rest of the carbon compounds. In general, compounds which supported the best mycelial growth, yielded excellent or good sporulation of C. gloeosporioides and vice versa.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140217
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    Verfahresntechnik in der Biotechnologie. Springer Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, 1993, 201 pages, 74 figures, 23 tables; DM 54.00. ISBN 3-540-56190-0 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 219-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140220
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    Recovery processes for biological materials. Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 592 pages. ISBN 0-471-93349-X (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 234-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140303
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  • 56
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    Separation of D-forms and L-forms of DL-aspartic acid derivatives by the enzyme subtilisin DY (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of the enzyme subtilisin DY for the synthesis of derivatives of DL-aspartic acid which are differently N and C-terminal protected and semiproducts of the peptide synthesis was investigated. The enzyme reaction was characterized by high yields and a comparatively short reaction time. Two of the substrates, Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2, were hydrolyzed for about 15 min; the reaction time for Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 was 2.5 h. The values for the MICHAELIS constants obtained for Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.576 mM) and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.300 mM) showed a high affinity of the enzyme to the substrates. For Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 the affinity of the enzyme is considerable lower (Km = 14.07 mM).The results of these investigations can be effectively used for the separation of N-protected derivatives of D,L-aspartic acid and with a high probability also for other amino and racemic forms.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140314
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    Taschenatlas der Zytologie, Histologie und mikroskopischen Anatomie. Revised and Extended 8th Edition Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1992 430 pages. ISBN 3-13-348608 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 302-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140315
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  • 58
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    Modelling the aerobic degradation of toluene in a closed chemostat with and without a head space outlet (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial aerobic decontamination of waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants was experimentally investigated in a closed chemostat in [1]. The experiments, using a previously isolated Pseudomonas strain, were carried out with synthetic waste water containing toluene and saturated with either nitrogen or oxygen. A model for the interpretation of the experimentally determined process behaviour has been derived in this study. A comparison of the process curves obtained by simulation (numerical solutions of the model equations) with the experimentally determined results confirmed the model concepts. The model analysis supplied equations describing the process in a steady state as a function of the technical process parameters. These equations were used to draw conclusions for the practical operation of waste-water purification processes in closed chemostats.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140408
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  • 59
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    L(+)-Lactic acid from sweet sorghum by submerged and solid-state fermentations (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 367-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sweet sorghum was used as the raw material for the lactate production by a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei. The submerged conversion of sugar juice obtained from sweet sorghum by extraction could be accomplished with the same efficiency as observed in a control experiment with MRS-glucose medium (final lactate concentration of 88-106 g/l, lactate yield of 91-95%, duration of the fermentation of 24-32 h). Finely ground stalks of sorghum served as the substrate in the solid-state fermentation. The lactate accumulation in the solid medium and the lactate yield were optimized up to values comparable with the results from the submerged fermentation (final lactate concentration of 90 g/kg, lactate yield of 91-95%). However, the duration of the fermentation amounted to 120-200 h in the solid-state process. The data from a series of experiments performed at variable values of temperatures between 30°C and 36°C and initial sugar concentrations between 60 g/kg and 115 g/kg, and degrees of moisture between 78% and 82% was the basis of a polynomial multidimensional regression. As a result, simple three-dimensional model functions were obtained for the maximum productivity of lactate formation, the lactate yield and the time required for a 90% conversion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140409
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    Enzymatic modification of yeast protein isolates (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 379-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Yeast protein isolate with 85% of pure protein and 1.2% of nucleic acids in dry matter was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a procedure of two pre-treatment steps, acidic extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The application of this yeast protein isolate was limited by its functionality resulting from the partially extreme isolating conditions.An enzymatic partial hydrolysis with Thermitase to a degree of hydrolysis of 5% not only improved the solubility and foaming properties, but also the water binding capacity and the emulsifying properties. The hydrolysate was free of bitter taste and could be applied either in two fractions of different solubility after centrifugation or as a whole product in food systems to improve the physiological and functional quality. The yeast protein hydrolysate had the same or even better properties than conventional protein products.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140410
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    Die Europäische Patentanmeldung und der PCT in Frage und Antwort. 3. Auflage 1993, Köln, Berlin, Bonn, München: Carl Heymanns Verlag, XI, 463 pages; DM 90.00. ISBN 3-452-22668-9 (1994)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 395-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370140414
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    Forthcoming Events (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 169-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070310
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  • 63
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    Anionic products of the two-electron reduction of aromatic nitriles in liquid ammoniapart 5 of the series ‘reductive alkylation of arenes.’ for parts 1-4, see refs 1 and 2. (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reduction of 9-cyanoanthracene by two equivalents of potassium in liquid ammonia was shown to yield the 9-cyanoanthracene dianion, whereas 1-naptho- and benzonitrile gave the cyanodihydroaryl anions corresponding to the protonation of nitrile dianions at a position para to the cyano group. The 9-cyanoanthracene dianion underwent the same transformation in the presence of a stronger protonating agent, methanol. According to 13C NMR spectral data of the generated species, the cyano group extracts the negative charge from the π-electronic system: ca 0·20:0·25 e in the case of the 9-cyanoanthracene dianion and ca 0·14:0·17 e in the case of cyanodihydroaryl anions. These estimations and the general NMR pattern of π-charge distribution in all the anionic species under investigation are in accordance with data from quantum molecular orbital calculations at the PM3 and INDO levels, being reflected by the fairly good linear relationships between the changes of ring carbon chemical shifts on going to the anionic species from the respective neutral precursors on the one hand and the calculated π-charges on the other. The para-orienting effect of the cyano group in the protonation of nitrile dianions is discussed in terms of the π-charge distribution in the starting dianion and the tendency to form a most stable cyanodihydroaryl anion isomer.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070307
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    Number and structure of solvolysis intermediates. Part 3.For Part 2, see Ref. 1.SN1 solvolysis of 2,2-Dimethyl-1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)Propyl p-Nitrobenzoate: Mechanism of the common ion salt effects arising at the stage of the second ion-pair intermediate (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 234-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2,2-Dimethyl-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyl p-nitrobenzoate (ROPNB) was subjected to solvolysis in phenol in the presence of tetrabutylammonium [carboxy-13C]-p-nitrobenzoate, in which the ‘common ion rate depression’ was confirmed to arise at the stage of the second ion-pair intermediate (Int-2). The unchanged substrate recovered at 46% reaction contained the isotopically labelled leaving group, indicating the occurrence of common ion exchange to the extent of 41-46%. In the solvolysis of the optically active substrate under identical conditions, the unchanged substrate was recovered with 51·4% racemization and ROPh was produced with slightly (1·56%) retained configuration, similarly to the solvolysis in the absence of the common ion salt. These isotope-tracer and stereochemical outcomes indicate that the common ion exchange in this solvolysis system should be attributable to the retentive nucleophilic attack on Int-2 by the common ion salt via a quadrupole (four-centre ion pair) transition state, accompanying the common ion rate depression, and they suggest that the special salt effect also should proceed by an analogous anion-exchange mechanism to that for the common ion effects.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070401
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    Study of the association of 2-oxoindolines in carbon tetrachloride solutions by IR spectra, dipole moments and average molecular weight measurements (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dipole moments, average molecular weights and IR spectra of 2-oxoidoline (I), 2-oxo-3-methylindoline (II) and 2-oxo-3,3-dimenthylindoline (III) and their N-methyl-substituted analogues were studied in CCl4 solutions at various concentrations. It was shown that the molecules with an N—B bond associate exclusively to cyclic dimers. The values of the association constants (K) were determined by IR spectrometry. Other methods gave too broad intervals of possible K values. The spectroscopic association constants of compounds I-III are very similar, 380, 350 and 370 dm3 mol-1, respectively. The vs(NH) band shift on association is 275 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070402
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    The volume profile for a cheletropic reaction (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 178-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The volumes of activation and of reaction were measured for the reaction between sulphur dioxide and 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene to form 3,4-dimethylsulpholene. Values of ΔV and ΔV* are -33 and -35 cm3 mol-1, respectively in accordance with a concerted reaction having a very product-like transition state.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070403
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    Relative thermodynamic stabilities of the isomeric propenylbenzenes (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 256-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relative thermodynamic stabilities of 2-propenylbenzene (allylbenzene), and the E and Z forms of 1-propenylbenzene were determined over the temperature range 50-170°C by chemical equilibration in DMSO solution with t-BuOK as catalyst. The values of the thermodynamic parameters ΔG⊖, ΔH⊖ and ΔS⊖ at 298·15 K for each isomerization reaction between the title compounds were evaluated.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070507
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    Electronic structure of the disilenyl radical anionDedicated to Professor O. J. Scherer on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 251-255 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: According to quantum chemical calculations, the anion radical of disilene adopts a syn- or anti-pyramidal geometry. The former is not a stable entity on the electronic hypersurface and it decreases further in energy by rotation of the Si-Si bond. Energy optimization of various structural alternatives reveals for the anion radical an Si-Si bond slightly longer than a single bond. The anti geometry prefers a C2h geometry whereas the syn geometry resembles a silylene coupled with a silylene radical anion. The fragmentation of disilene into two silylene units is less exothermic for the neutral species than for the anion (radical), as examined by the ab initio calculations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070506
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    Conformational properties of disulphide bridges. 2. Rotational potentials of diethyl disulphide (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 259-267 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational properties of diethyl disulphide, a model compound for the disulphide bridges in peptides and proteins, were studied with ab initio methods. Stationary point structures were optimized at the HF/6-31G* level with consideration of electron correlation in subsequent single-point MP2 calculations. The six energy minima were also optimized at the MP2/6-31G* level with calculation of zero-point vibrational frequencies and thermal corrections. Additional single-point MP2 energy calculations employed larger basis sets up to 6-311G(2d, p). With positive disulphide chirality, the global energy minimum is a ‘spiral’ conformation with gauche + C-C-S-S torsion angles. The further stability order for energy minima deviates from previous ab initio results. In particular, the extended trans,trans conformer is subject to a significant relative destabilization on inclusion of electron correlation in the calculations and is only the fifth most stable energy minimum with estimated ab initio ΔH298 = 5·13 kJ mol-1. The results presented are relevant for the discussion of conformational properties for the structurally equivalent disulphide bridges in polypeptides and calculations of relative energies with molecular mechanics methods.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070508
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070601
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    The meta versus para substituent effect in the gas phase: Separation of inductive and resonance components (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 615-624 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Substitutent effects of acceptor groups were measured for the gas-phase basicities of some substituted benzonitriles, methyl benzoates and acetophenones, and for gas-phase acidities of some substituted benzoic acids. Substitutents considered were NO2, CN, SO2CH3, SO2F, CF3, CH2Cl, COCH3 and COOCH3, always in the meta and para positions. By combination with the literature data, a general conclusion is drawn that the substituent effects are proportional in the two positions and almost equal (the para:meta ratio is 1·06). No sign of any resonance effect was detected within the accuracy of the approach. The substituent effects in solution were recalculated statistically and the result was similar with a higher ratio, 1·09-1·19. It follows that the conjugation of acceptor groups, particularly of NO2 as a typical example, has been overestimated by current theories when compared with the much stronger conjugation of typical donors. Moreover, the inductive effect is propagated more effectively from the para than from the meta position. Many correlations in the literature, neglecting this situation, have been in fact controlled by the more complex, and more striking, behaviour of donors, which has obscured the simpler and more monotonous effect of acceptors, usually less represented in the sample.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071105
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    An unusual parabolic dependence of rate on acidity in the fischer indole reaction (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 625-628 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Over the H0 acidity range from + 2 to -8, four different mechanistic variations occur in the Fischer indole reaction, leading to an unusual parabolic dependence of the rate constants on the acidity of the medium. In strongly acidic media kinetic isotope effects indicate that the rate-determining step is deprotonation to form the ene-hydrazine tautomer, whereas in weakly acidic media the tautomerization is so rapid that [3,3]-rearrangement becomes rate limiting. At an intermediate acidity, the deprotonation is rate determining, with the rate being strongly dependent on the concentration of the anionic counter ion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071106
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    Low temperature enol-enol association of stable 2,2-diarylethenolsstable simple enols, part 34. For part 33, see ref. 1. (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 28-30 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The low temperature 1H NMR spectra of 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromomesityl)ethenol in CS2-CD2Cl2 (3:7) display new signals which indicate the presence of four enol species whose OH is hydrogen bonded. Oligomerization to intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded enol dimers or tetramers is suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070106
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    AB initio study of Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3,4-oxadiazole with ethylene, acrylonitrile, maleonitrile, fumaronitrile and 1,1-dicyanoethylene. Inverse order and ratio of endo/exo reactivity (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 634-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transition structures for the Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3,4-oxadiazole with ethylene, acrylonitrile, maleonitrile, fumaronitrile, and 1,1-dicyanoethylene were located with ab initio molecular orbital calculations with the RHF/3-21G theoretical model. The activation energies were calculated by single-point calculations with the RHF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* theory levels on the RHF/3-21G geometries. Geometries of two transition structures and the corresponding reactants were generated at the MP2/6-31G* and the energies evaluated at the MP3/6-31G* level. The values obtained are comparable to those generated by MP2/6-31G*//3-21G. The asynchronicity of the transition structures follow the same trend as the corresponding all-carbon Diels-Alder reactions with buta-1,3-diene and cyclopentadiene, but the activation energies are almost in opposite correlation. This behavior is explained by the oxadiazole nitrogen lone pair repulsion with the π-orbitals of the nitrile groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071108
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  • 76
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    Semi-empirical calculations on heterocumulene-heterodiene cycloaddition reactions: Ketene + 1-azabutadiene (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Semi-empirical (AM1) calculations on the 12 isomeric products and the corresponding transition states of ketene-1-azabutadiene [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions as a model system for the reaction of ketenes with 4-iminobenzylfuran-2,3-diones are presented. A [4 + 2] type of reaction of the ketene C=C double bond leading to a six-membered lactam compound is found to be highly favoured both thermodynamically and kinetically. [2 + 2] Cycloadducts generally have significantly higher activation energies. Reactions involving the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond proceed in most cases via attack of the nitrogen lone pair leading to a zwitterionic intermediate. Depending on the respective cycloadduct, both two-step and concerted, albeit asynchronous, processes were obtained. Based on the structures of the various transition states, some predictions with respect to substituent effects are made. Similarities to and differences from the analogous reaction of ketenimines with oxa-1,3-dienes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070102
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  • 77
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    Exploratory photochemistry of alkylbromo- and alkylfluorodiazirines. Excited-state hydrogen migration and carbene formation (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 24-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of a series of alklylbromo- and alkylfluorodiazirines in pentane at ambient temperature generates alkylhalocarbenes by decomposition of the diazirine excited states. The halocarbenes can be intercepted with pyridine to form ylides. The ylides absorb intensely between 350 and 400 nm and are fairly long lived (τ » 10 μs), making them convenient probes of the yield and dynamics of the carbene. The yield of the ylides increases with increasing pyridine concentration up to 1·5 M. At pyridine concentrations 〉 1·5 M the yield of ylide is saturated, signifying that every carbene generated in a laser pulse is captured by pyridine prior to reaction with solvent or intramolecular rearrangement. The yield of trappable carbene generated from alkylbromodiazirines closely tracks the bond dissociation energy of the C—H bond adjacent to the diazirine moiety. The data indicate that the excited states of the alkylbromodiazirines suffer C—H migration (or C—C migration with cyclobutylbromodiazirine) and nitrogen extrusion in competition with carbene formation. The yield of trappable carbene derived from the alkylfluorodiazirines is independent of the bond dissociation energy of the adjacent C—H bond. This is probably a consequence of the great thermodynamic stability of α-fluorocarbenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070701
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  • 79
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    Erratum (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 323-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070609
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  • 80
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    Editorial (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070702
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  • 81
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    Newer aspects of electron transfer in electrophilic Aromatic Nitration. Radical pairs as reactive intermediates by time-resolved spectroscopy (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 325-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aromatic nitration is effectively carried out by the deliberate irradiation of the charge-transfer absorption band (hvCT) of the transient electron donor-acceptor complex [ArH, NO2Y+], where NO2Y+ represents common nitrating agents. Time-resolved spectroscopy demonstrates that the charge-transfer nitration effected in this way proceeds via an electron-transfer mechanism, in which the collapse of the reactive triad, [ArH+ ·, NO2·, Y] is critical to the formation of the Wheland intermediate. Comparative product analyses of toluene and anisole nitrations together with the ‘non-conventional’ products arising from NO+ catalysis, ipso attack and addition/elimination show that the activation process leading to charge-transfer (photochemical) nitration is indistinguishable from that leading to electrophilic (thermal) aromatic nitration.
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  • 82
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    Stereochemistry and kinetics of methoxide ion substitution in (Z)- and (E)-O-methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanides (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 352-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stereochemistry and kinetics of the methoxide ion substitution reactions (Z)- and (E)-methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanidc [PhC(CN)=NOCH3] were investigated. The reaction of the (Z)-hydroximoyl cyanide with sodium methoxide in DMSO-methanol (9:1) solution at 44·8°C gives a mixture of methyl (Z)-O-methylbenzohydroximate [PhC(OCH3)=NOCH3] and the O-methyloxime of α-ketophenylacetamide PhC(CONH2)=NOCH3. The (E)-hydroximoyl cyanide undergoes methoxide ion-catalyzed isomerization to the E-isomer faster than it undergoes nucleophilic substitution. These observations were interpreted in terms of an addition-elimination mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is elimination of the nucleofuge (AN + DN#).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070704
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  • 83
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    Orbital-controlled reactions catalysed by zeolites: Electrophilic alkylation of aromatics (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 364-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The role of orbital control in product selectivity during electrophilic aromatic alkylation catalysed by zeolites was studied both theoretically and experimentally. In order to discuss this, the alkylation of toluene and m-xylene by methanol was carried out on a series of large-pore zeolites (HY). The changes in the para to ortho ratio observed on changing the framework Si/Al ratio of the zeolites were related to ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the LUMO energy of structurally alike model clusters but containing different tetrahedral cations around the active site. The observed correlation is discussed in terms of the HSAB principle by taking into account the influence of the catalyst composition on the reactivity of the electrophilic reagent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070706
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  • 84
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    Polyaniline intercalated into zeolites, zirconium phosphate and zirconium arsenate (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 371-376 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aniline (or aniline hydrochloride) was intercalated into zeolite, zirconium phosphate and zirconium arsenate (proton form and sodium form) and subsequently oxidized to polyaniline (PAN) by ammonium peroxodisulphate. The structure of PAN in the host was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. PAN in the host gave a free-radical EPR signal at 2·0035-2·0037 for the hydrogen or 2·0047-2·0049 for the sodium form of the host, similarly to the ermeraldine salt (PAN-2S) or emeraldine base (PAN-2A) form of PAN. Saturation occurs in PAN-HZ and PAN-HS. In contrast, the intrachannel PAN in HY was unsaturated under the same conditions. Conduction in PAN-HZ and PAN-HS was predominately carried out by variable-range hopping and tunnelling respectively, and PAN-HY showed insulating properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070707
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  • 85
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    Hydrogen bonding. 38. Effect of solute structure and mobile phase composition on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic capacity factors (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 672-684 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reversed-phase HPLC capacity factors, as log k′, have been correlated through the LFER equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log k}^\prime = {\rm c} + {\rm rR}_2 + {\rm s\pi }_2^{\rm H} + {\rm a}\sum {\rm \beta }_2^0 + {\rm vV}_{\rm X}$$\end{document} where k′ is the capacity factor for a series of solutes in a given stationary phase-mobile phase system, and the explanatory variables are the solute descriptors: R2 an excess molar refraction, π2H the dipolarity/polarizability, Σα2H the overall hydrogen-bond acidity, Σβ20 the overall hydrogen-bond basicity and Vx the McGowan volume. This equation was applied to various C18 stationary phases with methanol-water, acetonitrile-water and tetrahydrofuran-water buffered mobile phases. The solute and mobile phase factors that influence log k′ values are set out, and a comparison is made between log k′ values and water-octanol partition coefficients.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071205
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  • 86
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    Topological analysis of electronic charge densities as a tool to study protonation effects on thiocarbonyl compounds (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 685-695 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The substituent effects on the intrinsic basicity of a wide variety of thiocarbonyl compounds were investigated by means of a topological analysis of the electronic charge densities and their Laplacians for the neutral and the protonated species, and also by means of their harmonic vibrational frequencies. For the sake of comparison, a similar analysis was carried out for a reduced set of carbonyl compounds with similar substituents. The results show that the behaviour of the thiocarbonyl group with regard to the protonation process is similar to that predicted for the carbonyl group, in the sense that both groups are not much affected by protonation. The charge transferred to the proton results basically in a polarization and, in some cases, in a depopulation of the bonds in which the thiocarbonyl carbon atom participates. Accordingly, the intrinsic basicities of these kinds of compounds depend strongly on the ability of the substituents to be polarized. This conclusion seems to be ratified also by the shiftings undergone by the C=S stretching frequencies on protonation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071206
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  • 87
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070801
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  • 88
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    Selectivity of nitration reactions of aromatic compounds on zeolites H-Y and H-ZSM-11 (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 385-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Substrate and positional selectivity in the nitration reactions of benzene and its derivatives (halobenzenes, toluene and o-xylene) by nitric acid and acyl nitrates supported on zeolites H-Y and H-ZSM-11 were studied. The reaction mechanism and effects governing selectivity of the process are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070709
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  • 89
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    Carbonyl oxygen as a hydrogen-bond super-base: The amidates (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 705-711 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An infrared spectroscopic study of the 1 : 1 hydrogen-bond association of amidates with both methanol and 4-fluorophenol showed that the site of complexation is the oxygen of the amidate function. However the formamidate HCON2Me3 forms a second 1 : 1 complex on the nitrogen of the amidate. The formation constants of the hydrogen-bond complexes of the amidates with the reference hydrogen-bond donor 4-FC6H4OH indicate that the amidates are stronger hydrogen-bond bases than are amides and amide vinylogues. As such, the amidates constitute the strongest carbonyl bases hitherto investigated on the hydrogen-bond basicity scale.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071208
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  • 90
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    Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of amines with aryl β-haloethyl sulphones (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of a number of factors, i.e. amine basicity, substrate structure, temperature and deuterium isotope effect, on the rate of phenyl β-bromoethyl sulphone and aryl β-chloroethyl sulphone 1,2-elimination by reaction with amines in acetonitrile was investigated. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the ρ0, β, kH/kD, ΔH
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071002
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  • 91
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    Synthesis and photophysics of diaza-crown ether-based bisporphyrins (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 534-544 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The bisporphyria N,N′-bis[4″-(meso-triphenylporphyrinyl)benzyl]-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 and its mono- and dizinc derivatives were synthesized in 66%, 46% and 53% yields, respectively, from 5-(4′-bromomethylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin or its zinc derivative and 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6. The zinc-containing bisporphyrins form dimers in solution at low temperature or at high concentration. The unsymmetrical bisporphyrin; monozinc N,N′-bis[4″-(meso-triphenylporphyrinyl)benzyl]-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 shows singlet-singlet energy transfer from the zinc porphyrin moiety to the free base moiety in both the monomeric and the dimeric form. The energy transfer rates were determined using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and were found to be 1·26 × 109 and 2·29 × 109 s-1 for the monomeric and dimeric form, respectively. The difference in energy transfer rates between the two forms can be rationalized by the difference in overlap between the donor fluorescence spectrum and acceptor absorption spectrum, donor-acceptor distance and donor-acceptor orientation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071003
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  • 92
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    Unproductive sigma and pi complexes in the reaction of 2-chloroquinoxaline with piperidine in dimethyl sulphoxide (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 545-550 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of the reaction of 2-chloroquinoxaline with piperidine in dimethyl sulphoxide was measured over a wide range of amine concentrations and at several temperatures. It was found that the order with respect to the nucleophile is close to 1 between 300 and 320 K, but is definitely less at lower and higher temperature. It is suggested that below 300 K an unreactive charge-transfer complex is formed between the reactants which dissociates at higher temperatures, whereas at temperatures higher than 320 K an unproductive σ complex is formed, the concentration of which increases with increase in temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071004
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  • 93
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    Molecular mechanics (MM3) study of the structures and energetics of corannulene (C20H10), cyclopentacorannulene (C22H12) and the hemi-spherical C30H10 (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 551-554 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular mechanics (MM3) calculations were carried out on the title compounds. Comparison between the MM3 results and those of semi-empirical and ab initio calculations and experiment indicates that the MM3 results are at least as good as results of much more expensive calculations. The MM3 calculations predict that unlike corannulene and cyclopentacorannulene, the transition state of the bowl-to-bowl inversion of the related C30H10 is non-planar, and the activation barrier is too high for this motion to occur.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610071005
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  • 94
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    Kinetics and mechanism of the imidazole-catalysed hydrolysis of substituted N-benzoylimidazoles (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Imidazole (Imz)-catalysed hydrolysis of benzoate esters proceeds via the intermediate formation of N-benzoylimidazoles. This paper considers the second step of this reaction, viz., Imz-catalysed hydrolysis of N-(4-X-benzoyl)imidazoles, X = CH3, H, Cl, CN and NO2, and N-(disubstituted benzoyl)imidazoles, 2-chloro-4-nitro, 2, 4-dinitro and 3,5-dinitro, in water-acetonitrile mixtures (10% or 14%, v/v, in organic solvent). On the basis of catalytic rate constants and the kinetic solvent isotope effect, it is shown that catalysis by Imz is of the general-base type. Unexpectedly, the hydrolysis of N-(2,4-dinitrobenzoyl)imidazole was found to be slower than that of N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)imidazole. It is shown that this reactivity order is due to a combination of a steric effect and stabilization of the reactant state due to a donor-acceptor interaction between the Imz moiety and the 2,4-dinitrophenyl ring.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070807
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  • 95
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    Single-parameter versus dual-parameter correlation for radical reactions. Addition of bromine atoms to α-methylstyrenes (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 96-104 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A rigorous procedure was developed for measuring the relative rates of addition of bromine atoms to eleven substituted α-methylstyrenes (1-Y, with Y = CF3, NO2, F, CN, Cl, Br, CO2Me, Me, COMe, OMe and SMe). The reaction was run in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of HBr, O2 and dibutyl peroxyoxalate at 30°C. All products were derived from the YC6H4CMeCH2Br adduct radicals, which were immediately intercepted by O2. Correlation analysis of all the data confirmed the proposition that in the absence of measurable steric effects, the relative rates for radical additions can be correlated only by a dual-parameter equation and not by a single-parameter equation. Among various combinations of σ* and σx, the (σJJ* + σmb) combination yields the best correlation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070207
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  • 96
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    Masthead (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070301
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  • 97
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    Announcement (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. I 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070302
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  • 98
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    Kinetics and mechanism of electron-transfer reaction of aquothallium(III) and coordinated thallium(III). Oxidation of metol with thallium(III) in acid perchlorate medium (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of metol (N-methyl-p-aminophenol) by thallium(III) have been studied in a perchloric acid medium. This organic compound is employed extensively in photographic work. The stoichiometry of the reaction is represented by: C6H4(OH)NHCH3 + TIIII → C6H4(O)NCH3 + TII + 2H+The kinetics indicate the rate law: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k' = \frac{{Kk\left[{metal} \right]}}{{1 + K\left[{metal} \right]}}$$\end{document} where k′ is the pseudo-first-order rate constant. The rate constants and thermodynamic parameters for the rate-limiting step have been evaluated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070303
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of ionization constants of azo dyes and related aromatic amines: Environmental implication (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 122-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ionization constants for 214 dye molecules were calculated from molecular structures using the chemical reactivity models developed in SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry). These models used fundamental chemical structure theory to predict chemical reactivities for a wide range of organic molecules from molecular structure. The energy differences between the protonated state and the unprotonated state for a molecule of interest are factored into mechanistic components including the electrostatic and resonance contributions and any additional contributions to these energy differences. The RMS deviation was found to be less than 0·62 pKa units, which is similar to the experimental error.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070304
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the OH⃛O interaction energy in intramolecular hydrogen bonds: A comparative study (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An empirical formula relating directly H⃛O interatomic distance to H⃛O interaction energy is used to estimate this energy in intramolecular O—H⃛O hydrogen bonds calculated for systems of known precise geometry. The values obtained were correlated with spectroscopic characteristics of the H-bond (Δv for OH bands in IR spectra and NMR chemical shifts, δ, for protons) and CNDO and INDO estimations of H-bond energy. The regressions obtained had good or very good correlation coefficients.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610070305
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